principles of human physiology - test bank ......preface we created this test bank to provide a...

Test Bank

PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

FOURTH EDITION

Cindy L. Stanfield University of South Alabama

with contributions by

David Kurjiaka Ohio University

Benjamin Cummings

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Preface We created this Test Bank to provide a variety of exam questions for instructors using the Fourth Edition of Principles of Human Physiology, by Cindy L. Stanfield. For each chapter, we developed five styles of questions, which are rated for difficulty on a scale of 2 though 9. The question styles are:

• Multiple Choice • True/False • Matching • Essay • Short Answer

The Test Bank provides instructors with a variety of questions for each chapter in the textbook. The range of difficulty is based, for the most part, on the extent of integration required of the student to answer the questions. The Test Bank is available in electronic format through the TestGen software, which provides instructors with an intuitive, user‐friendly interface with maximum flexibility in the development of exams. The software provided to instructors is the same as that used to generate the Test Bank. Therefore, instructors have several options for developing their exams: they can use the questions provided in the Test Bank, edit the questions from the Test Bank, or generate new questions that can be added to the Test Bank. An interactive Macintosh and Windows CD‐ROM version of the Test Bank is available, which will allow you to easily alter the questions provided or add new questions to fit. Visit the Addison Wesley/Benjamin Cumming catalog page to download the electronic version of this printed Test Bank and other available instructor supplements at www.aw‐bc.com. I appreciate any feedback from instructors using the Test Bank. In particular, I am interested in feedback on potential revisions to Test Bank questions and difficulty ratings, as well as any new questions instructors might suggest. Please send these to me in care of the publisher. Cindy L. Stanfield c/o Applied Sciences Benjamin Cummings 1301 Sansome Street San Francisco, CA 94111

Contents Chapter 1 Introduction to Physiology.................................................................................................1

Chapter 2 The Cell: Structure and Function.....................................................................................20

Chapter 3 Cell Metabolism.................................................................................................................60

Chapter 4 Cell Membrane Transport ................................................................................................93

Chapter 5 Chemical Messengers......................................................................................................124

Chapter 6 The Endocrine System: Endocrine Glands and Hormone Actions...........................148

Chapter 7 Nerve Cells and Electrical Signaling.............................................................................163

Chapter 8 Synaptic Transmission and Neural Integration ..........................................................192

Chapter 9 The Nervous System: Central Nervous System ..........................................................222

Chapter 10 The Nervous System: Sensory Systems ........................................................................262

Chapter 11 The Nervous System: Autonomic and Motor Systems ..............................................308

Chapter 12 Muscle Physiology...........................................................................................................329

Chapter 13 The Cardiovascular System: Cardiac Function ...........................................................363

Chapter 14 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels, Blood Flow, and Blood Pressure .......396

Chapter 15 The Cardiovascular System: Blood ...............................................................................432

Chapter 16 The Respiratory System: Pulmonary Ventilation........................................................450

Chapter 17 The Respiratory System: Gas Exchange and Regulation of Breathing.....................475

Chapter 18 The Urinary System: Renal Function ............................................................................510

Chapter 19 The Urinary System: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance ...................................................544

Chapter 20 The Gastrointestinal System...........................................................................................583

Chapter 21 The Endocrine System: Regulation of Energy Metabolism and Growth .................625

Chapter 22 The Reproductive System...............................................................................................665

Chapter 23 The Immune System........................................................................................................703

Chapter 24 Diabetes Mellitus .............................................................................................................734

Chapter 1 Introduction to Physiology

Multiple Choice Questions

1) The smallest living units capable of carrying out their own basic life functions are called________.

A) organsB) organ systemsC) tissuesD) cellsE) organelles

Answer: DDiff: 2 Page Ref: 3

2) ________ carry/carries oxygen to the cells of the body, while the synthesis of these cells isregulated by the hormone ________.

A) Erythrocytes : bone marrowB) Bone marrow : erythrocyteC) Erythrocytes : erythropoietinD) Erythropoietin : erythrocyteE) Bone marrow : erythropoietin

Answer: CDiff: 4 Page Ref: 2

3) Which of the following is NOT one of the major cell types found in the human body?A) epithelial cellsB) muscle cellsC) endocrine cellsD) nervous cellsE) connective tissue cells


4) Which of the following is NOT a primary type of tissue?A) muscleB) skeletalC) nerveD) epithelialE) connective

Answer: BDiff: 3 Page Ref: 3

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

2 Test Bank for Principles of Human Physiology

5) The tissue type that generates mechanical force and movement, and whose activity iscontrolled both on a voluntary and involuntary level, is ________.

A) muscle tissueB) epithelial tissueC) connective tissueD) nervous tissueE) skeletal tissue

Answer: ADiff: 4 Page Ref: 5

6) What tissue type functions in the transport of specific molecules from one body compartmentto another?

A) muscle tissueB) epithelial tissueC) connective tissueD) nervous tissueE) reticular tissue


7) What tissue type lines internal hollow organs and external surfaces of the body, providing abarrier between the internal and external environment?

A) epithelial tissueB) muscle tissueC) nervous tissueD) connective tissueE) reticular tissue


8) Glands are derived from what type of tissue?A) muscleB) connectiveC) epithelialD) nerveE) kleenex


9) What type of tissue lines exocrine glands?A) connectiveB) epithelialC) exonuclearD) nerveE) muscle



CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Physiology 3

10) Endocrine glands are derived from what type of tissue?A) muscleB) nerveC) epithelialD) connectiveE) reticular


11) What type of gland secretes products into ducts leading to the external environment?A) endocrine glandsB) exocrine glandsC) both endocrine and exocrineD) neither endocrine nor exocrine


12) Which tissue type includes cells contained in an extracellular matrix composed of collagen andelastin?

A) muscle tissueB) epithelial tissueC) connective tissueD) nervous tissueE) endocrine tissue


13) Which of the following descriptions INCORRECTLY describes the tissue type?A) Muscle tissue is specialized for contraction and generation of force.B) Epithelial tissue forms glands.C) Nervous tissue is specialized for transmission of electrical impulses.D) Connective tissue is specialized for exchange between the internal and external

environments.E) Epithelial tissue lines the lumen of internal organs.


14) What is a general name for the non-cellular material that holds the widely scattered cells ofconnective tissue together?

A) Basement membraneB) CollagenC) Intracellular matrixD) Extracellular matrixE) Elastin




15) Which of the following is a protein found in the body that provides the tensile strength toresist stretching?

A) CollagenB) ElastinC) ErythropoietinD) Basement membraneE) Vimentin


16) Which of the following is a tissue type that includes the cells found within blood and bones?A) muscle tissueB) epithelial tissueC) connective tissueD) nervous tissueE) endocrine tissue


17) What are the structures that attach bone to muscle called?A) ligamentsB) aponeurosesC) extracellular matrix proteinsD) tendonsE) intracellular matrix proteins


18) Organs of the body are defined as ________.A) a collection of cells that perform similar functionsB) two or more tissues combined to form a structure that allows each tissue to function

independentlyC) a collection of cells that function independently of one anotherD) a combination of two or more tissues that makes a structure which performs specific

functionsE) a collection of tissues that function independently of one another


19) Which of the following accurately represents the order of complexity for the components ofthe body, from least to most complex?

