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Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct: Findings from Ohio Brian R. Kowalski Brian D. Martin Kathleen A. Lamb Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction

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Page 1: Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct: Findings from OhioAgency‐wide Organizational Change (2011) 10/2011 11/2011 12/2011 EIM system implemented B2B Plan for 2011 presented UM Staff

Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct:  Findings from Ohio

Brian R. Kowalski

Brian D. Martin

Kathleen A. Lamb

Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction

Page 2: Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct: Findings from OhioAgency‐wide Organizational Change (2011) 10/2011 11/2011 12/2011 EIM system implemented B2B Plan for 2011 presented UM Staff

Project Background

• Recent prison population trends – before and after 2011

• Compositional changes – increasing levels of STG and violent commitments

• Aggregate violence – up thru 2011, followed by modest declines

Page 3: Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct: Findings from OhioAgency‐wide Organizational Change (2011) 10/2011 11/2011 12/2011 EIM system implemented B2B Plan for 2011 presented UM Staff

Project Background

• Increased agency emphasis on tracking and dashboard metrics

• Variation by prison within security level 

• Growing managerial interest in prison climate and variety of outcomes

• Increased availability of misconduct data

Page 4: Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct: Findings from OhioAgency‐wide Organizational Change (2011) 10/2011 11/2011 12/2011 EIM system implemented B2B Plan for 2011 presented UM Staff

Research Questions

How do inmate‐level determinants differ in their effects across a wide range of misconduct and violence measures?

How does variation in housing unit environment, surveillance effectiveness, bed capacity, and housing unit staffing capacity improve our understanding of how prison context matters? 

How do architecture and surveillance, controlling for crowding, differ in their effects by type of misconduct?

Page 5: Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct: Findings from OhioAgency‐wide Organizational Change (2011) 10/2011 11/2011 12/2011 EIM system implemented B2B Plan for 2011 presented UM Staff

Misconduct Measures

*Overall Misconduct – any guilty RIB violation

*Violent Misconduct (includes fighting) – our most commonly used administrative measure

*Disruptive Misconduct – threatens the safety and order of the institution 

Page 6: Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct: Findings from OhioAgency‐wide Organizational Change (2011) 10/2011 11/2011 12/2011 EIM system implemented B2B Plan for 2011 presented UM Staff

Disruptive Misconduct

Our measure of disruptive behavior captures events that cause critical problems and disruptions to the overall operations of the facility.

These disruptive rule violations include:

*assaultive behavior and hostage taking*sexual misconduct*encouraging rioting, group demonstrations, or work stoppages*physical resistance to a direct order*establishing personal relationships with staff*physical harassment of staff*escape and related conduct*possession/manufacturing of weapons, money, drugs, or intoxicating substances*setting fires and tampering with fire alarms*use of telephone/mail to threaten, harass, intimidate, or further criminal activity

Page 7: Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct: Findings from OhioAgency‐wide Organizational Change (2011) 10/2011 11/2011 12/2011 EIM system implemented B2B Plan for 2011 presented UM Staff

Recent Trends in Aggregate Rates of Misconduct

The line graphs that follow show annualized rates of violent and disruptive rule violations per 1,000 for the last five years (2009‐2013) by security level.

Page 8: Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct: Findings from OhioAgency‐wide Organizational Change (2011) 10/2011 11/2011 12/2011 EIM system implemented B2B Plan for 2011 presented UM Staff

217.89 213.56230.22

213.20 206.03

179.91 184.56194.32

169.98157.76

191.47202.51

223.14

196.42

175.46

254.97244.65

275.98289.50

306.44

608.98

459.08

553.97

484.86

515.80

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Violent Rule Infraction Rates (per 1,000 inmates), CY09 ‐ CY13. 

