principles of information systems, seventh edition2 the database approach to data management...
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 2
• The database approach to data management provides significant advantages over the traditional file-based approach
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 3
• A well-designed and well-managed database is an extremely valuable tool in supporting decision making
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 4
• The number and types of database applications will continue to evolve and yield real business benefits
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 5
Introduction
• Database management system (DBMS): group of programs that manipulate database and provide interface between database and users
• Database administrator (DBA): a skilled information systems professional who directs all activities related to organization’s database
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 10
The Traditional Approach Versus the Database Approach
• Traditional approach: separate data files are created and stored for each application program
• Results in data redundancy: duplication of data in separate files
• Data redundancy conflicts with data integrity (the degree to which the data in any one file is accurate)
• Database approach: approach whereby a pool of related data is shared by multiple application programs; offers significant advantages over traditional file-based approach
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 11
Table 5.1: Advantages of the Database Approach
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 12
Table 5.1: Advantages of the Database Approach (continued)
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 13
Table 5.2: Disadvantages of the Database Approach
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 14
Popular Database Management Systems
• Popular DBMSs for end users include Microsoft’s Access and Corel’s Paradox
• The complete database management software market includes databases by IBM, Oracle, and Microsoft
• Examples of open-source database systems: PostgreSQL and MySQL
• Many traditional database programs are now available on open-source operating systems
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 15
Database Applications: Linking the Company Database to the Internet
• Corporate databases can be accessed by customers, suppliers, and company employees through:
• The Internet
• Intranets
• Extranets
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Data Resource Management
Chapter 3
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 18
What about this concerning DRM?
• “I have traveled the length & breadth of this country and talked with the best people, and I can assure you that data processing is a fad that won’t last out the year”.• The editor in charge of business books for Prentice Hall
(1957)
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 19
What about this concerning DRM?
• “It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data”. • Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1892)
• Sherlock Holmes
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 21
Database Functions• 2. Transform data into information
• 3. Provide security – Who has access. Part of Sarbox.
• 4. Allow multi-user access
• 5. Allow programming & Query Lang. ability
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 22
Data Resource Management• Data is a resource• Data must be organized (table)• Data must be managed
• (backup & retrieval• Add records• Delete records
• Business survival depends on information regarding internal & external environ.
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 23
Data Resource Management
• What is the external environment?• Government: Fed., state, city, county
New laws, changes in laws, mandates, compliance• World Economics
• Politics
• Competitors
• Demographics
• Suppliers
• Technology (hardware, software, etc.
• Customers
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 24
Data Resource Management
• A managerial activity• Applies IS technology to managing data resources to
• meet needs of business stakeholders.• IS technology (from above)
• DBMS• Data warehousing• Data mining
• Center for Data Integrity (CDI)
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 25
Foundation Data Concepts (continued)
• Database• Integrated collection of logically related data elements
• Consolidates records into a common pool of data elements
• Data is independent of the application program using them and type of storage device
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 26
Foundation Data Concepts (continued)Files (table)
• A group of related records
• Records• Related fields of data
• Collection of attributes that describe an entity
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 27
Foundation Data Concepts• Levels of data
• Field• Groupings of characters
• Represents an attribute of some entityEntity
» Person» Place» Object» event
• Character• Single alphabetical, numeric, or other symbol
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 28
Logical Data Elements – What are they?
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 29
Logical Data Elements• Compare the previous figure with the data that was
organized before computers.
• Is that older system still used?
• Since data entry bookkeeping?
• Can you have more than one database in your organization? If so, why would you want this?• One database—1 or more tables
• Separate databases– 1 or more tables
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 30
Logical Data Elements
• Who will organize the data (database, tables, records, fields, entities) in your organization.• 3rd generation language – Very procedural
• 4th generation language – managers can use it.
• Who will use the data in your organization?
• Who will maintain the data in your org.’s database?