A) organ systems, cells, tissues, organsB) tissues, cells, organs, organ systemsC) cells, tissues, organs, organ systemsD) cells, tissues, organ systems, organsE) organ systems, organs, tissues, cells




20) Which of the following organ systems is primarily involved in the process of digestion?A) immune systemB) endocrine systemC) gastrointestinal systemD) cardiovascular systemE) integumentary system


21) Which of the following is NOT a component of the gastrointestinal system?A) salivary glandsB) stomachC) gall bladderD) liverE) kidneys

Answer: EDiff: 4 Page Ref: 5

22) Name the two organ systems that the kidneys belong to.A) urinary and digestive systemsB) urinary and immune systemsC) endocrine and urinary systemsD) urinary and skeletal systemsE) endocrine and gastrointestinal systems


23) The uptake of nutrients across the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract and into thebloodstream is called ________.

A) filtrationB) excretionC) secretionD) absorptionE) reabsorption


24) What organ system includes the pituitary gland, adrenal gland, and thyroid gland?A) nervousB) endocrineC) cardiovascularD) integumentaryE) immune




25) What organ system protects the body against pathogens and abnormal cells?A) nervousB) endocrineC) respiratoryD) integumentaryE) immune


26) What organ system functions in communication between cells of the body?A) nervous onlyB) integumentary onlyC) endocrine onlyD) both nervous and endocrineE) nervous, integumentary, and endocrine


27) What type of tissue separates the internal from the external environment?A) connectiveB) epithelialC) plasma membraneD) nerveE) reticular


28) The lumen of which of the following systems is part of the INTERNAL environment?A) gastrointestinal systemB) respiratory systemC) cardiovascular systemD) urinary systemE) gastrointestinal and urinary systems


29) What separates the internal environment of the body from the external environment?A) waterB) walls of blood vesselsC) membranes of blood cellsD) plasma membrane of all body cellsE) epithelium




30) Which of the following is NOT a part of the internal environment?A) bloodB) brainC) heartD) airways to lungsE) endocrine glands


31) The process whereby fluid from the bloodstream enters the tubules of the kidneys is called________.



32) The process whereby fluid in the kidneys is transported from the tubules back into thebloodstream is called ________.



33) Referring to a membrane as ʺselectively permeableʺ describes its ability to ________.A) restrict the movement of particular molecules across a membraneB) restrict only the movement of sodium across a membraneC) provide a barrier that restricts the movement of all molecules across a membraneD) provide a minimal barrier that allows almost any molecule to move across a membraneE) restrict only the movement of potassium across the membrane


34) Extracellular fluid is composed of ________.A) interstitial fluid and plasmaB) plasma and intracellular fluidC) interstitial fluid onlyD) plasma onlyE) intracellular fluid only




35) Total body water is composed of ________.A) intracellular fluid onlyB) extracellular fluid onlyC) intracellular and interstitial fluidD) intracellular and extracellular fluidE) plasma and intracellular fluid


36) Where is most of our total body water?A) in the lumen of the kidneysB) in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tractC) in bloodD) inside cellsE) surrounding the cells


37) Which of the following compartments contains most of the water found in the human body?A) intracellular fluidB) plasmaC) interstitial fluidD) extracellular fluidE) lumen of the intestinal tract


38) What are the two extracellular fluid compartments of the body?A) intracellular fluid and interstitial fluidB) intracellular fluid and plasmaC) intracellular fluid and bloodD) interstitial fluid and plasmaE) interstitial fluid and blood


39) The portion of body water outside of cells that bathes most cells of the body is called ________.A) intracellular fluidB) intercellular fluidC) interstitial fluidD) plasmaE) extracellular fluid




40) The fluid compartment with a high sodium and protein concentration is called ________.A) interstitial fluidB) plasmaC) intracellular fluidD) extracellular fluidE) intracellular and extracellular fluids


41) Which of the following best describes intracellular fluid?A) rich in sodium, potassium, and chlorideB) rich in sodium and chlorideC) rich in proteins and chlorideD) rich in proteins and potassiumE) rich in potassium and chloride


42) The fluid compartment with a high sodium concentration that contains only trace amounts ofprotein is called ________.

A) interstitial fluidB) plasmaC) intracellular fluidD) extracellular fluidE) intracellular and extracellular fluids


43) Homeostasis is a term which describes the process whereby the body ________.A) affects the external environmentB) maintains a constant external environmentC) maintains a constant internal environmentD) maintains a variable internal environmentE) maintains a constant internal and external environment


44) Which of the following statements about homeostasis is FALSE?A) The extracellular fluid is maintained in a state compatible for life.B) The primary mechanism to maintain homeostasis is negative feedback.C) The organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis.D) The intracellular fluid makes up the majority of the body fluids.E) Intrinsic control mechanisms maintain the extracellular fluid in a constant state.




45) The maintenance of a stable internal environment compatible for life is called what?A) physiologyB) anatomyC) biochemistryD) microbiologyE) homeostasis


46) What is the primary mechanism for maintaining homeostasis?A) positive feedbackB) negative feedbackC) intrinsic controlD) extrinsic controlE) inherent control


47) Which of the following statements about homeostasis is FALSE?A) The extracellular fluid is maintained in a state compatible for life.B) The primary mechanism to maintain homeostasis is positive feedback.C) The organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis.D) Illness can result if homeostasis is disrupted.E) Homeostasis is the maintenance of the internal environment.


48) Changes in the external environment alter the ________, which is detected by the ________,and that information is sent to the integrator.

A) set point : regulated variableB) regulated variable : set pointC) error signal : regulated variableD) sensor : regulated variableE) regulated variable : sensor


49) The ________ determines the extent of the error signal in a feedback loop, in order to initiatethe appropriate response.

A) sensorB) integratorC) effectorD) set pointE) regulated variable




50) The process of maintaining the internal environment in a state compatible for life is called________, and it occurs primarily through ________.

A) intrinsic control : homeostasisB) negative feedback : intrinsic controlC) homeostasis : negative feedbackD) intrinsic control : negative feedbackE) positive feedback : intrinsic control


51) Which of the following is an example of negative feedback?A) If blood pressure increases above normal, baroreceptors in major arteries detect the

change and send signals to the brain. Certain areas of the brain then send signals to thenerves that control the heart and blood vessels to make the heart beat slower and theblood vessels increase in diameter, which in turn reduce the blood pressure.

B) During a blood clot, platelets release ADP, which stimulates platelet aggregation, causingplatelets to release more ADP.

C) During an infection, the body temperature set point is increased. The hypothalamuscommunicates to skeletal muscles to shiver and to blood vessels to decrease blood flowto the skin, causing a rise in body temperature.

D) At the time of birth, uterine contractions push the baby toward the cervix. Receptors inthe cervix detect the pressure caused by the baby and cause the release of a hormonecalled oxytocin. This hormone stimulates stronger uterine contractions, which push moreon the baby, causing an increase in pressure and another increase in oxytocin. The cyclecontinues until the baby is delivered from the mother.

E) Consumption of caffeine increases urine output, causing dehydration.Answer: ADiff: 5 Page Ref: 10

52) Luteinizing hormone-mediated regulation of estrogen during ovulation in women is anexample of ________.

A) a negative feedback loopB) a positive feedback loopC) a quasi-negative feedback loopD) a quasi-positive feedback loopE) both a positive and negative feedback loop


53) The positive feedback loop involving luteinizing hormone and estrogen is terminated by________.

