private law - d.kereselidze

7/22/2019 Private Law - D.Kereselidze

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far\j sgmgrSbks uzjdgcaskskstamurk hnaiaik

cgvkS farasabk\a

avrjpubk cg XacgraikSk sgmgrSbksknstktutks dgmjmhambjig

Sikbksk, 900; wabk



racgqtjrk< Sgmgr dgiabgkg

avrjpubk cg XacgraikSk sgmgrSbksknstktutk

sgkcantkokfghkj #901093?30

074; SikbkskTgvTgvg\ks dgmz. 10

KXIN;45-;;;95-40-5;-7© cgvkS farasabk\a



cgvkS farasabk\a, far\j sgmgrSbks uzjdgcask skstamurk hnaiaik, 900;

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sgrHavk

K. Xasgvgbk ...........................................................................................................................................7 7. sgmgrSbkgnk sgmgrSgbk ...................................................................................................7

9. far\j sgmgrSbks sgmk \krkSgck hnaig ............................................ 1 9.9 qjnaig ............................................................................................................ 4 9.8 mjqmacaig ...................................................................................................... 5

8. far\j sgmgrSbks mjwasrkdaig cg far\jsgmgrSbairkvkfjckokfghkg..................................................................................................................................... 70

8.7 fjckokfghkks dgnsxvgvaig qgrSubk `sgmgrSbkswkdnaiksdgn~ ..................................................................................................... 77 8.9 avrjpubk far\j sgmgrSbks sgSgvaaik ‘ kustknkgnasfgnjnSg fraiubk ........................................................................................... 74 8.8 Sgvksuogbk sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbairkvk gzrjvnaiksojrmkraig ........................................................................................................ 91

8.3 avrjpubk fjckokfghkaik cg kstjrkubk pgrgbabaik .......... 81 8.1 sgmgrSbks skstamaiks fbgskokfghkks mhcabjiaik ................ 39 8.? ssf-ks Xasgvgb caiubaiaiXk cafbgrkraiubk fjckokfghkksmjqmacaiks soarj cg fgnjnmcaibks SvkSXazYucvg ...................... 31

3. far\j sgmgrSbks wygrjaik cg njrmgSg kargrqkg ................................ 10 3.7 fjnstktuhkg ............................................................................................. 10 3.9 sgarSgXjrksj xabXafrubaig .......................................................... 17 3.8 fgnjnk ........................................................................................................... 18 3.3 fgnjnqvamcaigra njrmgtkubk gqtk .................................................. 11 3.1 Hvaubaig ..................................................................................................... 11

1. sgsgmgrSbj dgcgwyvatkbaig cg njrmks dgnmgrtaig .......................... 15

1.7 mjsgmgrSbks mjqmacaiks `sgfgnjnmcaibj nkmuXk~ .................. ?7 1.9 fgnjnks dgnmgrtaiks (Xaogrcaiks) maSjcaiks avjbuhkg ...... ?1 1.8 pgrgbabk kndbksur sgarSj sgmgrSgbSgn ................................ 40 1.3 dgnmgrtaiks Sgngmacrjva maSjck .................................................... 43

?. uobaig cg mjSxjvng ........................................................................................................ 4? 4. far\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjig ....................................................................... 50 5. faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpk .................................................................................. 58

5.7 unkvarsgburjig cg mjqmacaiks (Xknggrsjirkvk) ogrdbaik 53 5.9 sgfgnjnmcaibj mjwasrkdaiks ojrmaik .......................................... 54 5.8 faSkbsknckskaraiks zjdgck prknhkpks cgfjnfrataig ........... ;9

5.3 sgmgrSbks dgnvkSgraigza mjsgmgrSbks zamjqmacaiksknstrumantk ..................................................................................................... ;3




kk

KK. pkrk ................................................................................................................................................... ;? 7. okzkfurk pkrks uobaigungrkgnjig .................................................................. 700

7.7 uobaigungrkgnjiks cgsgwyksk ........................................................ 709 7.9 uobaigungrkgnjiks cgsgsrubk ..................................................... 708 7.8 Hgngsgxks pkrjikSk uobaigungrkgnjig ....................................... 703

7.3 cgfgrdubgc dgmjhxgcaig ................................................................. 705

7.1 dgrcghvbkbgc dgmjhxgcaig ............................................................ 777 9. okzkfurk pkrks qmacungrkgnjig........................................................................... 771

9.7 srubk qmacungrkgnjig ....................................................................... 774 9.9 srubk amgnskpghkg ............................................................................... 775 9.8 qmacuungrjig mhkrawbjvgnaiks dgmj .......................................... 799 9.3 qmacuungrjig XazYucubk djnairkvk Xasg\baibjiksg cgoskqkfurk mcdjmgrajiks dgmj ............................................................... 791 9.1 XazYucubk qmacungrkgnjig ............................................................ 79? 9.? cabkqtungrkgnjig ............................................................................... 79;

8. pkrjvnubk uobaiaik ...................................................................................................... 787

8.7 mkmgrSaig sgmgrSbks jikaqtks hnaigsSgn ................................ 788 8.9 mkmgrSaig uobaigungrkgnjigsSgn ................................................. 781 8.8 gcgmkgnks Ykrsaikcgn dgmjmckngra zjdgck pkrjvnubkuobaig cg hgbfaubk pkrjvnubk uobaiaik ................................. 78? 8.3 sgxabks uobaig ................................................................................... 739 8.1 dgmjsgxubaiks uobaig ...................................................................... 738 8.? pkrks pgtkvk cg sgzjdgcjairkvk sgxa ........................................ 73? 8.4 kntkmurk cg pkrgck soarj .............................................................. 735 8.5 gzrks ojrmkraiksg cg dgmjxgtvks uobaig .............................. 73; 8.; ̀ cgsgXvaik frktkfks ogrdbaik~ ..................................................... 718

8.70 pkrjvnubk uobaiks xabyjoks sgmgrSbairkvkXacadaik .......................................................................................................... 711 8.77 pkrjvnubk uobaiks cghvg dgrcghvgbaiks Xamcad ............. 71;

3. kurkckubk pkrk .................................................................................................................. 7?0 3.7 ̀ dgSgngiraig~ okzkfur pkrSgn ....................................................... 7?9 3.9 caoknkhkg cg nkXnaik ......................................................................... 7?? 3.8 pkrSg dgarSkgnaig cg qjnaiks arSjibkjig ............................ 7?5 3.3 far\j cg sglgrj sgmgrSbks kurkckubk pkraiksdgmklvng ........................................................................................................... 740 3.1 zjdgck cg spahkgburk uobaigungrkgnjig .............................. 748 3.? sgmawgrmaj cg grgsgmawgrmaj kurkckubk pkraik .................. 741

3.4 pgsuxksmdaibjig ................................................................................... 74?




kkk

1. pkrSg arSjibkjig kurkckubk pkrks stgtusks dgraXa.............. 745 1.7 mkmgrSaig kurkckubk pkrks nkXnaiSgn ....................................... 74; 1.9 grgradkstrkraiubk fgvXkrk cg gmxgngdjig ............................. 757

KKK. qjnaig .......................................................................................................................................... 758

7. qjnaiks hnaig cg sgxaaik ............................................................................................. 751

7.7 mkmgrSaig jikaqtks hnaigsSgn ......................................................... 751 7.9 ̀ qjnaiks~ mjwasrkdaiks gbtarngtkvaik ...................................... 754 7.8 mgtarkgburk qjnaig ............................................................................ 7;0 7.3 grgmgtarkgburk qjnaig ..................................................................... 7;7

9. nkvSks sgxaaik ....................................................................................................................... 7;8 9.7 mj\rgvk cg u\rgvk nkvSaik ............................................................... 7;8 9.9 Hgnghvbaigck cg grgHgnghvbaigck nkvSaik .............................. 7;? 9.8 mjxmgraigck cg grgmjxmgraigck nkvSaik .................................... 7;; 9.3 nkvSaiks sxvg fbgskokfghkaik ........................................................ 907

8. gcgmkgnks sxaubk ............................................................................................................... 908

3. hxjvabk ..................................................................................................................................... 904 1. nkvSaiksg cg qjnairkvk uobaiaiks arSjibkjig ............................... 905 ?. nkvSksg cg qjnairkvk uobaiks ngwkbk cg sgfuSvnaiabk........... 970 4. qjnaiks hnaigsSgn cgfgvXkraiubk sxvg skstamurk hnaiaik ...... 978

4.7 sgrdaiabk, ngyjok cg upkrgtasjig .............................................. 978 4.9 xgrlaik ..................................................................................................... 97?

5. `sgnkvSj uobaiaik~ ......................................................................................................... 974 5.7 sgfuSraiks uobaig ............................................................................. 990 5.9 mobjiabjig ........................................................................................... 998 5.8 XazYucubk sgnkvSj uobaiaik ...................................................... 99?

;. sglgrj qjnaig ...................................................................................................................... 994

K_. mjqmacaig ................................................................................................................................. 987 7. `naiks dgmjvbanksg~ cg ̀ dgrkdaiks~ hnaiaik ............................................989

7.7 mj\Yvraig ̀ dgrkdaiks~ Xasgxai ........................................................ 988 7.9 naiks dgmjvbanks suikaqturk cg jikaqturkfjmpjnantaik .................................................................................................. 984 7.8 hnaig `naiks dgmjvbanks~ mjwasrkdaig sgqgrSvabjsfgnjnmcaibjigXk ......................................................................................... 930

9. naiks dgmjvbanks ngmcvkbjiks wkngpkrjiaik ......................................... 939 9.7 naiks dghxgcaig ..................................................................................... 933

9.9 naiks mksvbg ........................................................................................... 93?




kv

9.8 naiks dgmjSxjvg .................................................................................... 935 9.3 naiks dgmjvbangza dgrcghvgbaiksg cg qmacungrkgnjikscgfgrdvks zamjqmacaig .............................................................................. 93;

8. naiks dgmjvbanks dgnmgrtaig................................................................................... 917 8.7 dgnmgrtaiks zjdgck prknhkpk< TaXmgrktk naiks mkmgrSaig

gcrasgtks SvgbsgwkarSgn ...................................................................... 917

8.9 dgnmgrtaiksgs sgxabm\Yvgnabj cgmgtaikSk prknhkpaik ...... 91? 3. igSkbjig cg ngmcvkbjiks Xamgoarxaiab dgramjaiaiSgncgfgvXkraiubk sxvg sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaik ............................................. 9?7

3.7 igSkbjig .................................................................................................. 9?8 3.9 fjnvarskg ................................................................................................. 9?1 3.8 ngwkbjirkvk igSkbjig ..................................................................... 9?5 3.3 sghkbjjig .............................................................................................. 9?; 3.1 maryavgc igSkbjig .............................................................................. 947

1. mgrSbsgwknggYmcadj naiks dgmjvbang ........................................................... 947 1.7 fgnjnsgwknggYmcadj naiks dgmjvbang ........................................... 943

1.9 sglgrj wasrkdks sgwknggYmcadj naiks dgmjvbang ................. 944 1.8 znajiks sgwknggYmcadj naiks dgmjvbang .................................... 950

?. naiks dgmjvbanks (sgmgrSbairkv-taqnkfurk) ojrmg ......................... 957 ?.7 ojrmks mkmgrSaig naiks dgmjvbangsSgn ..................................... 959 ?.9 ojrmks Sgvksuobaiks gYkgraig .................................................... 953 ?.8 ojrmks dgnsgzYvrks mkzgnk ............................................................. 951 ?.3 fgnjnmcaibjikS dgSvgbkswknaiubk ̀ taqnkfurk~ ojrmkssgxaaik ............................................................................................................. 95; ?.1 warkbjikSk ojrmg .............................................................................. 9;0 ?.? warkbjikSk ojrmks mjckokhkraiaik ......................................... 9;3

?.4 wgrmjmgcdanbks xabmjwarg ............................................................ 9;?

?.5 sglgrj cgcgsturaig cg njtgrkubk cgmjwmaig .................... 9;4 ?.; ojrmks cguhvabjiks sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadk ‘ igSkbjig ........................................................................................................ 807

4. naiks dghnjikaraiubk ngfbk .................................................................................. 801 4.7 mjHvanaikSk dgrkdaiks dgnmgrtaiks ̀ darmgnubkgbtarngtkvg~ ................................................................................................ 80? 4.9 mjHvanaikSk dgrkdaiks ogrSjc dgnmgrtaiks gbtarngtkvg 805 4.8 cgogrubk dgrkdaig ............................................................................. 870 4.3 masgma pkrks cghvg ............................................................................... 877 4.1 ̀ ogrubk cgSqmg~ .................................................................................. 878

4.? naiks sarkjzubjiks ngfbks cgmjufkcaiabk mjwasrkdaig .... 873




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5. naiks dguhnjikaraiabk ngfbk ‘ Xahcjmg .................................................. 874 5.7 sgfgnjnmcaibj mjwasrkdaiks ̀ qgrSubk~ gbtarngtkvg ....... 875 5.9 wkngpkrjig ‘ Xahcjmks `grsaikSjig~ .......................................... 897 5.8 dgmjvbanks Xahcjmg ............................................................................ 893 5.3 XknggrsXk (mnkXvnabjigXk) Xahcjmks mjmwasrkdaiabk

zjdgck njrmg ............................................................................................... 89?

5.1 pkrsg (pkrks kcantjigsg) cg pkrks SvksaiaiXkXahcjmg ........................................................................................................... 89; 5.? dgrkdaiks sgdgnXk Xahcjmg cg sgdnks SvksaiaiXkXahcjmg ........................................................................................................... 887 5.4 uobaigXk Xahcjmg ............................................................................... 889 5.5 mjtkvXk Xahcjmg ................................................................................... 888 5.; dgrkdaiks sgou\vabXk Xahcjmg ..................................................... 883 5.70 dgcghamks Xahcjmg ‘ `Xahcjmg Xugmgvbks mkzazkS~ ......... 88? 5.77 XahcjmkS dgmjvbankbk naiks Xahkbaiks XazYucvaik ...... 884

;. naiks ojrmkraigza cguXvaiabk zamjqmacaig .......................................... 830

;.7 mjtyuaikS cgcaiubk dgrkdaig ....................................................... 830 ;.9 oskqkfurk k\ubaikS (muqgrkS) cgcaiubk dgrkdaig ............. 83;

70. dgramjaigSg ijrjtgc dgmjyanaig ..................................................................... 813 70.7 ugrks Sqmg `gXfgrg Xausgigmjiks~ abamantza ........................ 811 70.9 sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks `sghkbjjikS~ mjckokhkraig ...... 815

77. Xahkbaiks uobaig .......................................................................................................... 81; 77.7 Xahkbaiks uobaiks mqjna pkrk .................................................... 8?0 77.9 Xahkbaiks gcrasgtk .......................................................................... 8?7 77.8 Xknggrsjirkvk mjSxjvnaik .............................................................. 8?3 77.3 Xahkbaiks uobaiks dgnxjrhkabaiks vgcg cg sxvg

pkrjiaik.......................................................................................................... 8??

79. ngmcvkbjiks wkngpkrjiaik XazYucubkdgrkdaigungrkgnjiksgs ........................................................................................................8?4

79.7 fgnjnkark wgrmjmgcdanbks Sgnxmjiks dgraXa cgcaiubkdgrkdaiks maryavgc igSkbjig ............................................................... 840 79.9 naiks dgmjvbanks dgmjSxjvg maryavgc igSkb dgrkdaigXk 849 79.8 uobairkvk sgrdaiabk ...................................................................... 843 79.3 naigcgrSubk sgxsraiks dgnfgrdvg .............................................. 850 79.1 wvrkbmgnk yjokSk dgrkdaiaik ....................................................... 859 79.? ngwkbjirkvk amgnskpghkg ................................................................. 851 79.4 hgbmxrkvk dgrkdaiks igSkbjig ................................................... 85;

78. pkrjikSjig ............................................................................................................................. 8;7 78.7 pkrjiks \krkSgck sgxaaik ............................................................... 8;9 78.9 pkrjiks igSkbjig .............................................................................. 8;3




vk

78.8 ̀ pjzktkurk~ cg `nadgtkurk~ pkrjiks dgmklvng ..................... 8;5 78.3 pkrjikSk dgrkdaiks mxgraSg vgbcaiubaiaik ........................ 8;;

73. `dgrkdaiksmkark wgrmjmgcdanbjig~ ‘ rwmunaiubaig .................... 300 73.7 sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjiks Sgvksaiuraignk ...................... 307 73.9 `wgrmjmgcdanbjikSk uobaigmjskbaiks~ sgou\vabk .......... 303

73.8 ngmcvkbjiks wkngpkrjiaik .............................................................. 303

73.3 uobaigmjskbaiks mjckokhkraiksg cg Xawyvatksmjwasrkdaig ................................................................................................... 30; 73.1 `wgrmjmgcdanbjikSk uobaigmjskbaiks~ dgcgmataig ......... 377 73.? kntarasSg fjnobkqtk ....................................................................... 379

ikibkjdrgokg .............................................................................................................................. 373




vkk

giravkgturaik <qgrSub angza<

kx. kxkbarac. racgqtjrk

ssf sgqgrSvabjs sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsk(pgrbgmantks uwyaiaik,sgfgnjnmcaibj cgmgtaig, 7;;4, # 87)

str. strjokXagc. Xagcgraq.X-kcgn qrkstas Xjikcgnq.X-gmca qrkstas Xjigmcaqsm qgrSubk sgmgrSbks mkmjxkbvg

uhxjur anaiza<

GIDI Gbbdamaknas Iòrdarbkheas Dasatziuhe (oòr cka dasgmtancautshean Aribãncar car ßstarrakhekshean Mjngrheka)

GhP Grhekv oòr cka hkvkbkstkshea PrgxksGrt. Grtkfab, grtkhba, grtkhjbj ath.Grtt. GrtkfabnGS Gbbdamaknar SakbGuob. GuobgdaIGD Iuncasgriaktsdarkhet (car Iuncasrapuibkf Cautshebgnc)Ic. (Ica.) Ignc (Iãnca)

IDI Cgs Iòrdarbkhea Dasatziuhe(oòr cka Iuncasrapuibkf Cautshebgnc)IDIb. Iuncasdasatzibgtt (car Iuncasrapuibkf Cautshebgnc)IDE Iuncasdarkhetsejo (car Iuncasrapuibkf Cautshebgnc)IvaroD Iuncasvarogssundsdarkhet (car Iuncasrapuibkf

Cautshebgnc)hg. hkrhgHJM Aurjpagn Hjmmksskjn cjhumantsC CkdastgCkss. CkssartgtkjnCjh. Cjhumant (Cjhumants)AH Aurjpagn Hjmmunktkasac. (acs.) acktjr (acktjrs)




vkkk

ëc. ëcktkjn ath. at hatargat saq. at saquantkg (at saquktur)o. ojbdancaoo. maerara ojbdanca

On. OuÚnjtaon. ojjtnjtaYDIb YakhesdasatzibgttErsd. Eargusdaiar NLT Naua Lurkstkshea Tjheansherkotn. numiar, numarj ath. Nr. NummarJL Jookhkgb Ljurngb jo tea Aurjpagn HjmmunktkasYcNr. Ygncnummarrap. raprkntac

QHH Qnkojrm Hjmmarhkgb HjcaQN Qnktac NgtkjnsQNKCYJKS Knstktut Kntarngtkjngb pjur b‛Qnkokhgtkjn cu Crjkt,v. varsus\DI \kvkbdasatziuhe




7

K. Xasgvgbk

sgmygrj knckvkcks djnaigXk grsaijis. kdk cgmygraiubkg mksXasgxai grsaiub hjcngza cg fjnfratcaig hgbfaubk knckvkckswgrmjcdankS.

sgmgrSgbk gcgmkgnks djnaigXk grsaiubk sgmygrjssgzYvraiks dgnmsgzYvrabkg. kdk hgbfaubk knckvkcks suikaqturwgrmjcdangs jikaqtur ragbjigsSgn gfgvXkrais cg gcdansogrdbais, rjmbaiXkh knckvkck Sgvksuobgc vkSgrcaig. kdkdgngpkrjiais knckvkcks cgmjfkcaiubaigs sxvg gcgmkgnaiSgn cggmfvkcrais ogsaubjiais, rjmabSg dgzkgraikSgh SkSjaubk qmnksSgvks sgmygrjs.

7. sgmgrSbkgnk sgmgrSgbk

sgmgrSgbk grks knckvkcSg mkar sgmgrSbkgnjiks Xadr\naikScgcdankbk prknhkpaik cg wasaik, rjmbaikSgh knckvkcSgkntarasaiks dgnsgxjrhkabaibgc dgnksgzYvraig mgSk mjqmacaiksSgvksuobaiks ogrdbaik 7 cg gm ogrdbaiks cghvks maqgnkzmk. 9

sgmgrSbkgnjig knckvkcSg mXvkcjikgnk SgnghxjvraikskntaraskS dgnpkrjiaiubk cg hgbfaub XamSxvavgXk mxgraSg

7 sgvknks ( Orkacrkhe Hgrb vjn Xgvkdny, 744;-75?7) Sgngxmgc, sgmgrSgbk grksknckvkcks mjqmacaiks ogrdbaiksg cg, gmdvgrgc, mksk Sgvksuogbk skvrhksdgnmsgzYvrabk wask ( „ Cka Yadab, wjnghe lana Drãnza unc curhe ska ckasar oraka Ygumiastkmmt wkrc, kst cgs Yahet .‒), kx. Xgvkdny, Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc K,7530, § 19, 889.Xagc. gsava ljriang\a , sgqgrSvabjs raspuibkfks mjmgvgbksgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks \krkSgck prjibamaik, 7;;3, 735, rjmabkh mkuSkSais,rjm `...mSgvgrkg, fgnjnmg dgnsgzYvrjs sgmgrSbairkvk mjqmacaiksogrdbaik, rjmbks XkdnkS pkrs yjvabSvks rHaig grHavgnks Sgvksuobaig.~9 carniurdks ( Eaknrkhe Carniurd , 759;-7;04 ) Sgngxmgc, sgmgrSgbk grks `sgarSjnaig~, rjmabkh `gcgmkgnSg kntarasaiks fjbkzkksgs gcdans XasgoarksSgngogrcjigs~ ( „ Yahet km jilaftkvan Xknna kst car gbbdamakna Tkbba... Cgs Yahet dkitknmkttan car Fjbbkskjn car manshebkhean Kntarassan cgs raheta DbakhegÚ.‒). kdk sgou\vbgckyanais eadabks (Dajrd Tkbeabm Orkacrkhe Eadab , 7440-7587) sgmgrSbks caoknk-hkgs cg gfjnfratais mgs. kx. Carniurd , Pgncaftan, Ignc K, 7553, § 7;, 39 (?. Guob.,Ignc K, 7< Gbbdamaknar Seakb, 7;00, § 7;, 37).puxtg ( Dajrd Orkacrkhe Puhetg, 74;5-753?)sgmgrSgbs dgnsgzYvrgvs knckvkcSg ksaS `sgarSj rwmangc~, rjmabXkhmksk Xasrubaiks \gbgh grks dgSvgbkswknaiubk, „ Cgs Yahet kst akna damaknsgmaÒiarzaudund car kn rahetbkhear Damaknshegot staeancan. Cka Antstaeund aknas Yahetssgtzas kstcgear cka Antstaeund akanar damaksgman Òiarzaudund, wabhea cka Frgot kn skhe trãdt, cgs, wgs ska gbs Yahet arfannt, zur wkrfbkhean Gusoòerund zu irkndan.‒, kx. Puhetg, Pgncaftan, 7544,§ 70, 7;.




9

kntarasaiks Xasgigmksgc dgnsgzYvrubk Sgngogrcjigg mjqmacaigs,grsaiub dgramjaiaisg cg dgmjmckngra Xacads Xjrks. 8

cgcdangXk fk kdubksxmaig Xasgigmksk qhavks waskscgmfvkcraiksgSvks knckvkcSg mkar badktkmurgc gYkgraiubkprjhacurg.

sktyvg `sgmgrSgbk~ qgrSub angXk `mgrSgbksdgn~ grksngwgrmjaik, rgh `swjrs~ nkXngvcg. 3 sgmgrSgbk swjrk mjqmacaiksstgncgrtk cg mksk uzrunvabyjoks knstrumantkg. swjrk mjqmacaigsgmgrSbkgnk mjqmacaigg. kdk sgmgrSbkgnk kmktjm grks, rjmsgmgrSbks Xasgigmkskg.

gr grks dgsgfvkrk, rjm `sgmgrSbks~, `sgmgrSbkgnjiks~,`mgrSbksg~ Su `swjrks~ dgmjsgxgtgc grgarS angXk grgSuurSkarSHgnghvbaigc, grgmac arSsg cg kmgva sktyvgs kyanaian,grhSu kXvkgSgc, kdkva sktyvg gYnkXngvs uobaigsgh. 1 sgmgrSgbkswjrk mjqmacaiks, gnu sgmgrSbkgnjiks, uzrunvabyjogg. ?

orgzg `mgrSgbk sgmgrSgbk~ 4 qgrSub angXk sgmgrSbkshnaiks suikaqturk cg jikaqturk dgdaiks grsaijiks dgmjvbknaigg.

`mgrSbksg~, gnu sgmgrSgbk suikaqturk dgdaikS, knckvkckssgmgrSbkgnjiks Xadr\naigg ‘ mksk SvgbkS cgngxubk vkSgraiks,

8 karkndks ( Yucjbo vjn Learknd , 7575-75;9) Sgngxmgc, sgmgrSbkgnjig`sgzjdgcjaiks kntaraskS dgnpkrjiaiubk cg mks Vgm kntarasks]Xasgigmksgc Xaogsaiubk Sgngogrcjigg qmacaigsg cg mksk HgmcanksSvkscgmcdgr Xacads Xjrks~ („...curhe cgs Kntarassa car Dasabbshegot daijtana unc cgngheiamassana DbakhemgÚ zwkshean car Sgt unc keran Ojbdan oòr can Sãtar ...‒), Learknd,Cka Kcaacar Darahetkdfakt, Yahet unc Xktta (Guswgeb), 737.kx. sgmgrSbkgnjiks ubpkgnasaub (Qbpkgnus, hg. 740-995) caoknkhkgsg (`sgmgrSbkgnjig grks mygrk cg mucmkvknaig, mkafuSvnjs SkSjaubs Sgvksk uobaig~, „ Kustktkg ast hjnstgns at parpatugvjbuntgs kus suum hukqua trkiuanck.‒) cg mks bgkinkhksg ( Djttorkac Tkbeabm Bakinktz,7?3?-747?) cg fgntksaub ( Kmmgnuab Fgnt , 7493-7503) rahaohkgsSgncgfgvXkraikS< Ckassabejrst , Cka Darahetkdfaktscaoknktkjn Qbpkgns kn C. 7,7,70 pr. unc ckaPrgahaptg kurks nghe C. 7,7,70,7 sjwka kera Yazaptkjn iak Bakinkz unc Fgnt, kn< Iaerancs/Ckassabejrst/_jss (Ersd.), Yÿmksheas Yahet kn car aurjpãkshean Srgcktkjn,Xympjskjn gus GnbgÚ cas 41. Daiurtstgdas vjn Orgnz Tkaghfar, 7;51, 751-977.3 kx. lgvgxkXvkbk, qgrSubk sgmgrSbks kstjrkg, 7;95 (`Sxzubaignk~, tjmk_K, 7;59), 95. 1 gsaSk sktyvgg, mgdgbkSgc, bgSknurXk „ Lus‒,darmgnubXk „ Yahet ‒cg orgn-dubXk „ Crjkt ‒.Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, Ejbbgnc , Sea Abamants jo Lurksprucanha, 7;93, 73.? Xagc.< Qbpkgnus, Ckdastg 7,7,76 Knstktutkj 7,7,76 Pgubus, Ckdastg, 7,7,77.4 kx.< igdrgt furgpgbgtks sgmgrSgbk, iaqgsg cg gYiuYgs sgmgrSbkswkdnks ;;-a muxbk, taqstk dgmjqvaynaiubkg< cjbk\a (rac.), qgrSubksgmgrSbks \adbaik, 7;?8, 3?3 (`mgrSgbk sgmgrSgbk uncg dggHknjS~)6 gsavaXjSg rusSgvabk , vaoxkstygjsgnk, 181-a (139-a) str. (`qmng mgrSbksgsgmgrSbksg~).




8

sgqmks dgramjaiaiksg cg mgSSgn mkmgrSaikS cgmcdgrk XacadksXaogsaig.

`sgmgrSbksg~, gnu sgmgrSgbk jikaqturk dgdaikS, qmnksknckvkcks kntarasaiks dgnxjrhkabaiks sgou\vabs, uzrunvabyjosmksk mjSxjvnks Xauoarxaiab Xasrubaigs.

mgdgbkSgc<mjsgmgrSbks dgcgwyvatkbaiks fgnjnkar \gbgXk XasvbkSsuikaqturk sgmgrSgbk ‘ arS-arSk mxgrksg Su mjsgmgrSbkssgmgrSbkgnjiks Xadr\naig ‘ jikaqtur sgmgrSbgc kqhavg.gngbjdkur Xacads kwvavs fgnjnks \gbgXk Xasvbg< suikaqturksgmgrSgbk ‘ fgnjnprjaqtks gvtjrksg Su mksSvks xmksmkmhamSg sgmgrSbkgnjiks Xadr\naig ‘ jikaqturk, mjqmacksgmgrSgbk xcaig.

jikaqturk sgmgrSgbk ‘ fgnjnkar \gbgXk XasubksgsgmgrSbj dgcgwyvatkbaig Su fgnjnks njrmg ‘ knckvkckskntarasaiks dgnxjrhkabaiks sgou\vabkg. sgxabmwkojs

k\ubaiks maqgnkzmk uzrunvabyjos gsaS sgou\vabzacgmygraiubk mjSxjvnks Xauoarxaiab Xasrubaigs. 5

sgmgrSgbk gwasrkdais knckvkcSg Sgnghxjvraigs. mgs uncg Xaa\bjsnaiksmkark Xasg\bj kntarasSg fjnobkqtks dgcgTrg. sgmgrSbairkvsgxabmwkojXk sgmgrSgbk `XaumHnavbgc mjqmacais~. knckvkck mksgrsaijigs mxjbjc mgXkn gmHnavs, rjcasgh ks shcaig cgsgXvaigcmkHnaub ogrdbais. xXkrgc gcgmkgns var wgrmjucdankg, rjmnaiksmkark mksk mjqmacaig sgmgrSbks mkar grks dgSvgbkswknaiubkcg cgsgXvaigc mkHnaubk. uXugbjc mjqmacaiks SgvksuobaighsgmgrSbairkvgc gYkgraiubk skfaSag, rjmbks ogrdbaikhsgzjdgcjaiks Sgvksuobaiksg cg bkiargburjiks prjpjrhkubkg. ;

sgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdk, rjmabkh dgmjmckngrajis pkrjvnaikspgtkvkshamkcgn cg mksk kntarasaiks ragbkzaiks uzrunvabyjokcgn,amygraig knckvkcks mjqmacaiks Sgvksuobaiks gYkgraigs cg uwasais

5 Xagc. gsava sgqgrSvabjs fjnstktuhkks (sgqgrSvabjs pgrbgmantksuwyaiaik, 7;;1, #87-88, ??5) 39-a K muxbk< `yjvab gcgmkgns uobaig gqvs SgvksuobaigSg cg SgvksuobaigSg cgsghgvgc mkmgrSjs sgsgmgrSbjs.~; gmgsSgn, `xgbxks hkvkbkzghkksg cg fubturks cjna matgc mfgokjc Hgnssgzjdgcjaiks mkar cgmfvkcraiub mgrSbwasrkdsg cg kurkckubXaxacubaiaiXk. rgh uorj mgYgbkg xgbxks mgrSbXadnaig, mkS uorj

dgnvkSgraiubkg mksk sgmgrSbairkvk knstktutaik...~, cjbk\a (rac.),qgrSubk sgmgrSbks \adbaik, 7;?8, 76 fubturksg cg sgmgrSbksurSkarSdgvbangsSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx., mgdgbkSgc, DrjÚoabc , Mghet uncJenmghet car Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;53, 50 oo., Xamcdjmk mkSkSaiaikS .




3

mgs mxjbjc sgzjdgcjaiks kntarasaikcgn dgmjmckngra HgrHjais. 70 sgxabmwkoj gxcans sgzjdgcjairkvk urSkarSjiaiks sgmgrSbairkvmjwasrkdaigs, knckvkcks kntarasaiks sgmgrSbkgnk cg mXvkcjikgnk 77 dgnxjrhkabaiks mkznkS. 79

fjnstktuhkgXk dgnhxgcaiubk gcgmkgnks uobaiaik cgSgvksuobaiaik gvgbcaiubais (ijTgvs) sgxabmwkojs, far\jsgmgrS-bairkvk urSkarSjiaiks mjwasrkdaiksgs kxabm\Yvgnabjs knckvkckskntarasaikS cg cgkhvgs mknkmgburk Hgravksg cg Sgngzjmkaraiksprknhkpaik.

mknkmgbur HgravgXk kdubksxmaig sgxabmwkojs vgbcaiubaig,Sgvk Xakfgvjs far\jsgmgrSbairkv urSkarSjiaiXk Hgravksdgn,Su gmks guhkbaibjig gr grks dgnpkrjiaiubk knckvkcSgkntarasaiks dgnxjrhkabaikS. Sgngzjmkaraiks prknhkpk fkdgngpkrjiais Hgravks cjnks gcafvgturjigs cgsgxubmkzgnSgn.78

sgxabmwkoj sgmgrSbks maXvajikS uzrunvabyjos

urSkarSjiks mjwasrkdaiks `sgmgrSbkgn~ `sgmgrSbairkv~dzgs, xjbj km XamSxvavgXk, Su mxgraais gr aqnaigS mgSSvksuorj mksgYaik sxvg gbtarngtkvg, ‘ sSgvgzjis fjnobkqtksmjdvgraiks knstktuts ‘ sgsgmgrSbjs. 73

70 Xagc. Bgranz/Tjbo, GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 9, YcNr. 73, `aSkfurkpkrjvnubjikcgn~ dgmjmckngra sgmgrSbairkv wasrkdza mslabjikS ( „ Akna Yahetsjrcnund, cka skhe vjm atekshean Parsjngbksmus baktan bãÚt...‒).77 Xagc. Learknd , Car Fgmpo um cgs Yahet, 7549, 773, sgmgrSbks hnaiksmXvkcjigsSgn, skmXvkcasg cg wasrkdSgn gsjhkraiks xgzdgsmkS ( „Qnsara dawÿenbkhe earrssheanca _jrstabbund pobadt can Iadrkoo cas Yahetas gn cka _jrstabbund cas Orkacans, car Yuea, car Jrcnund zu fnòpoan.‒

).

79 kx. Hjknd , Drunczòda car Yahetspekbjsjpeka, 7;;8, 7316Xagc. gsava Carniurd ,Pgncaftan, Ignc K, 7553, § 7;, 39 (?. Guob., Ignc K, 7< Gbbdamaknar Seakb, 7;00, § 7;, 37). 78 Hgravks guhkbaibjigsg cg SgngzjmkaraigsSgn arSgc, mxacvabjigXkgmksgYaik Sgngmacrjva fgnjnmcaibjiksgSvks cgmgxgskgSaiabk Xamcadkprknhkpaik< dgmTvkrvgbjig, aoaqtkgnjig, afjnjmkurjig, Sgnmkmcavrubjig(mcdrgcjig), gYsrubaigcjig, gndgrkXvgbcaiubaig, skhxgca cg skmgrtkva.gm prknhkpaiks cghvkS mkkYwavg rghkjngburk sgmgrSgbk. Xagc., mgdgbk-Sgc, Hjmmunkhgtkjn orjm tea Hjmmksskjn jn kmpght gssassmant (HJM/9009/94? okngb).73 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, Eudj , Knstktutkjnan cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, 745;, § 7, 71,`sgmjqgbgqj sgzjdgcjaiks arS-arSk umnkXvnabjvgnask mkzgnkgusgorSxjaig cg Hamksg cg Xanks skhxgca, ngwkbjirkv gXfgrgmgrSbsgwknggYmcadj \gbgcjiks wknggYmcad, ngwkbjirkv mjHvanaikSkmjSxjvnaiksg cg Vvgbcaiubaiaiksdgn] Sgvks grkcaiks wknggYmcad. asufgngsfnabk sgmjqgbgqj mgrSbmsglubaiks sgdgnkg, gnu km knstktutksg,rjm, rjhg pkraik SgvkgnSk uobaiaiks Sgjigza var Sgnxmcaikgn,sgxabmwkojs mkar dgnsgzYvrubk, mkufar\jaiabk masgma grsaijis, rgSg




1

9. far\j sgmgrSbks sgmk \krkSgck hnaig

sgqgrSvabjs sgxabmwkoj hnjis gcgmkgnks `sgyjvabSgjcgYkgraiub uobaiaisg cg Sgvksuobaiais~ cg khgvs mgS, rjdjrh`wgruvgb cg uzangas gcgmkgnur ogsaubjiais~< 71

‘ gcgmkgnks Ykrsaig cg skhjhxba xabXauvgbkg6 7? ‘ `yvabg gcgmkgnk cgigcaikS Sgvksuogbkg cg fgnjnks wkngXaSgngswjrkg...~6 74

‘ sgfuSraiksg cg mamfvkcrajiks uobaiaik gYkgraiubk cgdgrgntkraiubkg6 75

‘ `yvabgs gqvs sgfuSgrk pkrjvnaiks Sgvksuogbk dgnvkSgraiksuobaig.~ 7;

gm umnkXvnabjvgnas ogsaubjiaiza cgyrcnjikS Hgmjygbkicg far\jsgmgrSbks skstamks sgmk \krkSgck abamantk< pkrk (suikaqtk),qjnaig (jikaqtk) cg mjqmacaig (mjqmacaiks Sgvksuobaig). 90

vkSgraig dgmjkfvbkjs, dgcgwyvktjs cg mksk dgcgwyvatkbaig dgmjfvaSjsVcggsgiuSjs].~ ( „ Aknar car wkhetkdstan \wahfa lacar iòrdarbkhean Dasabbshegot kst Xkheareaktunc DawkÚeakt cas Makn unc Cakn, teakbs dadan jooanigr wkcarrahetbkhea Dawgbt, teakbs dadan sheaknigra Gnspròhea jcar Takdarundan. Batztaras kst car Dadanstgnc car iòrdarbkhean Yahetspobada, jcar car Aknrkhetund, cgss wann Parsjnan òiar kera Yaheta unaknkd sknc, akn zumvjrgus vjm Xtggta iastabbtar, unpgrteakshear, Crkttar vjregncan kst, um cka Xghea zuuntarsuhean, zu antsheakcan, unc saknar Antsheakcund Nghecruhf zu daian.‒).71 sgqgrSvabjs fjnstktuhkks ma-4 K muxbk.7? sgqgrSvabjs fjnstktuhkks ma-71 K cg ma-74 K muxbaik.74 sgqgrSvabjs fjnstktuhkks ma-73 muxbk.75 sgqgrSvabjs fjnstktuhkks 97-a K muxbk.7; sgqgrSvabjs fjnstktuhkks ma-7? muxbk.90 Xagc. rjmgabk kurkstks, dgkusks ( Dgkus), knstktuhkaiks skstamg (q.X-kcgncggxbjaikS 7?0 wabk) ‘ `pkrk, nkvSk cg sgrHabk~ („ parsjnga-ras-ghtkjnas‒).gmgsSgn, gm skstamurk hnaiaiksgSvks mkfuSvnaiubk mnkXvnabjig grsaikSgcdgnsxvgvcaijcg mgSk cYavgncabk dgdaiksdgn. mgdgbkSgc, pkraiXk,\krkSgcgc, knckvkcks stgtusSgn cgfgvXkraiubk sgfkSxaik, xjbjnkvSaiXk vgbcaiubaikSk cg mamfvkcrajikSk sgmgrSgbkh wasrkdcaijcg.mkuxacgvgc gmksg, gm skstamgm uckcask dgvbang mjgxckng far\j sgmgrSbksfjckokhkraigsg Su, zjdgcgc, far\j sgmgrSbks skstamks ojrmkraigza . kx. \kmmarmgnn, Sea Bgw jo Jibkdgtkjns, Yjmgn Ojuncgtkjns jo tea Hkvkbkgn Srgcktkjn, 7;;?,91 at saq.6catgburgc `sgrHabks~ rjmkssgmgrSbairkv dgdaigsSgn cgfgvXk-

raikS kx. Tkncsheakc , Cka ghtkj cas rÿmkshean \kvkbrahets, vjm Xtgncpunfta cas eautkdanYahets, 751?, 8, 1 oo.dgkusks knstktuhkaiks taqstks gYmjHangsSgn cgfgvXk-raikS kx., mgdgbkSgc, _arknd , Dashekheta unc Knstktutkjnan car rÿmkshean Prkvgtrahetas,75?4, § 95, 35.




?

9.7 pkrk

gcgmkgnks Ykrsaiks cghvg sgmgrSgbXk mksk pkrjvnaiksxabXauxaibjiksg 97 cg Sgvksuogbk dgnvkSgraiks uobaiaiksgYkgraikS dgmjkxgtaig. sgmgrSgbk pgtkvs shams gcgmkgns, rjdjrhsubkar grsaigs, cg mgs Xasg\baibjigs gnkTais, sgfuSgrk hxjvraigSgvksk pkrjvnaikcgn dgmjmckngra wgrmgrSjs. 99

gcgmkgnks pkrjvnaiks pgtkvkshamks, Sgvksuobaiksg cg fgnjnkswkngXa Sgngswjrjiks dgmjxgtubaigg skstamurk hnaig `pkrk~.`pkraigc~ kwjcaikgn far\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiks mjngwk-baaik ‘ far\j sgmgrSbks suikaqtaik, cg mgS mkmgrS, rjdjrh wask,mjqmacais arSdvgrjvgnk wasaik.

7;;4 wbks sgqgrSvabjs sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks (ssf) 98 7-bkmuxbk mkuSkSais far\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiks mjngwkbaSgSgngswjrjigza. mgS mkmgrS mjqmack naiksmkark dgnsxvgvaig Sudgmjngfbksk ayrcnjig jikaqtur wkngpkrjigs cg wasrkdcaigfgnjnkS. sxvgcgsxvg fgnjnXk dgSvgbkswknaiubk njrmaik (cgou\na-

iubk jikaqtur wkngpkrjiaiza) qmnks far\j sgmgrSbks hgbfaubmkmgrSubaigs.

mgdgbkSgc<`mawgrmksg~ Su `mjvgTrks~ dgmjhckbaig dgngpkrjiais

far\jsgmgrSbairkv urSkarSjiaiXk mks mkmgrS skswrgoksgcg skmgrtkvks prknhkpaiks mjqmacaigs. gm prknhkpaiksdgnxjrhkabaig mkkYwavg ssf-ks 883-a, 881-a cg sxvg muxbaikS.as wasaik arSkgncaig far\j sgmgrSbks spahkgburmkmgrSubaigXk, sgmawgrmaj Su sgvgTrj sgmgrSbks sgxabwj-caikS6 93

mjmxmgraibks dgmjuhcabjig cg `sksusta~ mjkSxjvsurSkarSjiks mxgraais Xjrks Sgngogrcjiks gYcdangs. gmmkznkS XamuXgvaiubkg mjmxmgraiabSg uobaiaiks cghvks

97 Xagc. rjmks sgmgrSgbXk mjqmack prknhkpk `grvkn xabyj~ ‘ „gbtarum njnbgacara‒, Qbpkgnus, Ckdastg 7,7,70,76 Knstktutkj 7,7,8.kx. gsava Ckassabejrst , CkaDarahetkdfaktscaoknktkjn Qbpkgns kn C. 7,7,70 pr. unc cka Prgahaptg kurks nghe C. 7,7,70,7 sjwkakera Yazaptkjn iak Bakinkz unc Fgnt, kn< Iaerancs/Ckassabejrst/_jss (Ersd.), Yÿmksheas Yahetkn car aurjpãkshean Srgcktkjn, Xympjskjn gus GnbgÚ cas 41. Daiurtstgdas vjn Orgnz Tkaghfar,7;51, 751-977.99 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 5;6 Xagc. Hjknd,Drunczòda car Yahetspekbjsjpeka, 7;;8,7;3. 98 sgqgrSvabjs pgrbgmantks uwyaignk, sgfgnjnmcaibj cgmgtaig, 7;;4, #87.93 sgvgTrj sgmgrSgbSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx., mgdgbkSgc, Xhemkct , IDI-_arirguhearrahet unc Egncabsrahet, Akna Xfkzza, kn<Xheubza/Xheubta-Nÿbfa (Ersd.), CkaXheubcrahetsraojrm vjr cam Ekntardrunc cas Damaknshegotsrahets, 9007, 733 oo.