Total Level 1 and 2 Security (Males) Level 1 and 2 Security Open Dorm (Males) Level 3 Security (Males) Level 4 and 5 Security (Males)

Page 9: Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct: Findings from OhioAgency‐wide Organizational Change (2011) 10/2011 11/2011 12/2011 EIM system implemented B2B Plan for 2011 presented UM Staff

179.55

204.59

237.93 245.06 242.27

131.29

159.98

192.82180.73

190.11

141.51

179.41

221.56204.26

213.41

260.89

334.54

358.48

425.23 417.79

665.41

436.86

612.05 614.20

571.23

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Disruptive Rule Infraction Rates (per 1,000 inmates), CY09 ‐ CY13. 

Total Level 1 and 2 Security (Males) Level 1 and 2 Security Open Dorm (Males) Level 3 Security (Males) Level 4 and 5 Security (Males)

Page 10: Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct: Findings from OhioAgency‐wide Organizational Change (2011) 10/2011 11/2011 12/2011 EIM system implemented B2B Plan for 2011 presented UM Staff

Why Prison Context Matters . . . . .

Environmental Deprivation*crowding and its effects on services*ecologies of violence related to changing inmate composition *population instability 

Staffing and Human Capital Factors*staff legitimacy*staff vacancies and staff turnover rates*racial heterogeneity*human capital characteristics*staff efficacy

Page 11: Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct: Findings from OhioAgency‐wide Organizational Change (2011) 10/2011 11/2011 12/2011 EIM system implemented B2B Plan for 2011 presented UM Staff

Why Prison Context Matters . . . . .

Managerial and Administrative Capacity*policy interventions, such as classification policy changes (external, internal and STG‐related)*management styles (e.g., policy control strategies)*cultural change initiatives

Situational Context*broader physical layout*surveillance and control*housing design (unit‐level)*organizational responsiveness (e.g., unit‐based programming, merit housing, specialty housing, etc.)

Page 12: Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct: Findings from OhioAgency‐wide Organizational Change (2011) 10/2011 11/2011 12/2011 EIM system implemented B2B Plan for 2011 presented UM Staff

Study Design

We collected original observational data surrounding supervision/surveillance, physical layout, and other environmental elements at the housing unit‐level. 

We created summary measures of these factors at the prison‐level. 

We combined with square footage data and other prison‐level measures describing inmate composition, staffing composition, and inmate grievance/informal complaint information.

We then developed prediction models of individual misconduct, looking at the effects of these contextual factors while controlling for other key individual‐level risk factors.

Page 13: Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct: Findings from OhioAgency‐wide Organizational Change (2011) 10/2011 11/2011 12/2011 EIM system implemented B2B Plan for 2011 presented UM Staff

Study Design

We piloted our data collection strategy at two Level 2 prisons with a diverse range of housing physical layout and surveillance types (CCI and PCI). 

We then conducted preliminary analyses at all Level 3, Level 4, and Level 5 male facilities in Ohio (8 prisons total).

We have since extended the sample to 21 male prisons in Ohio (excluding reception centers and privately owned/run facilities).

We found a large amount of variation within and across security level over multiple substantive areas.

Page 14: Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct: Findings from OhioAgency‐wide Organizational Change (2011) 10/2011 11/2011 12/2011 EIM system implemented B2B Plan for 2011 presented UM Staff

On Site Data Collection Protocol

*interviews with key personnel to talk about broader issues (mass movement, privilege levels, availability of program space, etc.)

*entered all housing units, all segregation units, and other related areas to collect layout and supervision data, and to talk with housing unit officers

*cross‐checked housing unit capacity and internal movement procedures with count office personnel

*in some cases, obtained diagrams of the structure of housing units

Page 15: Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct: Findings from OhioAgency‐wide Organizational Change (2011) 10/2011 11/2011 12/2011 EIM system implemented B2B Plan for 2011 presented UM Staff

Variation within Security Level

*age of facility (light, moisture, cameras, TV reception)

*housing unit design (podular cells, linear cells, dorms, tanks, mixed, etc.)