A) nothing; the cycle cannot be terminatedB) ovulation, which decreases estrogen secretionC) pregnancyD) birthE) ovulation, which directly inhibits luteinizing hormone secretion




54) Which of the following is a normal blood glucose level?A) 100 mg/dLB) 100 gm/mLC) 50 mg/dLD) 50 mmolarE) 200 mmolar


55) What is the difference between diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus?A) one is a deficit in insulin activity, the other a deficit in ADH activityB) one is a lack of insulin secretion, the other a resistance to insulinC) one is a lack of ADH secretion, the other a resistance to ADHD) one causes increased fluid loss, the other causes increased thirstE) one causes diarrhea the other causes diuresis


56) What cells secrete insulin?A) I cells of the adrenal cortexB) G cells of the adrenal cortexC) alpha cells of the pancreasD) beta cells of the pancreasE) several cells located throughout the body


57) Approximately what percentage of people living in the United States suffer from diabetesmellitus?

A) 0.1%B) 0.5%C) 1%D) 8%E) 15%


58) Who would be more prone to develop diabetes mellitus type II?A) thin, malnourished African American childB) obese white adultC) thin white adultD) obese hispanic adultE) obese hispanic child




59) What percentage of adults in the United States is obese?A) 10%B) 15%C) 20%D) 25%E) 30%


60) Type I diabetes mellitus is also known as ________.A) juvenile onset diabetes mellitusB) adult onset diabetes mellitusC) ketoacidosisD) non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitusE) diabetes insipidus


True/False Questions

1) Physiologists use research tools from different fields that include biochemistry and cellbiology.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 2

2) Cardiac muscle is located in the heart.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 4

3) Connective tissue forms both endocrine and exocrine glands.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 4

4) Exocrine glands secrete hormones.Answer: FALSEDiff: 3 Page Ref: 4

5) The immune system protects the body from invading microorganisms.Answer: TRUEDiff: 3 Page Ref: 6

6) Most of the cells of the body are able to directly exchange materials with the externalenvironment.Answer: FALSEDiff: 4 Page Ref: 7

7) The internal and external environments are separated by the selectively permeable membranesof epithelial cells.Answer: TRUEDiff: 3 Page Ref: 8



8) The most abundant substance in the body is carbon.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 9

9) Intracellular and extracellular fluid are of the same ion composition.Answer: FALSEDiff: 3 Page Ref: 9

10) The homeostatic mechanisms of the body are unlimited in their ability to respond to changesin the external environment.Answer: FALSEDiff: 4 Page Ref: 9

11) Blood glucose is a regulated variable.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 10

12) Effectors bring about a final response in a negative feedback loop.Answer: TRUEDiff: 3 Page Ref: 10

13) Positive feedback loops are impossible to stop once they have begun.Answer: FALSEDiff: 4 Page Ref: 12

14) All forms of diabetes involve a decrease in plasma levels of insulin.Answer: FALSEDiff: 4 Page Ref: 15

15) Diabetes mellitus requires insulin injections for maintenance.Answer: FALSEDiff: 4 Page Ref: 15

16) Once a person develops gestational diabetes, she will have diabetes for life?Answer: FALSEDiff: 6 Page Ref: 14

17) People with a body mass index (BMI) less than 25 are most prone to develop type 2 diabetesmellitus.Answer: FALSEDiff: 5 Page Ref: 13

18) Cases of diabetes mellitus are increasing throughout the world, not just in the United States.Answer: TRUEDiff: 6 Page Ref: 13

19) Obesity predisposes a person to develop type 1 diabetes mellitus.Answer: FALSEDiff: 4 Page Ref: 13



20) Diabetes mellitus causes hyperglycemia.Answer: TRUEDiff: 3 Page Ref: 15

Matching Questions

Match the following functions to the correct tissue type.1) Specialized for exchange of

material.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4

2) Conducts signals via electricalimpulses.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 3

3) Provides structural support.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4

4) Contracts to generate a force.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 3

A) nervous tissue

B) muscle tissue

C) epithelial tissue

D) connective tissue

Answers: 1) C 2) A 3) D 4) B

Match the following descriptions with the correct function.5) Elimination from the body.Diff: 3 Page Ref: 8

6) Movement from the lumen ofthe gastrointestinal tract toblood.Diff: 3 Page Ref: 7

7) Movement from blood intothe kidney tubules.Diff: 3 Page Ref: 8

A) absorption

B) excretion

C) filtration

Answers: 5) B 6) A 7) C



Match the organ to the organ system with which it belongs.8) Adrenal glandDiff: 5 Page Ref: 6

9) EsophagusDiff: 4 Page Ref: 6

10) Blood vesselsDiff: 3 Page Ref: 6

11) BronchiDiff: 4 Page Ref: 6

12) BrainDiff: 2 Page Ref: 6

A) endocrine system

B) nervous system

C) respiratory system

D) gastrointestinal system

E) cardiovascular system

Answers: 8) A 9) D 10) E 11) C 12) B

Essay Questions

1) Describe the four general groups of cells (tissues) that are found in the body, outlining theimportant characteristics of each group.Answer: Nervous tissue - Neurons are specialized for the transmission of information in the

form of electrical signals. They typically possess a number of branches that function toreceive or transmit those electrical signals. Some are even capable of detecting sensoryinformation.Muscle tissue - Muscle cells are involved in force development and movement. Theytend to be elongated in shape and can be under either voluntary or involuntary control.Epithelial tissue - Epithelial cells are arranged as a sheet-like layer of cells connected toa thin, non-cellular basement membrane. These cells are found in many shapes, sizes,and layer thicknesses. They are closely associated with their neighbors, providing abarrier separating body fluids from the external environment. Certain epithelial cells arespecialized to transport specific molecules from one compartment to another.Connective tissue - This tissue encompasses many cell types including blood cells, bonecells, and many others. In a narrow sense, these cells provide physical support for otherstructures like tendons and ligaments. In a broader sense, the term connective tissueencompasses fluids like blood and lymph that ʺconnectʺ parts of the body by providingan avenue for communication.

Diff: 3 Page Ref: 3



2) Describe the essential role of water in the body and how it is compartmentalized throughoutthe body.Answer: Water is the most abundant molecule in the human body. It acts as a solvent for a

variety of solutes within the body. There are three compartments that comprise totalbody water (TBW). Extracellular fluid (1/3 of TBW), the fluid outside of cells, iscomposed of two compartments: 1) the fluid component of blood (plasma), which iscomposed mostly of sodium and protein, and 2) the fluid that bathes cells (interstitial),which is composed primarily of sodium with little protein present. The othercomponent of TBW is intracellular fluid (2/3 of TBW). This fluid is present inside cells(cytoplasm). Intracellular fluid is relatively high in protein and potassium, and isseparated from extracellular fluid by a cell membrane that is selectively permeable,allowing only specific ions through.

Diff: 4 Page Ref: 8

3) Describe the role of insulin in negative feedback control of blood glucose levels.Answer: Increases in blood glucose levels stimulate insulin secretion from beta cells of the

pancreas. Insulin acts on cells throughout the body increasing their uptake of glucose,thereby removing glucose from the blood. This causes blood glucose levels to returntoward normal.

Diff: 5 Page Ref: 15

4) Compare the different forms of diabetes.Answer: There are several types of diabetes, including diabetes mellitus type 1, diabetes mellitus

type 2, diabetes insipidus, and gestational diabetes. Diabetes mellitus types 1 and 2 areassociated with insufficient actions of insulin causing hyperglycemia and a number ofother symptoms. Diabetes mellitus type 1 is caused by decreased secretion of insulin.Without sufficient insulin, cells do not uptake glucose to meet their metabolic needs.Liver and muscle cells do not uptake insulin to store energy for later needs. Thushyperglycemia and fatigue are common symptoms. In diabetes mellitus type 2, betacells of the pancreas secrete insulin, but effector cells do not respond to the insulin. Thussymptoms are similar to that of diabetes mellitus type 1. Diabetes insipidus is a diseaseaffecting the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). ADH promotes water reabsorptionfrom the kidneys, and in its absence (or a decrease in tissue responsiveness to it),excessive water is lost in the urine causing dehydration. Gestational diabetes developsin some pregnant women. It is similar to type 2 diabetes mellitus, with hormones ofpregnancy thought to induce the insulin resistance. Gestational diabetes often reversesfollowing delivery of the baby.