4

sgmgrSgbk, 91 rjmabsgh dgnafuSvnaig, mgdgbkSgc, `quHgXkcgcaiubk xabXafrubaiks~ mjmwasrkdaiabk ssf-ks 88?-amuxbk6

XrjmkSk xabXafrubaig sxvg msdgvsk xabXafruba-iaiksdgn `qvamcaigrajiks~ prknhkpks mjqmacaikS dgnsxvgvcaig.cgsgqmaiubk aqhavg cgmsgqmaibks cgqvamcaigraigXk,cgmjfkcaiubk xcaig gm ufgngsfnabks mkSkSaiaiza. 9? XrjmkSkurSkarSjiks mjngwkbaSg kntarasaiks cgigbgnsaiks mkznkScgmsgqmaibks mkSkSaiks uobaiks dgmjyanaiksg cgcgsgqmaiubks mjqmacaiks Sgvksuobaiks XazYucvks ogrdbaikwasrkdcaig Xrjmks sgmgrSbkS. 94

9.9 qjnaig

qjnaig grks skfaSa, rjmabzah mkmgrSubkg suikaqtks mjqmacaiksSgvksuobaig. as hnaig mjkhgvs yvabg skfaSas, rjmabSg mkmgrSghmjqmacais fjnstktuhkkS dgrgntkraiubk sgfuSraiksg cg

mamfvkcrajiks uobaiaik. mks sknjnkmgc Xak\baig dgmjyanaiub kqnashnaig< far\j sgmgrSbks (`far\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiks~ 95)jikaqtk.

91 sgmjmxmgraibj cg sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks urSkarSmkmgrSaigsSgncgfgvXkraikS kx., mgdgbkSgc, Xheubza/Xheubta-Nÿbfa, Xheubcrahetsraojrm uncDamaknshegotsrahet, kn<Xheubza/Xheubta-Nÿbfa (Ersd.), Cka Xheubcrahetsraojrm vjr camEkntardrunc cas Damaknshegotsrahets, 9007, 71 oo.9? Xagc. gcakXvkbk/farasabk\a , sgqgrSvabjs Xrjmks fjcaqsks prjaqtk cgfjntknanturk avrjpks qvaynaiks Xrjmks sgmgrSbks zjdkarSk \krkSgckprknhkpk, qgrSubk sgmgrSbks mkmjxkbvg (qsm), 9008 (?), 3 cg Xamcdjmnk. 94 nkXgncjibkvkg, rjm swjrac Sgngogrcjiks gYcdang Su kntarasaikscgigbgnsaig usgou\vbjc gYkqmaig far\jsgmgrSbairkv urSkarSjiaiXkSgngswjrjiksg Su xabXafrubaiks Sgvksuobaiks XazYucvgc. kx. Gtkyge,Sea Yksa gnc Ogbb jo Oraacjm jo Hjntrght, 7;4;,rjmabkh kndbksks mgdgbkSza ma-75sgufunas xabXafrubaiks Sgvksuobaiks Hgsgxvks ( 77 at saq.), ma-7; sgufunasgYzavaiks ( 97; at saq.), xjbj ma-90 sgufunas cgsgsrubgc ( 147 at saq.) mkkHnavs.gmgsSgn, kdk sguirjis gxgbk sgmgrSbks Sajrkksg Su skstamks ojrmk-raiks guhkbaibjigza, rjmabkh `vgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks sgm \krkSgcsvats~ ( „tea teraa igskh pkbbgrs jo tea bgw jo jibkdgtkjns‒) uncg cgamygrjs. asankg<`sgrdaibks fjmpansghkg~ ( „rahjmpansa ojr ianaokt ‒), `sgou\vbkgnk ncjikscghvg~ ( „ prjtahtkjn jo ragsjngiba rabkgnha‒), `uobaiaiksg cg vgbcaiubaiaiksnaigyjobjikSk cgmygraig cg Xawyvatg~ ( „tea vjbuntgry hragtkjn gnc axtknhtkjn jo

rkdets gnc bkgikbktkas‒) (44;).95 far\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiks jikaqtks hnaigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx. ljriang\a , sgqgrSvabjs raspuibkfks mjmgvgbk sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks\krkSgck prjibamaik, 7;;3, 73;.




5

skfaSaza uobaiks wgrmjXjiksgSvks, gnu mks qjnaigcgYkgraiksgSvks, guhkbaiabkg grsaijicas knckvkcks suikaqturkkntarask cg, gmgva crjs, mksk (suikaqturk kntarasks) ragbkzaiksjikaqturk, gnu sgmgrSbairkvk, kntarask. gm XamSxvavgXk,sgmgrSbairkvk kntarask sxvg knckvkcSg (sgzjdgcajiks) Sgnxmjigg,fjnfratubk skfaSa kqhas far\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiksjikaqtgc.

ssf-ks ma-4 muxbks Sgngxmgc, `far\jsgmgrSbairkvkurSkarSjiks jikaqtk Xak\baig kyjs qjnairkvk gngrgqjnairkvk Ykraiubaiks mgtarkgburk cg grgmgtarkgburkskfaSa, rjmabkh fgnjnkS cgcdankbk waskS irunvkcgn grgrks gmjYaiubk.~ 9; gm ogrSj cg grgsgfmgrksgc zustojrmubkraigs gfjnfratais ssf-ks 734-a muxbk. far\jc,qjnaig `grks yvabg nkvSk cg grgmgtarkgburk qjnairkvkskfaSa, rjmabSg objig, sgrdaibjig cg dgnfgrdvg Xau\bkgSokzkfur cg kurkckub pkrais...~ Xasgigmksgc, qjnaig Su

far\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiks jikaqtk grks mgtark-gburk skfaSa, gnu nkvSk cg grgmgtarkgburk qjnairkvkskfaSa ‘ qjnairkvk uobaig. qjnaigs gr dgnafuSvnaig ksskfaSa, rjmabzah uobaiks wgrmjXjig gfr\gbubkg fgnjnkSgn awknggYmcadaig znajirkv njrmais, gnu sgqgrSvabjsfjnstktuhkkS dgSvgbkswknaiub cg mksdgn dgmjmckngraogsaubjiais.

9.8 mjqmacaig

masgma abamantk ‘ `mjqmacaig~ amygraig mjqmacaiks Sgvksuobaigs.kdk dgmjmckngrajis pkrjvnaiks Sgvksuogbk dgnvkSgraiksuobaikcgn cg urSkarSjiks Xknggrsks dgnmsgzYvrabk skstamurkhnaigg. urSkarSjiks Xknggrsk swjrac knckvkcks mjqmacaiksSgvksuobaiks ragbkzaiks sgou\vabza wgrmjXjikbk uobaiaiksgcg mjvgbajiaiks arSjibkjigg.

knckvkcs, dgmjmckngra mksk, rjdjrh wask, XauzYucgvkmjqmacaiks Sgvksuobaikcgn, Xau\bkg, mksSvks sgsurvabk ojrmkS,cgmjufkcaibgc dgngxjrhkabjs Sgvksk kntarasaik. sgmgrSbksmkzgnk, ‘ knckvkcks kntarasaiks sgmgrSbkgnk dgnxjrhkabaig cgXasg\bj kntarasSg fjnobkqtks mXvkcjikgnk mjwasrkdaig, 80 ‘

9; Xagc.< prgqtkfubgc kcanturk caiubaig gzarigklgnks raspuibkfkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-3 muxbXk (jokhkgburk iaTcvkSk jrdgnjs`gzarigklgnks~ spahkgburk dgmjhamg, 7;.01.9000).80 kx. Hjknd , Drunczòda car Yahetspekbjsjpeka, 7;;8, 7316Xagc. gsava Carniurd ,Pgncaftan, Ignc K, 7553, § 7;, 39 (?. Guob., Ignc K, 7< Gbbdamaknar Seakb, 7;00, § 7;, 37).




;

dgngpkrjiais far\j gvtjnjmkks prknhkpks gYkgraigs. knckvkcsankTaig sgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiaiks `naiksmkark~ (naigzacgou\naiubgc) wgrmgrSvks sgmgrSbairkvk Xasg\baibjig. 87

knckvkck Sgvksuogbkg kmjqmacjs sgfuSgrkXaxacubaiksgmair, Su mksk qmacaig gr kTraig sxvg knckvkcksmjqmacaiks Sgvksuobaiks ogrdbaiXk. Xasgigmksgc, hgbfaubkknckvkcks XauzYucgvk mjqmacaiks Sgvksuobaig mSgvrcaig kq,sgcgh kwyaig sxvg knckvkcks mjqmacaiks Sgvksuobaig. 89

Xau\baiabkg grsaijicas XauzYucgvk mjqmacaiksSgvksuobaig, rgcdgngh mgs cgupkrkspkrcaijcg sxvgSg gsavaXauzYucgvk mjqmacaiks Sgvksuobaig cg gmdvgrgcwgrmjXjikbk kntarasSg fjnobkqtk cgu\bavabk Xakqna-ijcg. 88

knckvkcks (rjdjrh wask, XauzYucgv) mjqmacaiksSgvksuobaigXk `grg SvkSnaiurk, grgmac mxjbjc djnkvrubkSgvksuobaig kdubksxmaig... Sgvksuobaig, rjmabkh, Sgvksk

znajirkvk cgnkXnubaikcgn dgmjmckngra, Sgvkssgva zYvgrsmjkhgvs, Sgvksuobaig, rjmabkh, gmgva crjs, ijTvgh grks~. 83 gmktjm uwasais sxvgSg Sgvksuobaig mfghrgc dgnsgzYvrubzYvgrs (`HgrHjs~) SkSjaubk knckvkcks Sgvksuobaigs. 81

gmgva mjsgzraigs dgmjxgtgvs sgqgrSvabjsfjnstktuhkks 33-a KK muxbk< gcgmkgnks uobaiaiksg cg

87 Xagc. Obuma, GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets KK, 7;41, § 7 (7), 7.89 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 5; o. gngbjdkurgc, knckvkcSg mjqmacaiksSgvksuobaiks ragbkzaiksgs cgmcdgrk Xacadk mgrSbwasrkdksgSvkscgsgXvaikg, Su kdk gr awknggYmcadaig upkrgtas kntarasais. Xasgigmksgc,mgdgbkSgc, sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ( Hjca hkvkb cas orgnägks, 7503)7783-a K muxbks Sgngxmgc, `mgrSbzjmkargc cgcaiubk xabXafrubaigkfgvais mks cgmcaiSgSvks fgnjnks gcdkbs ( „ Bas hjnvantkjns bëdgbamant ojrmëastkannant bkau ca bjk à haux quk bas jnt ogktas.‒).88 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 5; o., 7?4.83 „Tann cgs mjcarna Yahet ekar can Druncsgtz car _artrgdsorakeakt curheoòert, sj fgnn cjheguhe ekar nkhet wkbbfòrbkhea, sjncarn nur varnònotkda Orakeakt damaknt sakn< Orakeakt, cka frgotkerar skttbkhean \wahfiastkmmund ker MggÚ kn skhe trãdt, Orakeakt, cka zudbakhe Daiuncaneaktkst.‒,kx. vjn Dkarfa, Cka sjzkgba Guodgia cas Prkvgtrahets, 755;, 95,mkSkSaiubkg< Tasab ,Dashekheta cas Yahets, _jn can Oròeojrman iks zur Dadanwgrt, 900?, 3??.81 Xagc. Xhewgi (9004 wbkcgn Xhewgi/Bÿenkd ) , Aknoòerund kn cgs \kvkbrahet, YcNr. 77;, rjmabkh knckvkcSg Sgvksuobaikcgn cg Sgngswjrjikcgn gvkSgrais arSmg-naSSgn urSkarSjiksgs parmgnantubgc cgvgbcaiubaiub mcdjmgrajigs(„ parmgnanta Pobkhetsktugtkjn car Knckvkcuan km _areãbtnks zuakngncar ‒).




70

Sgvksuobaiaiks dgnxjrhkabaiksgs cguXvaiabkg sxvgSguobaiaiksg cg Sgvksuobaiaiks xabyjog. 8?

knckvkcmg rjm cgkfmgyjokbjs ksaSk kntarasaik, rjmabSgdgnxjrhkabaiksgs kdk kTraig sxvgSg kntarasaiks soarjXk, kdkcgmjfkcaiubkg mgS Sgngqmacaigza. cguXvaiabkg `SvkSnaijig~, ‘ sgfuSgrk kntarasaiks dgnxjrhkabaig sxvgSg kntarasaiksudubaiabyjokS. guhkbaiabkg grsaijicas `dgarSkgnaiubkSvkSnaijiks gqtk~ 84 ‘ dgarSkgnaiubk naig. gm SvgbsgzrkskSdgrkdaig Su naiks dgmjvbang mjqmacaiks Sgvksuobaiks Su far\jgvtjnjmkks ragbkzaiks sgXugbaigg. 85

8. far\j sgmgrSbks mjwasrkdaig cg far\jsgmgrSbairkvkfjckokfghkg

sgmjqgbgqj fjckokfghkg 8; grks pkrSg Sgngswjrjigsg cg naiksgvtjnjmkgza cgmygraiubk urSkarSjiaiks mjwasrkdaig bjdkfurgc

urSkarScgfgvXkraiubk hnaiaiksg cg knstktutaiks skstamkssgou\vabza. kdk far\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiaiks arSkgnk,zjdgck fgnjnkS radubkraiks mkznkS mkkYaig cgfar\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiaiks arSdvgrjvgnk mjwasrkdaiksxabXamwyjikg. sgmjqgbgqj fjckokfghkg garSkgnais sgmgrSbksnjrmais, rjmbaikh rjmks sgmgrSgbXk mjqmack `kus hkvkbas~ 30 msdgvsgc vrhabcaig yvabg pkrza, mgSk stgtusks mkuxacgvgc. 37

8? knckvkcks mjqmacaiks Sgvksuobaiks, Su mksk XazYucvks, ogrdbaikwasrkdcaig gsava ssf-ks ma-; cg ma-70 muxbaikS. 84

„ Gft car varaknkdtan Tkbbfòer ‒, kx. Fgnt, Cka Matgpeyskf car Xkttan, Arstar Sakb<Matgpeyskshea Gnogndsdrònca car Yahetsbaera, Fÿnkdsiard, Seajrka-Tarfgusdgia(Taksheacab), 74;4, Ignc _KKK, 858,mkSkSaiubkg< Xhemkcbkn,Cka iakcan _artrgdsmjcabbacas aurjpãkshean \kvkbrahets, kn< \kmmarmgnn (Ersd.), Yahetsdashekheta unc Prkvgtrahets-cjdmgtkf, 7;;;, 7;;.85 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 7?46 Xagc.< Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 74, YcNr. 7416 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, Òiaribkhf vjr § 703, YcNr. 9.8; fjckokfghkks kcagsSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx., mgdgbkSgc< ljriang\a ,sgqgrSvabjs raspuibkfks mjmgvgbk sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks \krkSgckprjibamaik, 7;;3, 78;6 gsava \wakdart/Fÿtz, Aknoòerund kn cka Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?,§ 70 KKK, 783 oo.6 \kmmarmgnn,Hjmpgrgtkva Ojuncgtkjns jo g Aurjpagn Bgw jo Xat-joo gncPrashrkptkjn, 9009, ; oo.30 „ lus hkvkba‒. 37 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 49 cg Xamcdjmk. Xagc.< _arknd , Dashekheta uncPgncaftan cas rÿmkshean unc eautkdan damaknan Prkvgtrahets, 7554, § 4, 97 oo.6Tkaghfar,Prkvgtrahetsdashekheta car Nauzakt, 7;?4, 3?76 Bgranz/Tjbo, GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003,§ 7, YcNr. 34 o.6 Mackhus,GS cas IDI, 900?, § 9, YcNr. 79.




77

dgnsxvgvaikS `kus hkvkbasgdgn~, rjmabkh arSdvgrjvngcvrhabcaijcg rjmks mjqgbgqaaiza, 39 Sgngmacrjva far\jsg-mgrSbairkvk fjckokfghkaik gr kzYucaig fjnfratubkqvaynks mxjbjc mjqgbgqaaiks mkmgrS mjqmacaikS. mkuxacgvgcgmksg, far\jsgmgrSbairkvk fjckokfghkaiks sgxabwjcaiaiXk,sgvgrgucjc, swjrac rjmks sgmgrSbks dgvbankS cgmfvkcrcgsktyvg `hkvkba~ 38 gn uXugbjc mksk Sgrdmgnk ‘ `sgmjqgbgqj~. 33

8.7 fjckokfghkks dgnsxvgvaig qgrSubk `sgmgrSbks wkdnaiksdgn~

sgmgrSbks arSk fjnfratubk cgrdks skstamurk hnaiaiksg cgknstktutaiks bjdkfurk fgvXkrkS dgnsxvgvcaig fjckokfghkg,Sgngmacrjva dgdaikS, km `sgmgrSbks wkdnaiksdgn~, rjmbaikhqgrSubk sgmgrSbks kstjrkkcgn hnjikbkg sgvgbcaiubjkurkckubk \gbks mqjna fgnjnSg fraiubaiks sgxkS. 31

cYaksSvks hnjikbk sgmgrSbks njrmaiks u\vabask qgrSubk

fraiubk 3? ma-;34 Su ma-77 35 sgufunkS cgSgrkYaiubk igdrgtfurgpgbgtks sgmgrSbks wkdnkg. caiubaiaiXk, rjmbaimghcYavgncbgmca iaqgsg cg gYiuYgs sgmgrSgbXk 3; (ma-78-ma-73

39 kstjrkubk dgnvkSgraiks gngbkzk kx. _arknd , Dashekheta unc Pgncaftan casrÿmkshean unc eautkdan damaknan Prkvgtrahets, 7554, § 4, 97 oo.38 `hkvkba~ cgmfvkcraiubkg mgdgbkSgc< sgorgndaSXk ( „hkvkb ‒), aspgnaSXk(„hkvkb ‒), ktgbkgXk ( „hkvkba‒), pjrtudgbkgsg ( „hkvkb ‒) cg XavakhgrkgXk(„ \kvkb dasatziuhe‒). 33 `hkvkba~ Sgrdmnkbkg mgdgbkSgc< qgrSubXk ‘ `sgmjqgbgqj~, darmgnubXk

‘ „ Iòrdarbkhe‒ (gvstrkksg cg darmgnkks XamSxvavgXk), nkcarbgncurXk ‘ „ Iurdarbklf ‒, rusubXk ‘ ` drgLcgnsfk ~. 31 kx.< cjbk\a (rac.), qgrSubk sgmgrSbks \adbaik, 7;?8, 1?4 cg Xamcdjmk6

lgvgxkXvkbk, qgrSubk sgmgrSbks kstjrkg, 7;95 (`Sxzubaignk~, tjmk _K,7;59), 95 cg Xamcdjmnk6 Xagc. gsava Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart,7;51, § 9 K, 4 oo.3? lgvgxkXvkbk , qgrSubk sgmgrSbks kstjrkg, 7;95 (`Sxzubaignk~, tjmk _K,7;59), 51. 34 igdrgt furgpgbgtks sgmgrSbks wkdnks KU sgufunkS cgSgrkYaigsSgncgfgvXkraikS kx., mgdgbkSgc, mgSkgXvkbk, ` igdrgt furgpgbgtkssgmgrSbks wkdnks~ cgSgrkYaiks prjibamg, mgrSbmsglubaig cg fgnjnk,900?, #3, 718 cg Xamcdjmnk. 35 igdrgt furgpgbgtks sgmgrSbks wkdnks UK sgufunkS cgSgrkYaigsSgncgfgvXkraikS kx., mgdgbkSgc, lgvgxkXvkbk, qgrSubk sgmgrSbks kstjrkg,7;95 (`Sxzubaignk~, tjmk _K, 7;59), 51 cg Xamcdjmnk, gsava cjbk\ks (rac.)XankXvnkS, 395 cg Xamcdjmnk. 3; iaqgsg cg gYiuYgs sgmgrSbks fraiubk cgsgSguraiubkg< `wkdnk sgmgrS-bksg fghSg Xahjcaiksg yjvbksgva~ .




79

sgufunaaik) kntadrghkkS mjgYwkg, 10 wasrkdcaig, SgngmacrjvadgdaikS, far\jsgmgrSbairkvk sgfkSxaikh. 17 gmgsSgn, njrmaiksdgrfvaubk ngwkbk Sgngigrk wgrmgtaikS Xak\baig HgkSvgbjsrjdjrh sksxbkssgmgrSbairkvk, ksa cabkqturk, gnu far\jsgmgrS-bairkvk, mjwasrkdaiks u\vabas dgmjvbknaigc. hgbfaubk njrmgpkrjvnubk uobaiaiks mjmwasrkdaibgc Xak\baig kqnas mkHnaubk cgyurgcYaigs kqhavs mfgokjc Hgmjygbkiaiubk wkngpkrjiaiksdgnsgzYvrkS. grgngfbai sgkntarasjg sgjlgxj qjnairkvkurSkarSjiaiks radubkraig.

mgdgbkSgc<igdrgt furgpgbgtks sgmgrSbks wkdnXk grsaiubk

caiubaiaik< `Su fghmgn fghsg wkng fikbk Hggdcaiknjs,ngxavgrk sksxbk cguurvjs~6 19 cg, Xamcadk njrmg, `Su ufgngHggdcaiknjs, sksxbks maxuSack cguurvjs~ 18 ‘ Xak\baigHgkSvgbjs cabkqturk sgmgrSbks njrmaigc6 13

caiubaig ‘ `Su fghmgn fghsg dr\naubaig Xaeykvbjs,

sksxbks ngxavgrk cguurvjs, Su var dgtaxjs~11

‘ pgtkvkscghvks dgmjvbknaigc uncg HgkSvgbjs. mksk nkXnaikSvgbsgHknjg, zkgnks gngzYguraiks mjSxjvng wgrmjkXjigpkrks mkar cgmgmhkraiabk ogqtks dgvrhabaiksgs, rjmabkhTaXmgrktaigs gr Xaasgigmaig, gn rjmbks TaXmgrktaikscgmtfkhaigh Xau\baiabkg (`Su var dgtaxjs~)6 1?

10 iaqgsg cg gYiuYgs sgmgrSbks ;;-a-7?0-a muxbaiXk igdrgt furgpgbgtkssgmgrSbks wkdnks caiubaiaiks kntadrghkks Xasgxai kx. cjbk\a (rac.),qgrSubk sgmgrSbks \adbaik, 7;?8, ?7; cg Xamcdjmnk, gsava ?9?6 gsava

lgvgxkXvkbk, qgrSubk sgmgrSbks kstjrkg, 7;95 (`Sxzubaignk~, tjmk _K,7;59), 51 cg Xamcdjmnk, gsava, 703 cg Xamcdjmk. 17 Xagc.< Fgrst , Hjca mëckëvgb ca bgDåjrdka (Hjca c‛Gdeijudeg), tjma 9, Xtrgsijurd, 7;85-7;8;, orHxkbaiXk mkSkSaiubkg ngXrjmks qgrSub bktargturgXkdgmjyanaiubk hktkraig, kx. cjbk\a (rac.), qgrSubk sgmgrSbks \adbaik,7;?8, ?85. 19 iaqgsg cg gYiuYgs sgmgrSbks 739-a muxbk, hktkraiubkg< cjbk\a (rac.),qgrSubk sgmgrSbks \adbaik, 7;?8, 3?5. 18 iaqgsg cg gYiuYgs sgmgrSbks 738-a muxbk, hktkraiubkg< cjbk\a (rac.),qgrSubk sgmgrSbks \adbaik, 7;?8, 3?5.13 Xagc. vgxtgnd _K-ks sgmgrSbks 34-a muxbk< `wkng Su ufgng fikbk,rjmabkh Hggdcaiknjs vknma, jrkva swjra grs, gmktjm rjma wkng sgxkHrgccgrHaiks cg ufgng TgmgXk cggfbcaiks.~, hktkraiubkg< cjbk\a (rac.),

qgrSubk sgmgrSbks \adbaik, 7;?8, 3;3. 11 iaqgsg cg gYiuYgs sgmgrSbks 73?-a muxbk, hktkraiubkg< cjbk\a (rac.),qgrSubk sgmgrSbks \adbaik, 7;?8, 3?5. 1? pgtkvks cghvgsSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx. qvamjS, 73?.




78

ojrmubkraig ‘ `Su fghsg wuark mjafuahjs gnumjadbkljs, jrk darXk zYjs~ 14 ‘ cgsgXvaikg dgnxkbub kqnasrjdjrh cabkqturk sgmgrSbks, ksa pkrjvnubk uobaiaikscghvks fjntaqstXk.

gm caiubaiaiks, Sgngmacrjva dgdaikS,far\jsgmgrSbairkv njrmaigc dgnxkbvg dgmygraiubkguXugbjc igdrgt furgpgbgtks sgmgrSbks wkdnXk `sksxbks~cgfksraiks cg mksk `cgTarks~, gnu grdgcgxcks, knstktutksmjwasrkdaikS. fgnjnmcaiabk mkzgnXawjnkbgc mkkHnavs,mgdgbkSgc, rjm `Su gzngurmgn fghmgn gzngursg ngiTjiksksxbk cguTkrjs, gSk gSgsk SaSrk fkcav sxugk cguurvjs.~ 15 rjdjrh sksxbks dgcgxcks, ksa sksxbks `cgTarks~XamSxvavgXk cgmgtaikSk gngzYguraiks mjSxjvng urSkarSjiksmajra mxgras ankTaig. as sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadk uXugbjcfgnjnmcaibjikS grks dgSvgbkswknaiubk cg Xasgigmkskwkngpkrjiaiks grsaijiksgs urSkarSjig xabyjokbsg cgxabmyjos Xjrks wgrmjkXjig. kdk gr amygraig sgxabmwkojs

sglgrj ounqhkks ragbkzaigs, rgh Xasgigmksk xabyjoks,Sgngmacrjva dgdaikS, sksxbkssgmgrSbairkvgc cgslgcgc,cgngXgubgc dgmjhxgcaikSg cg sgxabmwkojs sgxabkSragdkraikS, gnu sgslabks XaogrcaikS uncg dgmjvbankbkyj.`sksxbks~ dgcgxcg xcaig urSkarSjiks mxgrks, cg grgsgxabmwkojs, sgsgrdaibjc. 1;

sgjlgxj qjnairkvk urSkarSjiaiks mjwasrkdaigdgmjfvaSkbkg. gm mjwasrkdaiksgSvks cgmgxgskgSaiabkojrmubkraiaikg< `Su gzngurnk dgkygrnan cg dbaxkgnk kyvnan,uorjssg \mgsg sguxuhasjc ‘ arSk dbaxk6 sxugk Xug dgkyjn~6

14 iaqgsg cg gYiuYgs sgmgrSbks 733-a muxbk, hktkraiubkg< cjbk\a (rac.),qgrSubk sgmgrSbks \adbaik, 7;?8, 3?5. 15 iaqgsg cg gYiuYgs sgmgrSbks 734-a muxbk, hktkraiubkg< cjbk\a (rac.),qgrSubk sgmgrSbks \adbaik, 7;?8, 3?5. 1; Xagc. sksxbkssgmgrSbairkvk cg far\jsgmgrSbairkvk (cabkqturk)urSkarSjiaiks dgmklvngsSgn cgfgvXkraikS< cgvkSgXvkbk , cgngXgubksiunaiksgSvks qgrSub HvaubaikS sgmgrSgbXk, sgqgrSvabjs mahnkaraigSggfgcamkks mghna, sgmgrSbks sarkg, 9001, #7, 4? cg Xamcdjmnk (`sgzjdg-cjaiks wknggYmcad mkmgrSubk cgngXgubjignk~ cg `far\j cabkqtaik~)6Xagc. gsava Tasab , Dashekheta cas Yahets, _jn can Oròeojrman iks zur Dadanwgrt, 900?,

751 oo. (̀far\j sksxbks sgmgrSgbk~, „ Prkvgtstrgorahet ‒), mgS Xjrks rjmkssgmgrSbks dgnvkSgraiks kstjrkubk mkmjxkbvkSg cg masjpjtgmkks,advkptks, airgub cg iar\nub sgmgrSgbXk gngbjdaiks grsaijiksxgzdgsmkS.




73

gsava `Su ckcaiubnk dgkygrnan, arSk ufaSask sjoabksguxuhasjc gkYjn cg sxugk Xug dgkyjn.~ ?0

Sgvks mxrkv, iaqgsg cg gYiuYgs sgmgrSgbk 741 muxbksgdgn Xacdaigcg sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiaiks ogrSj spaqtrsgradubkrais. mgsXk mjwasrkdaiubkg rjdjrh sgxabXafrubaij-sgmgrSbairkvk, ksa sgjlgxj cg mamfvkcrajikSsgmgrSbairkvksgfkSxaik. ?7

dgnvkSgraiks Xamcdjm sgoaxurs qgrSubk sgmjqgbgqjfgnjnmcaibjig vgxtgnd _K-ks sgmgrSbks wkdnSg fraiubksXamuXgvaiksgs gYwavs. kdk ma-75 sgufunks cgsgwyksXk (7401-7405wbaiXk) vgxtgnd _K-ks SgjsnjikS `Tfvkgn fghSg~ sgdgndaijfjmkskks mkar XamuXgvcg cg Xvkck ngwkbksdgn Xacdaig. fraiubkkwyaig mjsas sgmgrSbkS. ?9 majra ngwkbk aSmjig iar\nubk, ?8 xjbjmasgma sjmxurk sgmgrSbks ?3 qgrSub varskais. majSxa ngwkbkgsgafbaskj sgmgrSgbk, ?1 maxuSa ‘ dkjrdk _ irwyknvgbks mkar,sgvgrgucjc, 7881 wabs mSkubaiksgSvks Xaqmnkbk `\adbks cgcaig~, ??

xjbj maaqvsa ‘ iaqgsg cg gYiuYgs sgmgrSgbk. fraiubks cgsfvnkSkngwkbkg uXugbjc vgxtgnd _K-ks sgmgrSgbk, rjmabkh, fraiubks

?0 kx. iaqgsg cg gYiuYgs sgmgrSbks 718-a, 713-a cg Xamcdjmk muxbaik,hktkraiubkg< cjbk\a (rac.), qgrSubk sgmgrSbks \adbaik, 7;?8, 3?;. ?7 kx.< cjbk\a (rac.), qgrSubk sgmgrSbks \adbaik, 7;?8, ?97 cg Xamcdjmk,?446 gsava lgvgxkXvkbk, qgrSubk sgmgrSbks kstjrkg, 7;95 (`Sxzubaignk~,tjmk _K, 7;59), 709 cg Xamcdjmk. ?9 `cgigcaiksg cg dgmjsvbgSg sgmgrSgbnk mjsasmkark~, vgxtgnd _K-kssgmgrSbks wkdnSg fraiubks Xasgvgbk. kx. gsav cjbk\a (rac.), qgrSubksgmgrSbks \adbaik, 7;?8, 700, 701 cg Xamcdjmnk, gsava 149, mkSkSaikS, rjmmjsas sgmgrSbks caiubaiaik `majra slubkcgn~ grks gYaiubk cg`dgmjsvbgSg~ wkdnkcgn fjmkskgs grharSk caiubaig gr XautgnkgsgmgrSbks wkdnXk, sgvgrgucjc, Sgvcgpkrvabk dgnzrgxvks mkuxacgvgc. ?8 iar\nubk sgmgrSbks qgrSubk varskg amygraig UK_ sgufunks pkrvabkngxavrks wygrjais< grmanjpubjs aqvs wkdnsg cg vbgstgrks fraiubs(skntgdmgs)6 kx. cjbk\a (rac.), qgrSubk sgmgrSbks \adbaik, 7;?8, 145 cgXamcdjmnk, mgS Xjrks mkSkSaikS, rjm gsaSk cgsfvng pkrvabgcHuikngXvkbmg dggfaSg ( Ekstjkra ca bg Dëjrdka, 7513).?3 sjmxurk sgmgrSgbk garSkgnais skrkub-rjmgnubsg cg mxkSgr djXkssgmgrSgbs, kx. cjbk\a (rac.), qgrSubk sgmgrSbks \adbaik, 7;?8, 991 cgXamcdjmnk, gsava 1;8 cg Xamcdjmnk. ?1 `wmkcgSg cg mgrSbmgckcaiabSg qgrSbksg cg goxgzaSks fgSgbkfjzSgcg YkrsSg aoksfjpjzSgdgn dgnwasaiubk sgmgrSgbk.~, vgxtgnd _K-kssgmgrSbks wkdnSg fraiubks Xasgvgbk. ?? cjbk\a (rac.), qgrSubk sgmgrSbks \adbaik, 7;?8, ?7?6 lgvgxkXvkbk, qgrSubk sgmgrSbks kstjrkg, 7;95 (`Sxzubaignk~, tjmk _K, 7;59), ;3 cgXamcdjmnk.




71

Xasgvbks Sgngxmgc, grks `uorjs sgxmgr cg sgrdaiab qgrSbsgXkng gmgS sxvgSgsg.~ ?4 gm orgzks Sgngxmgc, vgxtgnd _K-kssgmgrSgbSgn XacgraikS sxvg ngwkbais suiskckurk mjqmacaiksounqhkg ankTaijcgS. ?5 Xasgigmksgc, pkrvabk aqvsk ngwkbkscaiubaiaik mgXkn gmjqmaccaijcg, Su `vgxtgndks mkar Sqmubk~hgbfaubk kntarasSg fjnobkqtks mjdvgraigs gr kSvgbkswknaicg. ?;

vgxtgnd _K-ks sgmgrSbks wkdnSg fraiubkssgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbairkvk njrmaik ma-7; sgufunks ?0-kgnwbaigmca, gnu sgqgrSvabjs sgxabmwkojairkjiks cgfgrdvksXamcadgh, mjqmack sgmgrSgbk kyj. 75?0 wabs cggxbjaikS 40caiubaig rusaSks kmparkks fgnjnmcaibjiks 40 ngwkbgc

?4 kx. cjbk\a (rac.), qgrSubk sgmgrSbks \adbaik, 7;?8, 707. ?5 vgxtgnd _K-ks sgmgrSbks wkdnSg fraiubks Xvkck ngwkbksurSkarSmkmgrSaigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS avrjpub bktargturgXk dgnsxvg-vaiubk pjzkhkaikg cgokqskraiubk. mgdgbkSgc, jrsgoaxurkgnk mjqmacaiks( Egxtegusan, Srgnshguhgskg, KK, 751?, 9596 Ejbbcghf , \wak Druncstakna zu aknar DrusknksheanXtggts- unc Yahetsdashekheta, 7;04, ;4, 709) gbtarngtkvgc dgmjSqmubkg sgmsgoa-xurkgnk skstamks mjqmacaiks vgrguckh, rjmbks crjsgh qgrSubksgmgrSbks \adbais, Sgvks mxrkv, Xkcgsuiskckurk upkrgtasjig gqvS uhxjqvaynks sgmgrSgbSgn XacgraikS (Xagc.< Fgrst , Ba hjca ca _gfetgnd _K,Hjmmantgkras ekstjrkquas (Hjca Dåjrdkan cu Yjk _ghetgnd _K), tjma 7, Xtrgsijurd, 7;846 Fgrst , Hjca mëckëvgb ca bgDåjrdka (Hjca c‛Gdeijudeg), tjma 9, Xtrgsijurd, 7;85-7;8;,orHxkbaiXk mkSkSaiubkg ngXrjmaiks qgrSub bktargturgXkdgmjyanaiubk hktkraig). kx. cjbk\a (rac.), qgrSubk sgmgrSbks \adbaik,7;?8, ?85. ?; qgrSubk sgmgrSbks kstjrkubk \adbaiks Xasgxai kx. Xamcadk

uhxjanjvgnk bktargturg< Cgrast , Ëtucas c‛ekstjrka cu crjkt, Xahtkjn ?, Pgrks, 755;6 Egxtegusan,Srgnshguhgskg, KK, 751?6 Ejbbcghf , \ur Dashekheta car cjngtkj gnta nuptkgs unc carcjs, 7;706 Ejbbcghf , \wak Druncstakna zu aknar Drusknkshean Xtggts- unc Yahetsdashekheta,7;046 Tgrcrjp (trgnsbgtjr), Bgws jo fknd Dajrda _ jo Dajrdkg, surngmac ‒tea Irkbbkgnt”,Ljurngb jo tea Yjygb Gskgtkh Xjhkaty, 7;73, ?04-?9?6 Fgrst , Ba hjca ca _gfetgnd _K,Hjmmantgkras ekstjrkquas (Hjca Dåjrdkan cu Yjk _ghetgnd _K), tjma 7, Xtrgsijurd, 7;846 Fgrst , Hjca mëckëvgb ca bgDåjrdka (Hjca c‛Gdeijudeg), tjma 9, Xtrgsijurd, 7;85-7;8;,Xacdankbkg cjbk\ks ngXrjmXk sxvgcgsxvg gcdkbgs dgnxjrhkabaiubkhktkraiks dgSvgbkswknaikS ( cjbk\a (rac.), qgrSubk sgmgrSbks \adbaik,7;?8). dgrcg gmksg, kx. gsava Xhenktzar , _ardbakheanca Yahetsbaera, 7;31, 753,55-asqjbkjXk Xamcdjmk mkSkSaiaikS, mgS Xjrks< Oranfab/Igdrgcza VIgfrgcsa],Xgmmbund car Dasatza cas drusknkshean \gran Tghetgnd _K., Skobks, 75546 Fbutmgnn,Drusknksheas Jibkdgtkjnsrahet km Fjcax Tghetgnd _K., kn< \aktsherkot oòr vardbakheancaYahetswkssanshegot, 97, 391-3?;40 7589 wbks ` svjc zgfjnjv rjskksfjk kmparkk ~-ks Xasgxai kx., mgdgbkSgc< \wakdart/Fÿtz, Aknoòerund kn cka Yahetsvardbakheund K, 7;53, § 93 (KK), 83?6 Cgvkc/Xpknjsk/Drgssmgnn, Yahetssystama car Dadanwgrt, 7;55, 93;6Xagc. gsava, zjdgcgc




7?

kqhg.47 gmdvgrgc, vgxtgnd _K-ks sgmgrSbks wkdnSg fraiubXk`vgxtgndks sgmgrSbksg cg fjmpkbghkks sxvg ngwkbaikssgcgvj urSkarSmkmgrSaig, mknkmum grgpkrcgpkr, rusaSksumgYbask mgrSbmsglubaiks dgnslks sgdgnkh kyj. 7510 wbks74 kvbksksg... cg 7518 wbks 9 mgrtks... jrkvadgcgwyvatkbaigXk wgrmmgrSvabmg sangtmg dgnghxgcg, rjmpkrvab rkdXk uXugbjc vgxtgndks sgmgrSbks caiubaiaikuncg cgacjs sgou\vbgc fgvfgskks prjvknhkubk sgmgrSgbksmjqmacaiks soarjXk Xamgvgb dgcgwyvatkbaiais cg, rjm, gmkssgpkrkspkrjc, vgxtgnd maoks sgmgrSbks wkdnks sxvgfgnjnaiks dgmjyanaig cgsgXvaik yjokbkyj mxjbjc gxsnksg cgdgnmgrtaiksgSvks kq, sgcgh kdk Vvgxtgndks sgmgrSgbk]dgurfvavabk kqnaijcg.~ 49

sgyurgcYaijg, rjm vgxtgnd _K-ks sgmgrSgbXk XaknkXnaigmjwasrkdaiubk urSkarSjiaiks Samgturk skstamgtkzghkksmhcabjig. kdk Xakhgvs ngwkbjirkv fjmkskks mkar cgsgSguraiub

far\jsgmgrSbairkv fgraisg cg hgbfaub muxbais. mgdgbkSgc,dgSvgbkswknaiubkg< sasxks, 48 ngsykcjiks, 43 dghvbks, 41 mkigraiksg cgSxjvaiks 4? mjwasrkdaig Xasgigmksk sgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiksgYmnkXvnabk sgSgurkS. gmks pgrgbaburgc, sgSgurks mkSkSaiksdgraXag dgSvgbkswknaiubk grgngfbai sgyurgcYaij far\jsgmgrS-

rusaSks sgmgrSgbSgn cgfgvXkraikS< Xhenktzar , _ardbakheanca Yahetsbaera, 7;31,

744 oo.47 ljriang\a , sgqgrSvabjs raspuibkfks mjmgvgbk sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks\krkSgck prjibamaik, 7;;3, 730. 49 „...ckasas straktkda _areãbtnks car bax Tghetgnd zu can òirkdan Sakban car Fjmpkbgtkjnmkttabigr wankdstans iarakts Dadanstgnc eÿhestrkhetarbkhear radubãrar russkshear Luckfgtur

dawasan kst. Cann kn can iakcan Qrtakban vjm 74. Lubk 7510… unc vjm 9. Mãrz 7518… egt skhecar ckrkdkaranca Xangt cgekn gusdasprjhean, cgss kn arstar Bknka cka Iastkmmundan cas baxTghetgnd sabist car Antsheakcund km Iarakhe cas fgufgskshean Prjvknzkgbrahets zudrunca zubadan sakan, cgss cka gncaran Dasatza cas Dasatziuhes cas \gran Tghetgnd ekndadan zur Arfbãrund unc Arbãutarund, wj ckasas unfbgr wãra, eargndazjdan warcan còrotan.‒, kx. Ejbbcghf , \ur Dashekheta carcjngtkj gnta nuptkgs unc car cjs, 7;70, 79 oo., 17? oo.48 `fgrk ‘ pkrvabk, vgbksg Su rjdjr gkYaiks~, vgxtgnd _K-ks sgmgrSbks 77?-a cg Xamcdjmk muxbaik. 43 `fgrk ngsykcjiksg~, vgxtgnd _K-ks sgmgrSbks 7?0-a cg Xamcdjmk muxbaik. 41 `dghubkbjiksg~, vgxtgnd _K-ks sgmgrSbks 7?4-a muxbk. 4? `mkigraiubksg rgsgh nkvSksg, cg dkng ngSxjvrksg, gsra kqnaijcas~,vgxtgnd _K-ks sgmgrSbks 904-a cg Xamcdjmk muxbaik.




74

bairkvk caiubaiaik, mgdgbkSgc< `ngpjvgrks~, 44 Sgvcaijiks, 45 klgrksg 4; cg Xvkbgc gyvgnks 50 Xasgxai. 57

rjdjrh fraiubks sxvgcgsxvg ngwkbks suiskckurkmjqmacaig, ksa hgbfaubk sgmgrSbks knstktutks mjmwasrkdaiabknjrmaiks Samgturk skstamgtkzaiks tancanhkg 7401-7405 wbaiXkXamuXgvaiubk cjfumantks dgnsgfuSraiub Ykrsaiaigc uncgHgkSvgbjs. grgngfbai sgkntarasjg vgxtgnd _K-ks sgmgrSbksXasgvbks cgsfvnkSk orgzaik, rjmbaikh gwasais xgrvazaiksXavsaiks sgmgdgbkSj stgncgrts. 59

8.9 avrjpubk far\j sgmgrSbks sgSgvaaik kustknkgnas fgnjnSgfraiubk

mgXkn rjcasgh sgqgrSvabjXk ma-7; sgufunaXkh eqjncgS mahnkaraisrjmks sgmgrSbks rahaohkks ugryjoks sgou\vabk, 58 grgarSk sxvgavrjpubk sgxabmwkojs sgmgrSbks ojrmkraig cg dgnvkSgraiggrsaikSgc dgnuyjoabkg rjmks sgmgrSbks `xabgxgbk gYmjHanksg~

cg cgmuXgvaiksdgn. gm prjhasks Xacadgc Hgmjygbkicg `avrjpubksgarSj sgmgrSgbk~ 53, dgnvkSgrcg sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbairkvkgzrjvnaig cg XamuXgvcg hgbfaubk qvaynks far\jsgmgrSbairkvkfjckokfghkg.

