principles of ecology
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Principles of Ecology. By Mr. K. Principles of Ecology. Chapter 2. 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem. Energy in an Ecosystem. __________________. E.g. : __________. Organism that collects energy from sunlight or inorganic substances to produce food. _____________. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Principles of EcologyBy Mr. K
Energy in an Ecosystem __________________
2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem
Principles of Ecology
Organism that collects energy from sunlight or inorganic substances to produce food
_____________ Organism that gets
it energy requirements by consuming other organisms.
Predation is a feature of heterotrophs
A lynx is a heterotroph.
Chapter 2
E.g. : __________
• _________________ eat fragments of dead matter in an ecosystem, and return nutrients to the soil, air, and water where the nutrients can be reused by organisms.
Principles of Ecology
Fungus
2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem
Chapter 2
Principles of Ecology
Models of Energy Flow
Food chains and food webs model the energy flow through an ecosystem.
Each step in a food chain or food web is called a ________________.
2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem
Chapter 2
Principles of Ecology
__________________
A _____________ is a simple model that shows how energy flows through an ecosystem.
2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem
Chapter 2
Principles of Ecology
A ______________ is a model representing the many interconnected food chains and pathways in which energy flows through a group of organisms.
2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem
Chapter 2
__________________
Principles of Ecology
________________________ A diagram that can show the relative
amounts of energy, biomass, or numbers of organisms at each trophic level in an organism
2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem
Chapter 2
Cycles in the Biosphere
2.3 Cycling of Matter
Principles of Ecology
Energy is transformed into usable forms to support the functions of an ecosystem.
The cycling of _____________ in the biosphere involves both ____________ in living organisms and physical processes found in the environment such as weathering.
Chapter 2
2.3 Cycling of Matter
Principles of EcologyChapter 2
______________ all the water found on Earth
______________ the hard part of Earth’s surface
_____________the layer of gases above the Earth
_______________ the regions of Earth where organisms live
2.3 Cycling of Matter
Principles of EcologyChapter 2
Chemicals that are needed by living things and are continually cycled through ecosystems
• H2O
• C • N • P
_____________
The Water Cycle
Principles of Ecology
2.3 Cycling of Matter
Chapter 2
Principles of Ecology
____________ constitutes only about ____ of all water on Earth.
About ____of all freshwater is found in _____________________.
2.3 Cycling of Matter
Chapter 2
Approximately ____of water vapor evaporates from oceans, lakes, and rivers; ___ evaporates from the surface of plants through a process called ______________.
Principles of Ecology
The Carbon and Oxygen Cycles
2.3 Cycling of Matter
Chapter 2
Principles of EcologyChapter 2
______________is the process green plants use to remove ______ in the air with the help of __________ , and release _____.
Reaction:
_________________is the process plants and animals use to release ____ and _______________
Reaction:
Principles of Ecology
Carbon and oxygen recycle relatively quickly through living organisms.
2.3 Cycling of Matter
Chapter 2
________and _________often make up molecules essential for life.
Principles of Ecology
Long-term Cycle
Organic matter converted to peat, coal, oil, or gas deposits (carbon)
Calcium carbonate (carbon and oxygen)
Short-term Cycle
Burning fossil fuels (carbon)
2.3 Cycling of Matter
Chapter 2
Principles of Ecology
Nitrogen
2.3 Cycling of Matter
Chapter 2
• Approximately _____of the Earth’s atmosphere is composed of nitrogen gas, N2.
• Nitrogen is essential to life because it is a key component of proteins and ____
• Neither plants or animals can obtain nitrogen from the atmosphere. It must be supplied in another form, the nitrate ion, _____ .
Principles of Ecology
The Nitrogen Cycle
The capture and conversion of nitrogen into a form that is useable by plants is called ___________.
2.3 Cycling of Matter
Chapter 2
Principles of Ecology
Consumers get nitrogen by eating plants or animals that contain nitrogen.
2.3 Cycling of Matter
Chapter 2
Nitrogen enters the food web when plants absorb nitrogen compounds from soil.
Principles of Ecology
Nitrogen is returned to the soil in several ways: Animals urinate.
Organisms die.
Bacteria convert ammonia into nitrogen compounds and nitrogen gas is released back to the atmosphere.
_________________
2.3 Cycling of Matter
Chapter 2
Principles of Ecology
Phosphorus
2.3 Cycling of Matter
Chapter 2
• Phosphorus is a key element in _____, cell membranes and DNA.
• It is found in _______ in the form of phosphate ions, _______.
• During rock erosion, phosphates are dissolved in water and are washed into rivers, streams and oceans.
Principles of Ecology
Agriculture and Nutrients
2.3 Cycling of Matter
Chapter 2
• As crops are harvested, the valuable nitrogen and phosphorus in plants are removed and cannot be returned to the soil.
Principles of Ecology
Agriculture and Nutrients
2.3 Cycling of Matter
Chapter 2
• A fertilizer is a material used to replace nutrients to plants, usually for the purpose of increasing farming production.
Principles of Ecology
Agriculture and Nutrients
2.3 Cycling of Matter
Chapter 2
• The nutrients can runoff into local water systems or seep into groundwater causing algal bloom.
• When the algae die, the
population of decomposers increases , causing less oxygen in the water and aquatic organisms may die.
Principles of Ecology
Agriculture and Nutrients
2.3 Cycling of Matter
Chapter 2
• Dying animals make the problem worse!
• Decomposers begin to recycle the matter from the dead fish, allowing the populations of bacteria to grow even larger, and use even more oxygen!