Short Answer Questions

1) The smallest living units, capable of carrying out its own basic life processes are ________.Answer: cellsDiff: 2 Page Ref: 2

2) Cells that carry oxygen in the bloodstream are called ________.Answer: erythrocytesDiff: 5 Page Ref: 2



3) Name the types of tissue described below.

This tissue is specialized for transport and exchange of material.This tissue is a major component of bone, ligaments, and blood.This tissue is specialized for generating electrical signals.This tissue is specialized to contract.Answer: epithelial, connective, nervous, muscleDiff: 4 Page Ref: 3

4) Name the two types of glands and describe their secretions.Answer: Exocrine glands secrete their product into ducts that lead to an epithelial surface.

Endocrine glands secrete their product (hormones) into the bloodstream where thehormones travel throughout the body.

Diff: 4 Page Ref: 4

5) The specific structures that attach bone to bone are called ________.Answer: ligamentsDiff: 5 Page Ref: 5

6) The layer of epithelial cells that coats the inside (lumen) of blood vessels is called the ________.Answer: endotheliumDiff: 5 Page Ref: 4

7) The ________ is the interior compartment of a hollow organ or vessel.Answer: lumenDiff: 4 Page Ref: 4

8) What organ system(s) provides communication between the cells of the body?Answer: nervous and endocrineDiff: 5 Page Ref: 6

9) The process whereby enzymes are moved into the gastrointestinal tract to digest nutrients iscalled ________.Answer: secretionDiff: 5 Page Ref: 7

10) The process whereby fluid and ions that have not been removed by the kidneys exit the bodyas urine is referred to as ________.Answer: excretionDiff: 4 Page Ref: 8

11) The fluid (non-cellular) portion of blood is called ________.Answer: plasmaDiff: 4 Page Ref: 9

12) The fluid compartment with a high protein and potassium concentration is called ________.Answer: intracellular fluidDiff: 4 Page Ref: 9



13) Most of the water in the body is found (inside cells / in blood / bathing cells).Answer: inside cellsDiff: 4 Page Ref: 9

14) Define homeostasis.Answer: Homeostasis is the process whereby the body maintains the internal environment in a

state compatible for life.Diff: 4 Page Ref: 9

15) Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood glucose levels. It is released when glucose levelsincrease above normal. Based on the concept of negative feedback, insulin (increases /decreases) blood glucose levels.Answer: decreasesDiff: 5 Page Ref: 10

16) List the essential components of a feedback loop and describe their function.Answer: Sensor - detects the regulated variable

Set point - value to which the regulated variable is compared by the integratorIntegrator - determines the extent of the error signal in order to provide appropriateeffector responseEffector - that which can alter the regulated variable


17) What cells secrete insulin and where are they located?Answer: beta cells located in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreasDiff: 6 Page Ref: 15

18) Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is also called ________.Answer: type 1 diabetes mellitus or juvenile-onset diabetes mellitusDiff: 4 Page Ref: 14

19) Body mass index is a measure of weight in kilograms relative to ________.Answer: height in meters (squared)Diff: 4 Page Ref: 13

20) What percentage of people in the United States have diabetes mellitus?Answer: 8Diff: 5 Page Ref: 13


Chapter 2 The Cell: Structure and Function

Multiple Choice Questions

Figure 2.1

Using Figure 2.1, answer the following questions:

1) Which of the following nucleotide sequences accurately reflects the mRNA that would beproduced from the double-stranded DNA pictured in Figure 2.1?

A) TGTCTCACTGTCTTGB) ACAGAGTGACAGAACC) UGUCUCACUGUCUUGD) ACAGAGUGACAGAACE) GTTCTGTCACTCTGT



CHAPTER 2 The Cell: Structure and Function 21

2) Based upon the number of nucleotides, how many amino acids will be formed from the DNAstrand shown in Figure 2.1?

A) 2B) 3C) 5D) 7E) 50


3) In Figure 2.1, ________ between complementary bases hold the two strands of DNA together.A) hydrogen bondsB) disulfide bridgesC) ionic bondsD) covalent bondsE) van der Waals forces


4) In Figure 2.1, ________ between phosphate and carbohydrate of the nucleotides hold thebackbone of the DNA strands together.

A) hydrogen bondsB) disulfide bridgesC) ionic bondsD) covalent bondsE) van der Waals forces


5) Which of the following is NOT a monosaccharide?A) glucoseB) fructoseC) galactoseD) deoxyriboseE) lactose




6) What type of molecule is shown in the accompanying figure?

A) monosaccharideB) disaccharideC) fatty acidD) phospholipidE) amino acid


7) The presence of ________ chemical groups makes carbohydrates ________.A) hydroxyl : polarB) hydroxyl : nonpolarC) amino : polarD) amino : acidicE) carboxyl : polar and acidic


8) Which of the following molecules is a disaccharide?A) glucoseB) fructoseC) lactoseD) galactoseE) glycogen


9) Glycogen ________.A) serves as a structural component of human cellsB) is an important storage polysaccharide found in animal tissuesC) forms the regulatory molecules known as enzymesD) helps to protect vital organs from damageE) contains the genetic information found in cells




10) Glycogen is an example of a ________.A) fatty acidB) steroidC) polysaccharideD) nucleotideE) nucleic acid


11) ________ is a polysaccharide found in animal cells, whereas ________ is a polysaccharidefound in plants that can be degraded by humans.

A) Galactose : starchB) Glycogen : starchC) Glycogen : celluloseD) Lactose : starchE) Galactose : cellulose


12) Which of the following molecules will dissolve readily in water?A) NaClB) cholesterolC) C6H14D) triglycerideE) fatty acid


13) Each of the following statements concerning hydrogen bonds is true except one. Identify theexception.

A) Hydrogen bonds are strong attractive forces between hydrogen atoms and negativelycharged atoms.

B) Hydrogen bonds can occur within a single molecule.C) Hydrogen bonds can form between neighboring molecules.D) Hydrogen bonds are important forces for tertiary structure of proteins.E) Hydrogen bonds are responsible for many of the unique properties of water.


14) ________ are molecules that contain primarily carbons and hydrogens linked together bynonpolar covalent bonds.

A) LipidsB) CarbohydratesC) ProteinsD) NucleotidesE) Polysaccharides




15) ________ are molecules composed of a glycerol and three fatty acids.A) PhospholipidsB) Saturated fatty acidsC) EicosanoidsD) SteroidsE) Triglycerides


16) A fatty acid that contains three double bonds in its carbon chain is said to be ________.A) saturatedB) monounsaturatedC) polyunsaturatedD) hypersaturatedE) polysaturated


17) ________ are molecules that form the core structure of cell membranes and micelles.A) PhospholipidsB) Saturated fatty acidsC) TriglyceridesD) SteroidsE) Eicosanoids


18) The amphipathic property of phospholipids can be described as ________.A) a nonpolar region facing the outside and a polar region facing the inside of a cellB) a single polar region that is miscible in aqueous solutionC) a nonpolar region that dissolves in water and a polar region that face one anotherD) a polar region that dissolves in water and a nonpolar region that faces away from waterE) a single nonpolar region that is not miscible in aqueous solution


19) ________ are modified fatty acids that function in intercellular communication and includeprostaglandins and thromboxanes.