44 vgxtgnd _K-ks sgmgrSbks 7?1-a cg 75?-a muxbaik. 45 vgxtgnd _K-ks sgmgrSbks 981-a muxbk. 4; vgxtgnd _K-ks sgmgrSbks 93?-a muxbk. 50 vgxtgnd _K-ks sgmgrSbks 9?7-a muxbk. 57 vgxtgnd _K-ks sgmgrSbks taqstk kx.< cjbk\a (rac.), qgrSubk sgmgrSbks\adbaik, 7;?8, 179 cg Xamcdjmnk. 59 `ma as wkdnk gsra gr cgmkwarkg cg grhg vkHamai, rjma grg gfbcas rg.iavrk gsaSk sgHkvraik grks cg mjvg, rjma zjdk var mjvkdjnaS cg grhmkswucaiks fghks djnaig. vknh mkxucas rgsma cg mjkdjnjs, HgurSjs cgHgswarjs, fgrdsg cg mgrSaiubs kqs.~ kx. vgxtgnd _K-ks sgmgrSbks Xasgvgbk, hktkraiubkg< cjbk\a (rac.), qgrSubk sgmgrSbks \adbaik, 7;?8,34;. 58 kx., mgdgbkSgc, ljriang\a , sgqgrSvabjs raspuibkfks mjmgvgbksgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks \krkSgck prjibamaik, 7;;3, 730, mkSkSaikS, rjm 7558wabs xkzgnkXvkbk (urinabk) sgqgrSvabjXk rjmks sgmgrSbks rahaohkgsugryjocg. 53 „ Kus Hjmmuna‒, „Damaknas Yahet ‒,kx., mgdgbkSgc, Xgvkdny, _jm Iaruo unsrar \akt oòrDasatzdaiund unc Yahetswkssanshegot, 7573, 84. Xagc. \kmmarmgnn, Yjmgn Bgw gnc teaEgrmjnksgtkjn jo Prkvgta Bgw kn Aurjpa, kn< Egrtfgmp/Eassabknf/Ejnckus/Ljustrg/cu Parrjn/_abcmgn (acs.), Sjwgrcs g Aurjpagn Hkvkb Hjca, 9003, 94 at saq., rjmabkhavrjpubk sgarSj sgmgrSbks `wmkncg rjmks sgmgrSgbSgn~ mkmgrSaigsggngbkzais.




75

igdrgt furgpgbgtks sgmgrSbks wkdnks Sgngcrjubgchantrgbur cg cgsgvbaS avrjpks qvaynaiXk arSdvgrjvgnktancanhkaik XakmHnavg. sgmgrSbks dgnvkSgraigza zamjqmacaigsgxcans sgmk \krkSgck ogqtjrk< gntkfurk sgiar\naSks mahnkaraig,dgnsgfuSraikS grkstjtabas 51 okbjsjokg6 5? fgnjnkfurk sgmgrSgbkcg kustknkgnas 54 `fgnjnSg fraiubk~ 55.5; swjrac as ufgngsfnabkgSgngmacrjva far\j sgmgrSbks ojrmkraiks arS-arSk umnkXvnabj-vgnask wygrj.

kustknkgnas fgnjnSg fraiubks Xaswgvbg cg parmgnantubkxabgxgbk dggzraig dgngpkrjiais far\j sgmgrSbks grgarSkknstktutks Hgmjygbkiaigsg cg dgnvkSgraigs. fraiubks u\vabask cgyvabgza dvkgncabk parkjcks njrmais arSmgnaSs rjmks kmparkkssgmgrSbks dgnvkSgraiks cggxbjaikS ?00 ;0 Su 400-wbkgnk ;7 Xugback gXjrais. mks dgdaigs ngwkbjirkv urSkarSdgmjmrkhxgvknjrmaik, ;9 Sgngmacrjva mnkXvnabjikS, uskstamjig cgdgrfvaubwkbgc anjirkvk igrkark grSubais. ;8 gmgsSgn, ks, rghkustknkgnas fraiubks xgrvazgc Xak\baijcg HgSvbkbkyj,

mahnkaraiks dgnvkSgraiksSvks Xasg\bjg yvabgza Ykraiubk kyjs.kdk fkSxvais tjvais, rgh mfvbavgrs pgsuxks \aings gk\ubais cg gmprjhass Xacadgc mjeyvaig mahnkarubk gngbkzks cgxvawg,

51 Grkstjtabas(q.X-gmca 853-899).5? Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc K, Ãbtaras Damaknas Yahet,7;51, § 8 _KK, 93 o.,rjmabkh ma-74-ma-75 sgufunaaiks sgmgrSgbmhjcnajiksmaSjcjbjdkur sgou\vbaiza sguirksgs grkstjtabas , hkharjnksg ( MgrhusSubbkus Hkharj, q.X-gmca 70?-38) cg ijaSkusks ( Gnkhkus Mgnbkus Xavarknus Ijatekus, hg.350-191) taqstaiks mnkXvnabjigs usvgms xgzs. 54 Obgvkus Patrus Xgiigtkus Kustknkgnus (hg.359-1?1). 55 „hjrpus kurks‒ (188-183 wbaik) , rjmabkh mjkhgvs `knstktuhkais~(„ Knstktutkjnas‒), `ckdastais~ ( „ Ckdastg‒, iar\nubgc `pgncaqtais~, „ Pgncahtga‒),kustknkgnas fjcaqss ( „Hjcax Kustknkgnus‒) cg rjmbks Xavsaigh 183 wbkcgn 1?1wbgmca Odgmjqvaynaiubk `njvabaikS~ ( „ Njvabbga‒) xjrhkabcaig . kx.catgburgc _arknd , Dashekheta unc Knstktutkjnan car rÿmkshean Prkvgtrahetas, 75?4, § 9;,3; oo.5; kx., mgdgbkSgc< Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc K, Ãbtaras Damaknas Yahet, 7;51,§ 7 KK, ;6 § 9 K, 71.;0 kx. Fjshegfar , Aurjpg unc cgs rÿmkshea Yahet, 7;15, ?8.;7 kx. \kmmarmgnn, Yjmgn Bgw gnc tea Egrmjnksgtkjn jo Prkvgta Bgw kn Aurjpa, kn< Egrtfgmp/Eassabknf/Ejnckus/Ljustrg/cu Parrjn/_abcmgn(acs.), Sjwgrcs g Aurjpagn HkvkbHjca, 9003, 94.;9 kx. kustknkgnas fraiubks urSkarSdgmjmrkhxgv njrmaiSgn ( „ Gntknjmkg‒) cg

wknggYmcadjiks cg\bavks wasaiSgn cgfgvXkraikS, mgdgbkSgc, _arknd ,Dashekheta unc Knstktutkjnan car rÿmkshean Prkvgtrahetas, 75?4, § 9;, 18 oo.;8 Xagc. gsava Xgvkdny, _jm Iaruo unsrar \akt oòr Dasatzdaiund unc Yahetswkssanshegot,7573, 19.




7;

sgmgrSbairkvk gzrjvnaiks ojrmkraig, ;3 grsaikSgc, kurkstksprjoaskks Hgmjygbkiaig cg, zjdgcgc, sgzjdgcjaiks dgnvkSgraig.

sgmgrSbksg Su kustknkgnas fgnjnSg fraiubks XaswgvbkScgkntarasaiubk grgarSk Sgjiks mkar dgmjyanaiubk maSjcaiktrgckhkubkg. asankg gntkfurk fubturkcgn mjmckngra cg rjmgubmahnkaraigXk fbgskfur sgswgvbj ckshkpbknaigc gYkgraiubk`Sgvksuogbk~ Su `bkiargburk~ xabjvnaiksg cg mahnkaraiks ;1 XvkcaubXk Xamgvgbk `sgmaubk~ ;? < drgmgtkfg, bjdkfg (ckgbaqtkfg)cg rktjrkfg. ;4 ksknk kustknkgnas fraiubks Xaswgvbks sgou\vbgckqhnan cg SgncgSgn kurkstks sgqmkgnjiksgSvks uhvbab kgrgYgcHgmjygbkicnan. sgmgrSbkS cgcdankbk qhavks wasaiks, ksavarjdjrh knckvkcks naiks dgmjvbanks dgnmgrtaig wgrmjucdanabkgdrgmgtkfubk cg bjdkfurk gngbkzks dgraXa. rktjrkfg xabsuwyjis naiksmkark sgmgrSbairkvk taqstks ojrmkraiksSgnmkmcavrubjigsg cg cgmglaraibjigs, ckgbaqtkfg ‘ mksbjdkfurgc cgsgiuSaiub gxsngs. ;5

kustknkgnas fraiubks mahnkarubk gYmjHang, grsaikSgc,

`dbjsgtjraiks~ cgmsgxuraigg.;;

gr grsaijis cgcgsturaiubkfgvXkrk fraiubks gYmjsgvbaSrjmgub, rjdjrh kustknkgnascrjkncab, ksa mksk Xamcdjmk parkjcks, fjmantgrais, 700 ma-77sgufunaXk Hgmjygbkiaiub ijbjnkks sfjbgsg 707 cg mks

;3 Xagc. \kmmarmgnn, Yjmgn Bgw gnc tea Egrmjnksgtkjn jo Prkvgta Bgw kn Aurjpa, kn< Egrtfgmp/Eassabknf/Ejnckus/Ljustrg/cu Parrjn/_abcmgn(acs.), Sjwgrcs g Aurjpagn HkvkbHjca, 9003, 94.;1 „grtas bkiargbas‒. ;? „Srkvkum‒. ;4 fbgskfur XvkcaubXk gsava Xackjcg `jSxaubk~ ( „Wugcrkvkum‒)< grkSma-tkfg, dajmatrkg, muskfg cg gstrjnjmkg. kx. Tkaghfar, Prkvgtrahetsdashekheta car Nauzakt, 7;?4, 9; oo.;5 Xagc. Tkaghfar, Prkvgtrahetsdashekheta car Nauzakt, 7;?4, 9; oo. (mkSkSaikS< Mgrrju,Ekstjkra ca b‛acuhgtkjn cgns b‛gntkquktë, Pgrks, 7;116 Mgrrju , Dashekheta car Arzkaeund kmfbgsskshean Gbtartum, Orgkiurd/Mònhean, 7;14)6gsava 1? oo.;; Fjshegfar , Aurjpg unc cgs rÿmkshea Yahet, 7;15, 51 oo.700 kx., mgdgbkSgc< Iÿhfknd , Knstktutkjnan, Akn Baeriuhe cas rÿmkshean Prkvgtrahets gus camXtgncpunfta unsaras eautkdan Yahetssystams naist Aknbaktund kn cgs Xtuckum cas rÿmksheanYahets, Ignc K, Cka Aknbaktund unc cka Baera vjn can _jrgussatzundan car Prkvgtraheta, 7538,7386_arknd , Dashekheta unc Knstktutkjnan car rÿmkshean Prkvgtrahetas, 75?4, § 80, 19 o.707 ijbjnkks sfjbgs mkawaraig ckdastaiks arSdvgrk frktkfubk rahanzkksXamuXgvaig („bkttarg Ijnjnkansks‒),rgmgh mnkXvnabjvngc Xauwyj xabk arSkgnkavrjpubk sgdgnmgngSbaibj skvrhksg cg sgarSjavrjpubk sgmgrSbks

ojrmkraigs. mksk gvtjrks vkngjiks Xasgxai dgnsxvgvaiubk mjsgzraiaikgrsaijis, arS-arSks Sgngxmgc, kdk Sgvgc ijbjnkks sfjbks ou\amcaiabkkrnarkusk ( Krnarkus, hg. 7010-7791) Xak\baijcg yjokbkyj. kx., mgdgbkSgc, Tkaghfar, Prkvgtrahetsdashekheta car Nauzakt, 7;?4, 3?. kx. gsava _arknd , Dashekheta unc




90

bjmigrckub wkngmjriac ‘ cggxbjaikS ma-70 sgufunks pgvkgssfjbgs Xjrks. 709 mgS ucgvjc garSkgnaicgS kustknkgnas fraiubksmkmgrS mjfr\gbaiubk cgmjfkcaiubaig, far\jc, fraiubks taqstksgYkgraig Xauvgb TaXmgrktaigc, rjmabsgh mxjbjc Sgnmkmcavrubkdgnmgrtaig sTkrcaijcg. 708 ijbjnkks sfjbks yvabgza dgvbankgnkdbjsgrkumaik gzjs 703 `sumg fjckHks~ 701 cg gfurskusks 70? `dbjsgjrckngrkgg~. 704 as ufgngsfnabk dbjsgtjraiks apjqks cgmgdvkrdvk-naiabk, arSdvgrk Xamglgmaiabk ngXrjmkg. 705 prgqtkfgXk swjrac asngXrjmaik dgmjkyanaijcg cg grg uXugbjc kustknkgnas fraiubk. 70; Xasgigmksgc, `fgzukstkfgs sSgvgzjicg fraiubk, gvtjrktats ‘ faksgrk kustknkgna cg rjmks kmparkks kcag, mjxarxaiubxabmksgwvcjmjigs fk `dbjsg jrckngrkg~. 770

Knstktutkjnan car rÿmkshean Prkvgtrahetas, 75?4, § 87, 11 o.,mkSkSaikS, rjm krnarkusk cg mksk mjwgoaaik hgbfaubk sktyvks mnkXvnabjiks dgnmgrtaigsSgn arSgcfraiubks taqsts Xasgigmks mjfba fgzusais ( „hgsus‒)gwarcnan.709

kx., mgdgbkSgc< _arknd , Dashekheta unc Knstktutkjnan car rÿmkshean Prkvgtrahetas, 75?4,§ 87, 116Tkaghfar, Prkvgtrahetsdashekheta car Nauzakt, 7;?4, 8;6 18.708 kx.< Tkaghfar, Prkvgtrahetsdashekheta car Nauzakt, 7;?4, 11 oo.6 gsava Iÿhfknd ,Knstktutkjnan, Akn Baeriuhe cas rÿmkshean Prkvgtrahets gus cam Xtgncpunfta unsaras eautkdanYahetssystams naist Aknbaktund kn cgs Xtuckum cas rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc K, Cka Aknbaktundunc cka Baera vjn can _jrgussatzundan car Prkvgtraheta, 7538, 7386Hjknd , AurjpãksheasPrkvgtrahet, Ignc K, Ãbtaras Damaknas Yahet, 7;51, § 9 KKK, 74.703 Gzj (hg.7710-7980).701 „Xummg hjckhks‒ (kustknkgnas fjcaqsks dbjsgrkumk ). gzjs afuSvnks gsava „Xummg Knstktutkjnum‒ (knstktuhkaiks dbjsgrkumk ).70? Ghhurskus(7759-791;).704 „ dbjssg jrckngrkg‒. 705 kx. _arknd , Dashekheta unc Knstktutkjnan car rÿmkshean Prkvgtrahetas, 75?4, § 87, 1?,mkSkSaikS, rjm gfurskusks mkar `dbjsg jrckngrkgXk~ upkrgtasjigumrgvbas XamSxvavgXk iubdgrusks ( Iubdgrus, † 77??, js guraum) mkngwarais Su`dbjsais~ mkankTg, vkcra mgrtknusksgs ( Mgrtknus, † 7714, hjpkg badum), rghSgngmacrjvaSgdgn mks dgnsgfuSraiub cgogsaigza matyvabais. mjdvkgnaikSfgnjnkfur sgmgrSgbXk, pkrkqkS, upkrgtasjigs mgrtknusks mkngwaraisgnkTaicnan iubdgrusks dbjsaiSgn XacgraikS. hxgckg, sgmkva ijbjnkkssfjbks wgrmjmgcdanabk cg krnarkusks mjwgoa kyj. 70; kx. Fjshegfar , Aurjpg unc cgs rÿmkshea Yahet, 7;15, 51 o.6Tkaghfar, Prkvgtrahets-dashekheta car Nauzakt, 7;?4, ?86 Xagc. dbjsgtjraiks mjYvgwajiks frktkfubkXaogsaikS, mgdgbkSgc, Ibuntshebk, Antwkhfbund car Ariojbda dadan can batztan Tkbbannghe rÿmkshean Yahet, 759;, 9596 gsava dbjsgtjraiks mkcdjmksg cg mgS mkardgradnub mxgraza dgmgxvkbaiubk yurgcYaiks frktkfkS< Hgraks, Cka _artrãdazu Dunstan Crkttar, 7548, § 7?, 13.770 „ Cka Fgsukstkf ijt cgs Hjrpus kurks, cka Gutjrktãt Fgksar Lustknkgn unc cka Kcaa cas kmparkumrjmgnum, cka iaquama \udãndbkhefakt giar cka dbjssg jrckngrkg‒,kx. Fjshegfar , Aurjpg unccgs rÿmkshea Yahet, 7;15, 5?.




97

kustknkgnas fraiubks, far\jc, ckdastaiksg cg kustknkgnasfjcaqsks xabgxgbk dggzraiks mjrkdk tgbYg `pjstdbjsg-tjrais~ 777, kmgva `fjmantgtjraisg~ 779 Su `fjnskbkgtjrais~ 778 ufgvXkrcaig. mgSk mkzgnk kustknkgnas fjckokfghkksSvks mjqmacsgmgrSgbSgn Sgvsaigcjiks cg gmkS mksSvks Suncgh suiskckurkmjqmacaiks mknkTaig kyj. mgSk mjYvgwajiks wygbjikS ma-73sgufunkcgn kustknkgnas fjckokfghkgm gcdkbk prgqtkfgXkhcgkmfvkcrg. 773 gmgsSgn, kustknkgnas fraiubks taqstk, mgdgbkSgc,mksk igrtjbusksg 771 cg igbcusksaubk 77? kntarpratghkgngwkbjirkv fgnjnks rgndXkh gcks 774 cg ma-75 sgufunamca gr fgrdgvsmnkXvnabjigs. 775 sgkntarasjg, rjm Su igrtjbusk mrgvgbk dgnsxvg-vaiubk fjmantgrks grsaijiks pkrjiaiXk ucgvjc mnkXvnabjvgnogqtjrs ‘ fjmantgtjrSg `sgarSj gzrs~ 77; ‘ mjsgmgrSbksgSvks

777 kx. gm tarmknks dgmjyanaikS, mgdgbkSgc< _arknd , Dashekheta unc Knstktutkjnan car

rÿmkshean Prkvgtrahetas, 75?4, § 88, 1;6 Eaymgnn, Cgs _jrsheòtzan car _arlãerund, \udbakheakn Iaktrgd zur Baera vjn axhaptkj unc Aknraca, 75;1, 43.779 Fjshegfar , Aurjpg unc cgs rÿmkshea Yahet, 7;15, 54, On. 7, rjmabkh tarmkn`pjstdbjsgtjraiks~ dgmjyanaigs sfaptkfurgc uyurais cg mgs sgvknks mxrkcgn mgSk cguogsaibjikS xsnks .778 kx. Tkaghfar, Prkvgtrahetsdashekheta car Nauzakt, 7;?4, 57 , rjmabkh `fjnskbkgtj-raiks~ mkmgrS dgmjyanaiub sxvg sgxabwjcaiais< `fjmantgtjrais~ (mkskgzrkS, gm sgxabwjcaigXk dbjsgtjraikh uncg mjkgzraijcnan) cg`prgqtkfjsais~ (prjoasjraiza ngfbaigc dgvrhabaigckg) ugryjos. gmsgxabwjcaigs arS-arS mgdgbkSgc uSkSais gsava _arknd , Dashekheta uncKnstktutkjnan car rÿmkshean Prkvgtrahetas, 75?4, § 88, 1;.773 Fjshegfar , Aurjpg unc cgs rÿmkshea Yahet, 7;15, 55 oo.,mgS Xjrks mkSkSaikS, rjm

uzangask prknhkpk ‘ maoa arSgcarSk fgnjnmcaiabkg ‘ ojrmgburgccghubk kyj, vkngkcgn ksknk Sgvgc gnkTaicnan kustknkgnas fraiubssuiskckurk mjqmacaiks \gbgs. 771 Igrtjbus ca Xgxjoarrgtj( Igrtjbj cg Xgssjoarrgtj ), (7878(3)-7814).77? Igbcus ca Qigbcks( Igbcj cadbk Qigbck), (7894-7300).774 Fjshegfar , Aurjpg unc cgs rÿmkshea Yahet, 7;15, 703 o., mgS Xjrks mkSkSaiaikS,rjm, mgdgbkSgc, aspgnaSXk 733; wbks fgnjnkS sgsgmgrSbjsSvkssgvgbcaiubjc swjrac igrtjbusksg cg igbcusks mjsgzraigdgmjhxgccg, hxgckg, dgnsxvgvaiubk mjwasrkdaiks Xamhvabk fgnjnks njrmksgrgrsaijiksgs6 7394 wabs fgstkbkks maoam yvabg kurkstks hktkraiggfr\gbg, ck gcragsg ( C‛Gcrag ) cg igrtjbusks dgrcg6 uriknjs earhjdksorgnHasfj mgrkg KK cabg rjvaras ( Orgnhashj Mgrkg KK cabbg Yjvara, 713;-7?87)7?78 wbks fgnjnkh kSvgbkswknais kurkstSg HgmjngSvgbs, rjmabSgmkSkSaiks uobaig sgsgmgrSbjs gqvs. gm XamSxvavgXkh skks sgSgvaXk kyjigrtjbusk .775 kx. Tkaghfar, Prkvgtrahetsdashekheta car Nauzakt, 7;?4, 5? oo.77; „hjmmunks jpknkj‒.




99

mijTgvgc gr dgnkxkbgvcg, mksk mjwgoa igbcusk mksdgn naiksmkardgcgxvavgs ̀ dgugzraibgc~ 790 mkkHnavcg.797

gm tgbYks dgdr\abaigg mahnkarubk fvbavks gYzavaig cg`gvtjrktatks mqjna wkdnaiks~ 799, ogqtjirkvgc, fgnjnks rgndXkgyvgng. Xamcdjmk gvtjraik grg mxjbjc mgS hktkraigs gxcancnan,grgmac xXkrgc, rjdjrh fgnjns, fjmantgrs ufaSaicnan. 798

kustknkgnas fraiubks xabgxgbk dggzraiks mjmcavnj tgbYg`eumgnkstaiks~ frktkfubk mkcdjmkS vbkncaig. 793 mgS,791 rjdjrh

790 „tamargrkum‒.797 kx. Fjshegfar , Aurjpg unc cgs rÿmkshea Yahet, 7;15, ;9.799 „ijjfs jo gutejrkty ‒.798 Fjshegfar , Aurjpg unc cgs rÿmkshea Yahet, 7;15, ;; o.,mgS Xjrks mkSkSaikS, rjmgsaSk mkcdjmks mgdgbkSkh avrjpks sgxabmwkojais rjmks sgmgrSgbmgmkshg, far\jc, mgsurkus sgiknusks ( Mgs(s)urkus Xgiknus) ngXrjmks bkirk tras kurkshkvkbks (K sgufunks cgsgwyksk) pgubusks ( Pgubus, KK-KKK ), ubpkgnasg cg sxvgSgmkar cgwarkbk fjmantgraikS. Sgvks mxrkv, ubpkgna , pgubusk , dgkusk ,

pgpknkgna ( Pgpknkgn, hg. 710-979) cg earankus mjcastknusk ( Earannkus Mjcastknus,KKK) kyj ks xuSk kurkstk, rjmabSg gzrks dgSvgbkswknaigh sgsgmgrSbjs39? wbks `hktkraiks Xasgxai fgnjnkS~ cgavgbg. gsaS fbgskfur ngXrjmaisdgnafuSvnaig kndbksXk< Irghtjn (7970-79?5), Ca badkius at hjnsuatucknkius Gndbkga(badas at hjnsuatucknas), 79816 Bkttbatjn(hg.7304-7357), Sragtksa jn Sanuras (Sanjras Njvabbk),U_ h.6 Hjfa (7119/8-7?83), Knstktutas jo tea Bgwas jo Andbgnc, 7?956 Ibghfstjna (7498-7450) ,Hjmmantgrkas jn tea bgws jo Andbgnc, 74?1-74?;6 sgorgndaSXk< Cumjubkn (7100-71??),Yëvkskjn ca bg Hjutuma ca Pgrks, 7170 (718;)6Duy Hjqukbba (Hjnheybaus) (7198-7?08),Knstktutkjns gu crjkt orgnägks, 7?046 Pjtekar (7?;;-7449), Pgncahtga Lustknkgnga kn njvumjrcknam ckdastga, 7435-74196 Srgktë cas jibkdgtkjns, 74?7 ath.6darmgnkgXk< Hgrpzjv(Ianackft, car Lòndara 71;1-7???) , Lurksprucantkg ojransks Yjmgnj-Xgxkjng, 7?856 Mavkus (7?0;-7?40), Cahkskjnas supar hgusks prgahkpuks gc summum trkiungb radkum _ksmgrkansacabgtks, 7?;5. 793 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, Hgraks, Cka _artrãda zu Dunstan Crkttar, 7548, § 7?, 13,rjmabkhdbjsgtjraiksg cg fjmantgtjraiks mjYvgwajigs umnkXvnabjc gogsaisrjdjrh Sajrkubk, ksa prgqtkfubk SvgbsgzrkskS. 791 eumgnkstSg sfjbks wgrmjmgcdanbaik grkgn, mgdgbkSgc, okbjbjdaik< Bjranzj _gbbg (730?-7314), Gndabj Pjbkzkgnj (7313-73;3)6 gsava mkbgnabk kurkstk Gbhkgtus (73;9-7118), rjmbks kcaaimgh var pjvg dgvrhabaig ktgbkgXk cg mgnsgorgndaSXk gxgbk sfjbg cggou\ng6 orgndubk sfjbks arS-arSk yvabgzaSvgbsgHknj wgrmjmgcdanabkg Lgquas Hulgz (Hukghkus, 7199-71;0), rjmabkhkustknkgnas fraiubks wkngncabk wygrjaiks dgmjyanaikSgh dgmjkrHajcg6 darmgnubk sfjbks wgrmjmgcdanabkg Qbrkhe \gskus (73?7-7181)6gsava dvkgncabkeumgnktgrubk sfjbkcgn gYsgnkXngvkg Lghjius Djtejoracus (7159-7?19), rjmbksmkar Xasrubaiubk Sajcjskusks fjcaqsks fjmantgrk cYamca sgufaSasjckSvbaig6 uorj dvkgncabk bakcanks nkcarbgncurk sfjbkcgngYsgnkXngvkg Ljegnnas ca _jat (7?34-7473)6 mkSkSaiubkg< Fjshegfar , Aurjpg unc cgsrÿmkshea Yahet, 7;15, 70; oo.6Xagc. gsava _arknd , Dashekheta unc Knstktutkjnan carrÿmkshean Prkvgtrahetas, 75?4, § 88, ?0 oo.




98

okbjbjdais, kurkstaiSgn XacgraikS, rgmcankma upkrgtaskmaSjcjbjdkurk cg oskqjbjdkurk kgrgYk gYmjgHncgS< iar\nubkshjcngm mgS mgngmca kdnjrkraiubk iar\nubk Hgngwaraiks dggzraiks,xjbj fraiubks mkmgrS zacmatk Sgyvgnkshamksgdgn Sgvksuogbmg,mahnkarubmg mkcdjmgm grgarSk cgmgxknlaiks gYmjHanks sgXugbaigmkshg.79? mgS sgmgrSgbmhjcnajigs ma-71-ma-7? sgufunaaiks fbgskfurkokbjbjdkks maSjcjbjdkg Xamgtas. 794 eumgnkstaimg cggogsasckdastaiks, sgvgrgucjc, yvabgza \vabk cg, Xasgigmksgc, ngfbaigccgmgxknlaiubk varskg òbjrantkng~. 795 mgS grkstjtabas dvarckSsgmgrSbksg Su sgzjdgcjaiks dgnvkSgraiksSvks pbgtjnksg cgstjkfjsaiks mnkXvnabjigh wgrmjgHknas. 79;

eumgnkstaimg kustknkgnas fraiubksg Su mksk fjmantgraiksdgmjyanaig aTvks qvaX cggyanas. hkharjnks bgSknurksSgyvgnksmhambaimg fjmantgtjrais mgSk ìgrigrjsubk~ bgSknurkhcguwunas, 780 rkSgh, gbigS, grgpkrcgpkr xabk Xauwyvas sgmgrSgbXkarjvnubk SvkSXadnaiks dgYvk\aigs. 787 mgS Sgvgcva Hguygrassgou\vabk gm tancanhkgs sxvgcgsxvg qvaynks `mXjibkurk

sgmgrSbks~789

mnkXvnabjiks wgrmjHankS. kustknkgnas fraiubkspgrgbaburgc ksknk sub uorj cg uorj ckc mnkXvnabjigs

79? Fjshegfar , Aurjpg unc cgs rÿmkshea Yahet, 7;15, 70? o.794 kx. Poakooar , Ekstjry jo hbgsskhgb shejbgrsekp orjm 7800 tj 7510, Jxojrc, 7;4?,hktkraiubkg< Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc K, Ãbtaras Damaknas Yahet, 7;51, § ; K,?4.795 „ Objrantkng‒ („bkttarg Objrantkng‒). kx.< _arknd , Dashekheta unc Knstktutkjnan car rÿmksheanPrkvgtrahetas, 75?4, § 89, 14 o.6 Fjshegfar , Aurjpg unc cgs rÿmkshea Yahet, 7;15, 70?.79; kx.< Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc K, Ãbtaras Damaknas Yahet, 7;51, § 1 KK, 31,mgSXjrks mkSkSaikS ma-71 sgufunaXk objranhkabk okHknjs ( Mgrskbkj Okhknj, 7388-73;;

) mkar pbgtjnks okbjsjokgsg cg ma-7? sgufunaXk kustusbkpskusks ( Lustus Bkpskus, 7134-7?0?) mkar najstjkhkzmks sfjbks Hgmjyg-bkiaiks Xasgxai. mjdvkgnaikS as ufgngsfnabk dgnmgngSbaibjiks parkjcksrghkjngburk iunaikSk sgmgrSbks arS-arS wygrjc kqhg. 780 kx., mgdgbkSgc< Fjshegfar , Aurjpg unc cgs rÿmkshea Yahet, 7;15, 777 o.6Hjknd ,Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc K, Ãbtaras Damaknas Yahet, 7;51, § ; K, ?4.787 Fjshegfar , Aurjpg unc cgs rÿmkshea Yahet, 7;15, 777 o., mgS Xjrks sgyurgcYaijmkSkSaikS, rjm kndbksXk ma-79-ma-78 sgufunaaiXk sgsgmgrSbjs angbgSknurk kyj cg sgsgmgrSbj gqtaik ma-75 sgufunamca bgSknurgcwgrmjaicg. gmgsSgn, sgmaoj sgsgmgrSbjaiXk sgqmks dgnxkbvg orgndubgcmkmckngrajicg cg gcvjfgtaikh orgndubs kyanaicnan. ma-73 sgufunkcgnSgncgSgn kwyaig kndbksurk ankS Hgnghvbaig, rgsgh mjeyvg òrgndub-kndbksurk kurkckubk anks~ Hgmjygbkiaig, rjmabkh mxjbjc kurkstaisasmjcgS. gm angza ma-75 sgufunamca kwaraijcg `yjvabwbkurk fraiubaik~cg kurkckubk Xknggrsks ngXrjmaik (ayrcnjig< Ejbcswjrte , G Ekstjry jo AndbkseBgw, KK, 344 at saq., _K, 147).789 „kus pgtrkum‒.




93

gnkTaicnan sxvg wygrjais, mgS Xjrks, gntkfurk xgnks pjataiks,okbjsjojsaiksg cg kstjrkfjsaiks xacvgs. 788 mjdvkgnaikS,mgdgbkSgc, ogiarks 783 frktkfubk cgmjfkcaiubaig kustknkgnasg cgtrkijnkgnas 781 mkmgrS kqgmca mkvkcg, rjm ksknk \vabk, fbgskfurksgmgrSbks dgmygbiaibaigcgh fk Xarghxg. 78? eumgnkstaiks gsaSkmkcdjmks pjzktkurk Xacadk, mgSk wkngmjriacaiksdgn kustknkgnasfraiubks ojnza TaXmgrktk sgmgrSbksdgn dgcgxvavgc gYqmubk,hgbfaubk sgxabmwkojs stgtutaiksg cg Hvaubaiaiks mnkXvnabjikswgrmjHang cg mgSk sgmgrSbks srubogsjvgn wygrjc mkHnavksprjhasks xabXawyjig kyj. 784

eumgnkstaiks dgrfvaubk ngwkbks rgckfgburkcgmjfkcaiubaiks mkuxacgvgc, mgSk majra ngwkbk kustknkgnasfraiubaiks, dbjsgrkumaiksg cg fjmantgraiks fgrd hjcngssgunkvarsktatj cg sglgrj fgrkarksSvks kyanaicg. 785 gmks pgrgba-burgc, sub uorj hxgck xcaijcg, rjm prgqtkfjsk kurkstksSvkskstjrkub-okbjbjdkurk maSjcaik ngfbaigc dgmjsgcadk kyj cgupkrgtasjig fvbgvgh `igrtjbkstur~ sqjbgstkfgs ankTaijcg. 78;

nkXgncjibkvkg, rjm ma-7? sgufunaXk sgorgndaSXk, sgcgheumgnkstaiks sfjbg yvabgza pjpubgrubk cg dgvrhabaiubk kyj,unkvarsktatais gvgbcaiubaicnan, swgvbaig igrtjbusks fjmantgrks sgou\vabza wgramgrSgS. 730 mgdgbkSgc, darmgnkksunkvarsktataiXk gsaSk vgbcaiubaig uXugbjc unkvarsktataikswascaiaikS cdkncaijcg. 737

788 Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc K, Ãbtaras Damaknas Yahet, 7;51, § ; K, ?5,mgSXjrks mkSkSaikS, rjm drjhkusk ( Eudj Drjtkus, 7158-7?31) xgbxSg sgarSjdjnks dgmjmxgtvabk „kus dantkum-ks‒ \kaiksgs Sgvks ngXrjmXk `jmksg cgmXvkcjiks sgmgrSbks Xasgxai~ ( Ca kura iabbk gh pghks, Pgrks, 7?91)gntkfurkbktargturks uzgcj hjcngs gmLYgvnais. 783 Gntjnkus Ogiar(7114-7?93).781 Srkijnkgn( Obgvkus Srkijnkgnus, hg. 100-134).78? Fjshegfar , Aurjpg unc cgs rÿmkshea Yahet, 7;15, 70? o.6kx. trkijnkgnas mkarkustknkgnas fgnjnSg fraiubks XamuXgvaiksgs XarHaub maSjcSgn cgfgvXk-raikS< _arknd , Dashekheta unc Knstktutkjnan car rÿmkshean Prkvgtrahetas, 75?4, § 9;, 10 o.,mgS Xjrks mkSkSaikS, rjm hgbfaubk kurkstks ngXrjmks mjckokhkraigSu mksgcgdaig mgSk cgwarkcgn fraiubks XamuXgvaigmca Xahvbkbk dgramj-aiaiks dgSvgbkswknaikS mjxcg. 784 Xagc. Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc K, Ãbtaras Damaknas Yahet, 7;51, § ; K, ?;.785 Fjshegfar , Aurjpg unc cgs rÿmkshea Yahet, 7;15, 774 o.78; eumgnkstaiks frktkfgs mahnkarubgc cgsgiuSaiubk pgsuxk Sgngmacrj-vaSgdgn ktgbkurk wgrmjXjiks jqsojrcabmg prjoasjrmg lantkbkm ( Gbiarkhj Dantkbk, 7119-7?05) dgshg. kx. Dantkbk, Ca kurks kntarpratkius ckgbjdk sax, 7159,hktkraiubkg< Fjshegfar , Aurjpg unc cgs rÿmkshea Yahet, 7;15, 770, 779.730 Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc K, Ãbtaras Damaknas Yahet, 7;51, § ; K, ?5.737 Fjshegfar , Aurjpg unc cgs rÿmkshea Yahet, 7;15, 770.




91

8.8 Sgvksuogbk sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbairkvk gzrjvnaiks ojrmkraig

dgbkbaksg 739 cg nkutjnks 738 fvbavaiksg cg cafgrtks 733 XamahnaiksokbjsjokkS `dgogrSjaiubk sgmygrjs~ 731 wygbjikS SgncgSgn\gbgs kfrais dgramjaiaiks mahnkarubgc cgsgiuSaiks, rghkjng-burgc gxsnks Xasg\baibjiks rwmang. 73? ma-74 sgufunks Xugparkjckcgn avrjpub unkvarsktataiXk kwyaig cafgrtks okbjsjokks swgvbaig cg, gmks pgrgbaburgc, gvtjrktatubkXaxacubaiaiks, rjdjrh mjhamubjiks, nghvbgc gcdkbs kmfvkcraisknckvkcks djnk. 734 gmgsSgn, mahnkarubk gzrjvnaig dgigtjnaiubkgzrksgSvks sgfuSgrk frktkfubk gngbkzks cgpkrkspkraigsdubksxmjis, rgh iuncjvgnk cg rSubk ojrmubaiks ugryjokSg cgmgrtkvk, ouncgmanturk prknhkpaiks HgmjygbkiaikS srubcaig. 735

ma-75 sgufunaXk rghkjngbkzmmg grsaikSgc srubgc cgkpyrjavrjpubk gzrjvnaig. gmgsSgn, gntkfurk parkjcks Xaxacubaiaik cgogsaubjiaik gYgr grks dgnvkSgraiks mkuwvcjmabk sgoaxurk.sgmygrjs rgjiks Xasgxai gxgbk gYmjHanaik cg mahnkaraiks

dgnvkSgraig gmygrais rwmangs, rjm gntkfurk sgmygrjs mkYwavaisXak\baig djnaikS cgupkrkspkrca cg as ir\jbg gYgr grksuSgngswjrj.

sgkntarasjg ks, rjm rghkjngburk iunaikSk sgmgrSgbk 73; kndbkssg cg sgorgndaSXk fbgskfur dgmjxgtubaigs, SgngmacrjvadgdaikS, sglgrj sgmgrSgbXk pjvais. gmks sgpkrkspkrjc,mgdgbkSgc, darmgnkgXk kdk upkrgtasgc far\j sgmgrSgbXkvbkncaig. 710

739 Dgbkbaj Dgbkbak (71?3-7?39).738 Ksggh Nawtjn (7?38-7494). 733 Yanë Cashgrtas (71;?-7?10).731 „ras axtansga‒. 73? kx., mgdgbkSgc, Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc K, Ãbtaras Damaknas Yahet, 7;51,§ 1 KKK, 3?.734 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc K, Ãbtaras Damaknas Yahet,7;51, § 1 KKK, 3? o.6 § ; KK, ?;.735 Cashgrtas, Yådbas pjur bg ckrahtkjn ca b‛aspkrkt, Jauvras at battars, Pgrks, 7;??, 84-77;,mkSkSaiubkg< Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc K, Ãbtaras Damaknas Yahet, 7;51, § ; KK,?; o.73; Xagc. `iunaikSk~ Su `kcagburk~ sgmgrSbks, grsaikSgc, sgmgrSbksokbjsjokgsSgn dgkdkvaikS _arknd , Dashekheta unc Pgncaftan cas rÿmkshean unc

eautkdan damaknan Prkvgtrahets, 7554, § ?, 97.710 Xagc. Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc K, Ãbtaras Damaknas Yahet, 7;51, § 70 K, 48,Xamcdjmk mkSkSaikS< Fbkppab , Pjbktkshea Orakeakt unc Orakeaktsraheta km cautshean Ngturrahet cas 75. Lgereuncarts, Pgcaijrn, 7;4?, 57.




9?

ijcanks 717 cgmsgxuraigg `suvaranktatks~ 719 hnaiks ojrmkraigSu mksk Xknggrsks mahnkaraiksgSvks gYmjHang. sgxabmwkojssuvaranubk uobaiks ngwkbkg fgnjnXamjqmacaig, rgh knckvkckssgmgrSbksgcmk cgqvamcaigraikS ragbkzcaig. 718

drjhkusks mkar `kus dantkumks~, gnu yvabg xgbxXkarSngkrgc mjqmack sgmgrSbks, 713 \kaiks Xacadgc xgbxSg XjrksurSkarSjiaik sgarSgXjrksj sgmgrSbgc, sgxabmwkoj urSkarSj-iaiks mjngwkbac ‘ `pkrgc~, xjbj hgbfaub sgxabmwkojXkmhxjvraik knckvkck xabXafrubaiks mxgrac ygbkicaig. 711 grsaikSgcmks sgxabs ufgvXkrcaig Sgngmacrjva, `rghkjngburk iunaikSksgmgrSbks~ 71? cgou\naig. 714 mksk kcaaiks dgmjxgtubaig cg arSdvgrkprgqtkfubk dgnxjrhkabaigg 75?3 wbks Lanavks fjnvanhkg wkSabklvrks Xasgxai 715.71;

dgrcg gmksg, drjhkusks mjYvgwajigs majra grgngfbaimnkXvnabjvgnk mxgra gqvs. mks mkar naiks dgmjvbanksg cgxabXafrubaiks cgcaiks gngbkzk, pgncaqturk sgmgrSbkSdgnxjrhkabaiubk mjckokhkraiaiks dgSvgbkswknaikS, cYamca

mnkXvnabjvgn dgvbangs gxcans gm knstktutaiks dggzraigza. mgsafuSvnks, mgdgbkSgc< stjkfjsSg Xaxacubaiaiks dgnvrhjikssgou\vabza, sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaiks cgfgvXkraig `naiksg~ cg`dgmjvbanks~ fjmpjnantaiks SgnxvacrgsSgn6 7?0 `dgmjvbanks~Xahnjigcjiks dgmjfvaSg cg jikaqturk dgmjvbanks mnkXvnabjiksdgmj knckvkcks ijTvks gYkgraig6 7?7 hgbmxrkvgc mgvgbcaiubaiabxabXafrubaigXk ngfksrk vgbcaiubaiks Xasrubaiks guhkbai-bjiks cgsgiuSaig, mgdgbkSgc, hkharjnks (`sktyvks Xasrubaig

717 Lagn Ijckn (7180-71;?).719 „ sjuvargknatë‒. 718 Ijckn , Bas skx bkvras ca bg Yëpuibkqua, 714?.713 Xagc. Earmjdankgnus, Ckdastg 7,7,1.711 Drjtkus, Ca kura iabbk gh pghks, 7?91, kn<vjn Fkrhemgnn (Ersd.), Crak Iòhear òiar cgs Yahetcas Frkadas unc Orkacans, 75?;, K, K, K, ?4 oo.6 KK, KK, K, 98; oo.71? Xagc. Tkaghfar, Prkvgtrahetsdashekheta car Nauzakt, 7;?4, 95; oo.714 kx., mgdgbkSgc, Drjtkus, Ca kura iabbk gh pghks, 7?91, kn<vjn Fkrhemgnn (Ersd.), CrakIòhear òiar cgs Yahet cas Frkadas unc Orkacans, 75?;, K, K, KU, 48 oo.715 Hjnvantkjn ojr tea Gmabkjrgtkjn jo tea Hjncktkjn jo tea Tjuncac kn Grmkas kn tea Okabc,99.05.75?3. 71; drjhkusks rjmgntkfubk iunaikSk sgmgrSbks arSdvgrk gntkpjckg mkskSgngmacrjva ejisk (Sejmgs Ejiis , 7155-7?4;) Sgvksk sgxabmwkojs SajrkkS(Bavkgtegn, 7?17). kdk fgnjns iunaikS sgmgrSbgc ghxgcais, rjmbks dgraXah`gcgmkgnk gcgmkgnksSvks mdabkg~ ( „ejmj ejmknk bupus‒).7?0 Drjtkus, Ca kura iabbk gh pghks, 7?91, kn<vjn Fkrhemgnn (Ersd.), Crak Iòhear òiar cgs Yahetcas Frkadas unc Orkacans, 75?;, KK, UK, K_, 8;9 oo.7?7 kqva, KK, UK, K_, 8;3 oo.




94

sgmgrSbkgnjiks sgou\vabkg~), 7?9 ckdastaiks (`xabXafrubaig uncgXasrubcas~) 7?8, gsava \vabsg cg gxgb gYSqmgXk YvSks gYSqmksXasrubaiks upkrjijiks mjXvabkaikS (gcgmkgnk xjm YvSks xgtgcggXaqmnkbk cg mgsSgn msdgvsaigs uncg aswrgojcas, Xasgigmksgc, SuYmarSk gsrubais cgpkraigs, mgs gcgmkgnmg uncg mkig\js)6 7?3 vgbcaiubaiks wgrmjXjiksSvks, zjdgcgc, gqhaptksg cg mkskmkYaigsgvgbcaiubjjiks mnkXvnabjiks wgrmjHang 7?1 cg g.X. 7??

puoancjrok 7?4 7?49 wabs dgmjqvaynaiub ngXrjmXk iunaikSksgmgrSbks skstamgs qmnks. mksk \krkSgck Sazgg ks, rjm gcgmkgnkSvkSdgnvkSgraigsg cg SvkSdgcgrHangza zrunvks pgrgbaburgcsjhkgbur Sgngqmacaigzag 7?5 jrkantkraiubk. gcgmkgnks uobaig cgvgbcaiubaigg SvkSdgcgrHang cg Sgvcghvg, gsava okzkfurk cgsubkark dgnvkSgraig. knckvkck Sgvksk kntarasaiks ragbkzaiksgssxvaiks Xasgigmks kntarasais kSvgbkswknais cg xabs uwyjisrjdjrh Sgvksk, ksa gm sxvgSg kntarasaiks ragbkzaigs. Sgvksuo-baig cg Sgngswjrjig sgmgrSbks, mksk skstamks ouncgmanturkYkraiubaiaikg. 7?;

vjbok 740

cg mksk mjwgoaaik xvawan iunaikSk sgmgrSbksskstamgs, rgh iunaikcgn mjmckngra hnaiaiks ogrSj spaqtrksojrmkraikS vbkncaig. 747 vjboks okbjsjokurk xacvks wygbjikSsgmgrSgbXk cgmfvkcraiub hnaiais dgnafuSvnaig, mgdgbkSgc,`hnjikark~ 749. mjdvkgnaikS iunaikSk sgmgrSbks gm mkmgrSubaiksxacvaik dgmjxgtubaigs pruskksg cg gvstrkks fjckokfghkaiXkpjvais.

