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BRGM (2005)

BRGM (2005)

IEA (2004)

IPCC (2005)

IPCC (2005)

Mogućnosti za geološko skladištenje CO21. Iscrpljena naftna i plinska ležišta 2. Korištenje CO2 za EOR 3. Duboki slani vodonosnici 4. Duboki slojevi ugljena 5. Korištenje CO2 za ECBM 6. Druge mogućnosti

Proizvodnja nafte ili plinaUtiskivanje CO2

Uskladišteni CO2

Izvor: IPCC

Veliki kapacitet uskladištenja

Velika šupljikavost, velika ležišta

Učinkovito utiskivanje Visoka propusnost

Nizak geoterm. gradijent i visoki tlak

Sigurno uskladištenje Odgovarajuća izolacija

Geološka i hidrodinamička stabilnost

Niski troškovi Infrastruktura, udaljenost

Izvor: IPCC

Mogućnosti uskladištenja Kapacitet (Gt CO2)

Duboki slani vodonosnici 1 000 ... 10 000Iscrpljena naftna i plinska ležišta 675 ... 900* (+25%)

Slojevi ugljena 3-15 ... 200

Emisije CO2 u svijetu 25 Gt/god

IEA (2004)

Izvor: IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage

Tok podzemne vode

Morsko dno

Geosekvestracijapolje A

Rizici geološkog skladištenja

Šejl

Skladište ŠejlDifuzija

Difuzija i tok

Difuzija

Disperzija u otopini

Plinskafaza

P, T

Pukotina(porasttlaka)

Pliće “ležište”

Istjecanje napovršinu

Migracija

Difuzija

Napuštena bušotina

Čep

Nakupljanje pri dnu mora

Napuštenopolje B

Morske struje

Pokrovne stijene za naftu, ali ne i za CO2

Sigurno (i prihvatljivo)?Geološko skladištenje mora biti sigurno

Zabrinutost društva proizlazi iz usporedbe s odlaganjem toksičnog i radioaktivnog otpada

Educiranje i informiranje moraju se ubrzati u svrhu podizanja razine javne i političke svijesti o konceptu hvatanja i uskladištenja CO2 … na vrijeme!

Namjena prostora (vodonosnici, zaštićena područja...)

Tko će pokriti dodatne troškove?

Druge mogućnosti – porast energetske učinkovitosti, obnovljivi izvori... nuklearna energija

EU GeoCapacity (FP6)

http://www.geology.cz/geocapacity

Aquifers

’Nordjyllandsværket’ by the city of Aalborg

Highly efficient coal-fired power block:Highly efficient coal-fired power block:47% efficiency, 411 MW 47% efficiency, 411 MW ee

Post-combustion capturePost-combustion capture1.8 million tonnes of CO1.8 million tonnes of CO22 per annum per annum

Cross-section through the Vedsted geological structure

Cross section courtecy of GEUS

CO2 in fluid form is pumped into the well

- 1 km

- 2 km

- 3 km

CO2 is stored in porous Sandstones covered by

thick sections of impermeable claystones

Storage must be at least 700 meters deep to ensure CO2 to be in supercritical

state

PorousPoroussandstonesandstone

Vedsted-1, Oil exploration well from 1958

Haldager-1, Oil exploration well from 1950

The storage structure

CHALLENGES 1 (SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY)

Integration of CCS and power plant and integration of transport & storage with plant operations

Storage site investigations and monitoring with less invasive methods

Improved understanding of long-term prediction of geochemical and fluid dynamic effects

Pore-scale behaviour of CO2

Combining storage with other activities (water production, EOR, EGR)

CHALLENGES 2 - SOCIETYFinancing the first demo plants & reducing first-mover risk

Building political concensus on CCS: global-EU-national-local

Including CCS in national policy measures

Linking national need for CCS to actual local activity- public dialogue- risks and rewards

21

ECCOEuropean value chain for CO2

Co-funded by the European Commission (FP7) Grant Agreement No: 218868 Project duration: 2008-2011 (36 months) Budget: 5,5 million € EU contribution: 3,8 million € Co-ordinator: SINTEF Energiforskning AS,

Norway

To facilitate robust strategic decision making regarding early and futureimplementation of CO2 value chains for Europe in the face of uncertainty.The project will provide recommendations enabling cost-effective use of the CO2 being produced from zeroemission power plants and other industries in Europe.