A) SteroidsB) EicosanoidsC) Saturated fatty acidsD) PhospholipidsE) Triglycerides




20) ________ act(s) as the precursor to steroid molecules, many of which function as hormones.A) CholesterolB) Saturated fatty acidsC) Unsaturated fatty acidsD) EicosanoidsE) Phospholipids


21) Based on the following figure, what type of molecule is this?

A) amino acidB) phospholipidC) steroidD) nucleotideE) fatty acid


22) ________ are molecules whose general structure includes a carboxyl group, an amine group, ahydrogen molecule, and a residual group.

A) LipidsB) NucleotidesC) ProteinsD) Amino acidsE) Carbohydrates


23) Alpha-helixes and β-pleated sheets are examples of ________ structure of a protein.A) primaryB) secondaryC) tertiaryD) quaternaryE) pentanary




24) Formation of peptide bonds occurs by ________ reactions between a(n) ________ and a(n)________.

A) condensation : fatty acid : glycerolB) condensation : amino acid : amino acidC) hydrolysis : fatty acid : glycerolD) hydrolysis : amino acid : amino acidE) oxidation : glucose : glucose


25) What type of molecule is shown below?

A) amino acidB) nucleotideC) carbohydrateD) proteinE) steroid


26) Each amino acid differs from others in the ________.A) number of central carbon atomsB) size of the amino groupC) number of carboxyl groupsD) characteristic of the R groupE) number of peptide bonds in the molecule


27) Hydrogen bonding between the amino hydrogen of one amino acid and the carboxyl oxygenof another is responsible for which of the following?

A) Holding the two strands of DNA together by the Law of Complementary Base Pairing.B) Twisting the DNA into a helical structure.C) Primary protein structure.D) Secondary protein structure.E) Tertiary protein structure.




28) Secondary protein structure is the result of ________.A) hydrogen bondsB) ionic bondsC) van der Waals forcesD) covalent bondsE) all of the above


29) The ________ structure of a protein is created by hydrogen bonds between the hydrogen atomon the amine group and the oxygen atom on the carboxyl group.

A) primaryB) secondaryC) tertiaryD) quaternaryE) quintary


30) The ________ structure of a protein is formed between residual groups of the amino acidbackbone by a number of different chemical interactions, dependent upon the nature of theresidual groups interacting.

A) primaryB) secondaryC) tertiaryD) quaternaryE) quintary


31) Which of the following is an example of a fibrous protein?A) growth hormoneB) insulinC) hemoglobinD) Na+/K+ pumpsE) collagen


32) ________ are molecules that are composed of one or more phosphate groups, a 5 -carbonsugar, and a nitrogenous base.

A) LipidsB) PhospholipidsC) NucleotidesD) Amino acidsE) Glycoproteins




33) Which of the following chemical groups are necessary components of a nucleotide?A) phosphate, peptide, and baseB) carbohydrate, phosphate, and peptideC) phosphate, carbohydrate, and baseD) peptide, phosphate, and carbohydrateE) carbohydrate, base, and peptide


34) Which of the following is an INCORRECT association between a molecule and its chemicalproperty?

A) monosaccharide : hydrophilicB) DNA : polymer of nucleotidesC) fatty acid : amphipathicD) ATP : nucleotideE) steroid : derived from cholesterol


35) Which of the following is found in DNA but not RNA?A) deoxyribose onlyB) adenine onlyC) thymine onlyD) both adenine and thymineE) both thymine and deoxyribose


36) Which of the following molecules is a polymer?A) protein onlyB) glycogen onlyC) nucleic acid onlyD) both protein and nucleic acidE) protein, nucleic acid, and glycogen


37) Which of the following molecule types is NOT a polymer?A) proteinB) fatty acidC) glycogenD) DNAE) RNA




38) Which of the following is NOT a base in RNA?A) adenineB) thymineC) uracilD) guanineE) cytosine


39) Which of the following INCORRECTLY describes a polymer?A) Glycogen is a polymer of glucose.B) Starch is a polymer of glucose.C) ATP is a polymer of phosphates.D) DNA is a polymer of nucleotides.E) A protein is a polymer of amino acids.


40) Which of the following is NOT a function of nucleotides?A) Nucleotides store the genetic code.B) Nucleotides are necessary for expression of the genetic code.C) Nucleotides provide most of the energy for cellular processes.D) Nucleotides provide electrons to the electron transport chain.E) Nucleotides provide substrates for the citric acid cycle.


41) Which of the following properties is true for both DNA and RNA?A) double-strandedB) follows the law of complementary base pairingC) contains the sugar deoxyriboseD) contains the base thymineE) contains the base uracil


42) ________ is composed of nucleotide polymers with the phosphate of one nucleotide bound tothe ribose sugar of another.

A) Ribonucleic acidB) Deoxyribonucleic acidC) Guanosine monophosphateD) Adenosine diphosphateE) Flavin adenine dinucleotide




43) The presence of ________ in the plasma membrane can increase the fluidity of the membrane.A) cholesterolB) integral membrane proteinsC) peripheral membrane proteinsD) glycoproteinsE) phospholipids


44) Which of the following is NOT found in plasma membranes?A) proteinsB) eicosanoidsC) cholesterolD) carbohydratesE) phospholipids


45) Which of the following components of the plasma membrane forms ion channels?A) phospholipidsB) cholesterolC) carbohydratesD) integral membrane proteinsE) peripheral membrane proteins


46) Which of the following is NOT an integral membrane protein?A) carrier proteins for mediated transportB) connexonsC) channels for ion diffusion across membranesD) occludinsE) actin


47) Which of the following is an amphipathic molecule?A) peripheral membrane proteinB) integral membrane proteinC) glycogenD) glucoseE) triglyceride




48) Which of the following is NOT an amphipathic molecule?A) phospholipidB) integral membrane proteinC) glycolipidD) glucoseE) connexon


49) The layer of carbohydrates on the external surface of a cell is called what?A) inclusionB) glycocalyxC) glycogenD) glycolipidE) desmosome


50) The ________ is the site of ribosomal RNA production.A) nucleusB) nucleolusC) mitochondriaD) cytosolE) lysosome


51) Where is the genetic code stored?A) brainB) heartC) nucleusD) Golgi apparatusE) cytoplasm


52) Where inside a cell is glycogen stored?A) mitochondriaB) lysosomesC) cytosolD) Golgi apparatusE) smooth endoplasmic reticulum




53) Lipophobic molecules that are to be released by cells are stored in membrane-boundstructures called ________.

A) secretory vesiclesB) inclusionsC) the Golgi apparatusD) excretory vesiclesE) the endoplasmic reticulum


54) Continuous with the outer portion of the nuclear pore, this membrane-bound structurefunctions in the synthesis of secretory proteins, integral membrane proteins, or proteins boundfor other organelles.

A) rough endoplasmic reticulumB) smooth endoplasmic reticulumC) mitochondriaD) lysosomeE) nucleolus


55) The ________ is the site where lipids, triglycerides, and steroids are synthesized, as well aswhere calcium is stored within the cell.