7?9 kqva, KK, UK, K, 85;.7?8 kqva, „ pghtg sunt sarvgncg‒,Xagc. gsava Qbpkgnus, Ckdastg 9,73,7.7?3 kqva, KK, UK, K_, 8;9 o.7?1 kqva, KK, UK, UK_, 307 oo.7?? Xagc. gsava Tkaghfar, Prkvgtrahetsdashekheta car Nauzakt, 7;?4, 9;8 oo., mgS XjrksXamcdjmk mkSkSaikS Ckassabejrst , Cka Baera c. Drjtkus vjm _arsprahean, Fÿbn/Drgz,7;1;, 3 oo.7?4 Xgmuab vjn Puoancjro (7?89-7?;3).7?5 „gnkmgb sjhkgikba‒. 7?; Puoancjro , Ca kura ngturga at dantkum, Jxojrc, 7;83, Bkiar 9,hktkraiubkg< Hjknd ,Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc K, Ãbtaras Damaknas Yahet, 7;51, § 70 K, 48.kx. gsava \kmmarmgnn, Yjmgn Bgw gnc tea Egrmjnksgtkjn jo Prkvgta Bgw kn Aurjpa, kn< Egrtfgmp/Eassabknf/Ejnckus/Ljustrg/cu Parrjn/_abcmgn(acs.), Sjwgrcs g Aurjpagn HkvkbHjca, 9003, 9;.740 Herkstkgn Tjbbo (7?4;-7413).747 vjbok Xasg\baiabkg HgkSvgbjs ma-7; sgufunks `hnaigSg kurkspru-canhkks~ ( „ Iadrkooslurksprucanz‒) arSdvgr `cgmou\naibgc~. kx. Tkaghfar,Prkvgtrahetsdashekheta car Nauzakt, 7;?4, 875 oo.6 890.749 „ Iawusstsakn‒ (bgSknurgc< „hjnshkantkg‒).




95

bjfk 748 Sgvks ngXrjmXk 743 gvkSgrais gzrs, rjm sgxabmwkojXakqmng knckvkcks skhjhxbks, xabXauxaibjiks, Sgvksuobaiks,Sgngswjrjiksg Su Sgngigrk Xasg\baibjiaiks Sgngirgcragbkzaiks uzrunvabsgyjogc. 741 Mmgn Sgvksk mj\YvraikSgrsaikSgc sgxabmwkojs mkar gcgmkgnks uobaiaiks cghvks kcagsHguygrg sgou\vabk, rgh gXX-Xk 744? wabs, xjbj sgorgndaSXk 745;wabs gcgmkgnks uobaigSg cafbgrghkaiks dgmjhxgcaikScgdvkrdvkncg. 74?

mjntasfkas 744 `fgnjnSg djnk~ 745 sgmgrSbks wygrjaiksdgcgogsaiks Xacadgc fgnjnks mnkXvnabjiks gYzavaiks pkfkg. mksmkar Hgmjygbkiaiubk mkmckngrajig sgmgrSbks dgnvkSgraiksfjnhantrghkgs fgnjnza gxcans cg mjsgmgrSbas mks zacmkwavnkSXasrubaigs gvgbcaiubais. 74; gmgsSgn, sgou\vabk ayraigfgnjnXamjqmacaiks Sajrkgs, 750 rjmbks hgbfaubk dgmjvbknaig

748 Ljen Bjhfa (7?89-7403).743 Bjhfa, Swj Sragtksas jo Djvarnmant, 74?3 (pkrvabk sgmk dgmjhamg gvtjrksskhjhxbaXk dgnxjrhkabcg< 7?5;-;0, 7?;3, 7?;5 wbaiXk, masgma dgmjhamkstaqstk gvtjrmg grsaikSgc dgngvrhj cg, gmgvcrjubgc, grsaiubkXahcjmaikh dggswjrg, rgh srubgc grks knfjrpjrkraiubk 74?3 wbksmaaqvsa dgmjhamgXk. kx. Bjhfa, Xahjnc Sragtksa jo Djvarnmant (rap. jo 7?;0 puibkhgtkjn), Mghqearsjn (ac.), kntrjcuhtkjn, 7;50, 7.741 „Sj uncarstgnc pjbktkhgb pjwar rkdet, gnc carkva kt orjm kst jrkdkngb, wa must hjnskcar, wegt stgta gbb man gra ngturgbby kn, gnc tegt ks, g stgta jo paroaht oraacjm tj jrcar teakr ghtkjns, gncckspjsa jo teakr pjssasskjns gnc parsjns, gs teay teknf okt, wktekn tea ijuncs jo tea bgw jo ngtura,wektejut gsfknd bagva, jr capancknd upjn tea wkbb jo gny jtear mgn.

G stgta gbsj jo aqugbkty, wearakn gbb tea pjwar gnc lurksckhtkjn ks rahkprjhgb, nj jna egvkndmjra tegn gnjtear6 teara iaknd njteknd mjra avkcant, tegn hragturas jo tea sgma spahkas gnc

rgnf, prjmkshujusby ijrn tj gbb tea sgma gcvgntgdas jo ngtura, gnc tea usa jo tea sgma oghubtkas, sejubc gbsj ia aqugbjna gmjndst gnjtear wktejut suijrckngtkjn jr suilahtkjn… ‒, Bjhfa, Swj Sragtksas jo Djvarnmant, 74?3 (Xahjnc Sragtksa jo Djvarnmant, 7;50), Ijjf KK,Hegptar KK, § 3.74? Xagc. gsava Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc K, Ãbtaras Damaknas Yahet, 7;51, § 70K, 48.744 Hegrbas Mjntasqukau(7?5;-7411).745 Mjntasqukau, Ca B‛aspkrkt cas bjks, Pgrks, 7435. 74; „un taxta prëhks ca bg bjk‒, Mjntasqukau, Ca B‛aspkrkt cas bjks, 7435, UK, ?,hktkraiubkg<Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc K, Ãbtaras Damaknas Yahet, 7;51, § 77 KK, 45.750 gm mkmgrSubaiks fbgskfur ngXrjmais mkafuSvnaig< Okbgndkark, Bg shkanzg cabbgbadksbgtkjna, _anazkg, 7459-74;76 Iantegm, Sea Tjrfs jo Laramy Iantegm, Puibkseac uncar teasuparkntancgnha jo eks axahutjr Ljen Ijwrknd, Bjncjn, 7585-7538 (Naw [jrf, 7;?9)6 gmSvgbsgzrkskS gsava sgkntarasjg rusaSXk afgtarkna KK-ks crjkncabkknstruqhkg, rjmabkh orgndub cg darmgnub anaizah dgmjqvayncg<Knstruhtkjn, cjnnëa pgr Hgtearkna KK. Kmpërgtrkha at Bëdksbgtrkha ca tjutas bas Yusskas à bgHjmmksskjn ëtgibka pgrhatta Xjuvargkna, pjur trgvgkbbar à bg rëcghtkjn c‛un njuvagu Hjca ca




9;

Sgngmacrjva sgmgrSgbXkh XangrHunaiubkg `fgnjnks mjqmacaiksXaogsaiksg~ 757 Su `mjwasrkdaiks Xacadks gngbkzks~ 759 sgxabwj-caikS.

Xjtbgnckabk kurkstk stag 758 pkrvabgc 7?57 wabsdgmjqvaynaiub Xjtbgnckks sgmgrSbks knstktuhkaiXk 753 svgmsfkSxvgs, Su rgmcangc Xasg\baiabkg, gn uncg kyjs Su grgsgmgrSgbk dgnxkbubk rghkjngbur ckshkpbkngc, ksaSkprknhkpaikS, rjmbaikcgngh cgsfvnaik Xak\baig dgfaScas 751 cgcgcaikSgc pgsuxjis. 75? grsaikSgc mksk mjYvgwajiks cgmsgxuraikSXjtbgnckks sgsgmgrSbj prgqtkfgXk cYamca xcaig rjmkssgmgrSbks hktkraig. 754

bgkinkhk hckbjis kustknkgnas fraiubks taqstksSgngmacrjva skstamks mkxacvkS cgbgdaigs, a.w. `dgngxbaiubkfgnjnSg fraiubks~ 755 Su `gxgbk fjcaqsks~ 75; XamuXgvaigs. 7;0 gmgsSgn, mklngvs wass gm wasks dgmjyanaikS mkYaiubk hgbfaubkdgcgwyvatkbaiksdgn. 7;7 kdk ubpkgnas mkar ojrmubkraiubsgmgrSbks sgm ouncgmantur wassg Su prknhkps 7;9 kzkgrais ‘

`Ykrsaubgc khxjvra, grvkn xabyj, SkSjaubs Sgvksk mkuzYa~7;8

.

bjkx, Gmstarcgm, 7449 (darmgnubk varskg cgkiaTcg rkdgXk 74?5 wabs )6hktkra-iubkg< Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc K, Ãbtaras Damaknas Yahet, 7;51, § 77 K, 4?.757 „Dasatzasojbdangisheãtzund ‒. 759 „ Yadubgtjry Kmpght Gssassmant ‒.Xagc. zamjS, ma-78 sqjbkj. 758 Xkr Lgmas Cgbrympba Xtgkr (7?7;-7?;1).753 „ Knstktutkjns jo tea Bgws jo Xhjtbgnc ‒. 751 „Teatear bgw mgy, jr sejubc, ia egncbac gs g rgtkjngb ckshkpbkna, egvknd prknhkpbas orjmweanha kts hjnhbuskjns mgy ia cacuhac:‒,kx. Xtgkr , Sea Knstktutkjns jo tea Bgw jo Xhjtbgnc,cacuhac orjm kts jrkdkngbs, gnc hjbbgtac wkte tea hkvkb, hgnjn gnc oaucgb bgws, gnc wkte teahustjms jo nakdeijurknd ngtkjns kn 3 ijjfs, Ackniurde, 7?;8, K, K, nj. 74,hktkraiubkg<

Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc K, Ãbtaras Damaknas Yahet, 7;51, § ; KKK, 40 o.75? Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc K, Ãbtaras Damaknas Yahet, 7;51, § ; KKK, 47.754 kx. \kmmarmgnn, Yjmgn Bgw gnc tea Egrmjnksgtkjn jo Prkvgta Bgw kn Aurjpa, kn< Egrtfgmp/Eassabknf/Ejnckus/Ljustrg/cu Parrjn/_abcmgn(acs.), Sjwgrcs g Aurjpagn HkvkbHjca, 9003, 87 at saq.755 „Hjrpus kurks rahjnhknngtum‒. 75; „Hjrpus Njvus‒. 7;0 kx. Bukd , Bakinkz gbs Cjdmgtkfar cas Prkvgtrahets, kn< Iaerancs/Ckassabejrst/_jss (Ersd.),Yÿmksheas Yahet kn car aurjpãkshean Srgcktkjn, Xympjskjn gus GnbgÚ cas 41. Daiurtstgdas vjnOrgnz Tkaghfar, 7;51, 978 oo.7;7 Bakinkz,Apkstjbg ca ngavks at amancgtkjna Kurksprucantkga Yjmgnga, kn< Jparg Jmnkg, Dano,7455, K_,mkSkSaiubkg< Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc K, Ãbtaras Damaknas Yahet,7;51, § ; KKK, 40 o.7;9 „trkg prgahaptg kurks‒. 7;8 „ejnasta vkvara, gbtarum njn bgacara, suum hukqua trkiuara‒,Qbpkgnus, Ckdastg 7,7,70,76Knstktutkj 7,7,8.kx. gm orgzks gbtarngtkubk Sgrdmgnk< `pgtkjsngc khxjvra,sxvgs zkgnk gr mkgyanj, SkSjaubs Sgvksk mkuzYa~, gsava `pgtkjsngc




80

mgSza cgyrcnjikS bgkinkhk hckbjis dgnsgzYvrjs gxgbk skstamg,rgSg knckvkcs hgbfaub vkSgraigXk sgmgrSbkgnjiks Xahnjigdgugcvkbjs. gmgsSgn, `Ykrsaubgc khxjvra~ mksSvks `unkvarsgburksgmgrSbkgnjiks~ 7;3 ojrmubgg, pkrgck srubyjokbaiksfan swrgovgsgzjdgcjaiks sgfaSkbcYajc, dvarckS mcdjmks xabXawyjig cghxjvraiksaubk dzks jikaqturgc sgsgrdaibjc wgrmgrSvg. 7;1

msdgvsk tancanhkg XaknkXnaig cjmgs 7;? ouncgmantur ngXrjmXk,rjmabXkh kdk mkzngc ksgxgvs sgmjqgbgqj fgnjnaiks, mgSkiunairkvk wasrkdks mkxacvkS, skstamgtkzghkgs. 7;4 gmgsSgn,mahnkarubk Ykraiubaiks SvgbsgzrkskS, ckdastaiksg cgkustknkgnas `fjcaqsks~ dvarckS mnkXvnabjvgn gcdkbs kfgvaisknstktuhkaik. 7;5 gxgb skstamgXk kustknkgnas fraiubks taqstksmkSkSaig grsaikSgc mxjbjc sqjbkjXk xcaig, mksdgn Hgmjyg-bkiaiubk zjdgck wasaiksg cg prknhkpaiks dgsgmygraibgc. 7;; asgrks prjhask, rjmabkh fbgskfur dgmjxgtubaigs pgncaqtkstkfgXkmkkYais. grsaikSgc, gm tancanhkks Xamglgmaiabk ngXrjmkgvkncXgkcks 900 pgncaqturk sgmgrSbks sgxabm\Yvgnabj. 907

eudjsg 909

cg sgvknks mkar cgou\naiubk `kstjrkubksgmgrSbks sfjbg~ 908 sgmgrSbks dgnvkSgraiksSvks upkrgtask

hxjvraig, sxvksSvks zkgnks grmkyanaig, SkSjaubksSvks Sgvksks mkzYvg~,surdubg\a (mSgrdmnabk), rjmks sgmgrSbks \adbaik, kustknkgnasckdastaik, K, 9000, 976 kustknkgnas knstktuhkaik, 9009, 786 „ejnasta‒darmgnubSgrdmgnXkh `pgtkjsngc~ ( „ Aeranegot ‒) grks Sgrdmnkbk, kx< Iaerancs/Fnòtab/ Fupkshe/Xakbar (Ersd.), Hjrpus Kurks Hkvkbks, Saxt unc Òiarsatzundan, Ignc KK, Ckdastan 7-70,7;;1, ;36 Ignc K, Knstktutkjnan, 9 Guobgda, 7;;4, 9.7;3 „ lustktkg unkvarsgbks‒. 7;1 kx. Bukd , Bakinkz gbs Cjdmgtkfar cas Prkvgtrahets, kn< Iaerancs/Ckassabejrst/_jss (Ersd.),Yÿmksheas Yahet kn car aurjpãkshean Srgcktkjn, Xympjskjn gus GnbgÚ cas 41. Daiurtstgdas vjnOrgnz Tkaghfar, 7;51, 975 oo.7;? Lagn Cjmgt , (7?91-7?;?).7;4 Cjmgt , Bas bjks hkvkbas cgns baur jrcra ngturab, 7?5;,mkSkSaiubkg< Hjknd , AurjpãksheasPrkvgtrahet, Ignc K, Ãbtaras Damaknas Yahet, 7;51, § ; KKK, 47.7;5 Xagc. Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc K, Ãbtaras Damaknas Yahet, 7;51, § ; KKK, 47 o.,mjsgzraikS, rjm, mnkXvnabjiks SvgbsgzrkskS, gqhantk knstktuhkaikssgsgrdaibjc Xakhvgbg. 7;; gm prknhkpza gdaiubk fbgskfurk ngXrjmaikg gsava darmgnkgXk< Eaknahhkus,Abamantg lurks Darmgnkhk, 74816 Eaknahhkus, Abamantg lurks ngturga at dantkum, 74846xjbjfgstkbkgXk< Gssj y Mgnuab , Knstktuhkjnas cab carahej hkvkb ca Hgstkbbg, 1. ackhkøn, Mgcrkc,74;9.900 Iarnegrc Tkncsheakc (7574-75;9).907 Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets, 75?9-7540 (wkngmcaigra ngXrjmXk dgmjyanaiubkg Ktjmks 7554 wbks ma-? dgmjhamg ).909 Dustgv Eudj (74?3-7533).908 „ Ekstjrkshea Yahetssheuba‒.




87

mnkXvnabjiks mqjnac `xgbxks subkcgn~ 903 mjmckngra sgfuSgrkqvaynks sgmgrSgbs gsgxabais, 901 Sumhg mgs rjmks sgmgrSbksdgndgnuyjobgc mkkHnavs. 90? gmgsSgn, hgbfaubk xgbxks sgmgrSgbk,ksava rjdjrh ang, fjnfratub xgbxSgn arSgc Su xgbxXkhjhxbjis, mgsSgn arSgc vkSgrcaig cg mgXkn fvcaig, rjcasgh asxgbxk sgfuSgr SvkSmyjogcjigs fgrdgvs. 904 kdk Sgvcgpkrvabgcknstknqtaiks cjnaza ygbkicaig cg HvaubaikS sgmgrSgbXkdgmjkxgtaig, dgnvkSgraiks mgYgb sgoaxurza mahnkarubXaxacubaiaisg cg sgsgmgrSbj prgqtkfgXk vbkncaig, mgdrgm grgfgnjnaiXk. 905 fgnjnks mkYaig ufkcurask guhkbaibjikS grksdgnpkrjiaiubk, mgs sgmgrSbks dgnvkSgraigza pjzktkurk dgvbangngfbaigc Xau\bkg, 90; ks xgbxmg Xasg\bjg Sgvksk dgnvkSgraiksmgYgb sgoaxurza mkkYjs, rgSg Xamcdjm, grgngyjokar parkjcXk,dgmjkyanjs rjdjrh `zgmSrksSvks mjmgrgdaiubk sgrHj~. 970 gmgsSgn,

903 „_jbfsdakst ‒. 901 eudj Sgvksk \krkSgck fvbavks dgmjqvaynaigmca (Baeriuhe aknas hkvkbkstkshean

Hursus, 4 Iãnca, 74;9-7597) gqvaynais arSdvgr skstamur gnjtghkgs (Knstktutkjnancas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, 745;), rjmbks XasgvgbXkh rjmks sgmgrSbkscaiubaiaiks ckc ngwkbs `dgmjusgcadgrs~ („unirguheigr ‒)uwjcais (§ ?, 75) cgkm ngwkbs, rjmabsgh darmgnkks sgmgrSbks dgnvkSgraiksgSvks mnkXvna-bjvngc mkkHnavs, skstamurgc gygbkiais (§ 5, 98 oo.). kx. gsava \wakdart/Fÿtz,Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 3 KK, 3;,ngfbaigc cgsgiuSaiubk mkSkSaikS, rjmkstjrkubk sgmgrSbks sfjbks wgrmjmgcdanbaimg ugryjokSk dgvbangmjgxcknas XacgraikSk sgmgrSbks dgnvkSgraigza. 90? kx., mgdgbkSgc, Eudj , Knstktutkjnan cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, 745;, § 3, 746Xgvkdny, _jm Iaruo unsrar \akt oòr Dasatzdaiund unc Yahetswkssanshegot, 7573, 84 oo.6Xagc.gsava _arknd , Dashekheta unc Knstktutkjnan car rÿmkshean Prkvgtrahetas, 75?4, § 88, ?7 o.,cgzustaikS, rjm rjmks sgmgrSbks `wygrjaiSgn cgirunaig~ gYgr grksksaSk kntanskurk, rjdjrkh as Xug sgufunaaiXk kyj. 904 „ Cgs Yahet wãhest gbsj mkt cam _jbfa ojrt, ikbcat skhe gus mkt ckasam, unc stkrit ancbkhe gi, sj wka cgs _jbf sakna Akdantòmbkhefakt varbkart .‒, Xgvkdny, _jm Iaruo unsrar \akt oòrDasatzdaiund unc Yahetswkssanshegot, 7573, 77.gm Xacgraiks sgpkrkspkrjc kx. Learknd , Car Fgmpo um cgs Yahet, 7549, 771,mjsgzraikS, rjm sgmgrSgbk anksmsdgvsgc umtfkvnaubjc fk gr wgrmjkXjig, `grgmac tfkvkbkS kigcaig~(„ Cgs Yahet antstaet nkhet wka cka Xprghea, nkhet shemarzbjs, nkhet km Tada ibjÚarÒiarzaudund, sjncarn as wkrc daijran mkt Xhemarzan, unc dargca cgrguo, cgss as mktXhemarzan daijran wkrc, wka cgs Fknc iak car Muttar, dargca cgrguo iaruet ckasa Frgot, cka skhe ekntarear cam Yaheta zuwancat .‒). 905 Xgvkdny, _jm Iaruo unsrar \akt oòr Dasatzdaiund unc Yahetswkssanshegot, 7573, 5 oo.90; fgnjnksg Su fjckokfghkks mfghr XaogsaigXk sgvknk Xasg\bjg mkfar\ja-iubgc HgkSvgbjs, vkngkcgn kdk sgarSj darmgnubk fjckokfghkks Xaqmnksguhkbaibjiksfan tkijs ( Gntjn Orkacrkhe Lustus Sekigut , 7449-7530) mjwjcaigspgsuxjis. kx. Sekigut , Qaiar cka Njtwanckdfakt aknas gbbdamaknan iòrdarbkhean Yahets oòrCautshebgnc, 7573, 7 oo.6 ?? o.970 Xgvkdny, _jm Iaruo unsrar \akt oòr Dasatzdaiund unc Yahetswkssanshegot, 7573, 9?.




89

sgvknk prkjrktatgc mjsgmgrSbaSg ksaS `mcdjmgrajigmca~ mkyvgngsmkkHnavs, rjcasgh mgS `hjhxbgc gzrjvnaiks ungrk~ dgnuvk-SgrcaigS, dgcgwyvatkbaiaiks ̀ maqgnkfurgc~ mkYaiks nghvbgc. 977

gmgsSgn, kstjrkubk sgmgrSbks sfjbks `rjmgnubk~orSksSvks darmgnkks sgmgrSgbk jrdgnubgc dgnuyjoabkg rjmkssgmgrSbksdgn. mgdgbkSgc, carniurdk, puxtg cg vkncXgkck wgrmjgcdanan sfjbgs, rjmabkh gsava pgncaqturk sgmgrSbkssfjbks sgxabwjcaikS grks hnjikbk. mgS mnkXvnabjvngcdgngpkrjias darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks cYavgncabk sgxa. 979

dgnsgfuSraiubk gYnkXvnks Ykrskg karkndks mkar rjmkssgmgrSgbza cgyrcnjikS Hgmjygbkiaiubk zjdgck prknhkpaikSg cghnaiaikS sgmgrSbks dgnvkSgraiks gxsnks mhcabjig. 978 `hnaigSgkurksprucanhkg~ 973, gnu `Sgngmacrjva rjmgnubk mahnkaraikssqjbgstkfg~, 971 Su `wmkncg ojrmgbur fgtadjrkaiza~ 97? cgmygraiubk `mfghrgc bjdkfurk~ 974 hnaigSg skstamks ojrmkraig, 975 mgn, puxtgs dgvbankS, Sgvcgpkrvabgc sgmgrSgbmhjcnajiks swjrmaSjcgc mkkHnkg cg km sgxkS dgngvkSgrg, rjm, Sgvkskva gYkgraikS,

mks sgmgdgbkSj fjbadgsgh dgcggTgrig.97;

mjdvkgnaikS mgn SgvkskXamgrSaig yjvabdvgrk ijTvksgdgn Sgvksuogbk km mazYvgurks YkgzYvgXk hurvgs Xagcgrg, rjmabkh hurvks prjhaskS tfiaig cg grzrungvs kmgza, Su rg sgqjnabs dgcgtvkrSgvs ngpkrza dgsvbksgs. 990

977 kx. Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 4 KK, 39,mgS Xjrkssgvknks mkar ojn darbgxks (vjn Darbghe) mkmgrS mkwarkbk warkbks hktkra-ikS< „can Ykhetarstgnc kn akna Bgda zu irkndan, kn wabhear ar mkt baianckdam Canfan uncnkhet guo mahegnkshea Taksa sakn Dasheãot vjbbirknda, gbsj ken zu arzkaean. Eãttan wkr cgsarrakhet, sj wãra Gbbas dawjnnan!‒ 979 Xagc. gsava \kmmarmgnn, Yjmgn Bgw gnc tea Egrmjnksgtkjn jo Prkvgta Bgw kn Aurjpa,kn< Egrtfgmp/Eassabknf/Ejnckus/Ljustrg/cu Parrjn/_abcmgn(acs.), Sjwgrcs g Aurjpagn HkvkbHjca, 9003, 89 at saq.978 Learknd , Dakst cas rÿmkshean Yahets guo can varshekacanan Xtuoan saknar Antwkhfbund, IgncK-KK (7519, 7513, 9. Guob. 75??), Ignc KKK 75?1,mkSkSaiubkg< _arknd , Dashekheta uncKnstktutkjnan car rÿmkshean Prkvgtrahetas, 75?4, § 83, ?8.973 „ Iadrkooslurksprucanz‒. 971 „Xhejbgstkf kn car eautkdan rjmgnkstkshean Tkssanshegot ‒, Learknd , Xhearz unc Arnst kn carLurksprucanz, 7553, 884.97? „mkt can ojrmgban Fgtadjrkan‒. 974 „kn strand bjdkshear Taksa‒. 975 Learknd , Xhearz unc Arnst kn car Lurksprucanz, 7553, 885.97; „ As dgi akna \akt, wj Puhetg mkr gbs Makstar unc _jrikbc car rkhetkdan lurkstkshean Matejca dgbt, unc wj khe sj tkao kn carsabian iaogndan wgr, cgss khe cgs _jrikbc eãtta òiarikatanfÿnnan.‒, Learknd , Xhearz unc Arnst kn car Lurksprucanz, 7553, 885.990 „ As wgr mkr zu Mutea wka cam Xaamgnn, car kn cka jooana Xaa ekngusstauart, cgsmglastatkshea Maar vjr skhe, can Ekmab òiar skhe, mkt Buot cka orkshea, iabaianca Xaabuotgtemanc, orak vjn gbban iaandancan oassabn unc Igncan cas Bgncas, dgnz guo skhe sabiar unc saknan Fjmpgss dastabbt... Car _ardbakhe mkt cam Xaamgnn trkoot oòr can Seajratkfar kn car




88

karkndmg Sgvksk fvbavks skYrma Su Hgmjygbkiaiubk hnaigSgskstamkS ijTvg hxjvraiksdgn mjwyvatkbgc mkkHnkg, kdk prgqtkfksmkar ngfbai dgzkgraigcgc HgSvgbg, ‘ ngwkbjirkv `gprkjrubkbjdkfurk fjnstruqhkks~ prgqtkfubk (sjhkgburk cg pjbktkfurk)grdumantaiksdgn mjwyvatksg, 997 xjbj ngwkbjirkv prgqtkfjsSg cgmjsgmgrSbaSg wvcjmks ungrks ngfbaijiks dgmj. 999 mgnsgfgnjnmcaibj mjwasrkdaiks mnkXvnabjigh Xagogsg, rjhg mkkHnkg,rjm hgbfaubk sgmgrSbairkvk fgtadjrkks kmpargtkubjigfgnjnmcaibks Hgravks Xamcad Xasg\baiabkg pkrjikSk dgxcas. 998

gmgsSgn, karkndk gsfvnks, rjm `naiksmkark kurksprucanhkghnaiaikS mjqmacais, kurkckubk cg hnaiaikS VhnaigSgfgtadjrkaikS] gzrjvnaig arSk cg kdkvag, gm dgdaikS, naiksmkarkkurksprucanhkg hnaigSg kurksprucanhkgg, rjmgubk fkupkrvabasgc, cg gmktjm gr grks sgTkrj SgvsgrSks V`hnaigSgs~]dgmjyanaig.~ 993 sgvknks msdgvsgc, kskh mjsgmgrSbaSg cjnksgmgYbaigs dgcgmwyvatgc mkkHnavs cg sgmgdgbkSjc Sajrkubgcdgnswgvbubk cg, gmgva crjs, prjibamks dgcgwyvatks ungrks mqjna

mjsgmgrSbas mkkHnavs, rjmabkh gr uncg kyjs cjdmaikS XaijTkbk.`naiksmkark prgqtkfubk mahnkaraig Sgvks SgvXk garSkgnaisSajrkksg cg prgqtkfks Xkngdgn mklngs.~ 991

kstjrkubk sgmgrSbks sfjbks majra, a.w. `darmgnkstubk~orSks wgrmjmgcdanbaik, mgS Xjrks dkrfa 99?, rjmks sgmgrSbksrahaohkgmcabk, Xug sgufunaaiks darmgnubk sgmgrSbkscgmjufkcaiab arjvnub oanjmangc dgnxkbvgs hckbjis. sgvknks mkar darmgnkks sgmgrSbksSvks `uhxj abamantgc~ 994 mjxsankaiubk,

cjppabtan Iazkaeund zu, cgss ar can Iastkmmundsegoan arrakhean unc cka Gikrrundan vjmvjrdasherkaianan Fursa unc cka Fbkppan unc Xgnciãnfa varmakcan sjbb. Ar sjbb nkhet ibjss zuakdanar Bust umeartrakian guo jooanar Xaa, sjncarn bgncan, unc cka Ogert muss skhe iazgebt

mghean curhe cka Dòtar, cka ar gusbgcat. Dargca cgs giar kst as, wgs khe car Iadrkooslurksprucanz zum _jrwuro mghea, cgss ska oãert, jena skhe cgrum zu fòmmarn, ji ska,wann ska nghe bgndar Ogert ancbkhe gnbgndt, wkrfbkhea Dòtar, c.e. sjbhea, wabhea oòr cgs Baianaknan Tarte egian, guszubgcan varmgd.‒, Learknd , Xhearz unc Arnst kn car Lurksprucanz, 7553,831 o.997 Xagc. Mònheanar Fjmmantgr/Xãhfar , 900?, Aknbaktund, YcNr. 58.999 Learknd , Xhearz unc Arnst kn car Lurksprucanz, 7553, 885, 83?.998 kqva, 838.993 „ Laca Lurksprucanz jparkart mkt Iadrkooan, lurkstksheas unc iadrkoobkheas Canfan kst dbakheiacautanc, kn ckasam Xknna kst gbsj laca Lurksprucanz Iadrkooslurksprucanz, cka rãmksheakn arstar Bknka6 aian cgrum irguhet car \usgtz nkhet arst eknzudaoòdt zu warcan.‒, Learknd ,Xhearz unc Arnst kn car Lurksprucanz, 7553, 834.991 „ Laca prgftkshea Tkssanshegot shebkasst can knnaran Dadansgtz car Seajrka unc Prgxks kn skhe...‒, Learknd , Xhearz unc Arnst kn car Lurksprucanz, 7553, 835.99? Jttj vjn Dkarfa (7537-7;97).994 „ oramca Abamant unsars Yahets‒, Xgvkdny, _jm Iaruo unsrar \akt oòr Dasatzdaiund uncYahetswkssanshegot, 7573, 84.




83

mgdrgm mksdgn dgnuyjobgc mkHnaubk, rjmks sgmgrSgbk, Xasg\bjg,`darmgnkstaiksSvks~ arSdvgrk dgmjwvavg kyj. uorj gcra eudjm kskh fk dgnghxgcg, rjm rjmgabSgdgn, Su rjmgabSg maXvajikS,mkkYj darmgnkgm Sgvksk fubturg. 995

dkrfas `darmgnkks far\j sgmgrSgbk~ 99; rjmks sgmgrSbksdgndgnsxvgvaiub grgarS Ykraiub cgsfvngs Xakhgvs. gmgsSgn, kdkgsgiuSais, rjm hgbfaubk knstktutk rjmks sgmgrSgbs mkskXaswgvbkS cgfgvaiubmg mfvbavgrSg ngwkbmg uirgbjc `mkgwarg~ cggm sgxkS mgS rjmks sgmgrSbks mjqmacaiks parkjcXk grugrsaikgS. 980 rjdjrh mksk gngbkzk gcgsturais, kustknkgnasfraiubks mnkXvnabjig kmcangc ckck kyj, rjm mgs xXkrgcgkcagbaicnan cg far\j sgmgrSgbs mksdgn dgnuyjobgc gYkqvgmcnan.mkuxacgvgc gmksg, Sgvgc sgvknks mkar grks `ngwkngswgrmatyvabaik~dkrfas mkcdjmks sustk wartkbk< mgXkngh, rjhg hgbfaubkXaxacubaig Xadnaiubgc amklnaijcg rjmks sgmgrSgbs, asufgngsfnabk mgknh rHaijcg gm gxgbksSvks mkmgrSubaiks mkmhamk cgXasgigmksk dgcgwyvatkbaigh \krkSgcgc gxsngck kyj rjmks

sgmgrSbkcgn dgmjmckngra.987

nkXgncjibkvkg, rjm kstjrkubk sgmgrSbks sfjbkswgrmjmgcdanbaik vjboks mkar dgnvkSgraiubk `hnjikaraiks~dgdaigs gfgvXkraian xgbxXk grsaiub XaxacubaiaiSgn. sgvknk gmfvkcrais `xgbxks hnjikaraigXk~ 989 grsaiubk sgmgrSbksdgdaigs, 988 rjmabsgh kurkstk grsaikSgc mxjbjc njrmgtkubojrmgs g\bavs cg fjnfratub XamSxvavais uogrcais. 983 gm xacvgsgrsaikSgc upkrkspkrcaig, Sumhg, gmgva crjs, Ykrsaubgcgdvkrdvknais karkndks prjdrgmubk Sazg, ‘ rjm sgmgrSgbk grgmxjbjc sgxabmwkoj xabksuobaiks, grgmac mSabk xgbxks uwyvatk

995

„ Cka Yÿmar nãembkhe, vjn wabhean, jcar curhe wabhea, wkr unsara Fubtur aregbtan egian...‒, Eudj , Knstktutkjnan cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, 745;, § 3, 74.99; Cautsheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc K, 75;16 Ignc KK, 7;01.980 kx., mgdgbkSgc , kurkckub pkrSgn cgfgvXkraikS Dkarfa, Cautsheas Prkvgtrahet,Ignc K, 75;1, § 15, 31? oo.987 kx. Xgvkdny, _jm Iaruo unsrar \akt oòr Dasatzdaiund unc Yahetswkssanshegot, 7573, 8;(„...egt as eãuokd cka Ykhetund unc Gnskhet cas nau akndaoòertan Yahets iastkmmt, sj cgss cka Guodgia, cka curhe ckasas naua Yahet dabÿst warcan sjbb, jena Yÿmksheas Yahet dgr nkhetvarstgncan warcan fgnn.‒). 989 „ IawuÚtsakn cas _jbfas‒. 988 `sgmgrSgbk, ksava rjdjrh ang, xgbxks hnjikaraigXk hjhxbjis~ („...cgs Yahet wka cka Xprghea km IawuÚtsakn cas _jbfas bait ‒),Xgvkdny, _jm Iaruo unsrar \akt oòrDasatzdaiund unc Yahetswkssanshegot, 7573, ;6̀sgmgrSbks TaXmgrktk gcdkbsgmyj-oabkg xgbxks sgarSj hnjikaraig~ („...car akdantbkhea Xktz cas Yahets cgs damaknsgma IawuÚtsakn cas _jbfas sak‒),Xgvkdny, _jm Iaruo unsrar \akt oòr Dasatzdaiundunc Yahetswkssanshegot, 7573, 77.983 kx., mgdgbkSgc, Mònheanar Fjmmantgr/Xãhfar , 900?, Aknbaktund, YcNr. 43 oo.




81

Xrjmks Su ir\jbks Xacadkg. gmgsSgn, `gxgbk qhavks wask grguirgbjc TaXmgrktaigs, grgmac, gmgva crjs, gxgbk qhavks wasksir\jbgs dgngsgxkarais grsaiub kntarasaiSgn.~ 981 knckvkck,rjmabkh khgvs cg gxjrhkabais Sgvks uobaigs, sgfuSgr SgvzakYais gm gmjhgnks ngwkbs, mgs Sgvksk wvbkbk Xagqvs sgmgrSbksSu sgmgrSbkgnjiks cgmfvkcraigXk. 98?

8.3 avrjpubk fjckokfghkaik cg kstjrkubk pgrgbabaik

vgxtgnd _K-ks sgmgrSbks wkdnSg fraiubks XamuXgvaiksSgngcrjubgc Hncaig avrjpks qvaynaiXk pkrvabk fgnjnSgfraiubaik. cgnkks (7?58 wabk), njrvadkks (7?54 wabk), XvacaSksg cgoknaSks (7483 wabk) kurkckubk \gbks mqjna fraiubaikhgarSkgnaicnan caiubaiais sgmgrSbks sxvgcgsxvg soarjcgn. 984 astancanhkg fkcav ckcxgns XangrHuncg cg gksgxg gsava 74;3 wabsmkYaiub pruskks zjdgc sgmgrSgbXk. 985

7503 wbks sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsk grks unkfgburk

fjckokfghkg, `Sgvksuobaiks, Sgngswjrjiksg cg \mjiksVarSjiks]~ 98; kcakS dgmsTvgbubk, cg, grsaikSgc, mxjbjcfar\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiaiks mjwasrkdaiks pratanzkkS. 930

981 „...wann latzt akn nauar Yahetssgtz guotrktt, sj egncabt as skhe nkhet ibjss um Tgereakt, sjncarn zudbakhe um aknan Fgmpo cas nauan Yahetssgtzas dadan iastaeanca Kntarassan.‒, Learknd , Car Fgmpo um cgs Yahet, 7549, 771. 98? „... lacar aknzabna egia cka skttbkhea Guodgia, mktzuwkrfan gn car Tgereakt unc cam Yaheta kmgbbdamaknan, lacar aknzabna sak oòr sakna iasherãnfta Xpeãra car Tãhetar unc _jbbstrahfar casDasatzas... As bkadt kn car Guodgia cas aknzabnan, sakn Yahet zu varwkrfbkhean, unc aroòbbt arckasa Guodgia nkhet, sj dkit ar nkhet ibjÚ sakn akdanas Kntarassa guo, sjncarn cgs Kntarassa carDamaknshegot.‒, „ Cgrgus ardkit skhe, cgss car Xtggt cka crkndancsta Pobkhet egt, ckasas Daoòebcas Knckvkcuums, cgs frãotkda Yahetsdaoòeb kn lacar Taksa zu nãeran. As iaruet kn batztar Knstgnzekarguo cka Xkheareakt, cka _arwkrfbkheund cas Yahetas.‒ Learknd , Car Fgmpo um cgs Yahet,7549, 774 o.6 799.984 swjrac gm fraiubaiks mgdgbkSza surcg rusaSXk patra K-s (7?5;-7491)7?3; wbks ` ubjLankas ~ (grsaikSgc, HvaubaikSk sgmgrSbks fraiubk)mjckokhkraig cg gm mkznkS sgmk sgfgnjnmcaibj fjmkskg Xaqmng, SumhguXacadjc. kx., mgdgbkSgc< \wakdart/Fÿtz, Aknoòerund kn cka Yahetsvardbakheund K, 7;53,§ 93 (KK), 833 o . (Xvacur-cgnkur nkmuXs gsgxabais)6 gsava Cgvkc/Xpknjsk/Drgsmgnn,Yahetssystama car Dadanwgrt, 7;55, 93; (Xvacur mjcabza sguirjis ). 985 Gbbdamaknas Bgncrahet oòr cka Prausskshean Xtggtan vjn 74;3, kn< Egttaneguar/Iarnar (Ersd.), Gbbdamaknas Bgncrahet oòr cka PrauÚkshean Xtggtan vjn 74;3, 9. Guob., 7;;3.98; „ Bkiartë, ëdgbktë, orgtarnktë‒. 930 grgfar\jsgmgrSbairkvk Xknggrsks njrmaik axaig, mgdgbkSgc, fgnjnks\gbgXk Xasvbgs (7-bk muxbk), crjXk mjqmacaigs (ma-9 muxbk),sgarSgXjrksj far\j cg sgarSgXjrksj sgprjhasj sgmgrSgbs (ma-8 muxbk,gsava ma-73-ma-71 muxbaik), `orgndks~ stgtusks mjpjvaigsg cg cgfgrdvgs




8?

fjcaqsks pkrvabk ngwkbk aSmjig pkraiks sgmgrSgbs, 937 gmgsSgn,mjkhgvs sgjlgxj sgmgrSbks km ngwkbs, rjmabkh gr kSvgbks-wknais qjnairkv urSkarSjiais6 majra ngwkbkS wasrkdcaig qjnaigcg sgfuSraiks uobaiks hvbkbaiks sxvgcgsxvg sgxa, 939 gnu`sgnkvSj sgmgrSgbk~6 masgma ngwkbk gradubkrais `qjnaiks Xa\ankssgxaais~ 938 cg mjkhgvs sgxabXafrubaij cg fgnjnksmkarvgbcaiubaikS urSkarSjiais, gsava mamfvkcrajikS sgmgrSgbs.

gm fjckokfghkgm ckck dgvbang kqjnkg avrjpks qvaynaiXksgmgrSbks Xamcdjmk dgnvkSgraiks tancanhkaiza. 933 kdk, cgmjufk-caiab sgxabmwkojaigc Hgmjygbkiaiks mkuxacgvgc, \gbgXk cgrHg,mgdgbkSgc, iabdkgsg cg buqsamiurdXk.

mgn mnkXvnabjvgnk dgvbang mjgxckng sxvg, dgnsgfuSraikS a.w.`rjmgnubk~ sgmgrSbks qvaynaiks 931 fgnjnmcaibjiaiza, 93? rjdjrhskstamurk, ksa hgbfaubk knstktutks mjwasrkdaiksSvgbsgzrkskS. 934

zjdgcgc, orgndubk fubturg cg, rjdjrh mksk unkfgburkdgmjvbknaig, sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsk gYorSjvgnaiksg cg

mkig\vks wygrj kyj rusaSks kmparkgXk.935

gm fjcaqsmg, kurkckubk(ma-74 cg Xamcdjmk muxbaik), sgmjqgbgqj gqtaiks radkstrghkgs (83-a cgXamcdjmk muxbaik), gsava prjhasugburk sgfkSxaiks mjwasrkdaigs (ma-3-ma-1,9;-a cg Xamcdjmk, 7871-a cg Xamcdjmk, gsava 7817-a muxbaik). 937 „ Bkvra K< Cas parsjnnas‒. 939 „ Bkvra KK< Cas ikans at cas ckooërantas mjckokhgtkjns ca bg prjprkëtë‒. 938 „ Bkvra KKK < Cas ckooërantas mgnkåras cjnt jn ghqukart bg prjprkëtë‒.933 kx., mgdgbkSgc, Cgvkc/Xpknjsk/Drgsmgnn,Yahetssystama car Dadanwgrt, 7;55, 70 oo.931 sgmgrSbks `skvrhaaiSgn~ Su `jlgxaiSgn~ cgfgvXkraikS kx. qvamjS, 39cg Xamcdjmnk. 93? kx., mgdgbkSgc, Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 8 KK, 78.934 mxacvabjigXkg mksgYaik, rjm naiksmkark fbgskokfghkks pkrjikSjikcgndgmjmckngra, cYas sgSujg Suncgh ktgbkksg gn nkcarbgncaiks sgmgrSbksrjmgnubk skvrhksgcmk mkfuSvnaig. gm sgxabmwkojaiXk gxgbkfjckokfghkaiks mkYaiks Xamcad grsaikSgc dgkzgrcg pgncaqturk Sudarmgnubk sgmgrSbks dgvbang. Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< Fjhe/Mgdnus/Tknfar vjn Mjeranoabs, KPY unc Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 78, 931 oo. unc 958 oo.6gsava \wakdart/Fÿtz,Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 5 KK, 700 unc § 5 K_, 709 oo.6nkcarbgncaiks fjcaqsSgncgfgvXkraikS gsava< Gnfum, Yÿmksheas Yahet km nauan nkacarbãnckshean IòrdarbkheanDasatziuhe, kn< \kmmarmgnn/Fnòtab/Maknhfa (Ersd.), Yahetsdashekheta unc Prkvgtrahets-cjdmgtkf, 7;;;, 709 o.935 rusaSks kmparkgXk orgndk dgnmgngSbaibaiks kcaaik grg mgrtj fgrdgckyj hnjikbk, grgmac arSdvgrk fubturubk prjpgdgncks rjbsghgsrubaicg. afgtarkna KK-ks (74?9-74;?) mkar sgmgrSbairkvk raojrmksdgtgraiks `knstruqhkg~ kSvgbkswknaicg, mgdgbkSgc, fgnjnks wkngXasgyjvabSgj Sgngswjrjiks gYkgraigs cg kmcangc prjdrasubk kyj, rjmmksk Sgrdmgnk ravjbuhkgmcab sgorgndaSXk hanzurks mkar `zacmatgcrgckfgburgc~ HgkSvgbg. `knstruqhkg~ rgckfgburgc prjdrasubk kyj,




84

tarmknjbjdkksg cg hgbfaubk knstktutks mjwasrkdaiksSvgbsgzrkskS, dgvbang mjgxckng rusaSks oacarghkks 7;99 wbkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqszah, 93; rjmabkh, Sgvks mxrkv, sgqgrSvabjs 7;98wbks fjckokfghkks sgvgbcaiubj nkmuXgc kqhg. 910

sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks Sgngmacrjvag 7577 wbksgvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsk. 917 kdkh sgmk ngwkbksdgnXacdaig ‘ `pkrgck uobaiaiks Xasgxai~, 919 `sgnkvSj uobaiaiksXasgxai~, 918 `pkrgck cg sgnkvSj uobaiaiks sgarSj caiubaiaiksXasgxai~. 913 as fjcaqskh Xakhgvs grgfar\jsgmgrSbairkvk Xknggrsksnjrmais, rjmabSg grsaijigsgh km crjksgSvks fjnstktuhkurkfgnjnaiks grgrsaijikS xsnkgn. 911

rjmgnubk sgmgrSbks skvrhks fkcav arSk cYamca mjqmackfjckokfghkgg aspgnaSks 755; wbks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsk. 91? kdkXacdaig Xasgvgbk caiubaiaiksg cg jSxk wkdnksgdgn. XasgvgbcaiubaiaiXk wasrkdcaig sgmgrSbks wygrjaik, 914 sgmgrSbks

rusubk ragbjig fk rgckfgburgc grgprjdrasubk, Xasgigmksgc,`knstruqhkgXk~ gsgxub kcaais dgnxjrhkabaig gr awarg. Xamcdjmk,sgvgrgucjc, yvabgza mnkXvnabjvgnk mhcabjig sgorgndaSks sgmgrSgbzacgyrcnjikS rusaSks sgmgrSbks mjckokhkraiksg drgo spargnsfks sgxabsufgvXkrcaig. mgn, gbaqsgncra K-ks (7507-7591) SgnxmjikS swjracsgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsk dgmjghxgcg raojrmks mgdgbkSgc cgmgsza cgyrcnjikS 7570 wbksSvks XakmuXgvg sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks prjaqtkspkrvabk orgdmantaik... mgdrgm ngpjbajnk rusaSXk Xavkcg, spargnsfk hkmikrXk dgcggsgxbas. raojrmg mks cgirunaigmca dgcgkcj cg mxjbjcnkfjbjz K-ks (7591-7511) crjs mkkYj `rusaSks kmparkks srubk fraiubks~sgxa, rjmabkh 7?3;-7591 wbaiks fgnjnaiks qrjnjbjdkurk fjmpkbghkg kyj.Xamcad spargnsfks xabm\YvgnabjikSva gm fjmpkbghkkcgn gmjkYas mj\vabaiubk njrmaik, mjgxcknas mksk abamantgrubk skstamgtkzghkg cg7581 wabs dgmjhxgccg ` svjc zgfjnjv rjskksfjk kmparkk ~. mkmjxkbvgamygraig< \wakdart/Fÿtz, Aknoòerund kn cka Yahetsvardbakheund K, 7;53, § 93 (KK), 831 o.6kx.gsava Cgvkc/Xpknjsk/Drgsmgnn,Yahetssystama car Dadanwgrt, 7;55, 935 oo.93; kx., mgdgbkSgc, Tkaghfar, Prkvgtrahetsdashekheta car Nauzakt, 7;?4, 10? oo.910 Xagc. ljriang\a , sgqgrSvabjs raspuibkfks mjmgvgbk sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks \krkSgck prjibamaik, 7;;3, 730. 917 Gbbdamaknas Iòrdarbkheas Dasatziuhe oòr cka dasgmtan cautshean Aribãncar carßstarrakhekshean Mjngrheka, LDX 7577, Nr. ;3?. 919 „ Arstar Sakb< _jn cam Parsjnanraheta‒. 918 „ \waktar Sakb< _jn cam Xgheanraheta‒. 913 „ Crkttar Sakb< _jn can damaknshegotbkhean Iastkmmundan car Parsjnan- unc Xgheanraheta‒. 911 kx., mgdgbkSgc, Iycbknsfk kn< Fjzkjb/Iycbknsfk/Ijbbaniardar,GIDI-Fjmmantgr, 9004,§ 7, YcNr. 7.91? Høckdj hkvkb, Ackhkøn jokhkgb puibkhgtg hjnojrma g bj ckspuastj an bg Bay ca 95 ca Mgyj ca755;, Mgcrkc 755;. 914 „ Ouantas cab Carahej‒.