Recommendations are based on;1.Initial scenario studies performed for Europe, setting the scene for how the development will proceed towards 2020, including evaluation of technology development, emission trading schemes, regulations, national and international incentives, industrial projects being realized and economical viability of CO2 value chains.2.The development of a computer tool for evaluation of large-scale CO2 value chains with the possibility of multiple sources and sinks, and development of a large-scale infrastructure for CO2 transport.3.Output from the scenario studies forms the basis for the tool development.4.Evaluation of specific challenges related to CO2 injection, both onshore and offshore, depending on reservoir characteristics and the needed processing systems (particularly offshore).5.Case studies performed, using the computer tool, for evaluation of specific CO2 value chains, using the parameters developed through the scenario studies and in the end evaluates the influence of the different parameters.6.Identification of the major obstacles that can be addressed and handled with the aim to make future realization of CO2 value chains viable.

The main users of ECCO-results will be:

CO2 producers – seeking opportunities for improving economy of their system. The European Commission (EC) and other supranational bodies – developing regulations and incentives. National authorities – who have the Kyoto and ETS obligations to meet, and seeks ways to organize the national systems in line with EC regulations and industrial interests. CO2 transporters and sellers – who have a potential new stream to handle safely and seek optimal infrastructure development; and are affected by market development. CO2 storage operators – who need to be assured they have a large enough flow of CO2 over the required time, and are dependent on long-term perspective with respect to constraints as regulations and incentives. R&D providers and universities – to be in a better position to serve the industry and authorities by exploiting the platform of knowledge, tools, and methods generated in the project. Oil and gas industry - the increased knowledge of enhanced oil and gas recovery (EOR and EGR) potentials and challenges provided by ECCO might provide the basis for further industrial activities in this front.

Sub- project 1SP+WP Leaders

R&D work

Executive Board7 members incl. Chairman + Co-ordinator

Overall Project Major decisions

General Assembly All partners

Control

Project Management TeamProject Mgr.+Co- ordinatorProject operation and lead


R&D work


R&D work

Administrative support legal, financial, adm. staffAdministrative work

Ad-hoc Committee As required


R&D work

EC

Sub-SP+WP Leaders

R&D work

Executive Board

Overall Project Responsibility Major decisions

General Assembly

Control

Project Co-ordinator

Executive project management

Sub-SP+WP Leaders

R&D work

Sub-SP+WP Leaders

R&D work


SP0 Project management and co-ordination

ICG members Observers

Assisted by the Project manager


R&D work

Executive Board7 members incl. Chairman + Co-ordinator

Overall Project Major decisions

General Assembly All partners

Control

Project Management TeamProject Mgr.+Co- ordinatorProject operation and lead


R&D work


R&D work





R&D work

EC

Sub-SP+WP Leaders

R&D work

Executive Board

Overall Project Responsibility Major decisions

General Assembly

Control

Project Co-ordinator

Executive project management

Sub-SP+WP Leaders

R&D work

Sub-SP+WP Leaders

R&D work


SP0 Project management and co-ordination



Assisted by the Project manager

ECCOEuropean value chain for CO2

Dissemination and training - SP1Provide a platform for dissemination of the developments in ECCO. This will include hosting and arranging official dissemination events and training activities. SP1 also aims at enhancing the public awareness regarding the implementation of CCS.

CCS analysis and recommendations - SP2Analyse the output from the simulation of case studies and make recommendations for the development and deployment of CO2 value chains using early opportunities across Europe. SP2 has three main goals:1.To recommend promising CO2 value chains as case studies for deeper evaluation in SP32.To make overall recommendations for the development and deployment of CO2 value chains based on the interpretation of the outcome of the case studies3.To propose a methodology that can be used by all interested sectors for assessing the worthiness of commercially promising value chain proposals

CO2 value chain methodology and tool development - SP3Develop a generic tool for the economic analysis of CO2 value chains. The tool will be designed in a way that will allow flexible, demand-driven tailoring to the applicable market dynamics and incorporate the possibility to model infrastructural, regional dependencies between assets that are gradually and increasingly networked.

Reservoir technology for EOR/EGR - SP4Three main objectives: 1.To quantify the potential for enhanced oil and gas recovery (EOR/EGR) and CO2 storage in European petroleum reservoirs2.To evaluate technological challenges and identify improvements to existing EOR/EGR technology, including CO2 injection and handling of CO2 produced after breakthrough3.To show how aquifers can be integrated into a CO2 deposition system

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