A) rough endoplasmic reticulumB) smooth endoplasmic reticulumC) mitochondriaD) lysosomeE) nucleolus


56) Where are triglycerides synthesized?A) cytosolB) mitochondriaC) rough endoplasmic reticulumD) smooth endoplasmic reticulumE) Golgi apparatus


57) What organelle packages and directs proteins to their proper destination?A) ribosomesB) smooth endoplasmic reticulumC) rough endoplasmic reticulumD) Golgi apparatusE) lysosomes




58) Which of the following is NOT a property of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?A) steroid hormone synthesisB) stores calciumC) in liver cells, it contains detoxifying enzymesD) forms transport vesicles to move proteins to the Golgi apparatusE) contains the enzyme catalase


59) Which of the following organelles is specialized for lipid and steroid synthesis?A) rough endoplasmic reticulumB) smooth endoplasmic reticulumC) mitochondriaD) lysosomesE) peroxisomes


60) Which of the following is an INCORRECT description of the function of the organelle?A) ATP synthesis occurs in the mitochondria.B) Peptide hormone synthesis occurs in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.C) Breakdown of phagocytosed debris occurs in the peroxisomes.D) Packaging of secretory products into vesicles occurs in the Golgi apparatus.E) Calcium is stored in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.


61) In the liver, detoxifying enzymes are localized in what organelle?A) lysosomesB) peroxisomesC) smooth endoplasmic reticulumD) Golgi apparatusE) mitochondria


62) Which of the following statements is true?A) The compositions of the intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid are identical due to the

free movement of molecules across the cell membrane.B) The nuclear envelope is continuous with the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum.C) The Golgi apparatus contains the enzyme catalase to break down the hydrogen peroxide

it produces when degrading oxygen-derived wastes.D) Proteins to be secreted from the cell are synthesized in the mitochondrial matrix.E) Ribosomes are composed of protein and lipid.




63) What organelle synthesizes most of the ATP used by cells?A) lysosomesB) peroxisomesC) ribosomesD) mitochondriaE) Golgi apparatus


64) ________ are membrane-bound organelles containing enzymes that degrade cellular andextracellular debris.

A) LysosomesB) MitochondriaC) PeroxisomesD) RibosomesE) Vaults


65) ________ are membrane-bound organelles that contain enzymes like catalase, which catalyzesthe breakdown of H2O2 to H2O and O2.

A) LysosomesB) PeroxisomesC) RibosomesD) MitochondriaE) Vaults


66) Which of the following statements about ribosomes is FALSE?A) Ribosomes contain protein.B) Ribosomes contain ribosomal RNA.C) Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.D) Ribosomes can be located free in the cytosol.E) Ribosomes can be located in the Golgi apparatus.


67) Which of the organelles contains its own DNA?A) mitochondriaB) lysosomesC) rough endoplasmic reticulumD) smooth endoplasmic reticulumE) Golgi apparatus




68) Which of the following is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton?A) cellular movementB) contractionC) mechanical supportD) suspension of organellesE) cellular metabolism


69) Which cytoskeletal proteins provide the structural support for microvilli?A) microfilamentsB) intermediate filamentsC) microtubulesD) centriolesE) tight junctions


70) Keratin is an example of which type of cytoskeletal protein?A) microfilamentsB) intermediate filamentsC) microtubulesD) centriolesE) tight junctions


71) Which of the following filaments is found in cilia and flagella?A) microfilaments onlyB) intermediate filaments onlyC) microtubules onlyD) microfilaments and microtubulesE) microfilaments and intermediate filaments


72) Which microtubular proteins are responsible for the distribution of chromosomes during celldivision?

A) tubulinB) spindle fibersC) actinD) myosinE) keratin




73) The protein ________ is responsible for generating force as microtubular proteins slide pastone another.

A) tubulinB) dyneinC) myosinD) actinE) keratin


74) ________ are proteins that fuse adjacent cells together to form a nearly impermeable barrier.A) ConnexinsB) CadherinsC) SyneinsD) OccludinsE) Tubulins


75) ________ are proteins attached to intermediate filaments in regions where cells are exposed tomechanical stresses.

A) ConnexinsB) CadherinsC) DyneinsD) OccludinsE) Tubulins


76) ________ are proteins that form channels between cells, allowing ions and small molecules todiffuse directly from one cell to the other.

A) ConnexinsB) CadherinsC) DyneinsD) OccludinsE) Tubulins


77) In some cases, signals originating within one cell can diffuse directly to a neighboring cellthrough ________.

A) desmosomesB) cadherinsC) gap junctionsD) tight junctionsE) occludins




78) What type of junction would you expect to find most commonly in the intestinal tract, whereexchange across epithelium is common?

A) tight junctionsB) loose junctionsC) gap junctionsD) I junctionsE) desmosomes


79) Intercellular communication can occur through the binding of a chemical released from onecell to a specific ________ on another cell.

A) receptorB) organelleC) nucleusD) clathrin-coated vesicleE) phagosome


80) Which of the following does NOT describe a part of post-transcriptional processing?A) capping of the 5ʹ endB) removal of the introns from the strandC) addition of a poly A tail at the 3ʹ endD) formation of bonds between a phosphate group and a sugarE) splicing of nucleic acid fragments


81) The process whereby a complementary mRNA is produced from a DNA template is called________.

A) translationB) post-translational modificationC) transcytosisD) transcriptionE) transoperon


82) During translation, ________ is synthesized in the ________.A) DNA : nucleusB) RNA : nucleusC) protein : nucleusD) RNA : cytoplasmE) protein : cytoplasm




83) Based upon the triplet nature of a codon and the presence of four possible bases, how manypossible amino acids might be coded for by mRNA?

A) 8B) 16C) 32D) 64E) 128


84) The initiator codon is composed of the sequence ________.A) CCGB) CCCC) UUGD) AUGE) AAC


85) The initiator codon, that originates transcription, codes for the amino acid ________.A) prolineB) methionineC) arginineD) leucineE) tyrosine


86) What strand of mRNA would be transcribed from the following strand of DNA: AATG?A) TTUCB) TTACC) UUGTD) UUACE) GGUA


87) Which of the following statements about the genetic code is true?A) A single gene contains only those nucleotides that code for a single protein.B) Termination codons do not code for amino acids.C) The tRNA anticodon is complementary to the mRNA codon, and therefore is ALWAYS

identical to the DNA triplet word.D) The promoter sequence is found on the antisense strand of DNA.E) A single codon may code for more than one amino acid.




88) The strand of DNA that gets transcribed to mRNA is called the ________.A) intron strandB) exon strandC) ribophorinD) sense strandE) promoter sequence


89) RNA polymerase binds to a ________ to initiate the process of ________.A) leader sequence : translationB) leader sequence : transcriptionC) gene : translationD) promoter sequence : transcriptionE) triplet : translation


90) During transcription, ________.A) DNA is synthesized from DNA in the nucleusB) RNA is synthesized from DNA in the nucleusC) RNA is synthesized from DNA in the cytoplasmD) protein is synthesized from RNA in the nucleusE) protein is synthesized from RNA in the cytoplasm


91) What is the portion of DNA that codes for a particular protein called?A) nucleotideB) geneC) tripletD) codonE) promoter sequence


92) Which of the following protects mRNA from degradation in the cytosol?A) intronsB) exonsC) poly A tailD) RNA CAPE) ubiquitin




93) What causes DNA to uncoil during transcription?A) binding of tRNA to the initiator codonB) binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter sequenceC) binding of DNA polymerase to the leader sequenceD) binding of helicase to the DNAE) binding of ubiquitin to the DNA


94) A mRNA codon is complementary to the DNA ________.A) leader sequenceB) promoter sequenceC) tripletD) geneE) anticodon


95) Which of the following statements about the genetic code is FALSE?A) mRNA is read 3 bases at a time, which are called codons.B) Each codon is specific for only one amino acid.C) Each amino acid is coded for by only one codon.D) There are 3 termination codons that do not code for amino acids.E) There is one initiator codon that codes for an amino acid.