85

njrmgSg Xaogrcaiksg 915 cg mjqmacaiks, 91; gsava sgarSgXjrksjfar\jsgmgrSbairkvk cg Xkcgsgxabmwkojairkvk sgmjqgbgqjkurksckqhkks sgfkSxaik. pkrvabk wkdnk aSmjig pkraikssgmgrSgbs, 9?0 hxgckg, rjmgnubk sgmgrSbks skvrhksgSvks cgmgxg-skgSaiabk ogrSj, sgjlgxj sgmgrSbks mjmhvabk mjwasrkdaikS.mgsXk, sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks msdgvsgc, dgnxkbubkgmjqgbgqajiks sgfkSxaik cg gr grks radubkraiubk sgjlgxjqjnairkvk urSkarSjiaik6 majra wkdnk gwasrkdais qjnaigs,sgfuSraigs cg XazYucub sgnkvSj uobaiais6 9?7 masgma wkdnk,rjmabkh, grsaikSgc, sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks Xasgigmkskwkdnks sgSgurs kmajrais, `qjnaiks Xa\anks sgxaais~ 9?9 mxjbjcngwkbjirkv (`cguobaig~, Huqaig, mamfvkcrajig 9?8) gwasrkdais cgmajSxa wkdnXk `vgbcaiubaiaiksg cg xabXafrubaiaiks Xasgxai~ 9?3 grsaiubk mjwasrkdaikS srubcaig.

far\j sgmgrSbks dgnvkSgraiksSvks grgngfbaik mnkXvnabjiksmqjnag 75;? wbks darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsk, 9?1 rjmabkh 7;00wabs Xavkcg \gbgXk. kdk amygraig darmgnubk pgncaqturk

mahnkaraiks trgckhkgs cg, mjwasrkdaiks skzustaza dgfaSaiubkgqhantks pgrgbaburgc, gistrgqhkks mgYgbk cjnkS xgskgScaig. 9?? darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsk, `Xasg\bjg, yvabg crjks yvabgzazustk, Sgnmkmcavrubk kurkckubk tarmknjbjdkks mqjna far\jsgmgrSbks fjckokfghkgg.~ 9?4 as km ojnza, rjcasgh rgmcankmagSwbaubkS gcra sgvknk darmgnub angs fjckokfghkks XaqmnksSvksgrgsgfmgrksgc dgnvkSgraiubgc mkkHnavcg. 9?5 darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsk pgncaqturk sgmgrSbks skstamkS grks gdaiubk,

915 „ Gpbkhghkøn ca bgs njrmgs luríckhgs‒. 91; „ Aokhghkg danargb ca bgs njrmgs luríckhgs‒. 9?0

„ Ca bgs parsjngs‒. 9?7 „ Ca bjs ikanas, ca bg prjpkacgc y ca sus mjckokhghkjnas‒. 9?9 „ Ca bjs ckoarantas njcjs ca gcqukrkr bg prjpkacgc ‒. 9?8 „jhupghkøn‒, „cjnghkøn‒, „ suhaskøn‒. 9?3 „ Ca bjs jibkdghkjnas y hjntrgtjs‒. 9?1 Cgs Iòrdarbkhea Dasatziuhe naist Aknoòerundsdasatz vjm 75. Gudust 75;?, YDIb. Nr. 97. 9?? Xagc. \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 77 KK, 7386gsava \kmmarmgnn,Xheubcrahetsmjcarnkskarund:, kn< Arnst/\kmmarmgnn (Ersd.), \kvkbrahetswkssanshegot uncXheubcrahetsraojrm, 9007, 7 oo.9?4 „...cgs Prkvgtrahetsdasatziuhe mkt car prãzksastan, fjnsaquantastan Yahetssprghea vkabbakhetgbbar \aktan‒, Dmòr , Cgs Xhewakzarkshea \DI vardbkhean mkt cam cautshean IòrdarbkheanDasatziuhe, 7;?1, 95.9?5 kx. Xgvkdny, _jm Iaruo unsrar \akt oòr Dasatzdaiund unc Yahetswkssanshegot, 7573, 19,

rjmabkh anks oanjmanza mslabjiksgs gsfvnks, rjm darmgnubk ang ma-7;sgufunks cgsgwyksXkh gr kyj sgfmgrksgc dgnvkSgraiubk, rgSgXasg\baiabk yjokbkyj gm angza fjcaqsks cgwarg ( „...ji wkr akna Xprghea egian,kn wabhear akn Dasatziuhe dasherkaian warcan fÿnnta. ...aian cgss ska latzt nkhet cgzu tgudt ‒).




8;

`orHxkbaikcgn dgmjtgnkbk~ 9?; zjdgck ngwkbkSg 940 cg jSxk wkdnkS,rjmbaikh vgbcaiubaikS, 947 sgnkvSj, 949 sgjlgxj 948 cgmamfvkcrajikS 943 sgmgrSgbs gwasrkdaian. grsaikSgc, swjrac asskstamg cgacj sgou\vbgc sgqgrSvabjs rjdjrh sgiTjSg, ksapjstsgiTjurk parkjcks fjckokfghkais.

nkXgncjibkvkg, rjm darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks SkSqmksSgngcrjubgc, 7;04 wabs mkYaiub kqng Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsk, 941 rjmabkh kqhg ngSabk, ogrSj sgzjdgcjaiksSvksdgsgdaik, kurkckubk caiubaiaiks dgmjyanaiks nkmuXgc. 94? gmfjckokfghkgs 7;77 wabs cgamgtg maxuSa ngwkbk ‘ `vgbcaiubaikSksgmgrSgbk~. 944 Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks unkfgburjigckcwkbgc mksk gvtjrks, euiarks 945, mkar cgsgxubk mkznkS ‘ `xgbxks djnaikcgn mjmckngra fgnjnks~ XaqmnkS ‘ grksdgnpkrjiaiubk. 94; fjcaqsks ma-9 muxbXk mjwasrkdaiubkfaSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpk far\jsgmgrSbairkv urSkarSjiaiXkdgsgSvgbkswknaiabk umSgvrask stgncgrtkg rjdjrh fgnjnksgcrasgtSgSvks, ksa mjsgmgrSbksSvks, rjmabkh Xasgigmksk

urSkarSjiaiks mkmgrS gcafvgturk qhavks wasks dgnsgsgzYvrgcXvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks njrmais uogrcais. 950

9?; „vjr cka Fbgmmar dazjdana‒, gm dgmjSqmgsSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx. Ijaemar ,Aknoòerund kn cgs iòrdarbkhea Yahet, 7;?1, 48 oo.940 „ Gbbdamaknar Sakb ‒. Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< Tkaghfar , Prkvgtrahetsdashekheta car Nauzakt,7;?4, 35? oo.Xamcdjmk mkSkSaiaikS 6 \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 77 KK,733 oo.6 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 1, YcNr. 87 oo.947 „ Yahet car Xheubcvareãbtnkssa‒. 949 „Xgheanrahet ‒. 948 „ Ogmkbkanrahet ‒. 943

„ Arirahet ‒. 941 Cgs shewakzarkshea \kvkbdasatziuhe, Gmtbkhea Xgmmbund car Iuncasdasatza, NO 93, 7;05,989.94? Xagc.< \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 78 KK, 7?; oo.6Tkaghfar , Prkvgtrahets-dashekheta car Nauzakt, 7;?4, 3;7 oo.944 Iuncasdasatz iatraooanc cka Ardãnzund cas shewakzarkshean \kvkbdasatziuheas (Oònotar Sakb ‘ Jibkdgtkjnanrahet) vjm 80. Mãrz 7;77, Gmtbkhea Xgmmbund car Iuncasdasatza, NO 94, 7;77,874.945 Audan Euiar (753;-7;98). 94; „ Cgs Dasatz muÚ gus cam Dacgnfan cas _jbfas eargus dasprjhean warcan.‒, Euiar ,Xhewakzarksheas Hkvkbdasatziuhe, Arbãutarundan zum _jrantwuro, 7;09, 9.950 Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks srubk rahaohkg dgnxjrhkabcgSurqaSXk. qamgb gSgSurqks mkar 7;99 wabs dgmjhxgcaiub raspuibkfgXkkdk SkSqmks uhvbabgc gmjqmaccg 7;9? wabs SurqaSks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks sgxabwjcaikS. gmgsSgn, gsaSk `tjtgburk~ rahaohkg dgxcggrgarSk sgmgrSbairkvk Su sgzjdgcjairkvk dgudairjiks mkzazk,mgdgbkSgc, sgjlgxj sgmgrSbks sgzjdgcjaiks Xaxacubaiaiksgdgn




37

gm fjckokfghkaimg grsaikSk dgvbang mjgxckng rusaSksoacarghkks 7;99 wbks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsza, 95? rjmbks dgvbankSfar\j sgmgrSbks grgarSk knstktutks kntadrghkg cg rjmkssgmgrSbks arSdvgrk grgpkrcgpkrk rahaohkg dgnxjrhkabcgsgqgrSvabjs sgmgrSgbXk, rgmcankma Xugbacurk rdjbksdgvbkS. 954

7;99-98 wbaiks raojrmg swrgok cg, sgiacnkarjc, sgiTjSgsgmgrSbks ojrmkraiks SvgbsgzrkskS, mjumzgcaiabk kyj. kdk,`crjks skmhkrks dgmj~, grsaikSgc, `sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbkssgufaSasj cgsgvburk mjcabaiks~ `dgcmjwarkS~ dgmjkxgtg cgsgiTjSg sgmgrSbks njrmaiks mxjbjc mhkra rgjcanjig cgamgtg. 955 as caiubaiaik, rjdjrh wask, far\jsgmgrSbairkv urSkarSjiaiXksgxabmwkojs kntarvanhkks ojrmais dgnsgzYvrgvcg. 95; gmkssgpkrkspkrjc, ma-90 sgufunks ?0-kgnk wbaiks raojrmgmjmzgcaiubkh kyj cg dggzraiubkh, mgdrgm, wmkncg sgiTjSgsgmgrSbks ojrmkraiks SvgbsgzrkskS, cgdvkgnaiubk. kdkamygraijcg gSwbaubaiks dgnmgvbjigXk cgmfvkcraiub mahnkarSg

Xaxacubaiaisg cg sgsgmgrSbj prgqtkfgs, rjmabSgh sgou\vbgcacj far\j sgmgrSbks cgsgvburk knstktutaik. hxgckg, sgiTjSgsgmgrSbks upkrgtasjiks cgmtfkhaiks dghxgcaiubk mkzgnk 9;0 cgkcajbjdkurk `mjckokhkraiaik~ 9;7 var dgmjrkhxgvcg `sgiTjur~

95? darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsSgn msdgvsaiks Xasgxai kx.< Xhenktzar ,_ardbakheanca Yahetsbaera, 7;31, 750 oo.6Tkaghfar, Prkvgtrahetsdashekheta car Nauzakt, 7;?4,3;1, 10? oo.6 \wakdart/Fÿtz, Aknoòerund kn cka Yahetsvardbakheund K, 7;53, § 93 (KKK), 817 o.954 sgqgrSvabjXk rjmks sgmgrSbks rahaohkgsSgn cgfgvXkraikS Xagc.< Ejbbcghf , \ur Dashekheta car cjngtkj gnta nuptkgs unc car cjs, 7;70, 73 oo. (175 oo.)6gsava ljriang\a , sgqgrSvabjs raspuibkfks mjmgvgbk sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks\krkSgck prjibamaik, 7;;3, 730 cg Xamcdjmk, xkzgnkXvkbks ( urinabks )hktkraikS cg gsava, darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks dgnsgfuSraiubkdgvbanks xgzdgsmkS rusaSks 7;99 wbks fjckokfghkgza.955 stuHfg , ` kzirgnnka prjkzvacankg pj mgrfsksfj-banknsfjk tajrkk prgvg ~,7;?3, 857, gsava, ?08 cg Xamcdjmk, hktkraiubkg< ljriang\a , sgqgrSvabjsraspuibkfks mjmgvgbk sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks \krkSgck prjibamaik, 7;;3,737. 95; kx., mgdgbkSgc, Cgvkc/Xpknjsk/Drgsmgnn, Yahetssystama car Dadanwgrt, 7;55, 91;6Tkaghfar, Prkvgtrahetsdashekheta car Nauzakt, 7;?4, 104 o.9;0 Fngpp, Bas drgncas ogmkbbas cu crjkt cgns ba mjnca hjntampjrgkn, Srgvgux ca crjkthjmpgrë, 7;49 (8), 76 Aÿrsk, Hjmpgrgtkva Hkvkb (Prkvgta) Bgw, 7;4;, ?9 at saq.6hktkraiubkg< Mãnegrct/Pjshe , Kntarngtkjngbas Prkvgtrahet, Prkvgtrahetsvardbakheund,Akneaktsprkvgtrahet, 7;;;, 731 o.9;7 kx., mgdgbkSgc, Cgvkc/Xpknjsk/Drgsmgnn,Yahetssystama car Dadanwgrt, 7;55, 9?1,9?5 oo. (sgmgrSbks mnkXvnabjiks cgfgrdvks Xasgxai )6 944 oo. (sgmgrSbkspjbktkfks knstrumantgc qhavksg cg iunaikSk sgmgrSbks ugryjoksXasgxai ).




39

sgmgrSgbza cgsgvburk, gnu ragburk, far\j sgmgrSbkszamjqmacaigs. 7;?8 wbks sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbks fjcaqsXk, 9;9 grsaikSgc, XangrHunaiub kqng rjmkssgmgrSbksg Su pgncaqturk darmgnubk sgmgrSbks dgvbang. 9;8 gmkSgkxsnaig kskh, rjm 7;;4 wbks ssf-ks caiubaiaiks ngwkbksXamuXgvaig sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks njrmaiksdgcmjtgnkS Su grggrsaikSk mjckokhkraikS dgmjkxgtg. 9;3

sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjigza mnkXvnabjvgnk dgvbangmjgxckng gsava sxvg, XacgraikS gxgbmg fjckokfghkaimg,rjmabSgdgn dgnsgfuSraikS gYsgnkXngvkg 7;31 wbks ktgbkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsk 9;1 cg 7;;9 wbks nkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsk 9;? .

8.1 sgmgrSbks skstamaiks fbgskokfghkks mhcabjiaik

grsaijis sgmgrSbks `jlgxaiksg~ 9;4 Su `skvrhaaiks~ 9;5 sxvgcgsxvgfbgskokfghkg, rjmbaikh, grsaikSgc, dgnsxvgvaiub frktarkumais

ayrcnjig. gmgsSgn, naiksmkark dgmklvng zjdgck tancanhkksdgmjmxgtvabkg cg rgh uorj catgbkzaigs hckbjis, uorjpkrjikSk xcaig.

sxvgcgsxvg sgxabmwkojXk mjqmack far\j sgmgrSbksfbgskokfghkks pkrvabk mhcabjig, sgvgrgucjc, 7550 wabsxjrhkabcaig. frktarkumgc avrjpubk sgxabmwkojaikssgmgrSbairkv wasrkdza rjmks sgmgrSbks dgvbang kqngdgmjyanaiubk. gm SvgbsgzrkskS dgkmklng sgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdaikrjmks sgmgrSbks \bkark (ktgbkg, aspgnaSk), sustk (kndbksk,sfgnckngvkks qvaynaik, rusaSk) cg cgigbgnsaiubk (sgorgndaSk,darmgnkg, gvstrkg, Xvakhgrkg) dgvbankS. 9;;

9;9 sgqgrSvabjs ssr umgYbask sgiTjs uwyaiaik, 7;?3, #8?, ??9-a muxbk. 9;8 sgiTjSg sgmgrSgbXk fjckokhkraiks `jrkva tgbYks~ \krkSgckgspaqtaiks Xacgraig kx.< \wakdart/Fÿtz, Aknoòerund kn cka Yahetsvardbakheund K, 7;53,§ 93 (KKK), 817 oo.9;3 `sgmgrSbairkv-fubturubk~ trgckhkks mnkXvnabjigsSgn cgfgvXkraikSkx., mgdgbkSgc, DrjÚoabc , Mghet unc Jenmghet car Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;53, 58 oo.,Xamcdjmk mkSkSaiaikS .9;1 Hjckha hkvkba, Yadkj cahratj 7? mgrzj 7;39, n. 9?9.9;? Eggngppab/Mghfggy, Nkauw Nkacarbgncs Iurdarbklf Tatijaf Eat _armjdansrahet(zgfanrahet, varikntankssanrahet an iklzjncara jvaraanfjmstan), 7;;0.9;4 „ ogmkbbas cas syståms lurkckquas‒, Cgvkc , Srgktë ëbëmantgkra ca crjkt hkvkb hjmpgrë, 7;10, 999at saq., hktkraiubkg< \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 1 K, ?8.9;5 „ Yahetsfraksa‒, \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 1 K, ?9 oo.9;; kx., Dbgssjn, Mgrkgda hkvkb at ba ckvjrha, 7;50,mkSkSaiubkg< Mãnegrct/Pjshe,Kntarngtkjngbas Prkvgtrahet, Prkvgtrahetsvardbakheund, Akneaktsprkvgtrahet, 7;;;, 784.




38

7;00 wabs XacgraikSk sgmgrSbks pkrvab sgarSgXjrksjfjndrasza 800 wgrcdankbk gxgbk fbgskokfghkg dgshcg avrjpksfjntknants cg dgnsgzYvrg rjmgnubk, darmgnubk, gndbjgmarkfubk,sbgvurk cg ksbgmurk sgmgrSbairkvk skvrha. 807

dgmklvnks frktarkumgc sgmgrSbks wygrjaiks dgmjyanaigsfjntknanturk, kndbksuranjvgnk qvaynaiksg cg ksbgmurksgmgrSgbks dgmklvng mjeyvg. 809

dajdrgokubk Su aSnjbkndvksturk frktarkumaiks mkxacvkSHgmjygbkiaiubk dgmklvng dgngsxvgvais hantrgburk avrjpks(darmgnkg, Xvakhgrkg, gvstrkg), bgSknur (sgorgndaSk, ktgbkg,aspgnaSk cg g.X.), gndbjgmarkfub, HrckbjaSks qvaynaiks,fjckokhkraiub ksbmur cg rjmgnub-ikzgntkur lduoais. 808

grsaijis sgmgrSbks skstamaiks ngwkbjirkv kstjrkubTrkbXk dgnxkbvks mhcabjigh. Xasgigmksgc ygbkicaig `prkmktkubkxgbxaiks~, 803 gntkfurk fubturks xgbxks (advkpta, masjpjtgmkg,

800 `ckck fjckokfghkaiks~ mkYaiks Xamcad XacgraikSk sgmgrSbks mnkXvna-

bjigsg cg dgnvkSgraigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx., mgdgbkSgc< Cgvkc/Drgsmgnn,Aknoòerund kn cka drjÚan Yahetssystama car Dadanwgrt, 7;??, 1 oo.6 Cgvkc/Xpknjsk/Drgsmgnn,Yahetssystama car Dadanwgrt, 7;55, ; oo.XacgraikSk sgmgrSbks Hgmjygbkiaiksmjfba kstjrkubk mkmjxkbvkS< Tgca kn Cgnnar/Iarngb (acs.), Kntrjcuhtkjn tj OjrakdnBadgb Xystams, 7;;3, 97 oo.,Xamcdjmk ikibkjdrgokubk mkSkSaiaikS. 807 kx.< Asmakn, Ba Crjkt hjmpgrë at b‛ansakdnamant cu crjkt, kn< Hjndråss kntarngtkjngbas caCrjkt hjmpgrë, Prjhås-varigux cas sëgnhas at cjhumants K, 7;01, 331,hktkraiubkg< \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 1 K, ?8 cg Mãnegrct/Pjshe, KntarngtkjngbasPrkvgtrahet, Prkvgtrahetsvardbakheund, Akneaktsprkvgtrahet, 7;;;, 784 o.,as ufgngsfnabksgmgrSbkgnk frktkfkS sbgvurk sgmgrSbks cgmjufkcaiabk mnkXvnabjiksXasgxai, vkngkcgn sbgvur sgxabmwkojais gr eqjncgS gn cgmjufkcaibjig(mgdgbkSgc, pjbjnaSk dgyjokbk gqvS darmgnkgs, rusaSsg cg gvstrkgs6

gsava HaxaSsg cg sbjvankgXk mjqmacais gvstrkubk kurksckqhkg cg,Xasgigmksgc, sgmgrSgbk), gn cgmjufkcaiabk sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbairkvktrgckhkg (gsaS qvaygngc sariaSk sgxabcaig, sgcgh gvstrkks zjdgcksgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks rahaohkg 7533 wabs mjxcg). dgmjngfbksgc gvtjraisrusaSk mkgHnkgS, Sumhg gr gfaSaian gqacgn dgmjmckngra cgsfvngs, rjm,Xasg\bjg, fbgskokfghkgXk sbgvurSgn swjrac rusubk kqng dgkdkvaiubk. 809 kx.< Bëvy-Qbbmgnn, Jisarvgtkjns dënërgbas sur bas hjmmunkhgtkjns rabgtkvas gu crjkt prkvëcgns bas pgys ëtrgndars, kn< Bas trgnsojrmgtkjns cu crjkt cgns bas prknhkpgux pgys capukshknqugnta gns K, 7;99, 57,hktkraiubkg< \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 1 K, ?8cg Mãnegrct/Pjshe, Kntarngtkjngbas Prkvgtrahet, Prkvgtrahetsvardbakheund, Akneaktsprkvgtrahet,7;;;, 785.808 kx.< Ygiab , B‛unkokhgtkjn cu crjkt ca bg vanta kntarngtkjngba, sas rapjrts gvah bas ojrmubgkrasju hjntrgts- typas ca ckvars hjmmarhas, kn< Kntrjcuhtkjn à b‛ëtuca cu crjkt hjmpgr ë, Yahuakbc‛ëtucas an b‛ejnnaur c‛Acjugrc bgmiart, tjma 9, 7;85, ?55,hktkraiubkg< Mãnegrct/Pjshe, Kntarngtkjngbas Prkvgtrahet, Prkvgtrahetsvardbakheund, Akneaktsprkvgtrahet,7;;;, 785 o.803 „ Prkmktkva _ÿbfar ‒.




33

sgiar\naSk, rjmk), fjntknanturavrjpubk cg gndbjgmarkfubk,rabkdkurk sgmgrSbksg cg gzkurk qvaynaiks sgmgrSbks skvrha. 801

mjdvkgnaikS pjpubgrubk xcaig uorj catgbkzaiubkmkcdjmaik cg kfvaSaig Xasgigmksk dgnsxvgvaiaikh. gzrSgsxvgcgsxvgjigg sgorgndaSksg cg darmgnkks far\j sgmgrSbkscjmknkraikS Hgmjygbkiaiub sgmgrSbks skstamaiks arSkgn lduogcdgnxkbvgsSgn cgfgvXkraikS. dgnkxkbaig rjmgnub-darmgnubksgmgrSbks arSkgnk `jlgxks~ ojrmkraig, 80? rgsgh upkrkspkrcaigmgSk hgb-hgbfa lduoaigc dgnxkbvks gbtarngtkvg. 804 sxvgcgsxvgfbgskokfghkgXk xcaig kcajbjdkurk nkXnkS sgiTjSg Susjhkgbksturk sgmgrSbks hgbfa lduogc dgmjyjog. 805 dgmjkSqmksmjsgzraiaik km kncusurk Su kncurk 80; cg Xjraubk gYmjsgvbaSks(HknaSk, kgpjnkg) 870 sgmgrSbks cgmjufkcaiab lduogc dgnxkbvks

801 kx. Xhenktzar,_ardbakheanca Yahetsbaera, 7;31, 57 oo., 5? oo.80? rjmgnub-darmgnubk `jlgxks~ Xasgxai kx., mgdgbkSgc< Cgvkc/Xpknjsk/Drgsmgnn,Yahetssystama car Dadanwgrt, 7;55, 57 oo.6 Yjckåra, Kntrjcuhtkjn gu crjkt hjmpgrë,7;4;6 gsava arSgc dgnxkbvks tancanhkkS, Sumhg dgnsxvgvaiubk sgxabwjca-iaikS< Mgbmstrÿm, Sea Xystam jo Badgb Xystams, Njtas jn g Prjibam jo Hbgsskokhgtkjn knHjmpgrgtkva Bgw, Xhgnckngvkgn Xtuckas kn Bgw, 7;?; (78), 794 (`fjntknanturavrjpubkjlgxk~ )6 Orjmjnt , Bas drgncs syståms ca crjkt hjntampjrgkns, 7;54, 8 (̀rjmgnubksgmgrSgbk~ )6 sgmkva hktkraiubkg< Mãnegrct/Pjshe , Kntarngtkjngbas Prkvgtrahet,Prkvgtrahetsvardbakheund, Akneaktsprkvgtrahet, 7;;;, 730 o.6Xagc. gsava< Xhenktzar,_ardbakheanca Yahetsbaera, 7;31, 54 o.804 \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § ? K, 43 oo. (`rjmgnubk sgmgrSbksskvrha~ )6 § 70 K, 780 oo. (`darmgnubk sgmgrSbks skvrha~ )6gsava Grmknljn/Njbca/Tjboo , Srgktë ca crjkt hjmpgrë K, 7;10, 39 (`orgndubk jlgxk cg darmgnubk jlgxk~ )6 Yeaknstakn/vjn Ijrrkas, Aknoòerund kn cka Yahetsvardbakheund, 9. Guob., 7;54, 44 (`rjmgnubklduok cg darmgnubk lduok~ ), jrkva hktkraiubkg< Mãnegrct/Pjshe,Kntarngtkjngbas Prkvgtrahet, Prkvgtrahetsvardbakheund, Akneaktsprkvgtrahet, 7;;;, 78;, 739.805 \wakdart/Fÿtz, Aknoòerund kn cka Yahetsvardbakheund K, 7;53, § 98 (K), 889 oo.(`sjhkgbksturk sgmgrSbks skvrha~, rjmabkh 7;;? wbks masgmadgmjhamkcgn gmjYaiubkg )6 Cgvkc/Xpknjsk/Drgsmgnn,Yahetssystama car Dadanwgrt,7;55, 981 oo. (̀sjhkgbksturk sgmgrSbks skstamaik~ )6 Grmknljn/Njbca/Tjboo , Srgktëca crjkt hjmpgrë K, 7;10, 39 (̀sgiTjSg jlgxk~ )6 Mgbmstrÿm, Sea Xystam jo Badgb Xystams, Njtas jn g Prjibam jo Hbgsskokhgtkjn kn Hjmpgrgtkva Bgw, Xhgnckngvkgn Xtuckas kn Bgw, 7;?;(78), 794 (̀ sjhkgbksturk sgmgrSgbk~ )6 Orjmjnt , Bas drgncs syståms ca crjkthjntampjrgkns, 7;54, 8 (̀ sgiTjSg sgmgrSgbk~ ), yvabg hktkraiubkg< Mãnegrct/ Pjshe , Kntarngtkjngbas Prkvgtrahet, Prkvgtrahetsvardbakheund, Akneaktsprkvgtrahet, 7;;;, 730 o.cg \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 1 K, ?8.80; Grmknljn/Njbca/Tjboo , Srgktë ca crjkt hjmpgrë K, 7;10, 396 Cgvkc , Srgktë ëbëmantgkra ca crjkthkvkb hjmpgrë, 7;10, 999 at saq.,hktkraiubkg< \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?,§ 1 K, ?8.870 kx., mgdgbkSgc< Cgvkc/Xpknjsk/Drgsmgnn,Yahetssystama car Dadanwgrt, 7;55, 131 oo.




31

mkzgnXawjnkbjiks sgsgrdaibjcgh, rjmbaikh hgbfaubskstamgtkzghkgXk rabkdkurk gn dajdrgokubk nkXnkS arSkgncaig. 877

sgqgrSvabjs far\j sgmgrSbks gcdkbk hgbfaubfbgskokfghkgXk, iunairkvkg, Xasgigmksk lduoaiks ojrmkraiksnkXnkcgn dgmjmckngrajis. mgdgbkSgc, sgmgrSbks wygrjaiks,sgmgrSbairkvk hnaiaiks ojrmkraiksg cg fjckokhkraiks stkbksSvgbsgzrkskS, kdk fjntknanturavrjpubkg, uorj catgburkckoaranhkghkks XamSxvavgXk fk darmgnubk sgmgrSbks lduoksfankxraig. 879

8.? ssf-ks Xasgvgb caiubaiaiXk cafbgrkraiubk fjckokfghkksmjqmacaiks soarj cg fgnjnmcaibks SvkSXazYucvg

ssf-ks 7-bk muxbkS cafbgrkraiubkg mksk mjqmacaiks soarj< `asfjcaqsk gwasrkdais pkrSg Sgngswjrjigza cgmygraiub far\jxgskgSks qjnairkv, sgjlgxj cg pkrgc urSkarSjiais~. Xasgigmksgc,ssf-s gqvs pratanzkg, kqhas far\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiaiks

mjwasrkdaiks knstrumantgc cg mjsgmgrSbks dgcgwyvatkbaiaikscgsgiuSaiks \krkSgc wygrjc. `fjcaqsks ang~ xXkrgc grgzustkg 878 cg gcafvgtur dgnmgrtaigs sgTkrjais, rgh mjsgmgrSbksdgnsgfuSraiub rjbs dgngpkrjiais. mgn uncg Xa\bjs, kyjs grgmxjbjc mkufar\jaiabk, Sgvksuogbk naiksmkark zamjqmacaiksdgn,grgmac sgmgrSbkgnk qhavks wasaiks SgngXamjqmack.

877 kx., mgdgbkSgc< Xhenktzar,_ardbakheanca Yahetsbaera, 7;31, 990 oo., 934 oo.6gsava< \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 90 K, 950 oo., § 97 K, 95; oo., § 99 K, 9;? oo., § 98 K,80? oo.879 fgnjnks anks, dgmjyanaiubk sgfgnjnmcaibj taqnkfksg cg hnaigSgojrmkraiks stkbSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx. Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 17 oo.6kx.gsava sgxabwjcaiks `ekirkcubk dgrcgmgvgbk sgmgrSbks wasrkdaik~(„eyirkca Òiardgndsrahetsjrcnundan‒) dgmjyanaiks mkzgnXawjnkbjigsSgncgfgvXkraikS Mãnegrct/Pjshe, Kntarngtkjngbas Prkvgtrahet, Prkvgtrahetsvardbakheund,Akneaktsprkvgtrahet< akna Aknoòerund kn cka kntarngtkjngban Ckmanskjnan cas Prkvgtrahets, 7;;;,73;.878 gcafvgturk kurkckubk tarmknjbjdkks ojrmkraig sgfvgn\j prjibamgg.catgburk gngbkzk kx.< Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 17 oo. gmgsSgn,dgsgSvgbkswknaiabkg, rjm sgvknk 7573 wabs darmgnub angs fjckokfghkksXasgqmnabgc dgmjusgcadgrgc mkkHnavcg ( Xgvkdny, _jm Iaruo unsrar \akt oòrDasatzdaiund unc Yahetswkssanshegot, 7573, 19,„aian cgss ska latzt nkhet cgzu tgudt ‒), Sumhg

gsk wabkh gr kyj dgsubk, rgh gm angza, sgvgrgucjc, yvabgza zustkkurkckubk tarmknjbjdkks darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsk cg yvabgzamgrtkvgc Su dgsgdaigc ojrmubkraiubk Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqskcgkwarg.




3?

lar fkcav igdrgt furgpgbgtks sgmgrSbks wkdnXkg mjhamubkgcafvgturk Xadjnaig< `vknhg sgiTjc slcaijcaS cg mgrSsgsgHkvgrsg mgrSbgc mjkxsanaicaS, SquanSg dubSg XkdgnYmrSks XkXk uncg cgkTkrjS cg grgvks sSnkjS, grg mgmgsgcg cacgsg, grg pgtrjnsg, grg \mgSg cg mayvgsSg, grgsqrSgmks qgcaiksgSvks, grg! grgmac mgrSgbk sgmgrSgbk uncgdggHknjS!~873

vgxtgndks sgmgrSgbkh sgkntarasj caiubaikS kwyaig<`lar as dfgcrjS cg mjdgxsanjS maoaSg cg msglubSg cgyjvabs sgmgrSgbXk mlcjms fghsg, as khjcaS, cgmgrxvkSdunaigXk dqjncasS, rjma YmarSk, yjvbks cgmigcaiabk,Sqvandgn sgmgrSbks uorjs grgs kSxjvs cg rksxvghgusgmgrSbjikS mjkvbknaiks...~ 871 nkXgncjibkvkg, rjm asojrmubkraig `maoaSg~ mkmgrSgh grks dgmjSqmubk, Sgvgcmaoah sgsgmgrSbj prjhasks mjngwkbaSg msdgvssgmgrSbairkv raLkmXk aqhavg, zamjqmacaiksdgn Sgvks XafgvaigmjaSxjvaig cg arSgcarS ogsaubjigs ‘ sgmgrSbkgnjigs

amsgxuraig.far\jsgmgrSbairkv fjckokfghkgs dgnsgfuSraiubk mnkXvnabjigankTaig fjckokhkraiubk sgmgrSbks, mgS Xjrks pjstsgiTjur,sgxabmwkojaiXk. 87? as ngwkbjirkv jikaqturk dgramjaiaikS grksdgnpkrjiaiubk. sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks mjqmacaiks soarjsdgnmsgzYvrabk caiubaiaik, gmgvcrjubgc, far\jsgmgrSbairkvkmjwasrkdaiks Su, zjdgcgc, far\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiaiksgrsks dgnmsgzYvrabkg.

dgrcg gmksg, pjstsgiTjur sgxabmwkojaiXk sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsaik sxvg far\jsgmgrSbairkv fgnjnaiSgn mkmgrSaikS

873 iaqgsg cg gYiuYgs sgmgrSbks wkdnks ;;-a muxbk, cjbk\a (rac.),qgrSubk sgmgrSbks \adbaik, 7;?8, 3?3.871 vgxtgnd _K-ks sgmgrSbks wkdnks (sgmgrSgbk igtjnksXvkbks vgxtgndksg)pkrvabk muxbk, cjbk\a (rac.), qgrSubk sgmgrSbks \adbaik, 7;?8, 34;. 87? `pjstsgiTjurk sgxabmwkojaik~ wkngmcaigra ngXrjmXk dgmjyanaiubkgyjokbk sgiTjSg fgvXkrks XamgcdanbjigXk Xamgvgbk, gmLgmgccgmjufkcaiabk sgxabmwkojaiks gYsgnkXngvgc. gmgsSgn, gm qvaynaiks far\jsgmgrSgbza sguirksgs dgmjyanaiubkg sgqgrSvabjs uXugbj mazjiabksgxabmwkojaiks< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks (` sjirgnkazgfjnjcgtabstvg rjskksfjk oacarghkk ~, 7;;3, #89, 8807), sjmxaSksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks (sjmxaSks raspuibkfks jokhkgburkdgmjhamg, 7;;5, #74 (10)) cg gzarigklgnks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks Xasgigmksk njrmaik. sxvg pjstsjhkgbkstur sgxabmwkojaiXkfjckokfghkaiks mjckokhkraigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx., mgdgbkSgc, Pjshe ,Drunczòda oramcar Prkvgtrahetssystama, 7;;1, 753 oo.




34

upkrgtask kurkckubk \gbks mqjnac mkkHnavg. 874 gqacgn dgmjmckngra,sgiTjSg fjckokfghkaik kSvgbkswknaicnan cg pjstsgiTjurksgxabmwkojaiks fjcaqsaik gmLgmgcgh mjkhgvan 875 sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqskS mjwasrkdaiubk urSkarSjiaiksg Su sgmjqgbgqjfgnjnmcaibjiks sgdnks yjvbksmjmhvab zjdgc mjwasrkdaigs. 87;

cgsgvbaS avrjpks qvanaikcgn gvstrkgsg cg XvakhgrkgXk kqngmjwasrkdaiubk, Xasgigmksgc, sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks hnaig cgfjcaqsks mjqmacaiks soarj, Sumhg upkrgtasjig mkankTguorj bgfjnkur ojrmubkraigs<

gvstrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7-bk pgrgdrgoksSgngxmgc, km fgnjnSg mjwasrkdaiks soarj, rjmbaikhsgxabmwkojs mhxjvraiSg far\jsgmgrSbairkv uobaiaisg cgmjvgbajiais dgnsgzYvrgvan, grks sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSgbk6 890

Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7-bk K muxbksSgngxmgc, kdk dgmjkyanaig `yvabg sgmgrSbairkvk sgfkSxksmkmgrS, rjmabSgSvksgh mksk taqstkcgn gn dgnmgrtaikcgn

dgmjmckngra caiubaigs Xakhgvs~.897

gmdvgrgc, Xvakhgrkksfjcaqsk gwasrkdais mxjbjc zjdgc prknhkps cgdgcgwyvatkbaigs kmks Sgjigza, Su rjmab urSkarSjiaizaXak\baig dgvrhabcas kdk, fgnjnks Xamogrcaiabs utjvais.

dgmjmckngra kqkcgn, rjm fgnjnks mjqmacaiks soarjs dgnsgzYvrgsgqgrSvabjXk cgmfvkcraiubk trgckhkgg (kXvkgSkg fgnjnk,rjmabkh gr mjkhgvs mksk mjwasrkdaiks soarjs dgnsgzYvraigs),fgnjnks gvtjraimg mkzgnXawjnkbgc mkkHnkas ssf-ks mjqmacaikssoarjs zjdgck mjwasrkdaig. gmgsSgn, ksknk kmyjoaijcnan grHavgnkswkngXa, arSk mxrkv sgiTjSg cg pjstsgiTjurk fjckokfghkaiksmjqmacaiks soarjs yjvbksmjmhvabk mjwasrkdaiks mhcabjigsg cg,majra mxrkv, zjdkarSk sxvg fjntknanturk avrjpks sgxabmwkojXk

874 kx., mgdgbkSgc< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-8 KK muxbkcg sjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7-bk K 9 muxbk. Xagc.gsava Tgnturkg , Xasgvgbk sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks zjdgc ngwkbXk, 7;;4, 57cg Xamcdjmk, cgmjufkcaiab sgxabmwkojSg Sgngmadjirjiks mjcabursgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsza mkSkSaikS.875 kx.< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-9, sjmxaSksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7-bk cg gzarigklgnks raspuibkfkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-9 muxbaik. 87; Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 48.890 „ Car Kniadrkoo car Dasatza, wjcurhe cka Prkvgtraheta unc Pobkhetan car Aknwjenar casXtggtas untar skhe iastkmmt warcan, mghet cgs iòrdarbkhea Yahet kn camsabian gus‒. 897 „…guo gbba Yahetsorgdan Gnwancund, oòr cka as nghe Tjrtbgut jcar Gusbadund akna Iastkmmund anteãbt ‒.




