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Appendix A
Characteristics of the Randomized Controlled Studies Included in the Meta-analysis (n=27)
Study citation(author/year)
Participants�Age (mean age/range)�Gender (male/female)
Participants diagnosis Group type(E/C)
Intervention characterizationFormat /Frequency Outcome indicators and Measurement tool
Ball et al. (2002) � Total N: 1279 (2 group)� Complete N(E/C): 640/639� Mean age
Total: 73.6± 5.9 (65-94)E: 73.5± 6.0 (65-93)C: 74.1±6.1 (65-94)
� Gender(M/F,%)Total: 24.1/ 75.9%E: 23.6/76.4%C: 26.4/73.6%
� Criteria for diagnosis:Cognitive decline
� Dementia Severity:MMSE ≤ 22
Total 27.3±2(23-30)E:27.3 ±2.1 (23-30)C:27.3±2.0(23-30)
E: TrainingC: Passive
� E: Memory training� C: No contact control group
Format: GroupFrequency:� min. a day: 60-75� days of week: 2-3� total weeks: 5 - 6� sessions: 10� total times: 600-750 min
Learning and Memory Function� Hopkins Verbal Learning Test� Auditory Verbal Learning Test� Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test (RBMT)
Immediate RecallSummation of Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test (AVLT), the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT), and the Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test (RBMT) Paragraph Recall test immediate recall.
Bourgeois et al. (2001)
� Total N: 66� Complete N(E/C):33/33� Mean age
E: 85.73±5.21C: 84.27±6.61
� Gender(M/F)E: 12/88%C: 24/76%
� Criteria for diagnosis:Dementia
� Dementia Severity:MMSE
E:11.85 ±6.90C:13.06±7.13
E: RehabilitationC: Passive
� E: Memory aids� C: Usual care
Format: IndividualFrequency:� total weeks: 2-4
Depression� Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)
Brunelle-Hamann et al. (2015)
� Total N: 15� Complete N(E/C):7/8� Mean age
E: 81.00±6.71C: 80.00±4.90
� Gender(M/F)E: 28.57/71.43%C: 25/75%
� Criteria for diagnosis:Dementia
� Dementia Severity:MMSE
E:21.00±1.63C:22.13±2.36
E: RehabilitationC: Passive
� E: Errorless learning (ELL) and spaced retrieval (SR) memory techniques to re-learn an instrumental activities of daily living (IADL)
� C: Waiting-list control group
Format: IndividualFrequency:� min. a day: 45-60� days of week: 2� total weeks: 4� sessions: 8� total times: 360-480 min
Depression� The Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI-12) subscale-depression
Cahn-Weiner et al. (2003)
� Total N: 29� Complete N(E/C): 15/14� Mean age(E/C):
E: 77.8±6.9C: 76.0±7.7
� Gender(M/F):Total: 14/20E: 9/8C: 5/12
� Criteria for diagnosis:Dementia
� Dementia Severity:MMSE:
E:24.3 ±2.2C:25.1±1.7
E: TrainingC: Active
� E: Memory training program(Modifications ACTIVE)
� C: Educational and supportprogram with no specificmemory instruction(Didactic presentation)
Format: GroupFrequency:� min. a day: 45� days of week: 1� total weeks: 6� sessions: 6� total times: 270 min
Learning and Memory Function� Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R) Total learning� Brief Visual Spatial Memory Test- Revised (BVMT-R) Total learning
Delayed Recall� Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R) - Delayed Recall� Brief Visual Spatial Memory Test- Revised (BVMT-R)- Delayed Recall
Recognition� Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R)-Recognition� Brief Visual Spatial Memory Test- Revised (BVMT-R)-Recognition
Carretti et al. (2013)