96) Where does RNA polymerase bind to initiate transcription?A) hormone response elementB) initiation factorC) promoter sequenceD) leader sequenceE) P subunit of the ribosome


97) A codon is ________.A) a series of three nucleotides found in mRNA that codes for an amino acidB) the sequence of amino acids within a proteinC) a monosaccharide linked to a disaccharideD) a phosphate group attached to a baseE) a membrane-bound protein that binds hormones




98) The promoter sequence of the gene is recognized by ________ , which initiates transcription.A) DNA polymeraseB) RNA polymeraseC) tRNA polymeraseD) helicaseE) methioninase


99) What is the base sequence of the tRNA molecule that recognizes the complementary mRNAmolecule?

A) anticodonB) codonC) initiator codonD) P siteE) A site


100) Following is a list of steps for initiating translation. Put them in the correct order.1. Binding of initiator tRNA to mRNA2. Binding of large ribosomal subunit to mRNA3. Binding of small ribosomal subunit to mRNA4. Binding of tRNA with 2nd amino acid to the A site5. Formation of covalent bond between methionine and second amino acid

A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5B) 1, 3, 2, 4, 5C) 2, 3, 1, 4, 5D) 3, 2, 1, 4, 5E) 3, 1, 2, 4, 5


101) What is special about the P site of a ribosome?A) It contains the enzyme that catalyzes formation of a peptide bond.B) It has the binding site for mRNA.C) It holds the tRNA with the most recent amino acid that has been added to the

polypeptide chain.D) It holds the tRNA with the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain.E) It causes the ribosome to attach to the endoplasmic reticulum.




102) Post-transcriptional processing adds a(n) ________ to the 5ʹ end of the mRNA molecule.A) poly A tailB) exonC) CAPD) intronE) poly C tail


103) Post-transcriptional processing adds a(n) ________ to the 3ʹ end of the mRNA molecule.A) poly A tailB) exonC) CAPD) intronE) poly C tail


104) Which of the following is NOT a function of the initiation factors associated with translation ofprotein from mRNA?

A) They bind to the CAP group at the 5ʹ end.B) They form a complex with small ribosomal subunits.C) They form a complex with charged tRNA.D) They align the first tRNA with the P site on a ribosome.E) They trigger binding of the small ribosomal subunit to AUG.


105) The leader sequence of a protein that has just been translated functions to ________.A) end translation of a proteinB) determine the destination of the proteinC) initiate degradation of an incomplete proteinD) stimulate translation of a proteinE) keep the protein in the cytosol


106) Which of the following processes is NOT a post-translational modification that occurs in theendoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus to make proteins functional?

A) the removal of the leader sequenceB) the cleavage of excess amino acidsC) the addition of carbohydratesD) the addition of more amino acidsE) the addition of lipids




107) Protein enters the Golgi apparatus ________.A) directly from the smooth endoplasmic reticulumB) from a transport vesicle that enters the trans face of the Golgi apparatusC) from a transport vesicle that enters the cis face of the Golgi apparatusD) after leaving the rough endoplasmic reticulumE) through a diffusive process


108) Which of the following is NOT a possible destination for proteins synthesized on ribosomesfree in the cytosol?

A) remains in cytosolB) peroxisomeC) mitochondrionD) nucleusE) secreted from the cell


109) When proteins are synthesized by ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where doesthe translation begin?

A) cytosolB) rough endoplasmic reticulumC) smooth endoplasmic reticulumD) nucleusE) Golgi apparatus


110) What organelle packages proteins into secretory vesicles?A) rough endoplasmic reticulumB) smooth endoplasmic reticulumC) Golgi apparatusD) lysosomesE) peroxisomes


111) What functions as a marker to direct proteins to proteasomes that degrade proteins?A) ProteaseB) PolymeraseC) AUGD) UbiquitinE) The A site




112) Ubiquitin tags proteins for what purpose?A) protect from degradation by proteasomesB) mark for degradation by proteasomesC) for synthesis to continue on the rough endoplasmic reticulumD) for the protein to be secreted by exocytosisE) for the protein to enter the nucleus and alter transcription


113) What enzyme catalyzes the reaction whereby nucleotides are added to the polynucleotidechain during replication?

A) RNA polymeraseB) helicaseC) DNA polymeraseD) histoneE) chromatin


114) What is/are the beadlike structure(s) of chromosomes within the nucleus between periods ofcell division?

A) HistonesB) ChromatinC) ChromophoreD) ChromatidE) Promoter


115) During replication, which strand of the new DNA is synthesized from the 5ʹ to 3ʹ strand oforiginal DNA?

A) beginning strandB) ending strandC) leading strandD) lagging strandE) trailing strand


116) What are Okazaki fragments?A) sections of RNA prior to splicingB) termination codonsC) initiation factorsD) sections of DNA formed during replicationE) proteins that target other cell proteins for degradation




117) During what phase of the cell cycle is the cell carrying out its normal activity and NOTinvolved directly in cell division?

A) G0B) G1C) G2D) SE) mitosis


118) During what phase of the cell cycle does cellular replication of DNA occur?A) G0B) G1C) G2D) SE) mitosis


119) During what phase of the cell cycle does rapid protein synthesis occur as the cell grows todouble its size.

A) G0B) G1C) G2D) SE) mitosis


120) Which of the following is NOT a phase of mitosis?A) meiosisB) prophaseC) metaphaseD) telophaseE) anaphase


121) During what phase of cell division do chromosomes align along the midline?A) prophaseB) interphaseC) telophaseD) anaphaseE) metaphase




122) During what phase of cell division do two new nuclear envelopes begin to redevelop?A) prophaseB) interphaseC) telophaseD) anaphaseE) metaphase


123) What links sister chromatids together?A) histonesB) chromatinsC) centromeresD) dyneinsE) actins


True/False Questions

1) Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of a glucose and a lactose molecule.Answer: FALSEDiff: 4 Page Ref: 20

2) Disulfide bridges contribute to the tertiary structure of proteins by covalent bonds between thesulfhydryl groups on two cysteine amino acids.Answer: TRUEDiff: 4 Page Ref: 24

3) Cholesterol is the precursor molecule for all steroids in the body.Answer: TRUEDiff: 4 Page Ref: 23

4) Glycoproteins have a glycogen molecule covalently bound to a protein.Answer: FALSEDiff: 4 Page Ref: 30

5) Cyclic nucleotides form ring structures due to the covalent bonding between an oxygen of thephosphate group and a carbon of the carbohydrate.Answer: TRUEDiff: 7 Page Ref: 26

6) Thymine is a pyrimidine.Answer: TRUEDiff: 3 Page Ref: 26

7) Guanine and cytosine are held together by two hydrogen bonds.Answer: FALSEDiff: 4 Page Ref: 26



8) Inclusions are intracellular stores of glycogen or triglycerides.Answer: TRUEDiff: 4 Page Ref: 32

9) The innermost compartment of a mitochondrion is called the matrix.Answer: TRUEDiff: 3 Page Ref: 35

10) Vaults direct the development of the mitotic spindle during cell division.Answer: FALSEDiff: 3 Page Ref: 36

11) The cytoskeleton suspends the organelles within the cytoplasm.Answer: TRUEDiff: 3 Page Ref: 37

12) Movement between cells in an epithelium is called transepithelial transport.Answer: FALSEDiff: 5 Page Ref: 39