35

mjhamub zjdgck mjwasrkdaiks gbtarngtkvgs Xjrks. Xacadgc,`hnaig. mjqmacaiks soarjSk~ cgsgSguraiubk ssf-ks pkrvabk muxbkXamjkogrdbaig mjwasrkdaiks soarjsg (qjnairkvk, sgjlgxj cgpkrgck urSkarSjiaik) cg sgqgrSvabjs fjnstktuhkks ma-73 muxbkSdgSvgbkswknaiub Sgngswjrjiks prknhkpza zjdgck mkSkSaikS. 899 gmdvgrgc, ssf-ks Xasgvgbk caiubaiks radubkraiks umnkXvna-bjvgnask grsk far\jsgmgrSbairkv urSkarSjiaiXk Sgngswjrjiksprknhkpks hantrgburk mnkXvnabjiks xgzdgsmgg. 898

Xasgigmksgc, sgqgrSvabjXk dgzkgraiubkg km sgxabmwkojaiksmkcdjmg, rjmbaiXkh sgmjqgbgqj fjckokfghkg kwyaig XasgvgbkcaiubaiaikS. gm njrmaikS, yjokbk sgiTjSg raspuibkfaiksg cgpjstsgiTjurk sgxabmwkojaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjckokfghkaiksmsdgvsgc, 893 dgnksgzYvraig fjcaqsks mjqmacaiks soarj pkrSg wrksgcg mjwasrkdaiks sgdnks (sgdnjirkvk mjqmacaiks soarj) mkxacvkS.gsava dgSvgbkswknaiubkg caiubaiaik far\j sgmgrSbks wygrjaiks(njrmgtkubk gqtaiks kargrqkks), sgmgrSbks njrmaiks crjXkmjqmacaiks, mgSk gngbjdkkS dgmjyanaiksg cg sgsgmgrSbjs dgcgwyva-

tkbaiks dgmjtgnks vgbcaiubaiks Xasgxai.cgsgvbaS avrjpks qvaynaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjckokfghkaik gn grXakhgvan Xasgvgb caiubaiais, gn pjstsgiTjurk fjckokfghkaiksXasgvgbk caiubaiaiks msdgvsgc Xamjkogrdbaikgn, rjdjrh wask,sgmjqgbgqj fgnjnmcaibjigsSgn cgfgvXkraiubk ou\amcaiburksgfkSxaikS, gnu caiubaiaikS fgnjnks \gbgXk Xasvbks, mjqmacaikssoarjs, ufuqhavkSk \gbksg cg dgnmgrtaiks Xasgxai. 891 gmgva crjs,ksknk mfvaSrgc dgnsxvgvcaikgn arSmgnaSksgdgn rjdjrh mjhubjiks,ksa mjwasrkdaiubk sgfkSxaiks mkxacvkS. mgdgbkSgc, sgorgndaSkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks Xasgvgbk ngwkbk mjkhgvs mxjbjc aqvs

899 ssf-ks Xasgvgbk caiubaiks frktkfubk gngbkzk kx. farasabk\a ,sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks Xasgvgbk caiubaiaik, qsm, 9003 (4), 5. 898 gm mxrkv ssf-ks Xasgvgbk caiubaig amsdgvsaig rusaSks oacarghkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7-bk K muxbks, sjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks ma-8 K muxbksg cg gzarigklgnks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 7-bk K muxbks ojrmubkraiais.893 Xagc. sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7-bk-ma-5 muxbaik. gsavakx.< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7-bk-ma-4 muxbaik, sjmxaSksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7-bk-ma-; muxbaik cg gzarigklgnksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7-bk-ma-78 muxbaik.891 kx.< sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7-bk-ma-? muxbaik , aspgnaSkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7-bk-ma-7? muxbaik, gvstrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks7-bk-ma-73 pgrgdrgoaik cg Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7-bk-ma-70muxbaik .




3;

caiubaigs, 89? xjbj aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks XacgraikSogrSj Xasgvgbk caiubaiaik, fgnjnaiks mjqmacaiks Xasgxaicaiubaiaiks dgrcg, mjkhgvs gsava fjbkzkur sgmgrSgbsgh.

gm fjckokfghkaiksgdgn dgnsxvgvaikS, 894 ssf-Xk dgSvgbkswkna-iubkg caiubaiaik sgmjqgbgqj fgnjnaiks mkznks, knckvkcksmjqmacaiks Sgvksuobaiksg cg gm ufgngsfnabks kmpargtkubknjrmaikS XazYucvks Xasgxai. gmdvgrgc, fgnjnmcaiabk ssf-ksXasgvgb caiubaiaiXk mkzngc ksgxgvs dgmjfvaSjs Sgvksk pjzkhkgfar\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiaiks mjwasrkdaigsSgn cgfgvXk-raikS. 895

ssf-ks ma-; muxbk cgsgSguraiubkg rjdjrh `sgmjqgbgqjfgnjnSg mkzgnk~. gm muxbks Sgngxmgc, sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrS-bairkvk fgnjnaik mkkYaig `sgmjqgbgqj irunvksSgvksuobaiks~ uzrunvabsgyjogc.

ssf-ks ma-70 KK muxbkS, fkcav arSxab, dgngmtfkhaiubkgfjnstktuhkks ma-7? muxbkcgn (pkrjvnaiks Sgvksuogbk

dgnvkSgraiks uobaig) dgmjmckngra knckvkcks mjqmacaiksSgvksuobaig. far\jsgmgrSbairkv urSkarSjiaiXk mjngwkbapkrais ankTaigS uobaig, `dgngxjrhkabjn fgnjnkSgufr\gbgvk~ `naiksmkark~ mjqmacaig, gnu ksaSkh, rjmabkhfgnjnkS sgarSjc gr grks dgSvgbkswknaiubk. 89;

mjqmacaiks Sgvksuobaig fgnjnmcaibks mkar kzYucaigkmpargtkubk njrmaikS. gmgsSgn, mgSk mkYaiksg cg XknggrsksHgrHj dgSvgbkswknaiubkg ssf-ks ma-70 KKK muxbkS.kmpargtkubk njrmaiks mkYaiks mkzgnkg knckvkcks uobaigSgcg SgvksuobaigSg cghvg sxvg pkraiks mkar `uobaigSgijrjtgc dgmjyanaiksgdgn~ cg, gmdvgrgc, suikaqturkkntarasaiks mXvkcjikgnk dgnxjrhkabaiks uzrunvabyjog.

89? kx. \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund , 7;;?, § 4 K, 54, mkSkSaikS, rjm as aqvskmuxbk Sgvcgpkrvabgc dgSvgbkswknaiubk vrhabk Xasgvgbk ngwkbks („ Bkvra prëbkmkngkra‒) Xamjfbaiubk vgrkgntkg ( „Sktra prëbkmkngkra‒).894 mgdgbkSgc, pjstsgiTjurk sgxabmwkojaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjckokfghkaiXksgmjqgbgqj fgnjnmcaibjiks zjdgck caiubaiaiks Xamcdjm wasrkdcaiguobaiaiks dgnxjrhkabaiks sgfkSxaik. 895 Xagc. ljriang\a , sgqgrSvabjs raspuibkfks mjmgvgbk sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks \krkSgck prjibamaik, 7;;3, 735.89; sgkntarasjg pgrgbabk ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7899-a KK muxbSgn,rjmabXkh fgnjnmcaiabmg pkrcgpkr mkuSkSg, rjm mxgraaik gr grkgnfgnjnkS mjwasrkdaiubk xabXafrubaiks tkpaikS XaijTkbnk cg Xau\bkgScgcjn naiksmkark Xknggrsks xabXafrubaiaik ( „ Ba pgrtk pjssjnj gnhea hjnhbucarahjntrgttk hea njn gppgrtandgnj gk tkpk gvantk ung ckshkpbkng pgrtkhjbgra, purheë skgnj ckrattk gragbkzzgra kntarassk marktavjbk ck tutabg sahjncj b‛jrckngmantj dukrkckhj ‒).




10

mjqmacaiaik, rjmbaikh awknggYmcadaikgn gsaS kmpargtkubnjrmais, ssf-ks ma-70 KKK 9 muxbkS hxgccaig igSkbgc, SuXasgigmks fgnjnXk pkrcgpkr gr grks mkSkSaiubk sxvgdvgrkXacadk.

cgijbjs, ssf-ks ma-70 KKK 8 muxbkS kfr\gbaighgbfaubk Hgravaik gcmknkstrghkubk gqtaiks maXvajikS, `Suas gqtaik fjnfratubk fgnjnks sgou\vabza gr grksdgmjyanaiubk~. msdgvsk mkcdjmg vbkncaig ssf-ks ma-5 KKmuxbXkh, sgcgh sguigrkg `sgxabmwkojairkvk cgsgzjdgcjairkvk kntarasaikcgn dgmjmckngra~ far\jsgmgrS-bairkvk urSkarSjiaiks sglgrj sgmgrSbkS mjwasrkdaikscgsgXvaijigza.

ssf-ks as caiubaiaik knckvkcks mjqmacaiks Sgvksuobaiks, ksavarjdjrh mknkmgburk Hgravksg cg Sgngzjmkaraiks prknhkpaikscgmfvkcraiks cafbgrkraigg. as fgnjnmcaibks arSdvgrkSvkSXazYucvks mhcabjigg. kmpargtkubk njrmaik Xak\baig

kSvgbkswknaicnan mjqmacaiks Sgvksuobaiks Sgngzjmkar XazYucvgsuorj mnkXvnabjvgnk ogsaubjiks cgsghgvgc. gm mkcdjmkcgndgmjmckngrajis sglgrjsgmgrSbairkvk mjwasrkdaiks XazYucvgh kmXamSxvavaikS, rjmbaiXkh as guhkbaiabkg knckvkcSg kntarasaikcgndgmjmckngra. Sgvks mxrkv, gcmknkstrghkubk gqtk uncgdgmjmckngrajicas knckvkcSg kntarasaiks cgsghgvgc mkYaiubkfgnjnkcgn. 880

3. far\j sgmgrSbks wygrjaik cg njrmgSg kargrqkg

ssf-ks ma-9 muxbk ‘ `sgmjqgbgqj fgnjnmcaibjig~ ‘ dgnsgzYvrgvssgmjqgbgqj urSkarSjiaiks mkmgrS mjqmack sgmgrSbks njrmaikskargrqkgs. gmgvcrjubgc, mgsXk mjhamubkg far\j sgmgrSbkswygrjaiks mkmjxkbvg.

3.7 fjnstktuhkg

ssf-ks ma-9 K muxbks Sgngxmgc, `sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsk, far\jsgmgrSbks sxvg fgnjnaik cg mgSk dgnmgrtaiaik uncg XaasgigmaijcassgqgrSvabjs fjnstktuhkgs~. gm caiubaikS fgnjnmcaiabk xgzsusvgms km dgramjaigs, rjm fjnstktuhkg, rjdjrh sgxabmwkojs

880 uorj catgburgc kx. farasabk\a , sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks Xasgvgbkcaiubaiaik, qsm, 9003 (4), 95 cg Xamcdjmnk.




17

umnkXvnabjvgnask fgnjnk, njrmgSg kargrqkks umgYbas sgoaxurzakmyjoaig. 887

sgqgrSvabjs fjnstktuhkks ma-? K muxbks Sgngxmgc,`fjnstktuhkg sgxabmwkojs uzangask fgnjnkg~ cg `yvabg sxvgsgmgrSbairkvk gqtk uncg Xaasgigmaijcas fjnstktuhkgs~. kdkvaxgzdgsmubkg njrmgtkubk gqtaiks Xasgxai fgnjnks ma-7;, gsava ma-90K cg 93-a muxbaiXk.

fjnstktuhkg gcdans sgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdks ou\amcaiburprknhkpais, dgngmtfkhais gcgmkgnks \krkSgc uobaiaisg cgSgvksuobaiais. kdk qmnks HgrHjs far\jsgmgrSbairkvkurSkarSjiaiks mjwasrkdaiksSvks. mgsXk dgnmtfkhaiubkogsaubjiaik dgngpkrjiaian far\j sgmgrSgbXk rjdjrh Xasgigmkskmjwasrkdaiks XarHavgs, ksa qhavks wasaiks gm prknhkpaiSgnXasgigmks Su mgSdgn dgmjmckngra dgnmgrtaigs.

mgdgbkSgc, sglgrj wasrkdks 889 knstktutk kSvgbkswknaissxvg qvaynks sgmgrSbks dgmjyanaiksgs mkYaiubk Xacadks

sgqgrSvabjs fjnstktuhkks \krkSgc ogsaubjiaiSgnXasgigmksjigXk Xamjwmaigs. far\jc, cgsgcdankg, xjm grdgmjmckngrajis Xasgigmksk Xacadkcgn knckvkcks pkrjvnaiks,mksk mjqmacaiks Sgvksuobaiks grgSgngzjmkark XazYucvg.

3.9 sgarSgXjrksj xabXafrubaig

fjnstktuhkks ma-? KK muxbks Sgngxmgc, Xkcgsgxabmwkojairkvknjrmgtkubk gqtaiks mkmgrS upkrgtask kurkckubk \gbg gqvs`sgqgrSvabjs sgarSgXjrksj xabXafrubaigs gn XaSgnxmaigs, Sukdk gr awknggYmcadaig sgqgrSvabjs fjnstktuhkgs~. 888

sgyurgcYaijg, rjm sgarSgXjrksj xabXafrubaiaiksupkrgtask kurkckubk \gbg Xkcgsgxabmwkojairkvknjrmgtkubk gqtaiks mkmgrS sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbks fjcaqsks 145-a muxbXk kyj mjwasrkdaiubk.gYnkXnubs gwasrkdaian pjstsgiTjurk sgxabmwkojaiksfjckokfghkaikh yvabg mgSdgnksgSvks cgmgxgskgSaiabk

887 Xagc. gzarigklgnks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-9 K muxbk. kx.rjmgnub-darmgnub sgmgrSbks `jlgxSgn~ mkmgrSaikS Cgvkc/Xpknjsk/Drgsmgnn,Yahetssystama car Dadanwgrt, 7;55, 7?8 o.6 xjbj yjokbk sjhkgbksturksgmgrSbairkvk skstamks sgxabmwkojaiSgn cgfgvXkraikS kqva, 9;0 .889 „jrcra puibkh‒.888 rjmgnub-darmgnub sgmgrSbks skvrhaXk sgarSgXjrksj XaSgnxmaiksskstamur gcdkbSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx. Cgvkc/Xpknjsk/Drgsmgnn,Yahetssystama carDadanwgrt, 7;55, 7?? o .




19

ojrmubkraikS< sgarSgXjrksj xabXafrubaiaik sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSgbXk uXugbjc uncg kqnas dgmjyanaiubk, Sufjnfratub sgarSgXjrksj xabXafrubaigXk gr grksdgSvgbkswknaiubk mgS Xasgsrubaibgc Xkcgsgxabmwkoj-airkvk njrmgtkubk gqtks mkYaig. 883

gsaSk caiubaig far\jsgmgrSbairkv fjckokfghkgXkzacmatkg, 881 rgcdgngh gngbjdkurk mjwasrkdaig mjhamubkguXugbjc Xasgigmks sgxabmwkojSg fjnstktuhkaiXk. 88?

gmgsSgn, mkzgnXauwjnabkg cgmgtaikSk sgmgrSbairkvkXacadks cgfgvXkraig km dgramjaigsSgn, rjm sgarSgXjrksjxabXafrubaigXk Xak\baig dgSvgbkswknaiubk kyjs mksXasgsrubaibgc Xkcgsgxabmwkojairkvk njrmgtkubk gqtksmkYaig. arSk mxrkv, gYnkXnubk cgSqmgh sgarSgXjrksjxabXafrubaigXk kqnaig dgSvgbkswknaiubk cg mgs upkrgtask\gbg aqnaig uXugbjc fjnstktuhkks Xasgigmksk njrmkssgou\vabza6 884 majra mxrkv, gsaSk cgSqmks sgvgrgucj mkzgnkkmks xgzdgsmgg, rjm hgbfaubk sgarSgXjrksj xabXafruba-

ikcgn uXugbj Xacadaik Xak\baig dgmjmckngrajicas mxjbjcsgxabmwkojsSvks. Xasgigmksgc, sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbairkvkurSkarSjiks suikaqtks mkmgrS kmjqmacais sgarSgXjrksjXaSgnxmaikS dgSvgbkswknaiubk sgmgrSbairkvk raLkmksfgnjnmcaibjigXk gsgxvg. bjdkfurkg, Su sgarSgXjrksjxabXafrubaig kSvgbkswknais grg fjnfratub uobaiaisg cgmjvgbajiais, grgmac sgxabmwkojs vgbcaiubaigs ‘ dgnsgzYvrjs Xasgigmksk sgmgrSbairkvk raLkmk, hgbfaubksuikaqtk var cgayrcnjig lar grgrsaiub `mjwasrkdaigs~,Suncgh rjm sgvgrgucj kyjs mksk mjmgvgbXk XamuXgvaig.

sgqgrSvabjXk sgarSgXjrksj xabXafrubaig njrmgSg kargrqkgXkfjnstktuhkks Xamcad sgoaxurza kmyjoaig, uXugbjc fjnstktuhkksma-? KK muxbks caiubaikcgn dgmjmckngra. kdk \gbgXk Xacks

883 kx. gsava rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-4, sjmxaSksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-? cg gzarigklgnks raspuibkfkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-8 muxbaik. 881 Xagc. fnkpark , sgfgnjnmcaibj taqnkfks sgfkSxksgSvks, qsm, 7;;5 (7), 98.88? Xagc.< rusaSks oacarghkks fjnstktuhkks ma-71 K_ 9 muxbk (` rjskksfgkgdgzatg ~, 7;;8 wbks 91 cafamiark), sjmxaSks raspuibkfks fjnstktuhkks ma-?muxbk (` egkgstgnk egnrgpatutkun ~, 7;;1 wbks 78 mgksk, 9-8) cg gzarigklgnksraspuibkfks fjnstktuhkks 717-a muxbk (` gzarigklgn ~, 7;;1 wbks 94njamiark, #994 (7933)).884 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 4? o.




18

fjnstktuhkks ?1-a muxbks sgou\vabza, hgbfaub XamSxvavgXksgqgrSvabjs pgrbgmantks mkar rgtkokhkraiks Xamcad. 885

3.8 fgnjnk

fjnstktuhkksg cg sgarSgXjrksj xabXafrubaiks Xamcadsgoaxurza cdgs fgnjnk. sgqgrSvabjXk arSmgnaSksgdgn kmklnaig`Hvaubairkvk~ cg a.w. `jrdgnubk~ fgnjnaik. gmgsSgn, mkHnaubkg, rjm`jrdgnubk~ fgnjnk njrmgSg kargrqkks uorj mgYgb sgoaxurzakmyjoaig, vkcra `Hvaubairkvk~ fgnjnk, 88; rgcdgngh kdk mkkYaigfjnstktuhkks fjnfratubk mjSxjvnks Xasgsrubaibgc. `jrdgnubk~fgnjnks mkYaiksgSvks, fjnstktuhkks ??-a KK muxbks Sgngxmgc,pgrbgmantks wavrSg skkSk Xamgcdanbjiks umrgvbasjiks SgnxmjiggsgTkrj. `Hvaubairkvk~ fgnjnk mkkYaig `Hvaubairkvk prjhacurkS~,gnu pgrbgmantks sxcjmgza cgmswraSg xmaiks umrgvbasjikS.

far\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiaiks mjwasrkdaigsSgn

cgfgvXkraikS fjnstktuhkg gr Xakhgvs sgSgngcj mjSxjvngscg, Xasgigmksgc, ssf-ks ma-9 muxbXk mjhamubk far\jsgmgrSbks soarjXk mjqmack njrmgtkubk gqtaiksHgmjngSvgbXk ̀ jrdgnubk~ fgnjnaik gr mjkxsankaig.

ssf grks `Hvaubairkvk~ fgnjnk. kdk far\j sgmgrSbks uzjdgcassgfkSxais gwasrkdais cg, Xasgigmksgc, gm soarjXk mjqmack yvabgzazjdgck fgnjnkg.

ssf-ks ma-9 KK 7 muxbk dgnsgzYvrgvs, rjm arSk cg kmgva cjnks`sgmgrSbks njrmgSg~ fjbkzkks crjs dgmjkyanaig uorjspahkgburk 830 cg uorj gxgbk 837 fgnjnk. gmgsSgn, spahkgburkfgnjnks upkrgtask dgmjyanaiks mjwasrkdaig skgxbag. 839 gm skgxbkswgrmjsgHangc fgnjnmcaiabmg gYnkXnubk prknhkpk fkcav arSxab,gmlargc uXugbjc ssf-ks zjdgc cg spahkgbur njrmaiSgnmkmgrSaikS, mjgwasrkdg. ssf-ks ma-9 KK 9 muxbks Sgngxmgc, `gmfjcaqskS dgSvgbkswknaiub zjdgc njrmaisg cg spahkgbur njrmaisXjrks fjbkzkksgs dgmjkyanaig spahkgburk njrmaik~.

885 rgtkokhkraigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx. sgqgrSvabjs fjnstktuhkks ?1-amuxbk6 Xagc. darmgnkks \krkSgck fgnjnks 1;-a KK 7 muxbk (Druncdasatz oòr cka Iuncasrapuibkf Cautshebgnc , 7;3;, IDIb, 7).88; frktkfubk XaogsaiksgSvks kx. fnkpark , sgfgnjnmcaibj taqnkfks sgfkSxk-sgSvks, qsm, 7;;5 (7), 98.830 „bax spahkgbks carjdgt bax danargbks‒.837 „bax pjstarkjr carjdgt badas prkjrk‒.839 uorj gxgbk fgnjnks upkrgtask dgmjyanaig mjwasrkdaiubkg gsavanjrmgtkubk gqtaiks Xasgxai fgnjnks 91-a KK cg 9?-a KK muxbaikS.




13

mxacvabjigXkg mksgYaik, rjm zjdgc cg spahkgbur fgnjnaisSu njrmais Xjrks mkmgrSaig gr grks stgtkfurk. as mkmgrSaigXaogrcaikSkg cg cgmjfkcaiubkg fjnfratubk fgnjnaiksg SuXasgigmksk njrmaiks mjwasrkdaiks soarjza. rgh uorj vkwrjgmjwasrkdaiks soarj, uorj spahkgburkg Xasgigmksk njrmg, mgsSgnXacgraikS uorj ogrSj mjwasrkdaiks soarjs mqjna njrmgsSgnmkmgrSaikS.

gm sgxkS ygbkicaig zjdgc-gistrgqtub hnaigSg skstamg. gmskstamgs fgnjnmcaiabk bjdkfurk urSkarSmkmgrSaiks sgou\vabzaqmnks, prknhkpkS< zjdgckcgn ‘ spahkgburksfan. kdk lar gcdanszjdgc wasais, rjmbaikh vrhabcaig yvabg pkrza (fbgskfurkdgdaikS< sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSgbk), xjbj Xamcad guhkbaibjiksXasgigmksgc gvkwrjais mjsgwasrkdaiab soarjs cg uorjspahkgbur njrmgs XakmuXgvais.

fgnjnks Xamogrcaiabk mjqmacais ufuprknhkpkS<spahkgburkcgn ‘ zjdgcksfan. kdk Sgvcgpkrvabgc kyanaisfjnfratubk urSkarSjiks mkmgrS mjqmac yvabgza spahkgbur

njrmgs, cg mxjbjc mgXkn, Su ks var mkkYais sgsurvab Xacads,dgnkxkbgvs mgsSgn XacgraikS uorj zjdgc, xjbj yvabgcgngrHanSgn mkmgrSaikS yvabgza spahkgbur njrmgs.

spahkgburk fgnjnaiks caiubaigSg upkrgtask dgmjyanaikssgfkSxk pjstsgiTjurk sgxabmwkojaiks sgmgrSbairkvskstamaiXk fvbgvgh gr grks dgzkgraiubk. gmks ngSabkmgdgbkSkg rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-8 KKmuxbk, rjmbks Sgngxmgcgh, sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbairkvksgfkSxaiks mjmwasrkdaiabk oacarghkks fgnjnaik uncgXaasgigmaijcnan sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqss. Xasgigmksgc,(spahkgburk fgnjnkS) sxvgdvgrk mjwasrkdaiks sgfkSxksgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks caiubaiaiXk gistrgqtubgcdghxgcaiubk gn mknkXnaiubk uncg kyjs. gngbjdkurkcaiubaig mjhamubkg sxvg pjstsgiTjurk sgxabmwkojaiksfjckokfghkaiXk. 838

sgqgrSvabjXk fgnjnmcaiabmg dgkzkgrg cgsgvbaSavrj-pubk sgxabmwkojaiks dgmjhckbaig cg ssf-ks ma-9 KK 7muxbkS mjgwasrkdg spahkgburk fgnjnks njrmgSg upkrgtaskdgmjyanaig uorj zjdgc njrmaiSgn mkmgrSaikS. gmkS ssfdgmjngfbkskg pjstsgiTjur skvrhaXk. 833

838 kx. sjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7-bk K 9 muxbk, ksavarjdjrh sktyvgsktyvkSk mnkXvnabjikS dgnsxvgvaiubk, mgdrgm sxvgpjstsgiTjurk caiubaiaiks msdgvsgc dgnmgrtaiubk gzarigklgnks raspui-bkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-9 K muxbk.833 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 45.




11

fgnjnks njrmaiza sguirksgs mnkXvnabjvgnkg far\jsgmgrSbairkvknjrmaiks ckoaranhkghkg mgSk sgvgbcaiubjjiks mkxacvkS.kmpargtkubk njrmaik Xasgsrubaibgc sgvgbcaiubjg, ckspjzk-hkurk fk k\bavg Xasgigmksk urSkarSjiks mjwasrkdaiks nkmuXs,rjmbks Xahvbgh mxgraais SgvkgnSk naiks sgou\vabza Xau\bkgS.

3.3 fgnjnqvamcaigra njrmgtkubk gqtk

fgnjnqvamcaigra njrmgtkubk gqtkS far\jsgmgrSbairkvkurSkarSjiaiks mjwasrkdaiks cgsgXvaijig cg gm njrmgSg gcdkbknjrmgtkubk gqtaiks kargrqkgXk mjwasrkdaiubkg ssf-ks ma-9 KKKmuxbXk.

fgnjnqvamcaigra njrmgtkubk gqtk, rjmabkh gcdans zjdgckxgskgSks qhavks wass cg, Xasgigmksgc, dgmkznubkg sgzjdgcjairkvkurSkarSjiaiks dgnusgzYvrabk rgjcanjiks, ksava rjdjrhdgnusgzYvrab pkrSg wrks mkmgrS dgmjsgyanaibgc, njrmgtkubkgqtaiks kargrqkgXk aqhavg fgnjnks mjmcavnj sgoaxurza.

far\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiaiks mjsgwasrkdaibgcmkYaiubk fgnjnqvamcaigra njrmgtkubk gqtk mkkYaig fgnjnkssgou\vabza cg gvsais fgnjnks njrmgs. fgnjnSgn wknggYmcadjiksXamSxvavgXk fgnjnqvamcaigra njrmgtkubk gqtk gr dgmjkyanaig.

mkSkSaiais kmks Sgjigza, rjm far\jsgmgrSbairkvkurSkarSjiaiks mjwasrkdaig cgsgXvaikg km njrmgtkubkgqtaikS, rjmbaikh njrmgtkubk gqtaiks kargrqkgXk fgnjnksqvacg sgoaxurza kmyjoaikgn, gsava mjkhgvan sxvgpjstsgiTjurk sgxabmwkojaiks fjckokfghkaik, mgdgbkSgc<rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-8 KKK-K_ muxbk,sjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-3 muxbk cggzarigklgnks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-9 _Kmuxbk.

3.1 Hvaubaig

Hvaubaig sgmgrSbks wygrjg. kdk wgrmjkXjig xgndr\bkvk cgarSdvgrjvgnk dgmjyanaiks sgou\vabza cg Xasg\baiabkgXazYucubk kyjs skvrhjirkvk (tarktjrkubk prknhkpksg) SupkrSg wrks mkxacvkS mjqmacaikS. 831

831 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 50. Xagc. gsava Puhetg, Pgncaftan, 7544, § 77, 90.kx.gsava darmgnkksg cg gvstrkks Sgngmacrjva kurkckub bktargturgXk< Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005, Aknbaktund, YcNr. 99 o.6 Iycbknsfk kn< Fjzkjb/Iycbknsfk/ Ijbbaniardar, GIDI-Fjmmantgr, 9004, § 70, YcNr. 96 Fjzkjb/Tabsar/Fbatačfg, Iòrdarbkheas




1?

Hvaubaig gvsais fgnjnks njrmgs. mj\vabcg mjsgzraig kmksXasgxai, rjm kurkckubk \gbks mqjnac kdk mxjbjc fgnjnksngwkbgc qhavks Xamcad xcaig. 83? Hvaubaiks mjqmacaig mnkXvnabjigsk\ans xabXafrubaiks caiubaiks, naiks dgmjvbanksg cg hgbfaubkqmacaiks dgnmgrtaiksgs. xXkrgc uXugbjc HvaubaikSk sgmgrSbkScdkncaig qhavks wasaik. 834

sxvg pjstsgiTjurk sgxabmwkojaiks fjckokfghkaiksgdgndgnsxvgvaikS, ssf gr mjkhgvs Hvaubaiks dgnmgrtaigs. 835 Sumhgfjntknanturk avrjpks sxvg sgmgrSbairkv skstamaiXkhdgmjkyanaig hnaig ̀ Hvaubaig~, mksk dgnmgrtaiks dgraXa. 83;

Yahet K, 900?, 30,rjmbaikh Xasgigmksk qvaynks sgsgmgrSbj dgcgwyvatk-baiaiza cgyrcnjikS Hvaubaiks cgmgxgskgSaiab cgmgtaikS frktarkumgcgYkgraian urSkarSjiks mjngwkbaSg rwmangs, rjm ksknk Xasgsrubaibgcsgvgbcaiubj gnu mjqmac sgmgrSgbs gYgsrubaian ( „jpknkj nahassktgtks‒ , „jpknkjkurks‒). swjrac as frktarkumk dgngpkrjiais gm qvaynaiks sgmgrSbairkv

skstamaiXk HvaubaikSk sgmgrSbks dgmklvngs `ogqtjirkvk Hvaubaiaiks~(„tgtsahebkhea Òiund ‒ , „ ogftkshea Dawjeneaktan‒), kmgva `sgvgTrj Hvaubaiaiksg cgtrgckhkaiksgdgn~ ( „_arfaerssktta‒ , „ Egncabsirguhe‒ , „_arfaersdawjeneaktan‒ , „Òiundcas racbkhean _arfaers‒). mkkHnavg, rjm gm ufgngsfnabSg XamSxvavgXk gsaSk`rwmang~ („ Yahetsòiarzaudund ‒) gr grsaijis.83? mjfba mkmjxkbvg kx. Xhenktzar,_ardbakheanca Yahetsbaera, 7;31, 9;1 o .834 sgorgndaSXk sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks mkYaiks Xamcad, HvaubaikssgmgrSbks wygrjc dgnxkbvks mkmgrS cgmfvkcraiubk SgvXafgvaiubjiksmkuxacgvgc, HvaubaikSk sgmgrSbkS dgnksgzYvraig, mgdgbkSgc, qjrwknaiksXamcad qgbks uobaig ‘ ksgrdaibjs mauYbks dvgrkS. uorj matkh,HvaubaikSk sgmgrSbkS cgmfvkcrcg sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks7713-a muxbkS dgSvgbkswknaiubk prjhantkcgn prjhantks dgcgxckscguXvaibjiks grdgmjyanaig fjntjfjrantSgn cgfgvXkraiub urSkarSj-iaiXk. kx. Eòinar/Hjnstgntknashj, Aknoòerund kn cgs orgnzÿskshea Yahet, 9007, § 9, 70. 835 rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-1 K muxbk, sjmxaSksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-4 K cg gzarigklgnks raspuibkfkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-70 K muxbaik.83; Xagc .< „usgda‒ sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7781-a, 771;-a cg 77?0-amuxbaiXk6 „ dawjjnta‒ nkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ?<935-a K muxbXk 6„usj‒ ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7830-a, 78?5-a cg 7843-a muxbaiXk, ksavarjdjrh „usgda‒ avrjpubk sgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSbks prknhkpaiks 7<701-a( Bgncj/Iagba (acs.), Prknhkpbas jo Aurjpagn Hjntrght Bgw, oubb taxt jo Pgrt K&KK, 9000) cgsgqjnbks sgarSgXjrksj ngsykcjiks xabXafrubaigSg Xasgxai dgarSk-gnaiubk araiks jrdgnkzghkks fjnvanhkks ( Qnktac Ngtkjns Hjnvantkjn jn Hjntrghts ojr tea Kntarngtkjngb Xgba jo Djjcs, Gnnax K jo tea 7;50 _kanng hjnoaranha, QN Cjh.G/HJNO.;4/7;, 7;50 ) ma-5 KKK cg ma-; muxbaiXk. kx. gsava Njtas tj Grt. 7<701, kn< Bgncj/Iagba (acs.), Prknhkpbas jo Aurjpagn Hjntrght Bgw, 9000, 70? at saq.6Xhemkct-Fassabkn<Xhebahetrkam/Xhewanzar(Ersd.), Fjmmantgr zum Akneaktbkhean QN-Fguorahet, 9005, Grt. ;,YcNr. 7 oo.6„Dairãuhea‒,? o.6„Dapobjdaneaktan‒,5 o. zjdgcgc sgqjnbks sgarSgXj-




14

ssf-ks ma-9 K_ muxbks sgou\vabza Hvaubaig dgmjkyanaig mgXkn, Sukdk gr awknggYmcadaig `sgmgrSbksg cg znajiks sgyjvabSgjcgYkgraiub njrmais gn sglgrj wasrkds~. as njrmg Xasg\baiabkg,sgqgrSvabjXk Hvaubaiks zjdgck mjqmacaiks gYkgraigc mkvkHnkjS.kdk mjqmacais, mgsza fgnjnks njrmks mkSkSaiks mkuxacgvgc.

gm prknhkpksgdgn dgnsxvgvaiubk mkcdjmgg mjhamubk ssf-ks88;-a muxbXk, rjmabXkh uXugbj mkSkSaigg xabXafrubaiksmxgraSg uobaiaiksg cg mjvgbajiaiks dgnsgzYvrksgs `sgvgTrjHvaubaiaiksg cg trgckhkaiks~ dgSvgbkswknaiks Xasg\baibjigza.Xasgigmksgc, kdk gbtarngtkubk prknhkpks gYkgraigg, rjmbksSgngxmgcgh, Hvaubaikcgn uXugbj sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaikdgmjmckngrajis mxjbjc mgXkn, rjcasgh as fgnjnks njrmgXkpkrcgpkr grks mkSkSaiubk. 810

caiubaiaik Hvaubaiaiks mjqmacaiks Xasgxai mjhamubkgrjdjrh cgsgvbaS avrjpks, ksa pjstsgiTjurksgxabmwkojaiks fjckokfghkaiXk. mgdgbkSgc, gvstrkks

sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-70 pgrgdrgoks Xasgigmksgc,Hvaubaiaik mxjbjc km XamSxvavgXk Xak\baig kqnas mkYaiubkmxacvabjigXk, rjcasgh mgSza fgnjnXk uXugbjc grksmkSkSaiubk. Sumhg gvstrkks kurkckub bktargturgXkmkkHnavg, rjm as njrmg Xaaxaig a.w. `ogqtjirkv Hvaubaiais~ 817,xjbj HvaubaikSk sgmgrSgbk mjqmacais XauzYucgvgc,rjdjrh sgmgrSbks pkrvabgck wygrj. 819

aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7-bk KKK muxbksSgngxmgc, HvaubaikSk sgmgrSgbk mjqmacais dgmjsgyanaiabkfgnjnks njrmks grgrsaijiks XamSxvavgXk cg Su kdk grawknggYmcadaig znajigsg cg sglgrj wasrkds. 818

gmks sgpkrkspkrjc, mgdgbkSgc, rusaSks oacarghkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-1 muxbkcgn dgmjmckngrajisHvaubaiks, rjdjrh wask, XauzYucgvk dgmjyanaiks gYkgraig,

rksj ngsykcjiks xabXafrubaigSg Xasgxai fjnvanhkksg cg avrjpubksgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSbks prknhkpaiks mnkXvnabjigsSgn cgfgvXkraikSkx., mgdgbkSgc, Ijnabb , Aurjpagn Hjntrght Bgw gnc tea Cavabjpmant jo Hjntrght BgwTjrbcwkca, kn< 3te Aurjpagn Lurksts‛ Ojrum, Xpaaheas, Prasantgtkjns, Danargb Yapjrts,Hjnhbucknd Bahtura, 9005, 5? at saq., ;8 at saq. 810 hxgckg, gm dzkS sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjigXk xcaig, darmgnubksgmgrSbks skvrhks qvaynaiks msdgvsgc, HvaubaikSk sgmgrSbks dgmklvng`sgvgTrj Hvaubaiaiksg cg trgckhkaiksgdgn~. 817 „ ogftkshea Dawjeneaktan (Qsgnhan)‒, rjmabXkh, upkrgtasgc, sgvgTrj Hvauba-iaik mjkgzraig. 819 Iycbknsfkkn< Fjzkjb/Iycbknsfk/Ijbbaniardar,GIDI-Fjmmantgr, 9004, § 70, YcNr. 7 unc 9.818 „ Bg hjstumira søbj radkrç an caoahtj ca bay gpbkhgiba, skampra qua nj sag hjntrgrkg g bgmjrgb j gb jrcan püibkhj y qua rasubta prjigcg.‒




15

Sumhg dgSvgbkswknaiubkg Xasgigmksk XazYucvgh< Hvaubaiggr dgmjkyanaig mxjbjc mgXkn, rjcasgh kdk awknggYmcadaigfjnfratubk urSkarSjiks mkmgrS mjqmac fgnjnks gnxabXafrubaiks caiubaigs. 813

mxacvabjigXkg mksgYaik, gdraSva, arSkgnk sgmgrS-bairkvk HgrHjaiks Xamqmnabk sgarSgXjrksj fjckokfghkaiks,far\jc, avrjpubk sgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSbks prknhkpaiks7<701-a muxbksg cg sgqjnbks sgarSgXjrksj ngsykcjiksfjnvanhkks ma-; (ksava rjdjrh ma-5 KKK) muxbks caiubaiaikh.

prknhkpaiks 7<701-a muxbk dgngsxvgvais Hvaubaiaiksg cgtrgckhkaiks 811 dgmjyanaiks jr sgxas. 7<701-a K muxbksSgngxmgc, `mxgraaik kijTaikgn HvaubaiaikS, rjmabSg mjqmaca-igzah mgS Sgnxmjig dgnghxgcas cg trgckhkaikS, rjmbaikhmgS Xjrks Hgmjygbkicnan~. 81? ngsykcjiks fjnvanhkks ma-; KmuxbkS dgSvgbkswknaiubkg kcanturk caiubaig.

dgrcg gmksg, 7<701-a KK muxbks Sgngxmgc, dgmjkyanaig ksHvaubaiaik, `rjmbaisgh pkraik kmgva mcdjmgrajigXk zjdgcgc

dgmjyanaigcgc HgSvbkcnan, Su mgSk dgmjyanaig gr kqnaijcgmkzgnXauwjnabk~. 814 gmks sgpkrkspkrjc ngsykcjiks fjnvanhkks ma-; KK muxbk

gr mjkSxjvs, rjm Hvaubaiks dgmjyanaig `mkzgnXawjnkbk~kyjs, grgmac gqhantk dgcggqvs km dgramjaigza, rjm mxgraaimgxabXafrubaiks cgcaiks crjs fjnfbucanturk Sgnxmjigdgnghxgcas 815 fjnfratubk Hvaubaiaiks dgmjyanaigza. 81;

1. sgsgmgrSbj dgcgwyvatkbaig cg njrmks dgnmgrtaig

sgsgmgrSbj dgcgwyvatkbaiks sgmgrSbks wygrjc gYkgraig crjksmjSxjvngg. 8?0 kdk fgnjnks njrmksg cg Hvaubaiks dvarckS cdgs. larfkcav kstjrkubk sgmgrSbks sfjbks wgrmjmgcdanbaik mgs Hvauba-

813 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 50.811 „usgdas gnc prghtkhas‒. 81? „Sea pgrtkas gra ijunc iy gny usgda tj wekhe teay egva gdraac gnc iy gny prghtkha teayegva astgibkseac iatwaan teamsabvas.‒ 814 „Sea pgrtkas gra ijunc iy g usgda wekhe wjubc ia hjnskcarac danargbby gppbkhgiba iy parsjns kn tea sgma sktugtkjn gs tea pgrtkas, axhapt weara tea gppbkhgtkjn jo suhe usgda wjubcia unragsjngiba.‒ 815 „kmpbkacby mgca gppbkhgiba‒. 81; Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 57.8?0 Xagc. djdkgXvkbk , rjdjr gvkSgraian mjsgmgrSbaaik sgmgrSgbs, qsm,9001 (5), 10 cg Xamcdjmnk6 gsava kx., mgdgbkSgc, Mònheanar Fjmmantgr/Xãhfar ,900?, Aknbaktund, YcNr. ?? oo.




1;

ikSk sgmgrSbks fjntaqstXk dgnkxkbgvcnan. 8?7 xXkrgc mgs `\vabk~fgnjnks njrmgsSgn mkmgrSaikS upkrgtasgc dgmjsgyanaibgcghmkkHnavcnan.8?9

gmks sgpkrkspkrjc fjckokfghkaiks parkjcmg sgsgmgrSbjdgcgwyvatkbaiks mnkXvnabjiks cgfnknaig dgmjkwvkg. fgnjnkarSgcarS sgmgrSbks wygrjc mkkHnajcg. 8?8 fgnjnks xgrvazaiksXavsaiks mkznkS xcaijcg mkSkSaig Hvaubaiaisg gn sgmgrSbkszjdgc sgou\vbaiza 8?3. fjntknanturk avrjpks qvaynaiXk, gndbjgma-rkfubk sgmgrSbksdgn dgnsxvgvaikS, cYamca cgmfvkcraiubkgXaxacubaig, rjm sgsgmgrSbj dgcgwyvatkbaig gr grks sgmgrSbkswygrj. 8?1

mkuxacgvgc gmksg, sgyurgcYaijg, rjm fjntknanturk avrjpkssgmgrSbks qvaynaiXk xXkrgc fgnjnks njrmg gr mjqmacais Sgvkskpkrvgncabk, fgnjnmcaibks mkar mknkTaiubk mnkXvnabjikS. kdkdgmjkyanaig km sgxkS, rg sgxkSgh ks mjsgmgrSbks mkar prgqtkfgXkcgmfvkcrcg cg dgnkmgrtaig mjhamubk mjmantksgSvks. arS-arSkyvabgza SvgbsgHknj mgdgbkSkg sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks

7853-a K muxbk. kdk sgorgndaSks sgfgsghkj sgsgmgrSbjs mkarmxjbjc 75;? wbkcgn, gnu mkYaikcgn SkSqmks gsk wbks Xamcad, kqhgirgbks dgraXa pgsuxksmdaibjiks zjdgc sgou\vbgc. kdk gmLgmgcmjqmacais yvabg km XamSxvavgXk, rjcasgh zkgnk mkyanaiubkgpgsuxksmdaiabk pkrks \gbguobaigXk myjok nkvSks maXvajikS.mgngmca mkHnaubk kyj, rjm mgs cgmjufkcaiabk mnkXvnabjig grdggHncg. ks SkSqjs 7851-a cg 785?-a muxbaiXk mjwasrkdaiubk,hxjvabks mkar cg Xanjiks cgndravks Xacadgc mkyanaiubkzkgnksSvks pgsuxksmdaibjiks zjdgc dghxgcaigs gxcancg. 8??

gsaS XamSxvavaiXk knckvkck Sgvksk qhavks dgnsgzYvrksgsxabm\Yvgnabjis grg fgnjnks taqstkcgn uXugbjc dgmjmckngra,

8?7 Xgvkdny, Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc K, 7530, § 79, 84, § 75, 596Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § 7?-75, 3? oo.8?9 Carniurd, Pgncaftan, Ignc K, 7553, § 95, ?7 o. (?. Guob., Ignc K, 7< Gbbdamaknar Seakb, 7;00,§ 95, ?0 o.)6Xagc. gsava Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § 73, 30.8?8 kx., mgdgbkSgc, gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-79 pgrgdrgok,rjmabXkh pkrcgpkr grks mkSkSaiubk, rjm sgsgmgrSbj dgcgwyvatkbaigs`...grgscrjs gqvs fgnjnks \gbg, mksk sxvg XamSxvavaiza gn pkraizadgvrhabaig Xau\baiabkg~ ( „...egian nka cka Frgot aknas Dasatzas, ska fÿnnan guo gncara Oãbba jcar guo gncara Parsjnan nkhet gusdacaent warcan‒). 8?3 sgmgrSbks zjdgc sgou\vbaiSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx., mgdgbkSgc, gvstrkkszjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-4 pgrgdrgok („gbbdamakna Yahetsdruncsãtza‒). 8?1 mgdgbkSksgSvks kx. Bgranz/Tjbo,GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 8, YcNr. 8;

Xamcdjmk mkSkSaiaikS6 HvaubaikS sgmgrSgbSgn mkmgrSaiks SvgbsgzrkskSkx. Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005, Aknbaktund, YcNr. 99.8?? kx. Eòinar/Hjnstgntknashj, Aknoòerund kn cgs orgnzÿskshea Yahet, 9007, § 9, 776 \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 39 KKK, ??3.