� Total N: 20� Complete N(E/C): 10/10� Mean age(E/C):
E:71.8 ±2.20C:70.6±2.63
� Gender(M/F): 10/10E: 6/4C: 4/6
� Criteria for diagnosis:Mild cognitive impairment(According to Petersen and colleagues, 2004)
� Dementia Severity:MMSE(cut-off 24/30)
E:27.20 ±1.68C:27.10 ±1.19
E: TrainingC: Active
� E: Verbal working memory training� C: Educational activities on memory
Format: IndividualFrequency:� min. a day: 30-40� days of week:3� total weeks: 2� sessions: 3� total times: 120 min
(only training)
Learning and Memory Function� Verbal WM task: categorization Work Memory Span test (CWMS)� Visuospatial WM task: Dot matrix task
Immediate Recall� Forward Digit Span and Backward Digit Span (DS)
Delayed Recall� Long-term memory: List recall
Cohen-Mansfield et al. (2015)
� Total N: 21� Complete N(E/C): 12/9� Mean age(E/C):
Total: 73.49±5.18E: 72.80±3.78C: 73.21±5.97
� Gender(M/F):Total: 27.3/72.7%E: 40/60%C: 28.6/71.4%
� Criteria for diagnosis: Cognitive decline
� Dementia Severity:MMSE(24 or above)
Total:28.50±1.32 (24-30)E1:27.93±1.82E2:28.67±1.05C:28.93±1.07
E: TrainingC: Active
� E: Cognitive training (ACTIVE memory training)
� C: Participation-centered group
Format: GroupFrequency:� min. a day: 90� days of week: 1� total weeks: 10� sessions: 10� total times: 900 min
Learning and Memory Function� GCS domain-memory
Subjective Memory Performance� Self-report memory difficulties
Global Cognitive Function� Global Cognitive Score (GCS)
Diesfeldt and Smits (1991)
� Total N: 14� Complete N(E/C): 8/6� Mean age(E/C):
E:76.5±3.9C:84.0±7.0
� Gender(M/F):no report
� Criteria for diagnosis: Dementia
� Dementia Severity:Mental Status Questionnaire (CST)
E: 9.6±3.2 (4.5-13)C:10.0±2.8 (6-13)
E: RehabilitationC: Passive
� E: Face-name learning� C: Waiting-list control group
Format: GroupFrequency:� min. a day: 60� days of week: 2� total weeks: 4� sessions: 8� total times: 480 min
Learning and Memory Function� naamproduktie (production name)� gezicht naamproduktie (face-name products)
Eyre et al. (2016) � Total N: 25� Complete N(E/C):11/14� Mean age
E: 67.8±9.7C: 67.1±9.5
� Gender(M/F)E: 45/55%C: 57/43%
� Criteria for diagnosis:Mild cognitive impairment
� Dementia Severity:MMSE
E:29.1±0.7C:28.7±1.3
E: TrainingC: Active
� E: Memory enhancement training� C: Yoga intervention
Format: GroupFrequency:� min. a day: 60� days of week: 1� total weeks: 12� sessions: 12� total times: 720 min
Delayed Recall� Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT): delayed recall� Rey-Osterrieth complex figure delayed recall
Depression� Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)
Finn and McDonald (2015)
� Total N: 24� Complete N(E/C): 12/12� Mean age(E/C):
E: 72.83±5.7C: 75.08±7.5
� Gender(M/F):Total: 22/9E: 8/4C: 9/3
� Criteria for diagnosis:Mild cognitive impairment (Winblad et al., 2004)
� Dementia Severity:MMSE(>23):
E: 27.75±1.3C: 27.83 ±1.9
E: RehabilitationC: Passive
� E: Repetition-lag training� C: No contact control group
Format: IndividualFrequency:� min. a day:90� days of week:2� total weeks: 3� sessions: 6� total times:540 min
Learning and Memory Function� Symbol span
Immediate Recall� Verbal Paired Associates Test(VPA) - Immediate auditory recall:
Verbal paired associates 1 unrelated(VPA-I)
Delayed Recall� Verbal Paired Associates Test(VPA) - Delayed auditory recall: Verbal
paired associates 2 unrelated(VPA-II)