13) Anabolism describes the breakdown of large molecules to smaller molecules.Answer: FALSEDiff: 3 Page Ref: 40

14) Every adenine nucleotide of DNA will be transcribed into a thymine on the mRNA.Answer: FALSEDiff: 3 Page Ref: 42

15) The exon is cut from the original mRNA sequence, leaving the intron as the portion of mRNAthat leaves the nucleus to be translated into a protein.Answer: FALSEDiff: 4 Page Ref: 43

16) The mRNA codon UUU codes for the amino acid phenylalanine. Therefore, no other codoncan code for phenylalanine.Answer: FALSEDiff: 4 Page Ref: 42

17) Each strand of mRNA is translated by one ribosome at a time.Answer: FALSEDiff: 5 Page Ref: 46

18) The Golgi apparatus sorts and packages proteins into vesicles targeted for their finaldestination.Answer: TRUEDiff: 3 Page Ref: 47

19) The anticodon is complementary to the triplet coding for a particular amino acid.Answer: FALSEDiff: 5 Page Ref: 45



20) The hormone insulin is a peptide hormone consisting of two polypeptides held together bydisulfide bridges.Answer: TRUEDiff: 5 Page Ref: 47

21) The semiconservative nature of the replication of DNA means that a new strand is coupled toan old strand.Answer: TRUEDiff: 3 Page Ref: 50

22) When insulin is first translated by ribosomes, the initial inactive polypeptide that is formed iscalled preinsulin.Answer: FALSEDiff: 3 Page Ref: 47

23) Bonding between Okazaki fragments forms the lagging strand of DNA.Answer: TRUEDiff: 4 Page Ref: 50

24) Helicase catalyzes the uncoiling of DNA during transcription.Answer: FALSEDiff: 4 Page Ref: 50

25) Proteases break peptide bonds.Answer: TRUEDiff: 4 Page Ref: 49

26) Microtubules are dynamic structures in that they may form and disassemble repeatedly in acell.Answer: TRUEDiff: 3 Page Ref: 38

27) The mitotic spindle forms from the centrosome during cell division.Answer: FALSEDiff: 5 Page Ref: 36



Matching Questions

Match the following descriptions to the correct level of protein structure.1) Applies to proteins containing

more than one polypeptidechain.Diff: 4 Page Ref: 24

2) The sequence and number ofamino acids in thepolypeptide chain.Diff: 4 Page Ref: 24

3) Formed by chemicalinteractions between R groupswithin the same polypeptidechain.Diff: 4 Page Ref: 24

4) Formed by hydrogen bondsbetween the amino hydrogenand carboxyl oxygen of aminoacids within the samepolypeptide chain.Diff: 4 Page Ref: 24

A) quaternary

B) secondary

C) tertiary

D) primary

Answers: 1) A 2) D 3) C 4) B

Match the following descriptions with the correct junction type.5) Intermediate filaments

penetrate the membranesbetween two cells at the siteof protein plaques formingstrong linkage between thetwo cells.Diff: 5 Page Ref: 24

6) These junctions are found inepithelial tissue where theyprevent paracellularmovement of molecules.Diff: 5 Page Ref: 23

7) These junctions allow thepassage of small moleculesand ions from the cytosol ofone cell to that of aneighboring cell.Diff: 4 Page Ref: 23

A) desmosomes

B) gap junctions

C) tight junctions



Answers: 5) A 6) C 7) B

Match the following descriptions with the correct organelle.8) Proteins are packaged into

secretory vesicles.Diff: 4 Page Ref: 34

9) Proteins are packaged intotransport vesicles.Diff: 5 Page Ref: 35

10) The enzyme catalase islocated here.Diff: 3 Page Ref: 36

11) Endocytotic vesicles fuse withthis organelle.Diff: 4 Page Ref: 36

12) Most ATP in cells is producedhere.Diff: 3 Page Ref: 34

13) Lipids are synthesized here.Diff: 4 Page Ref: 33

A) smooth endoplasmic reticulum

B) peroxisomes

C) mitochondria

D) lysosomes

E) Golgi apparatus

Answers: 8) E 9) A 10) B 11) D 12) C13) A

Match the following junctional proteins with the correct junction type.14) Cadherins.


15) Connexons.Diff: 4 Page Ref: 40

16) Occludins.Diff: 4 Page Ref: 39

A) tight junctions

B) gap junctions

C) desmosomes

Answers: 14) C 15) B 16) A



Essay Questions

1) Carbohydrates and lipids are important biomolecules that store energy for the body to uselater. Describe the structures and properties of carbohydrates and lipids, including thedifferent forms of these biomolecules that are present within the body.Answer: Carbohydrates have the general structure of CnH2nOn. They are polar molecules that

readily dissolve in water. They are described based on their size as mono, di, andpolysaccharides. Monosaccharides are simple sugars composed of six carbons,including glucose, fructose, and galactose, or five carbons, as with ribose anddeoxyribose. Disaccharides are combinations of simple sugars covalently boundtogether, as with sucrose (glucose and fructose) and lactose (glucose and galactose).Polysaccharides are formed by many simple sugars bound together covalently,including glycogen and starch.

Lipids are a diverse group of molecules primarily containing carbons andhydrogens bound by nonpolar covalent bonds. Some contain oxygen, while otherscontain phosphate groups that polarize the molecule. Triglycerides are a form of lipidtypically referred to as a fat composed of one glycerol with three fatty acids bound to it.Fatty acids are long carbon chain molecules with a carboxyl group at the end. Saturatedfatty acids have no double bonds between the carbons, whereas unsaturated fatty acidshave at least one (monounsaturated) or more (polyunsaturated) double bonds betweencarbons on the fatty acid. Triglycerides and fatty acids are both nonpolar and do notreadily dissolve in water. Phospholipids are similar to triglycerides except one of thefatty acids attached to glycerol is replaced with a phosphate group. Therefore, themolecule is amphipathic with a polar (phosphate) and nonpolar (fatty acids) region.Eicosanoids are fatty acid derivatives that function in cellular communication. Finally,steroids are produced from the precursor cholesterol and act as hormones tocommunicate between cells.


2) Define and describe the structure of proteins, including the forces that determine thethree-dimensional structure of these molecules.Answer: Proteins are chains of amino acids bound by peptide bonds formed by the condensation

reaction of the amine group on one amino acid with the carboxyl group on the otheramino acid. The difference between peptides and proteins is the number of amino acids;peptides are composed of less than 50 amino acids, whereas proteins have more than 50.Once formed, there are many chemical interactions involved in the creation of thisthree-dimensional structure that can be described at different levels. Primary structurerefers to the sequence of amino acids that comprise a particular peptide or protein.Secondary structure involves the folding of that primary structure, produced byhydrogen bonds between amine groups with the oxygen on the carboxyl group ofanother amino acid. This forms proteins into α-helices and β-pleated sheets. Tertiarystructure is formed by the interaction between residual groups (R groups) on particularamino acids. Hydrogen bonds can form between polar R groups. Ionic bonds can formbetween ionized or charged R groups. Van der Waals forces are an electrical attractionbetween the electron of one molecule with the neutron of another, whereas covalentbonds can form disulfide bridges between sulfhydryl groups on cysteine residues.Quaternary structure exists only in proteins with more than one polypeptide chain, likehemoglobin, which contains four separate polypeptide chains.




3) Describe the structure and function of nucleotides and nucleic acids.Answer: Nucleotides are composed of one or more phosphate groups, a five-carbon sugar

(ribose or deoxyribose), and a nitrogenous base. The nitro

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