Prison and Mental Prison and Mental Institution ReformInstitution Reform

By: Greg Abraham, Michael By: Greg Abraham, Michael Brownewell, Jennifer Zavala, Brownewell, Jennifer Zavala,

Hitonshu DesaiHitonshu Desai

Prison ReformPrison Reform

Around the 1840s, Around the 1840s, state legislatures state legislatures began abolishing began abolishing debtor’s prisons.debtor’s prisons.

Capitol offenses were Capitol offenses were reduced.reduced.

Brutal punishment, Brutal punishment, such as whipping and such as whipping and branding was slowly branding was slowly eliminated.eliminated.

New idea: prisons should “reform” as well as punish New idea: prisons should “reform” as well as punish (which is why they were sometimes called reformatories (which is why they were sometimes called reformatories and penitentiaries) to reverse tendency to create and penitentiaries) to reverse tendency to create “hardened criminals”.“hardened criminals”.

Some people, such as Dorothea Dix proposed that Some people, such as Dorothea Dix proposed that children should be taught at an earlier age about children should be taught at an earlier age about discipline and consequences.discipline and consequences.

Prisons specifically for women were created.Prisons specifically for women were created. The most important prison reform leaders were Dorothea The most important prison reform leaders were Dorothea

Dix and Elizabeth Fry.Dix and Elizabeth Fry.

Insane Asylum ReformInsane Asylum Reform

Dorothea Dix was the main reform leader for Mental Dorothea Dix was the main reform leader for Mental Institutions.Institutions.

At an early age she decided that she wanted to teach.At an early age she decided that she wanted to teach. She opened her own dame school (a school for girls She opened her own dame school (a school for girls

because they could not attend public school).because they could not attend public school). She became ill and was forced to close her school in She became ill and was forced to close her school in

1836. She decided to travel to England for medicinal 1836. She decided to travel to England for medicinal remedies.remedies.

There she met Elizabeth Fry and Samuel Tuke who There she met Elizabeth Fry and Samuel Tuke who were involved in prison and insane asylum reform. were involved in prison and insane asylum reform. Dorothea learned new theories of caring for the Dorothea learned new theories of caring for the insane, such as moral treatment, seclusion from family insane, such as moral treatment, seclusion from family and society, less use of mechanical restraints, and and society, less use of mechanical restraints, and useful tasks to keep the patients busy.useful tasks to keep the patients busy.

On March 28, 1841, Dorothea volunteered to teach female inmates On March 28, 1841, Dorothea volunteered to teach female inmates at the Cambridge, Massachusetts jail. Afterwards she toured the at the Cambridge, Massachusetts jail. Afterwards she toured the rest of the jail and was appalled at the conditions. She saw insane rest of the jail and was appalled at the conditions. She saw insane men and women chained naked to walls and locked into cages. men and women chained naked to walls and locked into cages. Most were malnourished, brutalized, given no heat, and sleeping on Most were malnourished, brutalized, given no heat, and sleeping on stone floors.stone floors.

This visit caused Dix to begin her campaign to reform conditions for This visit caused Dix to begin her campaign to reform conditions for the mentally ill. She first tried to get stoves placed in cells and to the mentally ill. She first tried to get stoves placed in cells and to have the inmates fully clothed.have the inmates fully clothed.

Later she made a report to the Massachusetts state legislature to Later she made a report to the Massachusetts state legislature to make reforms regarding the mentally ill.make reforms regarding the mentally ill.

She traveled to other states as well causing them to make She traveled to other states as well causing them to make improvements in the care for the insane.improvements in the care for the insane.

She established hospitals and improved life for the mentally ill. She established hospitals and improved life for the mentally ill.

When the Civil War began When the Civil War began in 1860, Dorothea in 1860, Dorothea volunteered to form the volunteered to form the Army Nurses Corps. She Army Nurses Corps. She was later made was later made Superintendent of Nurses Superintendent of Nurses for the Union Army. for the Union Army.

After the war, she traveled After the war, she traveled the south, helping to the south, helping to reform and repair damage reform and repair damage that had been done during that had been done during the many battles. the many battles.

In 1881, she was stricken In 1881, she was stricken by an illness. This left her by an illness. This left her bedridden.bedridden.

In 1887, she died at In 1887, she died at Trenton Hospital in New Trenton Hospital in New Jersey, a hospital that she Jersey, a hospital that she established.established.

It is only through the sacrifices of It is only through the sacrifices of individuals like Dorothea Dix, that the individuals like Dorothea Dix, that the mentally ill receive the care and attention mentally ill receive the care and attention they do, rather than being locked up. But they do, rather than being locked up. But the battle is not over. There are still many the battle is not over. There are still many mentally ill people who receive no care, mentally ill people who receive no care, who are homeless, and who do not benefit who are homeless, and who do not benefit from the many programs available in from the many programs available in American society today.American society today.

Others were Samuel Tuke, who was a reformer in Others were Samuel Tuke, who was a reformer in England but the came to America. (Samuel Howe, England but the came to America. (Samuel Howe, Thomas Kirkbride, and Alexis de Tocqueville were Thomas Kirkbride, and Alexis de Tocqueville were other reformers for the mentally ill)other reformers for the mentally ill)

Investigated and reported treatment of insane and Investigated and reported treatment of insane and led to humane institutionsled to humane institutions

She called the asylums museums of madness She called the asylums museums of madness because of the horrible things she witnessedbecause of the horrible things she witnessed

She found mentally ill women kept in the same She found mentally ill women kept in the same prison cells as male criminalsprison cells as male criminals

Both her mother and grandmother were mentally ill Both her mother and grandmother were mentally ill (this is probably why she was interested in reform (this is probably why she was interested in reform of these mental institutions).of these mental institutions).

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dorothea.htmldorothea.html http://shs.westport.k12.ct.us/socialreform/asy.htmhttp://shs.westport.k12.ct.us/socialreform/asy.htm http://websrv.utica.edu/faculty/tbrown/times/obits/http://websrv.utica.edu/faculty/tbrown/times/obits/

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