Global Cognitive Function� Cognitive failures questionnaire (CFQ)
Depression� Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21): Depression subscale
Fogarty et al. (2016)
� Total N: 40� Complete N(E/C):18/22� Mean age
E: 72.61±5.78C: 71.55±9.33
� Gender(M/F)E: 9/9C: 10/12
� Criteria for diagnosis:Mild cognitive impairment
� Dementia Severity:MMSE
E: 27.88±1.05C: 28.33±1.39
MoCA (<26/30)E:24.83±2.04C:23.71±1.82
E: RehabilitationC: Active
� E: Memory intervention program (MIP)� C: MIP+Taoist Tai Chi(TTC)
Format: GroupFrequency:� min. a day: 120� days of week: --� total weeks: --� sessions: 6 (only training)� total time: 720 min
Subjective Memory Performance� Multi-Factorial Memory Questionnaire(MMQ): use of memory
strategies� Strategy Toolbox: knowledge of memory strategies
Immediate Recall� Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT)-Immediate
Delayed Recall� Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT)-Delayed
*Insufficient statistics for effect size calculation data report:� Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test (RBMT): everyday memory
functioning� the Memory Assessment Clinics Self-Rating Scale(MAC-SR): memory
abilities and frequency of memory slips
Huntley et al. (2016)
� Total N: 30� Complete N(E/C):15/15� Mean age
E: 79.40±6.19C: 80.13±5.19
� Gender(M/F)E: 9/6C: 9/6
� Criteria for diagnosis:Dementia(according to NINCDS-ADRDA criteria)
� Dementia Severity:MMSE
E:26.00±2.30C:25.93±2.09
E: TrainingC: Active
� E: Adaptive working memory strategy training
� C: Perform 30 trials of a 2 span unstructured task
Format: GroupFrequency:� min. a day: 30� days of week: 2-3� total weeks: 8� sessions: 18� total time: 540 min
Learning and Memory Function� Logical memory task 2
Immediate Recall� Digit span structured trial� Digit span random trial� Spatial span structured trial� Spatial span random trial
Global Cognitive Function� MMSE
Jean et al. (2010) � Total N: 22� Complete N(E/C): 11/11� Mean age(E/C):
E:68.55 ±9.16C:68.55±5.91
� Gender(M/F):E:36/64%C: 45/55%
� Criteria for diagnosis:Mild cognitive impairment (according to Petersen, 2004)
� Dementia Severity:MMSE-30:
E: 29.45±0.82C: 29.55±0.52
Excluded: DSM-IV-TR/ NINCDS-ADRDA
E: RehabilitationC: Active
� E: Learned face-name associations using a paradigm combining errorless(EL) learning and spaced retrieval (SR)
� C: Errorful(EF) learning paradigm
Format: IndividualFrequency:� min. a day: 45� days of week: 2� total weeks: 3� sessions: 6� total time: 270 min
Learning and Memory Function� Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test (RBMT)-profile score� Dementia Rating Scale 2nd Edition (DRS-2)-Memory subscale
Subjective Memory Performance� Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire-contentment, ability, strategy
Immediate Recall� California Verbal Learning Test 2nd Edition (CVLT-II)-Immediate
recall
Delayed Recall� California Verbal Learning Test 2nd Edition (CVLT-II)- Delayed
free/cued recall
Recognition� California Verbal Learning Test 2nd Edition (CVLT-II)- Recognition
Global Cognitive Function� MMSE� Dementia Rating Scale 2nd Edition (DRS-2) total
Kinsella et al. (2009)
� Total N: 42� Complete N(E/C): 20/22� Mean age:
E:78.86 ±5.69C:74.73±6.10
� Gender(M/F):E:45.5/54.5%C: 41/59%
� Criteria for diagnosis:Mild cognitive impairment(according to Petersen, Winblad, Grundman, et al.)