*surveillance and supervision (obstructed versus unobstructed) 

*command post location 

*movement differences (checkpoints, corridors, outside/inside)

*day space

*programming space

*availability of “specialty housing”

*multi‐tiered housing units

*specific housing units used as alternatives to segregation

Page 16: Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct: Findings from OhioAgency‐wide Organizational Change (2011) 10/2011 11/2011 12/2011 EIM system implemented B2B Plan for 2011 presented UM Staff

Architectural Layout at a Level 3 Prison

Page 17: Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct: Findings from OhioAgency‐wide Organizational Change (2011) 10/2011 11/2011 12/2011 EIM system implemented B2B Plan for 2011 presented UM Staff

Segregation Unit at a Level 3 Prison

Page 18: Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct: Findings from OhioAgency‐wide Organizational Change (2011) 10/2011 11/2011 12/2011 EIM system implemented B2B Plan for 2011 presented UM Staff

20124/2011 5/2011 6/2011 7/2011 8/2011 9/20111/2011 2/2011 3/2011

Agency‐wide Organizational Change (2011)

10/2011 11/2011 12/2011

EIM system implemented

B2B Plan for 2011 

presented

UM Staff added to 

T.O.

UM staff hiring begins Internal 

B2B prison reviews

B2B Regional Roundtables

UM statewide planning meeting

Violence Oversight Committee formed

Violence Oversight prison reviews

UM statewide project 

presentation meeting

3‐Tier System development 

teams formed

UM staff hired and in place

Page 19: Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct: Findings from OhioAgency‐wide Organizational Change (2011) 10/2011 11/2011 12/2011 EIM system implemented B2B Plan for 2011 presented UM Staff

20134/2012 5/2012 6/2012 7/2012 8/2012 9/20121/2012 2/2012 3/2012

Agency‐wide Organizational Change (2012)

10/2012 11/2012 12/2012

New Incident Reporting System

1.New STG classification 

system introduced2. Camera 

upgrade begins3. STG statewide 

evaluation

Ohio Plan for UM signed

Statewide UM 

training‐2000 trained

STG Movement

UM  Ohio Plan 

Implemented

New Security 

Instrument

2013 B2B violence 

reduction plan approved

MATF formed

Ohio Plan, 3‐Tier System, Violence 

Reduction added to 2013 audit plan and entrenched in policy

3‐Tier System plan signed

Control Unit 

opened ToCI

Control Unit 

opened LeCI

1stReintegration Unit‐ ORW

Page 20: Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct: Findings from OhioAgency‐wide Organizational Change (2011) 10/2011 11/2011 12/2011 EIM system implemented B2B Plan for 2011 presented UM Staff

Sample Design

We examine a snapshot population at the beginning of FY14 utilizing a one year follow‐up for misbehavior (n = 38,160).

We have 4 particular types prison follow‐up situations that impact the analysis (e.g., censoring):

(1) “pure” stays that stayed at same prison for the entire follow‐up time period (54.2%)

(2) released, but stayed at same prison during follow‐up time period (26.1%)

(3) changed prisons during follow‐up time period (17.7%)

(4) changed prisons and released during follow‐up time period (1.9%)

Page 21: Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct: Findings from OhioAgency‐wide Organizational Change (2011) 10/2011 11/2011 12/2011 EIM system implemented B2B Plan for 2011 presented UM Staff

Outcome Measure Descriptive Statistics

Page 22: Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct: Findings from OhioAgency‐wide Organizational Change (2011) 10/2011 11/2011 12/2011 EIM system implemented B2B Plan for 2011 presented UM Staff

Individual‐Level Descriptive Statistics

Page 23: Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct: Findings from OhioAgency‐wide Organizational Change (2011) 10/2011 11/2011 12/2011 EIM system implemented B2B Plan for 2011 presented UM Staff

Prison‐Level Descriptive Statistics

Page 24: Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct: Findings from OhioAgency‐wide Organizational Change (2011) 10/2011 11/2011 12/2011 EIM system implemented B2B Plan for 2011 presented UM Staff