?0

grgmac mjsgmgrSbks mkar Xasgigmksk njrmksSvks mknkTaiubkmnkXvnabjikS. 8?4 xXkrgc gcvjfgtkh sgmgrSbairkv rHavgs swjracsgsgmgrSbj prgqtkfgza cgyrcnjikS k\bavg. gsava, mjsgmgrSbadgcgwyvatkbaiks dgmjtgnksgs sgvgbcaiubjc mkkHnavs XasgigmkssgfkSxSgn mkmgrSaikS ufva grsaiubk, dgnsgfuSraikS zamcdjmkknstgnhkks, sgsgmgrSbj prgqtkfks dgSvgbkswknaigs. 8?5

sgsgmgrSbj dgcgwyvatkbaiksgSvks sgmgrSbks wygrjsmnkXvnabjiks mknkTaig ckcwkbgc prgdmgtubk mkcdjmkSgh, arSdvg-rjvgnk cg Sgnmkmcavrubk sgsgmgrSbj prgqtkfks cgmfvkcraikssurvkbkS grks dgnpkrjiaiubk. 8?; nkXgncjibkvkg, rjm sgqgrSvabjijbj wbaiXk swjrac gngbjdkur dzgs cggcdg uzangasksgsgmgrSbjs dgcgwyvatkbaiaiks dgmjqvaynaikSg cg qvamcdjmksgsgmgrSbjaiks mkar mgSk dgSvgbkswknaiks mkzgnXawjnkbjiksg Susgvgbcaiubjjiks dgnsgzYvrkS.

gmgsSgn, sgsgmgrSbj dgcgwyvatkbaiks dgSvgbkswknaigXkmgsXk gsgxubk ogsaubjiaiks grg irmgc dgcmjYaig, grgmac mgSkmxacvabjigXk mkYaiks sgvgbcaiubjjig kdubksxmaig. hxgckg, Su

as ogsaubjiaik fjnfratubk mjsgmgrSbks mkar dgzkgraiubkg, ksXasgigmks dgcgwyvatkbaigs Sgvksk cgsgiuSaiks wygrjc uSkSais.dgnsxvgvaiubk pjzkhkks XamSxvavgXk ks gsgiuSais, Su rgtjm grkyj fjnfratub vkSgraigXk ufva cgmfvkcraiubk cg, arSk XaxacvkS,Xasgtyvksk prgqtkfg gcafvgturk. Xasgigmksgc, ks gygbkiais gxgbogsaubjigs gn gxgb qhavks wass, `dgmjTrkbs~ fjnfratubk,sgvgrgucjc, gxgbk Su Xahvbkbk vkSgraiksSvks. 840

8?4 Xagc. Mònheanar Fjmmantgr/Xãhfar , 900?, Aknbaktund, YcNr. ?5,mgS Xjrksgmarkfabk mjsgmgrSbks ekuzks ( Hegrbas Avgn Eudeas, 75?9-7;35) hnjikbmkmgrSvgsg ( „Ta gra uncar g hjnstktutkjn, iut tea hjnstktutkjn ks wegt tea lucdas sgy kt ks.‒,Gcrassas, Naw [jrf, 7;05, 78; ) cg darmgnkks oacargburk sgsgmgrSbjs 7;??wbks gndgrkXza mkSkSaikS ( „ \ur Arÿrtarund staet kmmar nur cgs MgÚ, nkhet cgs Jiaknas Ykhetarrahets.‒, IDE, NLT 7;?4, 57?). 8?5 mgdgbkSksgSvks kx. Iycbknsfkkn< Fjzkjb/Iycbknsfk/Ijbbaniardar,GIDI-Fjmmantgr,9004, § 79, YcNr. 7,rjmabkh mkuSkSais, rjm qvacg knstgnhkks sgsgmgrSbjsmjsgmgrSba yvabg XamSxvavgXk dgkSvgbkswknais zamcdjmk sgsgmgrSbjsXasgigmks dgcgwyvatkbaigs (gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-79pgrgdrgoks mkuxacgvgc). kx. gsava \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 75 KK,91?, mkSkSaikS, rjm darmgnkksg cg sgorgndaSks umgYbask sgsgmgrSbjaiks( Iuncasdarkhetsejo, Hjur ca hgssgtkjn) dgcgwyvatkbaigSg dgSvgbkswknaig qvacgknstgnhkks sgsgmgrSbjaiks mkar ksava xcaig, rjdjrh kndbkssg cggmarkfgXk.8?; sgsgmgrSbj dgcgwyvatkbaiks mnkXvnabjigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS kstjrk-ubk mkmjxkbvg kx. Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 8; KKK,917 o.840 mjsgmgrSba kcanturgc kqhavg grsaiubk, arSk XaxacvkS `Xasgtyvksk~,fgnjnks njrmks dgmjyanaiks Xasgxai dgcgwyvatkbaiks mkYaiksgs.




?7

nkXgncjibkvkg, rjm sgsgmgrSbj dgcgwyvatkbaiks mkmgrSmjqmacais yvabg ks prknhkpk, rjmabkh ijTgvs sgxabmwkojsfar\jsgmgrSbairkv urSkarSjiaiXk Hgravksgs. mgdgbkSgc,Hgravks guhkbaibjig cgsgiuSaiubkg mxjbjc mgXkn, SumjsgmgrSba var mkgYwavs mxgraais Xjrks cgvks mjrkdaikScgsrubaigs. 847

1.7 mjsgmgrSbks mjqmacaiks ̀ sgfgnjnmcaibj nkmuXk~

ssf-ks ma-3 muxbks vrhab sgSgurXk ‘ `sgmjqgbgqj sgqmaaiksdgnxkbvksgs mgrSbmsglubaiks dgnxjrhkabaigza ugrks SqmkscguXvaibjig~ ‘ kdubksxmaig sgsgmgrSbjs dgcgwyvatkbaiksdgmjtgnks vgbcaiubaig. ssf-ks ma-3 K muxbk gvgbcaiubaissgsgmgrSbjs, yvabg XamSxvavgXk dgmjktgnjs dgcgwyvatkbaig,mgXkngh fk, Su sgmgrSbks njrmg gr grsaijis gn `iuncjvgnkg~.

sgsgmgrSbjs dgcgwyvatkbaiks dgmjtgnks vgbcaiubaigmjwasrkdaiubkg, gdraSva, zjdkarSk sxvg fjntknanturkavrjpks qvaynks fjckokfghkgXk, mgdgbkSgc, sgorgndaSkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-3 cg Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 7-bk KK muxbaikS. gsaSk caiubaig gr grksdgSvgbkswknaiubk sxvg pjstsgiTjurk sgxabmwkojaiksfjckokfghkaiXk. dgmjngfbkskg mxjbjc gzarigklgnksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-77 _ muxbk.

gmgsSgn, sgmgrSbairkvk sgxabmwkojsgSvks cgmgxgskgSaiabkuobaiaiks uxgrvazj cghvksg cg mgrSbmsglubaiks dgnxjrhk-abaiks vgbcaiubaiks gYkgraigs ssf-Xk mjeyvg mjsgmgrSbkssgprjhasjsgmgrSbairkvk qhavks wasks mjwasrkdaig. 849

far\jc, ssf-ks ma-3 KK muxbks Sgngxmgc, `sgsgmgrSbjs grggqvs uobaig, ugrk Sqvgs fgnjnks dgmjyanaigza km mjtkvkS, rjm mgs

847 mjsgmgrSbks mkar mxgraSg urSkarSjigXk Hgravg gnu mksk dgcgwyva-tkbaig uncg kyjs cgsgxub XacadSgn mkmgrSaikS Sgngzjmkark, aoaqtkgnk,afjnjmkurk, gYsrubaigck, mkYaiubk dgmTvkrvgba prjhacurkS cgsgprjhasj njrmaiks cghvkS (mgS Xjrks, dgsgHkvraiks dzks mkSkSaikS),wkng sgsgmgrSbj prgqtkfgsSgn mkmgrSaikS Sgnmkmcavrubk, hxgcgc cgmgrtkvgc ojrmubkraiubk. pgrgbabks dgvbaiks mkznkS Xagc. gsavazamjS, ma-78 sq.849 vkngkcgn mjqmacaiks stgncgrtksg Su nkmuXks gcrasgtk mjsgmgrSbag,umljiaskg, Xasgigmksk caiubaiaik wasrkdcaijcas sgprjhasjfgnjnmcaibjikS. Xagc. gsava sgmjqgbgqj sgprjhasj fjcaqsks ma-4 muxbk(sgqgrSvabjs pgrbgmantks uwyaignk, 7;;4, #34-35).




?9

fgnjnks njrmg usgmgrSbjc gn grgznajirkvgc mkgHnkg~, gnumjsgmgrSba vgbcaiubkg, dgmjkyanjs fgnjnk, Sgvksk suikaqturkXaogsaiks mkuxacgvgc.

gsaSk caiubaig, rjmabkh zYucgvs mjsgmgrSbks XaogsaiksSgvksuobaigs, Xak\baijcg gsgxubkyj mxjbjc fjntknanturkavrjpks qvaynks sgmgrSbairkv skstamgXk. 848 Sumhg, SgngmacrjvaXaxacubaiaiks dgSvgbkswknaikS, kdk dgnxkbub uncg kqnasmj\vabaiub, grgprjdrasub caiubaigc. 843

sgqgrSvabjXk gsaSk caiubaiks grsaijiks dgmgrSbaigXak\baig km mjsgzraikS, rjm dgrcgmgvgbk sgmgrSbairkvk skstamkssgxabmwkojXk mjsgmgrSbaaiksgSvks ckck XaogsaikSk Sgvks-uobaiks mknkTaigs, gr grks dgmjrkhxubk, ugryjokSk Xacadkmjeyjbjcg. 841 Sumhg, gmgva crjs, mjsgmgrSbks grsaikSk mjngwk-bajiks dgraXa sgmgrSbks dgnvkSgraig ngfbaigc ckngmkfurkg.

ssf-ks ma-1 muxbk, rjmabkh sktyvgsktyvkS kmajraisnjrmgtkubk gqtaiks Xasgxai fgnjnks 94-a muxbks caiubaigs,gwasrkdais fgnjnksg cg sgmgrSbks gngbjdkks sgfkSxs.

ssf-ks ma-1 K muxbks Sgngxmgc, `fgnjnXk pkrcgpkrdguSvgbkswknaiabk urSkarSjiks mjsgwasrkdaibgcdgmjkyanaig yvabgza uorj msdgvsk urSkarSjiksmgradubkraiabk sgmgrSbks njrmg (fgnjnks gngbjdkg)~. 84? xjbj, rjcasgh fgnjnks gngbjdkkS dgmjyanaig Xau\baiabkg,ssf-ks ma-1 KK muxbks Sgngxmgc, `urSkarSjig uncgmjwasrkdcas sgmgrSbks zjdgck prknhkpaiks sgou\vabza,gdraSva sgmgrSbkgnjiks, faSkbsknckskaraiksg cg znajiksmjSxjvnaiks Xasgigmksgc (sgmgrSbks gngbjdkg)~. 844

848 SvgbsgHknjaiksSvks, Su rg ragqhkgs kwvavs gngbjdkurk mkcdjmg,mgdgbkSgc, kndbksks sgmgrSbairkv wasrkdXk, kx. Gtkyge, Sea Yksa gnc Ogbb joOraacjm jo Hjntrght, 7;4;, ??3, rjmabkh bjrc drknks mkar prahacantubksgmgrSbks `pjzktkvkstur~ Xaogrcaigs sgmgrSbkgnksg cg usgmgrSbjsdgmklvnks uungrjigsSgn gkdkvais („ Bjrc Draan wgs jna jo tejsa irkbbkgnt lucdas wejwgs sj cavjtac tj tea pjsktkvkst kcagb jo bgw tegt ea gppagrs tj egva iaan ungiba tj ckstkndukseiatwaan lustkha gnc knlustkha. Ea parsjnkokac tea trgcktkjn tegt tea lucda wgs tj egva nj truhfwkte pjbkhy, mjrgbkty, jr lustkha, iut tj gppby tea bgw gs ea sgw kt wkte paroaht kmpgrtkgbkty.‒). 843 Xagc. Dmòr, Cgs shewakzarkshea \kvkbdasatziuhe vardbkhean mkt cam cautsheanIòrdarbkhean Dasatziuhe, 7;?1, 3;, rjmabkh gngbjdkur cgsfvngmca mkcks cgXasgigmks caiubaigs ̀ grgravjbuhkurs~ uwjcais. 841 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 51.84? Xagc. njrmgtkubk gqtaiks Xasgxai fgnjnks 94-a K muxbk. 844 Xagc. njrmgtkubk gqtaiks Xasgxai fgnjnks 94-a KK muxbk. kx. gsavamjsgmgrSbks mkar Sgvksk dgcgwyvatkbaiks mgqskmgburgc fgnjnks taqstzacgou\naiksg cg sgfuSgrk Xaogsaiksgdgn Sgvks grkcaiks survkbSgn




?8

gm prknhkpaikcgn dgmjngfbkskg, ssf-ks ma-1 KKK muxbksSgngxmgc845, spahkgburk urSkarSjiaiks mjmwasrkdaiabk(sgdgmjngfbksj) njrmaik. gsaSk njrmaik fgnjnmcaibks Mmkaraqsfbuzkurgc, fjnfratubk sgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiksmjsgwasrkdaibgc mkkYaig. mgSk gngbjdkkS dgmjyanaigfgnjnmcaiabmg cguXvaibgc mkkHnkg. gsaSk XazYucvg grgmgr-Saiubkg. 84; mjsgmgrSbks dgcgsgwyvatkg hgbfaub vkSgraigXknaiksmkark njrmks dgmjyanaig, mksk mjqmacaiks soarjsskvkwrjvks mkuxacgvgc.

fgnjnksg cg sgmgrSbks gngbjdkks mjwasrkdaigfgnjnmcaiabmg mkzgnXawjnkbgc mkkHnkg rjdjrh gvstrkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsXk, 850 ksa pjstsgiTjurk sgxabmwkojaiksfjckokfghkaiXk. 857 xjbj ssf-ks ma-1 KKK muxbks dgmjngfbksk`sgdgmjngfbksj~ njrmaiks gngbjdkkS dgmjyanaikscguXvaibjiks Xasgxai cgmgxgskgSaiabkg pjstsgiTjurksgxabmwkojaiks fjckokfghkaiksgSvks. 859

sgsgmgrSbjs dgcgwyvatkbaiks dgmjtgnks vgbcaiuba-

iksg cg fgnjnks njrmaiks Su sgmgrSbks gngbjdkkSdgmjyanaiks mjwasrkdaig fgnjnXk xgrvazaiks grsaijiksgrgpkrcgpkr gYkgraigcgh fk mkkHnavg. 858 gmgsSgn, SkSqmks grgrsaijis sxvg fjckokfghkg, 853 rjmabXkh mjwasrkdaiubk

cgfgvXkraikS Iuhenar , Tgs kst Iadrkooslurksprucanz:, \aktsherkot cas IarnarsheanLurkstanvarakns, 7;?? (709), 9;8.845 Xagc. njrmgtkubk gqtaiks Xasgxai fgnjnks 94-a KKK muxbk. 84; prknhkpk, rjm sgdgmjngfbksj njrmaik vkwrjc dgnkmgrtaig cggngbjdkkS dgmjyanaigs gr aqvamcaigraig ( „Xkndubgrkg njn sunt axtancg‒,„ Anumargtkj, ardj bkmktgtkj‒, „ Axhaptkjnas sunt strkhtksskmga kntarpratgtkjnks‒), darmgnkkssgmgrSgbmg wgrmgtaikS cg\bkg. kx. Mònheanar Fjmmantgr/Xãhfar , 900?, Aknbaktund,YcNr. 779.850 kx. gvstrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-4 (7) cg ma-; (9) pgrgdrgoaik.857 kx. fgnjnks gngbjdkgsSgn cgfgvXkraikS< rusaSks oacarghkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-? K, sjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsksma-; K cg gzarigklgnks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-77 K muxbaik6xjbj sgmgrSbks gngbjdkgsSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx.< rusaSks oacarghkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-? KK, sjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsksma-; KK cg gzarigklgnks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-77 KK muxbaik.859 kx.< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-? KKK, sjmxaSksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-; KKK cg gzarigklgnks raspuibkfkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-77 KKK muxbaik.858 Dmòr, Cgs shewakzarkshea \kvkbdasatziuhe vardbkhean mkt cam cautshean IòrdarbkheanDasatziuhe , 7;?1, 35-3;, Xamcdjmk mkSkSaikS< Makar-Egyjz, kn< Fjmmantgr zu canAknbaktundsgrtkfabn, Iarn, 7;?9, Nr. 955 zu \DI 7.853 dgmjngfbkskg gzarigklgnks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-77muxbk.




?3

kqnaijcg rjdjrh sgsgmgrSbjs dgcgwyvatkbaiks dgmjtgnksvgbcaiubaig, ksa fgnjnksg cg sgmgrSbks gngbjdkksdgmjyanaig. 851

gmLgmgc ssf-Xk Hgmjygbkiaiubk mjsgmgrSbks qhavks stgncgrtk,rjmbks dgcgsknlvg, gbigS, crjks sgfkSxkg, Xamcadngkrgcdgmjkyuraig<

‘ mjsgmgrSba vgbcaiubkg, yvabg XamSxvavgXk dgmjktgnjsdgcgwyvatkbaig, mgXkngh fk, Su sgmgrSbks njrmg gr grsaijis, gnìuncjvgnkg~6

‘ Su grsaijis Xasgigmksk urSkarSjiks mjmwasrkdaiabksgmgrSbks njrmg, mjsgmgrSba vgbcaiubkg, dgmjkyanjs kdk Sgvksksuikaqturk Xaogsaiks mkuxacgvgc, gnu mgXkngh, Su kdk mgsùsgmgrSbjc gn grgznajirkvgc~ mkkHnavs6

‘ Su mjsgmgrSba var ngxgvs fgnjnXk Xasgigmks caiubaigs,vgbcaiubkg, dgcgwyvatkbaiks dgmjtgnksgs dgmjkyanjs `yvabgzauorj msdgvsk urSkarSjiks mgradubkraiabk sgmgrSbks njrmg~6

‘ xjbj gsaSk `msdgvsk~ njrmks grgrsaijiks pkrjiaiXk ksvgbcaiubkg, dgcgwyvktjs cgvg sgmgrSbks zjdgck prknhkpaiks,gdraSva sgmgrSbkgnjiks, faSkbsknckskaraiksg cg znajiksmjSxjvnaiks Xasgigmksgc. 85?

gm qhavks stgncgrtks grsaijiks pkrjiaiXkh Xasg\baiabkg,mjsgmgrSbam dgmjktgnjs dgcgwyvatkbaig `Sgvksk XkngdgnkrwmankS~, mxjbjc `sgmgrSbkgnjiks, faSkbsknckskaraiksg cgznajiks mjSxjvnaiks Xasgigmksgc~. Su ks sgmgrSbks njrmgs gnmksk dgmjyanaiks XamSxvavgXk cgmcdgr Xacads ùsgmgrSbjc gngrgznajirkvgc~ mkkHnavs, gsaS njrmgs, hxgckg, gr dgmjkyanais. 854 kdkvgbcaiubkg mxjbjc, cggsgiuSjs, Su rgtjm gr Xak\baigfjnfratub vkSgraigXk, arSk XaxacvkS, Xasgtyvksk njrmksdgmjyanaig. gmgs ks fgnjnks grsksg Su mkznks Xasgigmkskdgnmgrtaiks maSjcks 855 maXvajikS naiksmkar XamSxvavgXkmjgxarxais, mkS umatas, Su njrmg mgrSbgh ùsgmgrSbj gngrgznajirkvkg~.

851 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 5?. 85? kqva.854 sgmjqgbgqj sgprjhasj fjcaqsks ma-? KK muxbks Sgngxmgc, Su`dgmjsgyanaiabk~ fgnjnk gr Xaasgigmaig gn awknggYmcadaig fjnstktuhkgs,mjsgmgrSba gHarais sgqmks wgrmjaigs sgfjnstktuhkj sgsgmgrSbjs mkarsgSgngcj dgcgwyvatkbaiks mkYaigmca. 855 „rgtkj badks‒, kx. qvamjS, 43 cg Xamcdjmnk.




?1

1.9 fgnjnks dgnmgrtaiks Xaogrcaiks) maSjcaiks avjbuhkg

dgcgwyvatkbaiks mkYaiksgs mjsgmgrSbks Sgvksuobaiks mfghrkijTvg fgnjnks taqstkS orgndmg dgnmgngSbaibaimg ugbtarngtkvjcmkkHnkas. mjntasfkas mkar `usubj grsaigc~ 85; wjcaiubkmjsgmgrSba mxjbjc fgnjnks taqstks dgmxmjvgnaiabkg. 8;0

as xacvg sxvgcgsxvg ojrmkS gksgxg km parkjcks sgorgndaSks,pruskksg cg gvstrkks fjckokfghkaiXk. cYas grgarSk qvaynksfjnstktuhkgXkg dgSvgbkswknaiubk caiubaig, rjm mjsgmgrSba`fgnjnkS kijTaig~ 8;7 cg as xabksuobaiks cgngwkbaiks prknhkpksdgmjvbknaigc mkkHnavg.

gm mfghrk XazYucvks pgrgbaburgc dgnvkSgrcg Sajrkaikfgnjnks dgnmgrtaiksg, gnu mksk Xknggrsks dgmjfvbavksg cgdgnsgzYvrks maSjcaiks 8;9 Xasgxai. ksknk yurgcYaigs cYasghkmsgxuraian.

dgnmgrtaiks maSjcaiks \krkSgck mjmantaiks avjbuhkg

wgrmjgHans fgnjnks njrmkS `XaijTkbk~ mjsgmgrSbks Sgnmkmcavrub`dgnSgvksuobaigs~ cg gxgbk qhavks wasaiks XamjqmacgcHgmjygbkiaigs. Xasgigmksgc, `fgnjnkS ijTvks~ mfghrgc pkrcgpkrkmnkXvnabjikS dgdaigs Sgnmkmcavrubgc hvbks uorj bkiargburk,XaogsaikSk fgtadjrkaiks mkmgrS bjkgburk mkcdjmg.

gmgsSgn, arSmgnaSksgdgn dgkmklng gvSanturk 8;8 cgcjqtrknubk 8;3 dgnmgrtaig. 8;1 gvSanturk dgnmgrtaig, rjdjrh`sgvgbcaiubj \gbks sgmgrSbks wygrj~, 8;? mxjbjc fgnjnmcaibksprarjdgtkvgc kqng mkHnaubk. mksk mjqmacaig cgmygraiubk kyj mkskmkmYaiks gvtjrktatza. cjqtrknubgc kwjcaijcg sgsgmgrSbj cg

85; „cas ìtras kngnkmës‒. 8;0 mjsgmgrSbks fgnjnkS ijTvks mkzgnXawjnkbjiks Xasgxai kx. Hjknd ,Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 30 K, 919 o.,rjmabkh mjntasfkas ojrmubkraiks hktkraigs gxcans< „Xk bas trkiungux na cjkvant pgs ìtra okxas, bas

ludamants cjkvant b‛ìtra à un tab pjknt, qu‛kbs na sjkant lgmgks qu‛un taxta prëhks ca bg bjk… Bas ludas na sjnt qua bg ijuhea ca bg bjk, cas ìtras kngnkmës...‒ Mjntasqukau, Ca b‛Asprkt cas Bjs,bkvra UK, hegpktra _K.8;7 kx. sgqgrSvabjs fjnstktuhkks 53-a K muxbk. Xagc. mgdgbkSksgSvks<darmgnkks \krkSgck fgnjnks ma-90 KKK cg ;4-a K muxbaik. 8;9 Carniurd , Pgncaftan, Ignc K, 7< Gbbdamaknar Seakb, 7;00, § 83, 49.8;8 „badgbks‒. 8;3 „cjhtrkngbks‒. 8;1 kx. _arknd , Dashekheta unc Knstktutkjnan car rÿmkshean Prkvgtrahetas, 75?4, § 91, 89 o.8;? „akna Yahetsquabba mkt zwkndancar Frgot ‒.




??

mahnkarubk dgnmgrtaig. mgSk \gbg grdumantaiks cgmglaraibjigXkvbkncaijcg. 8;4

lar fkcav avrjpub sgarSj sgmgrSgbXk gYkgraicnandrgmgtkfubk cg bjdkfurk dgnmgrtaiks maSjcais. 8;5

drgmgtkfubk maSjcks maXvajikS xcaig fgnjnks njrmks, mkskhgbfaubk wkngcgcaiks dgmjfvbavg dgmjyanaiubk sktyvaiksmnkXvnabjiks, sktyvgSg wyjiksg cg drgmgtkfks zjdgck wasaiksmkxacvkS. gm crjs mxacvabjigXk mkkYaig rjdjrh hgbfaubksktyvksg Su orgzks zjdgck (anjirkvk) dgmjyanaig, ksa kurkckubk,upkrgtasgc Xasgigmks fgnjnXk mknkTaiubk mnkXvnabjig. 8;;

bjdkfurk dgnmgrtaig fgnjnmcaibks mkznks dgrfvavgsamsgxuraig, ‘ Su rksk mkYwavg surcg mgs fjnfratubkojrmubkraikS. 300 mxacvabjigXk mkkYaig Xasgigmksk njrmksmkYaigmca grsaiubk mcdjmgrajig, rjmabmgh dgngpkrjig mkskmkYaig.307 Xasgigmksgc, xcaig njrmks uorj vkwrjc (rastrkqhkubk)gn ogrSjc (aqstanhkurk) dgnmgrtaig.

`bjdkfur dgnmgrtaigs~ sgvknkm cg tkijm 309 cguSmas dgnsg-

fuSraiubk yurgcYaig.308

sgvknkm gm maSjcXk gsgxubk sxvgcgsxvgmkcdjmks dgmklvnkS dgngsxvgvg bjdkfurk (vkwrj dgdaikS),kstjrkubk cg skstamurk dgnmgrtaiks maSjcaik. gm ufgngsfnabXkmgn hgbfaubk knstktutaiksdgn Xamcdgrk sgmgrSbks skstamgfjnfratubk qhavks wasks dgnmgrtaiks knstrumantgc gqhkg. mkskXaxacubaikS, qhavks wasks dgnmgrtaiks sgou\vabk kyj SgvgcsgmgrSbks knstktutk 303 (xabXafrubaig, qjrwknaig, mamfvkcrajigcg g.X.), rjmabsgh kdk dgnafuSvnaijcg. rjcasgh hnjikbkgknstktutk, mgXkn (mksk Xamgcdanabk Su mksdgn dgmjmckngra)

8;4 kx. Carniurd , Pgncaftan, Ignc K, 7< Gbbdamaknar Seakb, 7;00, § 83, 496Xagc. gsava

_arknd , Dashekheta unc Knstktutkjnan car rÿmkshean Prkvgtrahetas, 75?4, § 91, 88,mkSkSaikS,rjm gvSantur ( „badgbks‒) dgnmgrtaigs fgnjnks njrmgXk Sgvkcgnva grsaiubXknggrsgc dgnkxkbgvcnan, gnu mgs arSdvgrk ufuqhavkSk \gbks mqjnacmkkHnavcnan.8;5 Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 30 KK, 913.8;; kx. catgburk gngbkzksgSvks Bgranz/Hgngrks, Matejcanbaera car Yahetswkssan-shegot, 7;;1, 737 oo.300 „rgtkj badks‒. 307 „jhhgskj badks‒. 309 Gntjn Orkacrkhe Lustus Sekigut (7449-7530).308 kstjrkubk mkmjxkbvg kx. Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51,§ 30 K, 913cg Xamcdjmk, mgS Xjrks mkSkSaikS, rjm gm maSjcaiks dgmgarSk-gnaiabk sgxabwjcaig `bjdkfurk dgnmgrtaig~ cgmfvkcrcg grhSu umnkX-vnabj frktkfks ojnza (ma-79 sq.). kdk mkuSkSais, mgdgbkSgc< Sekigut , Seajrkacar bjdkshean Gusbadund cas Yÿmkshean Yahets, 74;; (Naucruhf car 9. Guob., 750?, Còssabcjro,7;??), § 86 Xgvkdny,Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc K, 7530, § 88, 90? oo.303 „ Yahetsknstktut ‒.




?4

hgbfaubk njrmks grgsrubyjokbaig swjrac gm knstktutksgSvkscgmgxgskgSaiabk nkXnaikS Xakvsaig. gm dzkS gxgbk njrmgh fkXak\baig Hgmjygbkicas. 301

tkijm cgmjufkcaiabk Sajrkg dgngvkSgrg `mjwasrkdaikssgou\vbks~ 30? mnkXvnabjigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS. mgn dgnmgrtaiksgsmkzgnXawjnkbgc mkkHnkg hgbfaubk qhavks wasks Xknggrsks gxsng,mksk XamuXgvaiks sgou\vbkcgn dgmjmckngra. 304

sgvknks sgmgrSbks knstktutaiks skstamgs puxtgsg cgkarkndks swgvbaiaiza cgmygraiubk hnaigSg kurksprucanhkks`skstamurk hnaiaik~ 305 cg mgSdgn Xamcdgrk `hnaigSg skstamg~ 30; Hganghvbg. hnaigSg kurksprucanhkg fjnfratub vkSgraigs grdaisXasgigmks kurkckub hnaigs, rjmabkh, Sgvks mxrkv, bjdkfurkurSkarSmkmgrSaikS gdaiubk hnaigSg skstamks ngwkbkg. 370

gm mkcdjmgs, rjmabkh knstktutaiksg Su hnaiaiks skstamgXka\ais hgbfaubk fjnobkqtks dgcgTrks maqgnkzms cg mxacvabjigXkgr kYais XaogsaikS fgtadjrkaisg Su frktarkumais, dguTkrcaijcggcdkbks cgmfvkcraig Sgngmacrjva sgmgrSbairkv wasrkdXk, sgcgh

faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpk sub uorj ckc rjbs gsrubaissgmgrSbks dgnvkSgraigXk.mjrgburk ogsaubjiaiksg cg, Xasgigmksgc, XaogsaikSk

fgtadjrkaiks wkn wgmjwavg ufgvXkrcaig sgorgndaSXk Lanks 377 Xaxacubaiais, darmgnkgXk ‘ karkndksg cg eafks 379 SgjsnjikSkntarasSg kurksprucanhkks dgnvkSgraigs. 378

sgorgndaSXk dgigtjnaiub Xaxacubaigs, rjm fgnjnkarSgcarSk sgmgrSbks wygrjg, rjmabsgh Xasg\baiabkg cgayrcnjsmjsgmgrSbks dgcgwyvatkbaig, Lankm cgupkrkspkrg fgnjnksxgrvazaiks Xavsaiks Xasg\baibjig cjqtrkngsg cg sgsgmgrSbjdgcgwyvatkbaiaiXk grsaiubk ogsaubjiaikS. Sgvksk grdumantaiksdgsgmygraibgc mgn gngbjdkks knstktutk dgggngbkzg cg cggsgiuSg,rjm gm ufgngsfnabs sgmgrSbks taqnkfur XaogrcaigsSgn ngfbaik

301 Xagc. Hjknd,Drunczòda car Yahetspekbjsjpeka, 7;;8, 919 o.30? „rgtkj cahkcanck‒.304 Sekigut , Seajrka car bjdkshean Gusbadund cas Yÿmkshean Yahets, § ?, 7? oo.,hktkraiubkg< Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 30 KK, 911.305 „cka systamgtkshea Iadrkooa‒.30; „ Iadrkoossystam‒. 370 `hnaigSg kurksprucanhkgsSgn~ ( „ Iadrkooslurksprucanz‒) cgfgvXkraikS kx.mkmjxkbvkS< Bgranz/Tjbo, GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 3, YcNr. 9 oo.6 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005, Aknbaktund, YcNr. 836catgburgc< Iuhenar , Tgs kstIadrkooslurksprucanz:, \aktsherkot cas Iarnarshean Lurkstanvarakns, 7;?? (709), 9436Tkaghfar ,Prkvgtrahetsdashekheta car Nauzakt, 7;?4, 918 oo.377 Orgnäjks Dëny (75?7-7;1;).379 Pekbkpp Eahf (7515-7;38).378 Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 30 K, 91?.




?5

gqvs sgarSj. mgsXk ragburgc dgnmtfkhaiubkg Xasg\baibjig,dgshcas mjsgmgrSba fgnjnks taqsts cg Sgvksk dgcgwyvatkbaigXaogsaikS fgtadjrkaisg Su ogsaubjiaiza cggmygrjs. 373

nkXgncjibkvkg, rjm karkndks mkar gmjmwurgvgc wgrmjHankbkhnaigSg kurksprucanhkg (ngXrjmXk ‘ `rjmks sgmgrSbks subk~ 371)mgn kmgva ngXrjmks mjmcavnj wkdnXk mwvgvac dggfrktkfg 37?, xjbjXamcdjm sgou\vabk Hguygrg kntarasSg kurksprucanhkgs Sgvkskcgusrubaiabk ngXrjmkS ‘ `mkzgnk sgmgrSgbXk~. 374

dgnsgfuSraiubk gYkgraig mjkpjvg kntarasSg kurksprucan-hkks mkmcavraiks mkar cgmfvkcraiubmg maSjcmg, rjmabXkhyurgcYaig dgmgxvkbaiubkg fgnjnmcaibks mkar mjsgwasrkdaiabkntarasSg fjnobkqtks cgcdangza cg mgsSgn urSkarSfgvXkrXkgdgnmgrtaiubk mksk dgcgTrks fgnjnmcaibksaubk naig. 375 eafk mkuSkSais, rjm SkSjaub sgfgnjnmcaibj mjwasrkdaigs sgou\vbgcucavs sgzjdgcjairkvk kntarasaik. fgnjnmcaiabk mkzngc ksgxgvsmgSdgn arS-arSksSvks upkrgtasjiks mknkTaigs gn mgS Xjrksfjnfratubk Sgngogrcjiks mkYwavgs. njrmks swjrgc dgdaiks

dgsgYaik grks gm kntarasaiksg cg mgSSvks fgnjnmcaibks mkarmknkTaiubk mnkXvnabjiks Xahnjig. 37; XaogsaikSk kurksprucanhkg gdr\abais kntarasSg

kurksprucanhkks mkYwavais dgnmgrtaiks sgufaSasj maSjcks \kaigXk.kdk hgbfaub njrmgsg Su sgmgrSbks hnaigs Xaogsaiks ngyjogcmkkHnavs cg gsfvnks, rjm rjdjrh fgnjnmcaibks, ksa njrmksXamogrcaibks (upkrgtasgc mjsgmgrSbks) qhavg mgSk Xaogsaiks

373 Dëny, Mëtejca c‛kntarpratgtkjn at sjurhas an crjkt prkvë pjsktko, 9. ëcktkjn, 75;; (nauvaëcktkjn 7;13), 774, 790.XaogsaikSk fgtadjrkaiks dgSvgbkswknaigsSgn cgfgvXk-raikS sgyurgcYaijg gsava Pbgnkjb/Ykpart , Srgktë Abëmantgkra ca Crjkt Hkvkb KK, 8.ëcktkjn, 7;3;, mkSkSaiubkg Hjknd,Drunczòda car Yahetspekbjsjpeka, 7;;8, 911, 954.371 Learknd , Dakst cas rÿmkshean Yahets guo can varshekacanan Xtuoan saknar Antwkhfbund, IgncK-KK (7519, 7513, 9. Guob. 75??), Ignc KKK 75?1,mkSkSaiubkg< _arknd , Dashekheta uncKnstktutkjnan car rÿmkshean Prkvgtrahetas, 75?4, § 83, ?8.37? Hjknd,Drunczòda car Yahetspekbjsjpeka, 7;;8, 918.374 Car \wahf km Yahet, 7544,kx., mgdgbkSgc, Bgranz/Tjbo,GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 3, YcNr. ;.375 kntarasSg kurksprucanhkgsSgn ( Kntarassanlurksprucanz) cgfgvXkraikS kx.mkmjxkbvkS< Bgranz/Tjbo, GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 3, YcNr. 5 oo.6 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005, Aknbaktund, YcNr. 816Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;.Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 30 KKK, 911 o.6catgburgc< Eahf , Iadrkoosikbcund unc

Kntarassanlurksprucanz, 7;896 Abbsheakc-Egssamar (Ersd.), Kntarassanlurksprucanz, 7;43.37; Eahf , Dasatzasgusbadund unc Kntarassanlurksprucanz, GhP 779, 7;73, ;1 o.hktkraiubkg<Hjknd, Drunczòda car Yahetspekbjsjpeka, 7;;8, 9?46kx. gsava Bgranz/Tjbo, GS casIòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 3, YcNr. ;.




?;

Xacadkg. swjrac as dgngpkrjiais dgnmgrtaiksgs zjdgck sgmgrS-bairkvk ogsaubjiaiks dgSvgbkswknaigs. 390

gm mkcdjmks dgdr\abaigg mjsgmgrSbksgSvks gxgbk qhavkswasaiks cgcdanks ounqhkks mknkTaig. kdk Sgvs fgnjnmcaibksgcdkbgs gyanais cg wyvats cgvgs Sgvksk Xkngdgnk rwmankS. kdkkqhavg ksa, rjdjrh gmgs fgnjnmcaiabk dggfaSaicg, mks gcdkbzarjm yjokbkyj. 397

Sgvcgpkrvabgc gmks uobaig mjsgmgrSbas mxjbjc kmXamSxvavaiXk mkankTg, rjhg gr grsaijicg Xasgigmksk fgnjnksg cgHvaubaikSk sgmgrSbks njrmg. 399 gngbjdkks knstktutks dgmjyanaikScgvks dgcgwyvatks Xasg\baibjig `fgnjnks xgrvazks~ grsaijigscgufgvXkrcg. 398 gmgsSgn, kXvkgSkg XamSxvavg, rjcasgh hgbfaubkprjibamks dgcgwyvatg fgnjnmcaibjikcgn dgmjmckngra Xau\ba-iabkg. fgnjnks xgrvazk \krkSgcgc swjrac kmkS vbkncaig, rjmfgnjnmcaiabmg var gn grgsgSgngcjc cgkngxg Xasgigmksk kntarasSgfjnobkqtk cg fgnjnkcgn dgmjmckngra Xacadk gr grks gcafvgturkSu sgmgrSbkgnk. 393 gsaS XamSxvavgXk iunairkvkg, rjm mjsgmgrSba

Xasgigmks mjwasrkdaigs `usgmgrSbjc gn grgznajirkvgc~ mkkHnavs,xjbj ojrmgburgc gsfvnks, rjm sgSgngcj njrmg gr grsaijis.Xasgigmksgc, kdk uobaigmjskbk xcaig, cgvg dgcgwyvktjs`sgmgrSbkgnjiks, faSkbsknckskaraiksg cg znajiks mjSxjvnaiksXasgigmksgc~.391

cYas Xasg\baiabkg mjsgmgrSbks mkar XaogsaikSfgtadjrkaiza (mgdgbkSgc, faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpk)

390 `XaogsaikS kurksprucanhkgsSgn~ ( „Tartundslurksprucanz‒) cgfgvXkraikS kx.mkmjxkbvkS< Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005, Aknbaktund, YcNr. 8?, 8;6Hjknd , AurjpãksheasPrkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 30 KKK, 91?6 Bgranz/Tjbo,GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 3, YcNr. 79 oo.6 catgburgc< Bgranz, Matejcanbaera car Yahetswkssanshegot, 7;;7,77; oo.6 Bgranz/Hgngrks, Matejcanbaera car Yahetswkssanshegot, 7;;1, 8? oo.397 kx. Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 30 KKK, 91?, `Sgvksu-ogbk sgmgrSbks sfjbgza~ ( „ Orakrahetssheuba‒) mkSkSaiaikS.399 Xagc. Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7-bk KK-KKK muxbk.398 `fgnjnks xgrvazks~ hnaigsg cg sgxaaiSgn cgfgvXkraikS catgburgc kx. Bgranz/Hgngrks, Matejcanbaera car Yahetswkssanshegot, 7;;1, 7;7 oo.6kx. gsava \ktabmgnn,Bòhfan km Yahet, Bakpzkd, 7;08, 1 oo.393 Xagc. \ktabmgnn, Bòhfan km Yahet, Bakpzkd, 7;08, 1 oo., 84,mgS Xjrks fgnjnksXa\baikscgdvgrgc Sgvksuobgc, eumgnurgc, sjhkgburk dghnjaikaraikSXaogrcaiksg cg Xaogrcaiksgs mksk Xavsaiksg cg Xamcdjmk dgnvkSgraiksungrks dgmjmuXgvaiks mkzgnXawjnkbjigza mkSkSaikS ( „...wkr irguhean Mãnnar,cka cka Dasatza wakt orak, eumgn, mkt vjbbam sjzkgban _arstãncnks wnzuwancan unc kn car Gnwancund zu ardãnzan unc waktarzuikbcan wkssan.‒). 391 Xagc. fgnjnks taqstks mksdgn grdgmjmckngra XacadaikS dgnmgrtaikscguXvaibjiks Xasgxai, mgdgbkSgc, Mònheanar Fjmmantgr/Xãhfar , 900?, Aknbaktund,YcNr. 709 oo.




40

cgyrcnjikS, Suncgh, fgnjnkS dgSvgbkswknaiubk XacadaiksXarikbaigsg Su mjckokhkraigza sguigrk. gm dzkS Xak\baig,sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjigXk dgHncas gxgbk ogsaubjiaik cgqhavks wasaik. 39? Sgngmacrjva sgmgrSbairkv skstamgXkfjckokhkraiubk sgmgrSgbk gr zYucgvs sgmgrSbks dgnvkSgraigs.kdk dgnkxkbaig mkSkSaiks wygrjc, rjmabkh Ykgg mkkYjs gxgbkdgcgwyvatkbaiaik, mgS Xjrks, sxvg sgmgrSbairkvk skstamaikcgn cgmjwjcaiubkg xabk Xauwyjs sgmgrSbks rghkjngbur cgSgnmkmcavrub dgnvkSgraigs. 394

1.8 pgrgbabk kndbksur sgarSj sgmgrSgbSgn 395

fjntknanturk avrjpks sgmgrSbairkv skstamaisg cg kndbksursgmgrSgbsgh gxgskgSaiS sgarSj pgrgbabaik, mgS XjrksmjsgmgrSbks `ijTvgsg~ cg mks mkar gxgbk qhavks wasaiksdgnsgzYvrks SgvksuobaigsSgn mkmgrSaikS. \krkSgck dgnsxvgvaig,hxgckg, ksgg, rjm mjsgmgrSbks ijTvg grg fgnjnSgn, grgmac wkng

prahacantaiSgn mkmgrSaikS grks dgnsgxkbvabk.kndbksurk prahacantubk sgmgrSgbk ma-79 sgufunkcgn kwyaisHgmjygbkiaigs. maoks `Xatyjiknaig~ 39; sgmaoj sgsgmgrSbjs wkngXamjcgva mxgraaiks mjwvavks Xasgxai adzgvnaijcg sgdrgojs Xarkos gnsxvg sgsgmgrSbjs mmgrSvabs. mgsXk mkSkSaiubk kyj mjcgvamxgraaik, sgqmks dgramjaiaik cg dgnsgxjrhkabaiabk Yjnks\kaiaik.Xatyjiknaiks mjsgpjvaibgc mjsgrHaba mxgra mkmgrSgvcg sgmaojfgnhabgrkgs. crjSg dgnmgvbjigXk gm ufgngsfnabmg sxvgcgsxvg

39? mjsgmgrSbks gsaSk `mjqmacaiks Sgvksuobaig~, hxgckg, uncg XakzYucjssksxbks sgmgrSgbXk. `xgrvazks Xavsaig~, mgdgbkSgc, cgngXgubks gxgbk

Xamgcdanbjiks cgcdankS cguXvaiabkg. cghubk uncg kyjs prknhkpk< `grgrsaijis sgslabk fgnjnks dgraXa~ - nubbg pjang skna bada6 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc<Hjknd, Drunczòda car Yahetspekbjsjpeka, 7;;8, 9556 Bgranz/Hgngrks, Matejcanbaera carYahetswkssanshegot, 7;;1, 7;;.394 Xagc.< nkcarbgncaiXk gxgbk sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks mkYaiks XamcaddgmgrSubk cksfuskksgs dgfaSaiub gngbjdkur cgsfvnaiSgn cgfgvXkraikS_gn Arp, Hjmpgrgtkva Prjparty Bgw, kn< Yakmgnn/\kmmarmgnn (acs.), Sea Jxojrc Egncijjfjo Hjmpgrgtkva Bgw, 900?, 7014 („...taxt jo Hkvkb Hjca sejubc ia gpprjgheac kn g obaxkiba gncnjt jvarby badgbkstkh wgy, gnc tegt kt sejubc ia tgfan gs g sjurha jo raoaranha gnc gngbjdy. Ghkvkb hjca cjas njt gkm tj stjp ourtear badgb cavabjpmant iut gttamptas tj hegnnab kt kn grgtkjngb, hjnstruhtkva, gnc hjnskstant wgy... g hkvkb hjca ks gn kntarpratgtkva orgmawjrf, jpangbsj tj sjbutkjns orjm jtear badgb systams, tegt ks njt magnt tj bkmkt, iut tj dukca outuracavabjpmants.‒), Xamcdjmk mkSkSaiaikS< Xnklcars, Jndaradabceacan kn eat varmj-dansrahet, Taafibgc vjjr Prkvggtrahet, Njrgtkggt an Yadkstrgtka, 9001, ??04, 4; at saq., ??05,;3 at saq.395 „Hjmmjn Bgw‒. 39; „Trkt ‒.