� Dementia Severity:MMSE:
E:25.92±2.78C:26.82±1.82
E: Rehabilitation C: Passive
� E: Memory rehabilitation� C: Waitlist control group
(delay of several months)
Format:GroupFrequency:� min. a day: 90� days of week:1� total weeks: 5� sessions: 5� total time: 450 min
Learning and Memory Function� Prospective Memory Performance index
Subjective Memory Performance� Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire (MMQ)-Ability, Strategy,
Contentment
Konsztowicz et al. (2013)
� Total N: 15� Complete N(E/C): 8 /7� Mean age:
E:79±8 (67-91)C:78±4 (73-83)
� Gender(M/F):E:4/4E2:3/4
� Criteria for diagnosis:Mild cognitive impairment
� Dementia Severity:MMSE (≥24/30)
E1:27±3 (23-30)E2:27±2 (23-30)C:26±2 (23-27)
MoCA (<26/30)E1:20±5 (9-25)E2:21±2 (18-25)C:22±2 (19-24)
E: RehabilitationC: Active
� E: Memory training� C: Memory compensation
Format: GroupFrequency:� min. a day: 90 min� days of week:1� total weeks: 7� sessions: 7� total time: 360 min
Learning and Memory Function� Behavioral memory: Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test (RBMT)� Digit Span (DS)-Backward
Subjective Memory Performance� Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire (MMQ) –Ability, Strategy use,
Contentment
Immediate Recall� Visual short stories, Word list-immediate, Face-name
Delayed Recall� Word list-delayed
Lalanne et al.(2015)
� Total N:33� Complete N(E /C):16/17� Mean age:
E: 71.44±8.81C: 73.06±6.90
� Gender(M/F): no report
� Criteria for diagnosis:Dementia
� Dementia Severity:MMSE
E: 24.87±2.73C: 25.00±3.54
E: TrainingC: Active
� E: REMau group (autobiographical cognitive training programme)
� C: Anther cognitive training programme (taget being general collective semantic memory)
autobiographical memory
Format: IndividualFrequency:
Learning and Memory Function� Personal semantic knowledge (SAM)� Autobiographical memories (EAM)
Depression� Geriatric Depression Scale
� min. a day: 60� days of week:1� total weeks: 6� sessions: 6� total time: 360 min
Latorre Postigo et al. (2010)
� Total N: 30� Complete N(E1/E2/C): 15/15� Mean age:
E:67.80±2.85C:67.40±2.99
� Gender(M/F)(%):E: 26.7/73.3%C: 33.3/66.7%
� Criteria for diagnosis:Cognitive decline
� Dementia Severity:Mini Examen Cognoscitivo (MEC) (score of 27 or less) E1:29.80 ±2.14E2:30.46±2.50C: 29.46±1.88
E: TrainingC: Passive
� E:Group memory training� C: Waiting-list control group
Format: GroupFrequency:� min. a day: 90� days of week: 2� total weeks: 5� sessions: 10� total time: 900 min
Learning and Memory Function� Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT)
Subjective Memory Performance� Memory Failures in Everyday life questionnaire (MFE)
Lee et al. (2013) � Total N: 19� Complete N(E1/E2/C): 6/6/ 7� Mean age:
Total: 77.7±6.07 (68-91)� Gender(M/F): 6/13
E1: 14.3/85.7%E2: 50/50%C: 33.3/66.7%
� Criteria for diagnosis:Dementia(according to International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision or Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition)
� Dementia Severity:CDR: score of 1MMSE:
E1:15.3±2.7E2:17.0±3.5C:17.6±4.7
E: RehabilitationC: Passive
� E1: Computerized errorless learning-based memory training program (CELP)
� E2: Therapist-led errorless learning program (TELP) group
� C: Waiting-list control group
