principles of information systems - chapter 3
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Principles of Information Systems Sixth Edition, Written by Ralph Star, George ReynoldsTRANSCRIPT
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Hardware: Input, Processing, and Output Devices
Chapter 3
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Principles and Learning Objectives
• Assembling an effective, efficient computer system requires an understanding of its relationship to the information system and the organization. The computer system objectives are subordinate to, but supportive of, the information system and the needs of the organization.
– Describe how to select and organize computer system components to support information system objectives and business organization needs.
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Principles and Learning Objectives
• When selecting computer devices, you also must consider the current and future needs of the information system and the organization.Your choice of a particular computer system device should always allow for later improvements.– Describe the power, speed, and capacity of central
processing and memory devices.
– Describe the access methods, capacity, and portability of
secondary storage devices.– Discuss the speed, functionality, and importance of input and
output devices.– Identify popular classes of computer systems and discuss the
role of each.
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Hardware Components
• Central processing unit (CPU)• Primary storage (main memory; memory)• Secondary storage• Input devices• Output devices
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Hardware Components
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Hardware Components in Action
• Step 1: Fetch instruction• Step 2: Decode instruction• Step 3: Execute the instruction• Step 4: Store results
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Hardware Components in Action
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Processing & Memory Devices
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Processing Characteristics and Functions
• Machine cycle time is measured in:– Microseconds (1 millionth)– Nanoseconds (1 billionth)– Picoseconds (1 trillionth)– MIPS (Millions of Instructions Processed per
Second)
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Processing Characteristics and Functions
• Clock speed: electronic pulses affecting machine cycle time– Hertz: one cycle (pulse) per second– Megahertz (MHz): millions of cycles per second
• Microcode: internal, predefined elementary operations in a CPU
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Clock Speed
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Wordlength and Bus Line Width
• Bits (Binary Digits): smallest form of data in a computer
• Word: number of bits that can be processed as a unit
• Bus lines: electrical paths of data flow
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Physical Characteristics of the CPU
• Digital circuits on chips
• Electrical current flows through silicon
• Moore’s Law - transistor density of chips will double every 18 months
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Physical Characteristics of the CPU
• Superconductivity - property of certain metals that allows current to flow with minimal electrical resistance
• Optical processors - uses light waves instead of electrical current
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Moore’s Law
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Complex and Reduced Instruction Set Computing
• Complex instruction set computing (CISC) - places as many microcode instructions into the central processor as possible
• Reduced instruction set computing (RISC) - involves reducing the number of microcode instructions built into a chip to an essential set of common microcode instructions
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Memory Characteristics and Functions
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Storage Capacity
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Types of Memory
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Types of RAM
• EDO (Extended Data Out) • DRAM (Dynamic RAM) • SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Types of ROM
• ROM (read-only memory)• PROM (programmable read-only memory)• EPROM (erasable programmable read-only
memory)
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Cache Memory
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Multiprocessing
• Speeds processing by linking hundreds and even thousands of processors to operate at the same time
• Can coordinate large amounts of data and access them with greater speed
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Massively Parallel Processing
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Secondary Storage
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Secondary Storage
• Offers the advantages of nonvolatility, greater capacity, and greater economy
• Access methods, storage capacities, and portability required are determined by the information system’s objectives
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Secondary Storage
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Access Methods
• Sequential: records must be retrieved in order– Devices used are called sequential access
storage devices (SASD)
• Direct: records can be retrieved in any order– Devices used are called direct access storage
devices (DASDs)
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Devices
• Magnetic tapes• Magnetic disks• RAID• Storage area networks (SAN)• Optical disks • Magneto-optical (MO) disks• Digital versatile disks (DVDs)
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Types of Secondary Storage
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Magnetic Disks
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Storage Area Network
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Digital Versatile Disk
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Additional Devices and Media
• Memory cards• Flash memory• Expandable storage
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Expandable Storage
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Comparison of Secondary Storage Devices
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Characteristics and Functionality
• Data - can be human or machine readable• Data entry - converts human readable data into
machine-readable form• Data input - transfers machine-readable data
into the system• Source data automation - capturing and editing
data at its source
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Input and Output Devices
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Input Devices
• Personal computer input devices– Keyboard– Mouse
• Voice-recognition devices• Digital cameras• Terminals
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Digital Computer Cameras
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Device
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Output Devices
• Display monitors• Printers and plotters• Music devices• Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)
– Active matrix– Passive matrix
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Printers
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Computer System Types
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Computer System Types
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Standards
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Standards
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Selecting and Upgrading Computer Systems
• Hard drive considerations • Main memory considerations• Printer considerations
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Price List
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Summary
• Hardware - includes any machinery that assists with the input, processing, and output activities of a CBIS
• Processing speed - often measured by the time it takes to complete one machine cycle
• Primary storage (memory) - provides working storage for program instructions and data
• Common forms of secondary storage - magnetic tape, magnetic disk, compact disk, digital video disk, and optical disk storage