Principles of Ecology
The Phosphorus Cycle
2.3 Cycling of Matter
Chapter 2
Principles of Ecology
Short-term Cycle Phosphorus is cycled from the soil
to producers and then from the producers to consumers.
Long-term Cycle Weathering or erosion of rocks that
contain phosphorus slowly adds phosphorus to the cycle.
2.3 Cycling of Matter
Chapter 2
A. predationB. parasitismC. commensalismD. mutualism
Principles of EcologyChapter 2
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
The act of one organism consuming another organism for food is _______.
1. A2. B3. C4. D
A. from an autotroph to a heterotroph
B. from a heterotroph to an autotroph
C. from a carnivore to an herbivore
D. from an omnivore to an herbivore
Principles of EcologyChapter 2
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Identify how energy flows through an ecosystem in a typical food chain.
1. A2. B3. C4. D
A. biomass B. energyC. matterD. nutrient
Principles of EcologyChapter 2
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
What is a chemical substance that an organism must obtain from its environment to survive?
1. A2. B3. C4. D
Principles of Ecology
A. plants and microscopic organisms living
B. pH and salt concentration of the soil
C. sunlight, soil type and soil nutrients
D. temperature, air currents and rainfall
Chapter 2
2.1 Formative Questions
Which are biotic factors in a forest environment?
1. A2. B3. C4. D
A. ecosystemB. habitatC. biological communityD. biotic collection
Principles of EcologyChapter 2
2.1 Formative Questions
What is the name for a group of interacting populations that occupy the same area at the same time?
1. A2. B3. C4. D
A. all of the biotic factors in an ecosystem
B. an area where an organism lives
C. an area in which various species interact
D. the role or position that an organism has
Principles of EcologyChapter 2
2.1 Formative Questions
Which defines habitat?
1. A2. B3. C4. D
A. autotrophB. herbivoreC. heterotrophD. decomposer
Principles of EcologyChapter 2
2.2 Formative Questions
What type of organism is the foundation of all ecosystems?
1. A2. B3. C4. D
Principles of EcologyChapter 2
2.2 Formative Questions
A. They feed on fragments of dead plants and animals
B. They feed on organisms by releasing digestive enzymes.
C. They get energy from inorganic substances to make food.
D. They use chlorophyll to capture energy from the sun.
How do detritivores obtain their energy in an ecosystem?
1. A2. B3. C4. D
A. carnivoresB. herbivoresC. autotrophsD. heterotrophs
Principles of EcologyChapter 2
2.2 Formative Questions
Which type of organism exists at all trophic levels except the first trophic level?
1. A2. B3. C4. D
A. decomposerB. primary producerC. secondary producerD. top level consumer
Principles of EcologyChapter 2
2.3 Formative Questions
What type of organism returns nutrients to an ecosystem?
1. A2. B3. C4. DA. biochemist
B. ecologistC. geologistD. hydrologist
Principles of EcologyChapter 2
2.3 Formative Questions
What type of scientist studies water found underground, in the atmosphere, and on the surface of the earth?
1. A2. B3. C4. D
A. carbon cycleB. nitrogen cycleC. phosphorus cycleD. water cycle
Principles of EcologyChapter 2
2.3 Formative Questions
Which biogeochemical cycle involves evaporation, transpiration, precipitationand runoff?
1. A2. B3. C4. D
Principles of EcologyChapter 2
2.3 Formative Questions
A. photosynthesisB. respirationC. combustion
of fossil fuelsD. deposition of
dead material
Which process in this cycle converts carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates?
Use the diagram to compare and contrast biotic and abiotic factors. Give examples of each.
Principles of EcologyChapter 2
Chapter Assessment Questions
Use the image below to explain how decomposers supply phosphorus to soil, groundwater, oceans,
lakes, ponds, and rivers.
Principles of EcologyChapter 2
Chapter Assessment Questions
The diagram shows how carbon cycles through the environment. Describe how photosynthesis is involved in the carbon cycle.
Principles of EcologyChapter 2
Chapter Assessment Questions
1. A2. B3. C4. D
Principles of EcologyChapter 2
Standardized Test Practice
A. identifying and classifyingvarious species of insects in an ecosystem
B. locating fossils of distinct species of turtles in a geographical area
C. observing the relationships thatwoodpeckers have with other species in their environment
D. studying the internal organs of a seal to learn how it survives in its environment
In what type of activity would you most expect an ecologist to be involved?
1. A2. B3. C4. D
A. commensalismB. competitionC. mutualismD. parasitism
Principles of EcologyChapter 2
Standardized Test Practice
Certain types of tropical orchids use trees for support in order to grow higher and obtain more light. This neither harms nor benefits the tree. What type of symbiotic relationship is this?
1. A2. B
Principles of EcologyChapter 2
Standardized Test Practice
If an ecologist finds that the long-tailed weasels have disappeared from the desert community, she should conclude that there will be a decrease in the population of coyotes.
A. trueB. false
1. A2. B3. C4. D
Principles of EcologyChapter 2
Standardized Test Practice
B. It is consumed bysnakes.
A. It consumesgrasshoppers.
D. It is a third-level consumer.
C. It consumes bothgrasshoppers andsnakes.
Why is this mouse classified as an omnivore?
1. A2. B3. C4. D
A. decompositionB. denitrificationC. nitrificationD. nitrogen fixation
Principles of EcologyChapter 2
Standardized Test Practice
Which process returns nitrogen to the food web?