Format: IndividualFrequency:� min. a day:30� days of week: 2� total weeks: 6� sessions: 12� total time: 360 min
Learning and Memory Function� Hong Kong List Learning Test (HKLLT)� Brief Assessment of Prospective Memory-Short Form (BAPM)
Global Cognitive Function� MMSE (30)� Chinese version of the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (CDRS)
Depression� Geriatric Depression Scale(GDS)-Short Form (15)
Legault et al. (2011)
� Total N: 33� Complete N(E/C): 16/17� Mean age
E: 76.0±5.2C: 75.4±4.8
� Gender(M/F)E: 10/8(56/44%)C: 11/7(61/38%)
� Criteria for diagnosis:Cognitive decline
� Dementia Severity:3MSE (Modified Mini-Mental State Exam): 94.8(mean)
E1: 95.6±3.4E2:94.6±3.9E3: 94.6±4.3C: 94.3±2.4
E: TrainingC: Active
� E: Cognitive training� C: Healthy aging education control
intervention
Format: GroupFrequency:� min. a day: 40-48� days of week: 1-2� total weeks: 16� sessions: 24� total time:960 min
Learning and Memory Function� Logical Memory task(LM)-1: supplemental score-1st recall� Logical Memory task-2: recall total score (from the Wechsler
Memory Scale-III)
Immediate Recall� Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT): immediate recall,
Delayed Recall� Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT): delayed recall
Man et al. (2012) � Total N: 34� Complete N(E/C): 20/14� Mean age:
E:80.3 ±1.21C:80.28±1.31
� Gender(M/F):E: 3/17(15/85%)C: 2/22(8.4/91.6%)
� Criteria for diagnosis:Dementia
� Dementia Severity:MMSE(30)
E:21.05±3.79C:23.00±3.96
CDR: 0.5
E: TrainingC: Active
� E: Virtual reality(VR)‐based memory training
� C: Therapist‐led memory training group
Format: IndividualFrequency:� min. a day: 30� days of week: 2-3� total weeks: 4-5� sessions: 10� total time: 300 min
Learning and Memory Function� Fuld Object Memory Evaluation (FOME)-TE (total encoding) and TR
(total retrieval)
Subjective Memory Performance� the Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire (MMQ): Contentment,
Ability, Strategies.
Delayed Recall� Fuld Object Memory Evaluation (FOME)-delayed recall
Neely et al. (2009) � Total N: 20� Complete N(E/C): 10/10� Mean age
E:74.8±6.7C:77.0±6.6
� Gender(M/F)E:6/4C:6/4
� Criteria for diagnosis: Dementia(according to DSM-IV criteria)
� Dementia Severity:MMSE:
E:22.9±4.15C:18.6±5.7
E: RehabilitationC: Passive
� E: Virtual reality(VR)‐based memory training
� C: Therapist‐led memory training group
Format: IndividualFrequency:� min. a day: 60� days of week: 1� total weeks: 8� sessions: 8� total time: 480 min
Immediate Recall� Recall of non- categorisable words/Recall of categorisable words
Olchik et al. (2013)
*This study has normal controls group, but not included in my analysis
� Total N: 30 (only Mild cognitive impairment)
� Complete N(E/C): 16/14� Mean age:
E:70.3 ±4.3C:70.2±5.7
� Gender(M/F):E: 4/12(25/75%)C: 2/12(14.3/85.7%)
� Criteria for diagnosis:Mild cognitive impairment (according to Gauthier andTouchon’s criteria)
� Dementia Severity:MMSE(30):
E:28.3±0.9C:28.2±1.7
CDR: 0.5
E: TrainingC: Passive
� E: Memory training (MT) group� C: Control group (an abridged version of
the training after the post-test session)
Format: GroupsFrequency:� min. a day:90� days of week: 2� total weeks: 4� sessions: 8� total time: 720 min