Mean Levels of Outcome Measures by Physical Layout

Page 25: Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct: Findings from OhioAgency‐wide Organizational Change (2011) 10/2011 11/2011 12/2011 EIM system implemented B2B Plan for 2011 presented UM Staff

Individual‐Level Model

Page 26: Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct: Findings from OhioAgency‐wide Organizational Change (2011) 10/2011 11/2011 12/2011 EIM system implemented B2B Plan for 2011 presented UM Staff

Individual‐Level Model

Page 27: Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct: Findings from OhioAgency‐wide Organizational Change (2011) 10/2011 11/2011 12/2011 EIM system implemented B2B Plan for 2011 presented UM Staff

Traditional Prison‐Level Factors Model

Page 28: Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct: Findings from OhioAgency‐wide Organizational Change (2011) 10/2011 11/2011 12/2011 EIM system implemented B2B Plan for 2011 presented UM Staff

Physical Layout/Surveillance/Crowding Model

Page 29: Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct: Findings from OhioAgency‐wide Organizational Change (2011) 10/2011 11/2011 12/2011 EIM system implemented B2B Plan for 2011 presented UM Staff

Physical Layout/Surveillance/Crowding Model

Page 30: Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct: Findings from OhioAgency‐wide Organizational Change (2011) 10/2011 11/2011 12/2011 EIM system implemented B2B Plan for 2011 presented UM Staff

Staffing and Human Capital Factors Model

Page 31: Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct: Findings from OhioAgency‐wide Organizational Change (2011) 10/2011 11/2011 12/2011 EIM system implemented B2B Plan for 2011 presented UM Staff

Staffing/Human Capital Factors Model

Page 32: Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct: Findings from OhioAgency‐wide Organizational Change (2011) 10/2011 11/2011 12/2011 EIM system implemented B2B Plan for 2011 presented UM Staff

Preliminary Conclusions

A more complete understanding of prison violence should involve consideration of the structural variation that may be present at the housing unit level, even within security level.

Our results underscore the importance of using more nuanced definitions of misconduct outcomes, revealing opposite effects of physical layout related to the seriousness of misconduct.

The results point to the inherent limitations of linear‐style architecture in controlling the most serious forms of violence even despite the presence of embedded security in some locations.

Page 33: Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct: Findings from OhioAgency‐wide Organizational Change (2011) 10/2011 11/2011 12/2011 EIM system implemented B2B Plan for 2011 presented UM Staff

Preliminary Conclusions

The results reveal potentially complex relationships involving embedded security, which has been found to increase detection of lesser forms of misconduct in some research, but shown here to reduce more disruptive forms of prison violence.

Staffing imbalances may actually increase serious disruption, suggesting that an increased presence of unit staff, especially in high control settings, reduces disruptive misconduct.

Page 34: Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct: Findings from OhioAgency‐wide Organizational Change (2011) 10/2011 11/2011 12/2011 EIM system implemented B2B Plan for 2011 presented UM Staff

Next Steps

Expansion of Project Scope

*collect data at reception centers

*collect data at female facilities

*run additional analytical models with private facilities (LaeCI/NCCC)

Page 35: Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct: Findings from OhioAgency‐wide Organizational Change (2011) 10/2011 11/2011 12/2011 EIM system implemented B2B Plan for 2011 presented UM Staff

Next Steps

Revise Analytical Design and Methodology

*reconsider sample construction

*add additional control and explanatory measures

*controlling for prior prison exposure

*more sophisticated analytical models (e.g., testing significant factors to produce a final “best‐fit” model)

Page 36: Prison Context and Inmate Misconduct: Findings from OhioAgency‐wide Organizational Change (2011) 10/2011 11/2011 12/2011 EIM system implemented B2B Plan for 2011 presented UM Staff

Next Steps

Develop Policy Recommendations

*test for key interactions (e.g., how does crowding interact with various physical layouts)

*explore whether staffing composition is more important for particular security levels or particular physical layout designs

*develop more nuanced and policy‐relevant measures of social climate (e.g., program involvement, grievances, use of force, etc.)