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 32
Types of Databases• Operational
• Supports business processes and operations
• Also called subject-area databases, transaction databases, and production databases
• Examples• HR database
• Inventory database
• Customer database
• E-commerce databases
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 36
Types of Databases (continued)• External
• Available for a fee from commercial sources or with or without charge on the Internet or World Wide Web or your supplier DB’s.
• Sources are almost endless
• External can be download into DBMS Remember that DBMS is a decision support tool. Example?
• Infor. From the DBMS can be downloaded in to a variety of applications for analysis.
Excel. Also a decision support tool.
Example?• Database inform. can be accessed by Excel. Excel
information can be accessed by DB.
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 37
Data Warehouses and Data Mining
• Data warehouse• Stores data extracted from operational, external, or
other databases of an organization
• Central source of “structured” data
• May be subdivided into data marts• Subsets of data that focus on specific aspects of the co.,
e.g., by department or process.
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 38
Data warehouse• Data acquisition
• This process includes activities• Consolidating data from several sources
• Filtering out unwanted data
• Correcting incorrect data
• Converting data to new data types
• The data is then stored so that it can be moved into the enterprise warehouse
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 39
Data Warehouse
• Enterprise warehouse• Can then be moved into data marts or
• To analytical data stores• Holds data in a more useful form for certain types of
data so that it can be used by OLAP applications.
• Link to OLAP
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 41
Data Warehouses and Data Mining (continued)
• Data mining• A major use of data warehouse databases
• Data is analyzed to reveal hidden correlations, patterns, and trends
• In vast amounts of dataUsually several terabytes of data.
» 4, 000,000,000,000 bytes» Its above gigabytes
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 42
Data Mining (continued)
Data mining software uses:• Advanced pattern recognition algorithms
• Variety of math & statistical techniques
• To filter through data to extract previously unknown strategic business information.
• Examples:New or change products
New or change services
Marketing activities
Organizational change/process change
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 43
Database Management Approach)
• DBMS serves as an interface between the users and databases. • Controls how databases and objects are
• Created
• Interrogated
• Maintained
• So users can easily access the data in the database
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 46
Database Management Approach (continued)
• Database Interrogation • 3rd Generation. Programming languages
• 4th Generation. SQL and then QBE
• Query• Supports ad hoc requests
• Can save queries
• Tells the software how you want to organize the data and what data that you want?
• QBE has a graphical user interface (GUI)
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 47
SQL & Natural Languages
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 50
Database Management Approach (continued)
• Report Generator• Turns results of a table or query into a useable report
• Can specify a report format.• Examples of report formatting ???• Can these report formats be saved ???• Reports are linked to a table• Can a report also be linked to a query ??? If so, why
would you want to do this ???
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 52
Database Maintenance• Database Maintenance
• What is this? 3 simple things that are imp.• Add records
• Delete records
• Change the nature of records
• Why must this occur?
• Who does it, usually?
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 61
Section II
• The remaining slides are from information from your text for Chapter 5
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 62
Data Structures
• The relationships among the many individual data elements stored in databases are based on one of several logical data structures or models
• DBMS packages are designed to use a specific data structure to provide end users with quck & easy acces to information stored in a DB.
• 5 database structures
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 64
Database Structures
• Hierarchical• Early mainframe DBMS packages used this
• Treelike or hierarchical
• All of the relationships are one-to-many
• Used for structured, routine types of transaction processing
• Not very flexible. One-to-many relationships only.
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 65
Database Structures (continued)• Network structure
• More complex• Relationships must be specified in advance
• More flexible
• Many-to-many relationship
• More flexible but doesn’t support ad hoc requests well
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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 66
Database Structures (continued)• Relational structure
• Data elements stored in simple tables
• Relationships do not have to be specified when the database is created.
• Can link data elements from various tables
• Can create new tables of data relationships using parts of data from several tables.
• Very supportive of ad hoc requests but slower at processing large amounts of data than hierarchical or network models
• Easier to maintain