Learning and Memory Function� Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) - Learning� Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test (RBMT) - Screening score
Immediate Recall� Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) - Immediate recall� Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test (RBMT) - Immediate story
Delayed Recall� Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) - Delayed recall� Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test (RBMT) - Delayed story
Optale et al. (2010) � Total N: 36� Complete N(E/C): 18/18� Mean age: (n=31)
E: 78.5±10.9C: 81.6±5
� Gender(M/F): 12/24E: 5/10(n=15)C:5/11(n=16)
� Criteria for diagnosis:Cognitive decline
� Dementia Severity:MMSE(30)(cutoff value 23.8):
E:22.9 ±5(9.7-29.3, n=15)C:20.99±4.75(13.1-29, n=16)
E: TrainingC: Active
� E: Virtual reality memory training (VRMT)
� C: Music therapy
Format: IndividualFrequency (initial training phase):� min. a day: 30� days of week: 3� total weeks: 12� sessions: 36� total time: 1080 min
Immediate Recall� Digit Span (DS)
Delayed Recall� Verbal Story Recall (VSR)
Global Cognitive Function� MMSE� Mental Status in Neurology
Depression� Geriatric Depression Scale
Rapp et al. (2002) � Total N: 19� Complete N(E/C): 9/10� Mean age:
Total: 75.1±7.0E: 73.33±6.61C:75.10±7.03
� Gender(M/F):Total: 42 / 58%E: 11/89%C: 70/30%
� Criteria for diagnosis:Mild cognitive impairment (According to Petersen, 1999)
� Dementia Severity:MMSE(all within the normal range>24)
E:28.0±1.5C:27.3±1.88
E: RehabilitationC: Passive
� E: Memory enhancement training� C: No-treatment control condition
Format: GroupFrequency:� min. a day: 120� days of week: 3� total weeks: 2� sessions: 6� total time: 720 min
Subjective Memory Performance� Memory Controllability Inventory� Memory Functioning Questionnaire (MFQ)
Immediate Recall� Four memory tasks, each with immediate recall parts
(a) Word list task(b) Shopping list task(c) Names and faces task(d) Paragraph recall task is
Delayed Recall� Four memory tasks, each with delayed recall parts
(a) Word list task(b) Shopping list task(c) Names and faces task(d) Paragraph recall task is
Silva et al.(2017) � Total N: 51� Complete N:17/17/17� Mean age:
E1: 71.71±5.15E2:75.41±5.26C: 73.82±5.74
� Gender(M/F): no report
� Criteria for diagnosis:Mild cognitive impairment
� Dementia Severity:MMSE
E1:21.53±3.01E2: 21.88±3.33C:22.82±1.85
E1:TrainingE2:RehabilitationC: Passive
� E:1 Memo+(a paper and pencil memory training program)
� E2: SenseCam (passive external memory aid)
� C: Written diary
Format: GroupFrequency:� min. a day: 60� days of week:2� total weeks: 5-6� sessions: 11� total time: 660 min
Depression� Geriatric Depression Scale(30)
Thivierge et al. (2014)
� Total N: 17� Complete N:9/8� Mean age:
E: 80.00±6.14C: 80.00±4.90
� Gender(M/F):E: 33.3/66.7%C: 25/75%
� Criteria for diagnosis:Dementia
� Dementia Severity:MMSE (16-27):
E: 21.56±2.51C: 22.13±2.36
E: RehabilitationC: Passive
� E: Goal-oriented memory rehabilitation program (errorless learning (ELL) and spaced retrieval (SR)cognitive techniques)
� C: Waiting-list control group
Format: IndividualFrequency:� min. a day: 45-60� days of week:2� total weeks: 4� sessions: 8� total time: 360-480 min
Learning and Memory Function� Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT)
Global Cognitive Function� Dementia Rating Scale-second edition (DRS-2)
Voigt-Radloff et al. (2017)
� Total N:161� Complete N(E /C):81/80� Mean age:
E: 77.1±7.8C: 76.1±6.8
� Gender(M/F):E: 35/46(43/57%)C: 34/46(42/58%)
� Criteria for diagnosis:Dementia
� Dementia Severity:MMSE
E: 19.7±3.2C: 19.8±3.3
E: RehabilitationC: Active
� E: Errorless learning (EL)� C: Trial and error learning (TEL)
Format: IndividualFrequency:� min. a day: 60� days of week:1� total weeks: 8� sessions: 9� total time: 540 min
Global Cognitive Function� MMSE
Zarit et al. (1982) � Total N: 35� Complete N:14/10� Mean age:
E: 74.71C: 76.58
� Gender(M/F):no report
� Criteria for diagnosis:Dementia
� Dementia Severity:Mental Status Questionnaire (MSQ)
E: RehabilitationC: Passive
� E: Didactic training� C: Waiting-list control group
Format: GroupFrequency:� min. a day: 90� days of week: 2� total weeks: 3.5� sessions: 7� total time: 360 min
Recognition� Daily tasks, unrelated word list, unfamiliar word pairs, familiar word
pairs
N: Number of studies; M: Male; F: Female; E: Experimental group; C: Control group; MMSE: the Mini-mental state examination; CDR: Clinical Dementia Rating; MoCA: the Montreal Cognitive Assessment
Appendix BQuality assessment of the trials (risk of bias) (n=27)
Study citationRandom
Sequence generation
Allocation concealment
Blinding Incomplete outcome data
Selective report or other biasParticipants Personnel Assessors
Ball et al. (2002) LOW LOW -- -- YES LOW LOWBourgeois et al. (2001) Unclear Unclear -- -- -- HIGH
(final analysis size is unclear)
LOW
Brunelle-Hamann et al. (2015)
LOW Unclear -- -- YES LOW LOW
Cahn-Weiner et al. (2003) LOW Unclear YES YES YES HIGH(final analysis size is unclear)
LOW
Carretti et al. (2013) Unclear Unclear -- -- -- HIGH(final analysis size is unclear)
LOW
Cohen-Mansfield et al. (2015)
Unclear Unclear -- YES -- LOW LOW
Diesfeldt and Smits (1991)
Unclear Unclear -- -- -- LOW LOW
Eyre et al. (2016) LOW LOW YES YES YES LOW LOWFinn and McDonald (2015)
LOW LOW -- -- YES LOW LOW
Fogarty et al. (2016) Unclear Unclear -- -- -- LOW LOWHuntley et al. (2016) LOW Unclear -- -- -- LOW LOWJean et al. (2010) Unclear Unclear -- YES -- LOW LOWKinsella et al. (2009) LOW Unclear -- YES -- HIGH
(no correct using ITT analysis)
LOW
Konsztowicz et al. (2013) Unclear Unclear -- -- YES LOW LOWLalanne et al.(2015) Unclear Unclear -- -- YES LOW LOWLatorre Postigo et al. (2010)
LOW Unclear YES YES -- LOW LOW
Lee et al. (2013) Unclear Unclear -- -- YES LOW LOWLegault et al. (2011). Unclear Unclear -- -- YES HIGH
(no correct using ITT analysis)
LOW
Man et al. (2012) LOW Unclear -- -- YES HIGH(final analysis size is unclear; CG sample size 2414)
LOW
Neely et al. (2009). Unclear Unclear -- -- -- LOW LOWOlchik et al. (2013) Unclear Unclear -- YES -- LOW LOWOptale et al. (2010) LOW Unclear -- YES -- LOW LOWRapp et al. (2002) Unclear Unclear -- YES -- LOW HIGH
(The CERAD neuropsychological battery & the Profile of Mood
States NO DATA)Silva et al.(2017) Unclear Unclear YES -- -- LOW LOWThivierge et al. (2014) LOW Unclear -- YES YES LOW LOWVoigt-Radloff et al. (2017) LOW LOW -- -- YES HIGH
(no correct using ITT analysis)
LOW
Zarit et al. (1982) Unclear Unclear -- -- -- LOW LOW-- = No descriptionAppendix C
References
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