47

sgqmks fgtadjrkaiksgSvks XakmuXgvg spahkgburk ojrmubgraik cgXagcdkng mgSk raastrk. 380

ma-73 sgufunkcgn `yjvabwbkur fraiubaiXk~ 387, xjbj ma-7?sgufunkcgn `sgmgrSbairkv mjxsanaiaiXk~ 389 dgmjqvaynaiubksgsgmgrSbj dgcgwyvatkbaiaik SvgbsgHknjs xcks mjsgmgrSbaaiksmkar SgvkgnSk grdumantghkksgs gcra mkYaiubk dgcgwyvatkbaiaiks,prahacantaiks dgnxkbvks mnkXvnabjigs. 388 mjsgmgrSbaaimgdghkbaikS gcra cgkwyas prahacantks dgSvgbkswknaig, vkcra asma-75 sgufunkcgn sgvgbcaiubjc kqng gYkgraiubk. 383

ma-7; sgufunks majra ngxavrkcgn cgmfvkcrcg mjsgmgrSbksijTvg zamcdjmk knstgnhkks sgsgmgrSbjs prahacantkS kmXamSxvavaiXkh, rjcasgh mjsgmgrSbas gsaSk prahacantksXasgigmksgc mkYaiubk dgcgwyvatkbaig grggcafvgturgc mkgHncg. 381 gmgsSgn, prahacantkS ijTvg 7;?? wbgmca kmcangc \bkark kyj, rjmbjrcSg pgbgtksg cg sggpabghkj sgsgmgrSbjs 38? mjsgmgrSbaaikXaijTkbnk kyvnan SgvkgnSk wkng dgcgwyvatkbaiaikS. 384 mjntasfkas mkar `usubj grsaigc~ 385 gYqmubk mjsgmgrSba gm XamSxvavgXk grg

fgnjnks, grgmac prahacantks taqstks dgmxmjvgnaibgc Xak\baijcgHgSvbkbkyj.nkXgncjibkvkg, rjm mjsgmgrSbaSg gsaSk mfghrk cg

ngfbaigc rghkjngburk ijTvg grg sgfgnjnmcaibj dzkS, grgmacuXugbjc mgS mkar sgmgrSbks Xaogrcaiks prjhasXk `SvkSXazYuc-vks~ sgxkS Hgmjygbkicg. gngbjdkurgc, mksdgn `dgnSgvksuobaigh~

380 Cgwsjn, Sea Jrghbas jo Bgw, 7;?5, 7 at saq.6 Pbuhfnatt , G Hjnhksa Ekstjry jo tea HjmmjnBgw, 9. acktkjn, 7;8?, 874 at saq.6 Patar , Ghtkj unc Trkt, 7;14, 7; at saq.6hktkraiubkg<Hjknd,Drunczòda car Yahetspekbjsjpeka, 7;;8, 91?.387 „[agrijjf ‒. 389 „ Bgw Yapjrts‒.388 Gbban, Bgw kn tea Mgfknd, 1. acktkjn, 7;17, 759 at saq.6 Pbuhfnatt , G Hjnhksa Ekstjry jo teaHjmmjn Bgw, 9. acktkjn, 7;8?, 801 at saq.6hktkraiubkg< Hjknd, Drunczòda carYahetspekbjsjpeka, 7;;8, 914.383 kx. Gbban, Bgw kn tea Mgfknd, 1. acktkjn, 7;17, 970 at saq. („ Prahacant ks tea avjbutkjngry prknhkpba jn wekhe tea Hjmmjn Bgw egs drjwn‒)6 hktkraiubkg< Hjknd, Drunczòda carYahetspekbjsjpeka, 7;;8, 914.381 kx. \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 75 KK, 918 o.38? bjrcSg pgbgtg ( Ejusa jo Bjrcs ) kndbksks sgsgmgrSbj skstamgXkumgYbask knstgnhkgg , mnkXvnabjikS Xamcdjmkg sggpabghkj sgsgmgrSbj(Hjurt jo Gppagb ).384 kx.< Hjknd, Drunczòda car Yahetspekbjsjpeka, 7;;8, 9156 \wakdart/Fÿtz,Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 75 KK, 9116Xagc. gsava djdkgXvkbk , rjdjr gvkSgraianmjsgmgrSbaaik sgmgrSgbs, qsm, 9001 (5), ?9. 385 „cas ìtras kngnkmës‒.




49

kmgva dzkS dgnxjrhkabcg, Sumhg, Sgvcgpkrvabgc mxjbjcbjrcSg pgbgtgsSgn mkmgrSaikS. 38;

bjrcSg pgbgtks wavrSg sgxabkS bjrc-fgnhbarmg dggfaSgsgsgmgrSbj prgqtkfgsSgn cgfgvXkraiubk dgnhxgcaig. 330 dgnhxg-caigXk mkSkSaiubkg, rjm prahacantk sgmgrSbks dgnsgzYvrksg cghgbfaub XamSxvavaiXk dgmjyanaiks Xauhvbabk sgou\vbkg. Sumhgprahacantks zacmatgc xkstmg cghvgm Xasg\baiabkg dgmjkwvkjsfjnfratub XamSxvavgXk usgmgrSbj dgcgwyvatkbaiks mkYaig cg,zjdgcgc, XazYucjs sgmgrSbks Xamcdjmk dgnvkSgraig. Xasgigmksgc,mjmgvgbXk bjrcSg pgbgtg uobaigs ktjvais, sgTkrjaiksXamSxvavgXk grsaiubk prahacantaiksdgn dgnsxvgvaiubk dgcgwyvatk-baiaik mkkYjs. 337

kndbksur sgarSj sgmgrSgbXk prahacantk gcgsturaisfjnfratubk wasks grsaijigs. sgsgmgrSbj dgcgwyvatkbaikssgou\vabk, 339 Sgnmcavk mslabjiksgdgn 338 dgnsxvgvaikS, mkuSkSais gmwasXk gsgxub ogsaubjiaisg cg Xaogsaiaiza. gm wasks gngbjdkurksgqmks dgramjaiaiks mkmgrS dgmjyanaig sgvgbcaiubjg. 333

naiksmkark wask sgTkrjais mksk Xknggrsks zust cgcdangs, gnusgSgngcjc dgnmgrtaigs. gm crjs mjsgmgrSba kyanais cgsgiuSaikstrgckhkub maSjcs prknhkpkS ‘ `prahacantkcgn prahacantgmca~ 331.kdk sgsgmgrSbj dgcgwyvatkbaikcgn dgmjyjos sgvgrgucjcXasgoarks wass cg gfvkrcaig gm wasks mjqmacaigs sxvgcgsxvg

38; kx. \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 75 KK, 913.330 „ Prghtkha Xtgtamant ‒.337 „Seakr Bjrcsekps radgrc tea usa jo prahacant gs gn knckspansgiba ojuncgtkjn upjn wekhe tjcahkca wegt ks tea bgw gnc kts gppbkhgtkjn tj knckvkcugb hgsas. Kt prjvkcas gt bagst sjma cadraa johartgknty upjn wekhe knckvkcugbs hgn raby kn tea hjncuht jo teakr googkrs, gs wabb gs g igsks ojrjrcarby cavabjpmant jo badgb rubas.

Seakr Bjrcsekps navarteabass rahjdnksa tegt tjj rkdkc gcearanha tj prahacant mgy bagc tjknlustkha kn g pgrtkhubgr hgsa gnc gbsj uncuby rastrkht tea prjpar cavabjpmant jo tea bgw. Seay prjpjsa, tearaojra, tj mjckoy teakr prahacant prghtkha gnc, wekba tragtknd ojrmar cahkskjns joteks Ejusa gs njrmgbby ikncknd, tj capgrt orjm g pravkjus cahkskjns wean kt gppagrs rkdet tj cj sj.

Kn teks hjnnahtkjn teay wkbb iagr kn mknc tea cgndar jo cksturiknd ratrjspahtkvaby tea igsksjn wekhe hjntrghts, sattbamants jo prjparty gnc okshgb grrgndamants egva iaan antarac kntj gncgbsj tea spahkgb naac ojr hartgknty gs tj tea hrkmkngb bgw.

Seks gnnjunhamant ks njt kntancac tj gooaht tea usa jo prahacant absaweara tegn kn teks Ejusa .‒ (Taafby Bgw Yapjrts, 7;??, 7983), hktkraiubkg< \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvar-dbakheund, 7;;?, § 75 KK, 911 o.339 „rgtkj cahkcanck‒.338 „jiktar ckhtum‒. 333 `dgcgwyvatkbza cdjmks~ ( „ stgra cahksks‒) prknhkpk. kx. Hjknd, Drunczòda carYahetspekbjsjpeka, 7;;8, 915, Xamcdjmk mkSkSaikS< Xgbmjnc , Sea Seajry jo LuckhkgbPrahacant, Bgw Wugrtarby Yavkaw, 7;00 (73), 84?-8;7.331 „ragsjnknd orjm hgsa tj hgsa‒.




48

vkSgraigXk. far\jc, ggngbkzais, Su rjdjr dgngvrhjian, zYucgvangn xvawan mgs sxvg prahacantaik dgnsxvgvaiubk sgqmks dgramjaiaiksgrsaijiksgs. 33? Xacadgc ks gvkSgrais gm wasks mjqmacaiks zjdgcprknhkps, 334 rjmbks cgxmgraikSgh wyvats fjnfratub sgqmas.gmgsSgn, sgijbjj dgcgwyvatgs wkn u\Yvks mkYaiubk `sghcabk~Xacadks dgcgmjwmaig msdgvs XamSxvavaiSgn mkmgrSaikS. 335 mjsg-mgrSba uncg cgrwmuncas, rjm mks mkar dgmjfvbaubk wask (mkskmjqmacaiks prknhkpk) gcafvgturkg grg mxjbjc arS fjnfratub,grgmac sxvg msdgvs vkSgraiaiXkh.

naiksmkark wasks dgmjyanaig gxgb vkSgraigXk dgnpkrjiaiubkggm jrk XamSxvavks ogqtjirkvk dgramjaiaiks gngbjdkkS. wknggYmcadXamSxvavgXk Xasgigmksk wasks dgmjyanaig var mjxcaig, gnuprahacantaik uncg `dgkmklnjs~. 33; gmgsSgn, dgmklvnks knstktutskndbksabk mjsgmgrSbaaik fjnfratub vkSgraigXk Sgvksuobgckyanaian ̀ grgsgsurvabk~ prahacantaiks dvarcks gvbks mkznkS. 310

Xasgigmksgc, kndbksXk mjsgmgrSba mxjbjc mgXkn kyanaisdgnmgrtaiks Xacadgc dgmjfvbaub wass, Su ks rwmuncaig mjhamub

dgramjaiaiXk mks gcafvgturjigXk. wknggYmcad XamSxvavgXk, ks kYaisdgcgwyvatkbaigs, rjmabkh mgs Xasgigmks vkSgraigXk sgmgrSbkgngccg mkzgnXawjnkbgc mkgHnkg. gmgsSgn, ks Sgvks dgcgwyvatkbaigXkgygbkiais gxgb wass, rjmabsgh sgou\vbgc ucais Sgvks xabSgrsaiub yvabg `cgmglaraiab~ wygrjs 317. grdumantaiks XarHavksgsks Sgvksuogbkg. grsaijis XamSxvavaik, rjcasgh mjsgmgrSbasgrdumantghkksgs dgmjuyanaikg, mgdgbkSgc, rjmks sgmgrSbksg cguhxjabk mahnkaraiks Xaxacubaiaik. 319 gmarkfub sgmgrSgbXk,sgcgh zjdgcgc prahacantkS ijTvgsSgn mkmgrSaikS kndbksur

33? \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 75 KK, 914,mgS Xjrks mkSkSaikS, rjm,sgvgrgucjc, dgmjsgyanaiabk prahacantaiks Xasgxai knojrmghkgs mjsg-mgrSba, rjdjrh wask, uXugbjc prjhasks mxgraaiksdgn kYais. 334 „ prknhkpbas‒ , „ stgncgrcs‒. 335 \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 75 KK, 914.33; „tj ia ckstkndukseac ‒6kx. Hjknd,Drunczòda car Yahetspekbjsjpeka, 7;;8, 915.310 kx. \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 75 KK, 913 o.,mgS Xjrks vgrguckshktkraikS, rjm wgrmjcdang xkstk prahacantks cjqtrknkS cguncjibgcXaijTkbk kndbksabk mjsgmgrSbks Xasgxai Su sgarSjc grsaijis, gbigS,mxjbjc Sajratkfjs kurkstSg djnaigXk ( „weatear tea spahtghba jo gn Andbkse lucda bgijurknd uncar tea irutgb oattars jo g rkdkc cjhtrkna jo prahacant ks njt sjmateknd wekhe,ko kt axksts gt gbb, axksts jnby kn tea mkncs jo ghgcamkh bgwyars‒), Hrjss , Sea Bgw WugrtarbyYavkaw, 7;?? (59), 908, 973.317 „gutejrktkas‒ , „ parsugskva sjurhas‒.319 kx. Gbban, Bgw kn tea Mgfknd, 1. acktkjn, 7;17, 913 at saq.,hktkraiubkg< Hjknd,Drunczòda car Yahetspekbjsjpeka, 7;;8, 9?0.




43

sgmgrSgbSgn XacgraikS uorj bkiargburk mkcdjmg XaknkXnaig, 318 xcaig ikibkks hktkraigh. 313

1.3 dgnmgrtaiks Sgngmacrjva maSjck

Sgngmacrjva sgmgrSgbXk dgnmgrtaiks maSjcks XarHavg njrmksXamogrcaibks suikaqtur Xaogsaigzag cgmjfkcaiubk. xXkrgc xcaigsxvgcgsxvg dgnmgrtaiks maSjckS mkYaiubk Xacadaiks Xalaraig.dgnsxvgvaiubk Xacadaiks grsaijiksgs upkrgtasjig ankTaig maSjcs,rjmabkh fjnfratub dgramjaiaiXk yvabgza gcafvgturkg. umrgvbasXamSxvavgXk, dgnmsgzYvrabkg fgnjnks mkznkcgn dgmjmckngra ‘ tabajbjdkurk 311 ‘ dgnmgrtaig. xXkrgc mahnkaraik swjrac gmmaSjcks upkrgtas dgmjyanaigs gYkgraian. 31?

hgbfaubk njrmks dgnmgrtaiksgs dgcgmwyvatkg fgnjnks grsksdgSvgbkswknaig cg mksk mkznks 314 Xasgigmksk dgnmgrtaig. 315 gmgsSgn,mxacvabjigXk mkkYaig grg mxjbjc mkzgnk, rjmbks mkYwavgsghaswrgovks fgnjnmcaiabk Xasgigmksk njrmkS, grgmac gsava gm mkznks

sgmgrSbkgnjig cg mkzgnXawjnkbjig. as dgnpkrjiaiubkg kmkS, rjmSkSjaubk caiubaig gr dgnkxkbaig grh Xasgigmksk knstktutaiksgSu hnaigSg skstamksdgn kzjbkraiubgc, grh sgmgrSbairkvkwasrkdksgSvks cgmgxgskgSaiabk ogsaubjiaiksgdgn cgmjufkcaibgc.ks sgmgrSbkgnk cg mkzgnXawjnkbjigza cgmygraiubk sgmgrSbai-rkvk wasrkdks ngwkbkg. 31;

sgmgrSbkgnjiksg cg mkzgnXawjnkbjiks Xaogsaig xjrhk-abcaig Xasgigmks sgmgrSbairkv wasrkdXk mjqmack jikaqturkfrktarkumaiksg Su XaogsaikSk fgtadjrkaiks dgSvgbkswknaikS.mxgraSg kntarasaiks sgmgrSbkgngc cgigbgnsaiks frktarkumSgn

318 Djjcegrct , Hgsa Bgw kn Andbgnc gnc Gmarkhg, Assgys kn Lurksprucanha, 7;87, 10 at saq.,hktkraiubkg< Hjknd,Drunczòda car Yahetspekbjsjpeka, 7;;8, 915.313 Hjknd,Drunczòda car Yahetspekbjsjpeka, 7;;8, 9?0.311 `jikaqtur-tabajbjdkur~ frktarkumaiSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx. Bgranz/Hgngrks, Matejcanbaera car Yahetswkssanshegot, 7;;1, 718 oo.sktyvg `jikaqturk~dgmjkyanaig `suikaqturk~ kstjrkubk dgnmgrtaiks maSjcSgn dgnsxvgvaiksdgmjfvaSks SvgbsgzrkskS. 31? kx.< Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005, Aknbaktund, YcNr. 3?6 Mònheanar Fjmmantgr/Xãhfar ,900?, Aknbaktund, YcNr. 794 oo.6 7836 dgnsxvgvaiubk gzrk Xagc.< Bgranz, Matejcanbaeracar Yahetswkssanshegot, 7;;7, § 8316 Bgranz/Hgngrks, Matejcanbaera car Yahetswkssanshegot,7;;1, 7?3 oo.314 „rgtkj badks‒. 315 kx. darmgnkks oacargburk sgsgmgrSbjs mkar gm maSjcks `fgnjnks

grsksg cg mkznks Xasgigmksk dgnmgrtaiks~ sgxabwjcaikS dgmjyanaigsSgncgfgvXkraikS Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005, Aknbaktund, YcNr. 3?, XasgigmkssgsgmgrSbj dgcgwyvatkbaiaiza Xamcdjmk mkSkSaiaikS. 31; kx. Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005, Aknbaktund, YcNr. 3?.




41

arSgc, fgnjnmcaibks Su sgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdks `naiks~dgnsgzYvrksgs dgmjkyanaig, mgdgbkSgc, mknkmgburk Hgravks,Sgngzjmkaraiks, aoaqtkgnjiks, afjnjmkurjiks, SgnmkmcavrubjiksgSu gYsrubaigcjiks prknhkpaik. gm prknhkpaiks dgSvgbkswknaikSXasg\baiabkg crjSg dgnmgvbjigXk njrmks mkznks dgnsgzYvrksfjraqtkraig.

njrmks Xamogrcaiabk Xasgigmksk caiubaiks dgmjyanaikssgsgrdaibjc grdumantais gdais prazumohkgza, rjm kdk prjibamkssgufaSasj dgcgwyvatgs kSvgbkswknais. ks mxjbjc gYmjHankbkuncg kqnas. mgXkngh fk, Su ngfbaigc sgvgrgucjg, rjm fgnjnmcaiabsXasgigmksk njrmks XamuXgvaiksgs dgaSvgbkswknaikng asg Su ksXamcdjmXk wgrmjXjikbk prjibamg, Xasg\baiabkg, zjdgc wasXkjikaqturgc gsgxubk ogsaubjig Su Xaogsaig dgxcas prjibamksdgcgTrks dgsgYaik.

dgnmgrtaiks gm dzkS mkYaiubk Xacadks upkrgtask mnkXvna-bjiks mkuxacgvgc, mkzgnXawjnkbkg sxvg dgnmgrtaiks maSjcaiksdgmjyanaigh, rjmbaikh, Sgvks mxrkv, gvsaian njrmks Xamogrcaibks

wkngXa grsaiub surgSs. gmkS ksknk tabajbjdkurk dgnmgrtaikscgmxmgra maSjcaigc Xak\baig HgkSvgbjn.

drgmgtkfubk (kdkva anjirkv-drgmgtkfubk Su sktyvgsktyvkSk)dgnmgrtaiks maSjck amsgxuraig fgnjnmcaibks mkardgSvgbkswknaiubk njrmks zustk Xknggrsks cgcdangsdgmjyanaiubk sktyvaiks mnkXvnabjiks, sktyvgSg wyjiksg cgdrgmgtkfks zjdgck wasaiks mkxacvkS. kdk tabajbjdkurdgnmgrtaigsSgn urSkarSfgvXkrXk yvabgza xXkrgcdgmjkyanaig. 3?0

skstamurk dgnmgrtaiks maSjck hgbfaubk caiubaiksXknggrss sxvg njrmaiSgn, sgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdks mSabskstamgsSgn urSkarSfgvXkrXk dgnsgzYvrgvs. skstamurkdgnmgrtaiks sgxag fjnstktuhkks Xasgigmksk dgnmgrtaig,rjmabkh fjnstktuhkks ogsaubjiaiSgn yvabgza gxbjs myjodgnmgrtaiks gbtarngtkvgs gnkTais upkrgtasjigs. skstamurkdgnmgrtaig dgmjsgyanaiabk fgnjnks mkznks mkzgnXawj-nkbjiksg cg sgmgrSbkgnjiks dgnsgzYvrks xabXamwyjikg. kdktabajbjdkurk dgnmgrtaikS mkYaiub Xacads grsaiubksgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdksgSvks ou\amcaiburk ogsaubjiaiksTrkbXk dgnkxkbgvs.

3?0 fgnjnks mkznkcgn dgmjmckngra dgnmgrtaigsSgn arSgc drgmgtkfubkdgnmgrtaiks maSjcks dgmjyanaigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx., mgdgbkSgc, Antsheakcundan cas Iuncasdarkhetsejoas (IDE), Naua Lurkstkshea Tjheansherkot (NLT) 7;44,473, 471.




4?

kstjrkubk (kdkva wgrmjXjiks kstjrkks Xamswgvbabk)dgnmgrtaiks mnkXvnabjigh fgnjnks mkznks cgcdanksxabXawyjigXk vbkncaig. kdk xabs uwyjis njrmksXamogrcaiabs, cgkngxjs fgnjnmcaibks naig kstjrkubTrkbXk cg dggvbjs pgrgbabk njrmks mkYaiksg cg mkskXaogrcaiks mjmantXk grsaiub vkSgraiais Xjrks.

?. uobaig cg mjSxjvng

uobaig Xak\baig kyjs jikaqturk cg suikaqturk. jikaqturkuobaig fgnjnkS (jikaqturgc) gYkgraiubk uobaigg. kdkmknkTaiubk gqvs knckvkcs, mksk knckvkcugburjiksdgSvgbkswknaiksg cg hgbfaubk vkSgraiks mxacvabjigXk mkYaiksmkuxacgvgc. kdk gistrgqtubkg km dgdaikS, rjm fjnfratubsuikaqtSgn cgfgvXkraiubk gr grks. kdk dgnsgzYvrgvssgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdks mkar gYkgraiubk sgmgrSbairkvkurSkarSjiks ekpjSazur Xknggrss.

suikaqtur uobaigs mjkpjvais fjnfratubk knckvkck. kdkwgrmjkXjig knckvkcks naiks dgmjvbanks cg/gn fgnjnkSdgnsgzYvrubk sxvg dgramjaiks (kurkckubk ogqtks 3?7) cgcdjmkssgou\vabza. knckvkcks suikaqturk uobaig Xak\baig pkrks naiksdgmjvbankcgn Su pkrSg dgarSkgnaiubk naikcgn dgmjmckngrajicas,gn sxvg ksaSk dgramjaikcgn, rjmbks cgcdjmgsgh hgbfaubXamSxvavgXk ufgvXkrcaig Xasgigmksk sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadk. gmgsSgn,

3?7 sxvgcgsxvg qvaynks sgmgrSgbXk tarmkn `kurkckub ogqts~ dgnsxvgvaiubkmnkXvnabjikS kyanaian. gsava dgnsxvgvcaig ks Xknggrskh, rgh sxvgcgsxvgsgmgrSbairkv wasrkdXk mgs ankTaig. orgndubk sgmgrSgbk dgngsxvgvais`kurkckub ogqtais~ ( „ ogkts lurkckquas‒) `kurkckubk gqtaiksdgn~ ( „ghtas lurkckquas‒),gnu dgrkdaiaiksdgn. Xasgigmksgc, kurkckub ogqtaiXk mjkgzraigkurkckubk gqtaiksdgn dgnsxvgvaiubk dgramjaiaik, rjmbaiks cgcdjmgsghufgvXkrcaig sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaik. darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk sgvknksgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiks wgrmjXjigs, Xahvbgsg cg Xawyvatgs swjrac`kurkckub ogqtais~ ( „ lurkstkshea Segtsghean‒) ufgvXkrais cg mgS yjos`mjngwkbaSg Sgvksuogb mjqmacaiaigc~ ( „ orakan Egncbundan cas Iatakbkdtan‒) cg`XamSxvavkS dgramjaiaigc~ ( „ zuoãbbkda Qmstãnca‒). gmgsSgn, `mjngwkbaSgSgvksuogb mjqmacaiaiXk~ dgnkxkbgvs kdk naiks dgmjvbangsg Su dgrkdaigs,kx. Xgvkdny, Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc KKK, 7530, § 703, 8 oo.gvstrkubksgmgrSbks mkxacvkS `kurkckubk ogqtXk~ ( „ lurkstkshean Sgtsghean‒)arSkgncaig<`iunairkvk mjvbanaik~ ( „ Ngturarakdnkssa‒), `gcgmkgnks mjqmacaiaik~ ( „manshebkhea Egncbundan‒), `Svksaiaik~ ( „ Akdanshegotan‒)cg `sgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiaik~(„rahetbkhea _areãbtnkssa‒), kx. Fjzkjb/Tabsar/Fbatačfg, Iòrdarbkheas Yahet K, 900?, 71 o.Xasgigmksgc, gvstrkub sgmgrSgbXk kurkckubk ogqtk ksaSk dgramjaiksmnkXvnabjikS dgmjkyanaig, rjmabsgh zjdgcgc Xak\baig ufgvXkrcaijcassgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks cgcdjmg.




44

Xasg\baiabkg, sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks cgcdjmg cgufgvXkrcas naiksdgmjvbanksg cg dgrfvaubk dgramjaiks arSjibkjigs, gnusgvgbcaiubj kyjs naiks dgmjvbangsSgn arSgc dgrfvaubk ogqtkscgcdjmg (mgdgbkSgc, u\rgv qjnaigza sgfuSraiks uobaiksdgcghamksgs radkstrghkg sglgrj raastrXk).

suikaqturk uobaig mTkcrjc grks cgfgvXkraiubk`mjSxjvnks~ 3?9 hnaigsSgn. mjSxjvnks grsaijiks wkngpkrjiggsuikaqturk uobaiks grsaijig. suikaqturk uobaiks dgnxjr-hkabaig xcaig knckvkcks mjSxjvnks sgou\vabza.

mgdgbkSgc<sgfuSraiks uobaig gcgmkgnks fjnstktuhkkS gYkgraiubkuobaigg. fgnjnmcaibjikS dgnksgzYvraig masgfuSrksstgtusk, mksk uobairkvk mcdjmgrajig, xjbj hgbfaubkknckvkcks sgfuSraiks uobaig Sgvks sgfuSraigza (rjmabsghkdk Xasgigmksk dgrkdaiks cgcaikS Su fgnjnks sgou\vabzamjkpjvais) wgrmjXjis suikaqtur, mgsSgn uXugbjc

cgfgvXkraiub gisjbutur uobaiais yvabg sxvg knckvkcksmkmgrS (mgdgbkSgc, gYfvaSjs Sgvksk sgfuSraiks naiksmkarkgrgmgrSbzjmkark xabyjog). sgfuSraiks suikaqturkuobaiks mjpjvaiks Xamcad masgfuSras Xau\bkgdgngxjrhkabjs hgbfaubk mjSxjvng sxvg knckvkcaiks mkmgrS(mgdgbkSgc, ssf-ks 749-a K muxbks Sgngxmgc, Xau\bkgmjsSxjvjs mobjiabs Sgvksk sgfuSraiks ufgn cgirunaig).

pkrjvnaiks Sgvksuogbk dgnvkSgraiks uobaigknckvkcks jikaqturk uobaigg, sgkcgngh dgmjmckngrajismjqmacaiks Sgvksuobaig. knckvkck Sgvksk naiks dgmjvbankS(mgdgbkSgc, ngsykcjiks xabXafrubaiks cgcaikS) mjkpjvaishgbfaub uobaiais (mgdgbkSgc, mjkSxjvjs sgfuSraiksuobaiks dgcghamg), rjmabSg ragbkzaigs gm suikaqturkuobaiaikcgn dgmjmckngra mjSxjvnks dgnxjrhkabaikS gYwavs.

qgrSub sgmgrSgbXk jikaqturk cg suikaqturk uobaikshnaiaiks cgmfvkcraiks mhcabjig gr uncg kqnas dgkdkvaiubkzjdkarSk qvaynks kurkckub tarmknjbjdkgXk cgmfvkcraiubdgmklvnks frktarkumaiSgn. darmgnubk ang (ksava rjdjrh,mgdgbkSgc, rusubk ang) gr khnjis sgmgrSbksg cg uobaikshnaigSg sgxabwjcaiaiks dgmklvngs. Xasgigmksgc, darmgnubangXk tarmknaiks ‘ `suikaqturk~ cg `jikaqturk~ ‘

3?9 qgrSub kurkckub bktargturgXk `mjSxjvnks~ knstktutkscgmfvkcraiks SvgbsgzrkskS kx. Tgnturkg , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk KKK, 9007,84.




45

dgmjyanaikS arSmgnaSksdgn sgmgrSbksg cg uobaiks hnaiaiksdgmklvng mkkYwavg.3?8

qgrSub kurkckub tarmknjbjdkgXk Xasg\baiabkgsuikaqturk cg jikaqturk uobaiaiks hnaiaiks dgmklvnkSuorj catgburk skstamgtkzghkks mkYwavg. fgnjnmcaiabk varmjgwasrkdais suikaqtur uobaigs. mgs Xau\bkg mjgwasrkdjsmxjbjc mksk wgrmjXjiks jikaqturk Xasg\baibjig. pkrSgXjrks cgmygraiub far\jsgmgrSbairkv urSkarSjiaiXk fkswjrac suikaqturk uobaiaik cg mjvgbajiaik dgnsgzYvrgvanmks Xknggrss. 3?3

rjmks sgmgrSgbza cgyrcnjikS, avrjpub sgarSj sgmgrSgbXkgYkgraiubk kyj uobaiks (`kus~ 3?1) hnaig, rjmbks xabyjoghdgnkxkbaijcg sgsgmgrSbjsgSvks mkmgrSvks (`gqhkj~ 3??) sgou\vbgc(`fguzg~ 3?4).3?5

sgvknks Sgngxmgc, sgmgrSgbk dgngpkrjiais knckvkcksgSvksdgnfuSvnkbk Sgvksuobaiks ogrdbais. as grks ks skvrha, sgcgh

`igtjnjis mksk naig~, gnu mksk `(suikaqturk) uobaig~.3?;

mksk xabyjoks XamSxvavgXk suikaqturk uobaig dgnkhcks`matgmjrojzgs~ cg dgrcgksgxaig ̀ gqhkjXk~. 340

karkndk `(suikaqturk) uobaiks~ hnaiks mjckokhkraigsgxcans. kdk mgs `sgmgrSbairkvgc cghub kntarasgc~ mjkxsankais cggm ufgngsfnabXk, ogrSj dgdaikS, `skhjhxbks pkrjiaisg~ 347 Su`faSkbcYajigs~ 349 mjkgzrais. 348

xjbj vkncXgkck gigSkbais mjsgzraigs, rjm `gqhkj~uobaiks xabyjogsSgn grks dgcglgTvubk. kdk gsgiuSais, rjm

3?8 darmgnub kurkckub tarmknjbjdkgXk sgmgrSbks hnaiks Xasgtyvkskg

„Jilaftkvas Yahet ‒, xjbj uobaiksg ‘ „Xuilaftkvas Yahet ‒.3?3 Xasgigmksgc, XamcdjmXk dgnkxkbaig mxjbjc suikaqturk uobaiaik,rjdjrh wask, sgSgngcj cgfjnfrataiks dgraXa, xjbj jikaqturk uobaikssguirks XamSxvavgXk mjxcaig Xasgigmksk mkSkSaig. 3?1 „kus‒. 3?? „ghtkj‒. 3?4 „hgusg‒.3?5 Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc K, Ãbtaras Damaknas Yahet, 7;51, § 9; K, 748.3?; Xgvkdny,Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc K, 7530, § 3, 4, „...car aknzabnan Parsjn zustaeanca Mghet< akn Daikat, wjrkn ker Tkbba earrshet, unc mkt unsarar Aknstkmmundearrshet .‒340 Xgvkdny,Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc _, 7537, § 903, 7 oo., § 901, 3 oo.347 „ Baiansiackndundan‒. 349 „Tjebsakn‒. 348 Learknd , Dakst cas rÿmkshean Yahets guo can varshekacanan Xtuoan saknar Antwkhfbund, IgncK-KKK, 3. Guob, Bakpzkd, 7550,mkSkSaiubkg< Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc KK, 7;.Lgereuncart, 7;5;, § 38 KK, 949.




4;

uobaiks xabyjoks guhkbaiabk Xacadk gr grks sgsgmgrSbjsSvksmkmgrSvg cg mgtarkgbur-sgmgrSbairkvk mjSxjvnks 343 hnaigsgvkSgrais. 341

vkncXgkck pgrgbabs gvbais rjmks sgmgrSgbXk mjqmacsgsgmgrSbjsgSvks mkmgrSvks uobaigsg (`gqhkj~) cgkmLgmkncab sgmgrSbairkv ragbjigs Xjrks. kdk ugryjosxXkrgc dgmjyanaiub mkcdjmgs, rjmks sgmgrSgbs mkawarjsmksSvks uhxj knstktutaik cg, Xasgigmksgc, Xaxacubaigs,SkSqjs rjmks sgmgrSgbk khnjicg sgvgrgucj cg ragburgcwgrmjXjikb 34? sgsgmgrSbjsSvks mkmgrSvks uobaigs. mkskXaxacubaikS, rjmks sgmgrSgbXk `gqhkj~ grks sgfuSgrknaiks sgsgmgrSbjs maXvajikS dgnxjrhkabaiksuobaigmjskbaig. 344 mksk \krkSgck Sazksk ksgg, rjm Sgvcg-pkrvabgc wgrmjkXjig uobaig, rjmbkcgngh mjmckngrajissgsgmgrSbjsSvks mkmgrSvks uobaig. `gqhkj dgmjxgtgvsmjSxjvngs.~ 345

cYavgncab sgmgrSgbXk iunairkvkg suikaqturk uobaiksg cgmjSxjvnks fgtadjrkaiks grsaijig. naiksmkark sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrS-bairkvk urSkarSjikcgn dgmjmckngrajis suikaqturk uobaiaik. Sugr grsaijis urSkarSjiks suikaqtk, gm urSkarSjikcgndgmjmckngra uobaiaikS, var kgrsaiais sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbairkvkurSkarSjigh.

gmgsSgn, suikaqturk uobaiks grsaijig gr nkXngvs mksragbkzaigs. uobaiks ragbkzaig cgmygraiubkg suikaqtks naigza,mjkSxjvjs mksk suikaqturk uobaikcgn dgmjmckngra Xacadkscgcdjmg kmgva urSkarSjiks mjngwkba mjSxjvnks gcrasgtksdgn.gsava, Xasg\baiabkg, mgn Sgvgc gr mjkSxjvjs, mgdrgm Sgnxmjigdgnghxgcjs ksaSk Xacadks cgcdjmgza, rjmbks XasgigmkskmjSxjvngh mgs gqvs Sgvksk suikaqturk uobaikcgn dgmjmckngra.

Xasgigmksgc, sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbairkv urSkarSjiaiXkmjngwkbajis knckvkck suikaqturk uobaiaikS, rjmabSgragbkzaigsgh ks gxcans gm uobaiks Xasgtyvksk mjSxjvnkS. hxgckg,

343 „ Gnspruhe‒. 341 kx. Tkncsheakc , Cka ghtkj cas rÿmkshean \kvkbrahets, vjm Xtgncpunfta cas eautkdan Yahets,751?, 7 oo. 34? „avantuabbas unc wkrfbkhe antstgncanas Fbgdarahet ‒, Tkncsheakc , Cka ghtkj cas rÿmkshean\kvkbrahets, vjm Xtgncpunfta cas eautkdan Yahets, 751?, 9.344 „ Ghtkj kst cka Iaoudnks, saknan Tkbban curhe darkhetbkhea _arojbdund curhezusatzan.‒ 345 Tkncsheakc , Cka ghtkj cas rÿmkshean \kvkbrahets, vjm Xtgncpunfta cas eautkdan Yahets,751?, 8, 1 oo. („Ghtkj kst car Guscruhf oòr can Gnspruhe‒).




50

mjSxjvnks dgnxjrhkabaiks ijbj, ufkcurask sgXugbaig grkssgsgmgrSbjsSvks mkmgrSvg.

naiksmkark, mgS Xjrks ssf-ks njrmg, rjmabkh kSvgbkswknaisdgnsgzYvrub uobaigsg Su mjvgbajigs, mkuSkSaisXasgigmksk wkngpkrjiaiks grsaijiks XamSxvavgXk fjnfratubksuikaqturk uobaiks wgrmjXjigza. kdkva njrmg kqnaigmjSxjvnks sgou\vabk, Su uobaiks mobjiabk ksurvais mksragbkzaigs.

Xasgigmksgc, mnkXvnabjvgnkg far\j sgmgrSgbXk mjqmacknjrmaiks ckoaranhkghkg mjSxjvnks sgou\vbaigc (kmgvauobaikS gYmTurvab) cg cgmxmgra njrmaigc. as ufgngsfnabnkdgmjkyanaikgn Xasgigmksk suikaqturk uobaiksg Su mjSxjvnkswkngpkrjiaiks grsaijiks Xamjwmaiksgs.

4. far\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjig

far\jsgmgrSbairkvkg pkrSg Sgngswjrjigza cgmygraiubkurSkarSjig, rjmabXkh knckvkcks naiks gvtjnjmkks ragbkzaiguzrunvabyjokbkg sxvg pkrks Xasgtyvksk ijTvkS.

gmgsSgn, gm urSkarSjiks Xknggrss qmnks suikaqturk uobaigcg mksk Xasgtyvksk mjvgbajig. suikaqturk uobaig dgmjkxgtaigdgrfvaubk qmacaiks dgnxjrhkabaiks gn sxvg pkrksgdgn qmacaiksmjSxjvnks uobaikS. suikaqturk uobaiks dgnsgxjrhkabaibgcguhkbaiabkg sxvg pkrks ijTvg, gnu Sgngqmacaig. as SgngqmacaigXasg\baiabkg dgmjkxgtjs mjqmacaikS, mjqmacaiksgdgn SgvksXafgvaikS gn suikaqturk uobaiks mqjna pkrks mjqmacaiks SmankS. 34;

far\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjig kmklnaig grgsgmgrS-bairkvk, a.w. faSkbdgnwyjiks, urSkarSjiksgdgn. gm ufgngsfnabkscrjs (mgd. SagtrXk wgyvgnks cgpkraig) gr wgrmjkXjig grhsuikaqturk uobaig cg, Xasgigmksgc, grh mksk Xasgtyvkskmjvgbajig. gmks mkzazkg ks, rjm pkrs faSkbdgnwyjikbk cgpkraiksdgfaSaiksgs gr gqvs sgmgrSbairkvgc ijTvks naig. 350

arSk XaxacvkS, far\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiks mjhamubdgnmgrtaigXk var aqhavg ks urSkarSjiaik, rjmbaikh grwgrmjkXjig naiks dgmjvbanks sgou\vabza. gsaSkg,

34; Xagc. Puhetg, Pgncaftan, 7544, § 9;, 3? o.,rjmabkh sgmgrSbairkv urSkarSj-igs knckvkcks Sgvksuobaiks sgmgrSbairkvgc gYkgraiub dgmjxgtvgc

gxgskgSais ( „ Yahetsvareãbtnkssa sknc Iazkaeundan car Manshean guo akngncar, cka gbs Gusobòssa car rahetbkhean Orakeakt iatrghetat warcan...‒). 350 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, Xgvkdny, Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc K, 7530, § 19,883.




57

mgdgbkSgc, cabkqtkcgn dgmjmckngra urSkarSjig, rjcasghknckvkcks mkar sxvg knckvkcks kntarasSg soarjXk XaTrgs(Xasgigmksk naiks grqjnks pkrjiaiXkh) mjeyvaig fgnjnkSdgSvgbkswknaiubk sgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiks wgrmjXjig.

fgnjnk gm XamSxvavgXk mkzngc ksgxgvs mxgraais XjrksXasgigmksk dgramjaiks cgcdjmgmca grsaiubk SgngogrcjiksgYcdangs, Xabgxubk kntarasks sgufaSasj fjmpansghkgs.

far\jsgmgrSbairkv urSkarSjigc fbgskokhkraiksg-Svks dgcgmwyvatkg grg uobaiks wgrmjXjiks, grgmac mkskragbkzaiks naigza cgou\naig. mjSxjvnks dgnxjrhkabaigmjngwkbaSg Sgngswjrjigsg cg Xasgigmksk uobaiks mqjnamxgrks naiks gvtjnjmkks ragbkzaigs amygraig. fgnjnkcgndgmjmckngra mjSxjvnks ragbkzaigh knckvkcks naigzagcgmjfkcaiubk.

sglgrjsgmgrSbairkvkg urSkarSjig, rjmabXkh suikaqtkmjngwkbajis ksaSk uobaiaikSg cg mjvgbajiaikS, rjmabnkh

Xak\baig eqjncas mgs, mxjbjc rjdjrh sglgrj uobaigmjskbaiksmgtgraiabs. 357 rgh uorj camjfrgtkubk cg bkiargburkg sgzjdgcjaig, mkS

uorj ogrSjg sgxabmwkojs mkar far\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSj-iksgSvks cgtjvaiubk ogrdbaik cg mwkrkg aqsfbuzkurgc sglgrj-sgmgrSbairkvk mjwasrkdaig.

sglgrjsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiks mknkmum arSk mxgrakqnaig sgxabmwkoj, SvkSmmgrSvabk arSaubk gn sxvg sglgrjsgmgrSbks kurkckubk pkrk, gsava sglgrj uobaigmjskbaikSgYTurvkbk far\j sgmgrSbks kurkckubk pkrk. as ufgngsfnabk grksfar\j sgmgrSbks, gnu naiks gvtjnjmkks (cg grg fgnjnks)sgou\vabza Xaqmnkbk, kurkckubk pkrk, rjmabsgh cabadkraiubkgqvs dgrfvaubk sglgrj uobaigmjskbaig. sglgrj uobaigmjsk-baiks cabadkraig Xasg\baiabkg mjxcas gsava okzkfur pkrza.

far\j- cg sglgrjsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiaiks dgmklvngmnkXvnabjvgnkg rgmcankma SvgbsgzrkskS<

ks, dgmjmckngrjis Su grg mxgraSg cgvg far\jsgmgrS-bairkvk Su sglgrjsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjikcgn,dgngpkrjiais cgvks dgnxkbvksgs Xasgigmksk sgsgmgrSbjs(pgbgtks, fjbadkks) dgnslgcjigs. 359

357 Xagc.< Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005, Aknbaktund, YcNr. 86 Mònheanar Fjmmantgr/Xãhfar ,900?, Aknbaktund, YcNr. 86 Bgranz/Tjbo,GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 7, YcNr. 94.359 dgnslgcjiks prjibamaiSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx. djdkgXvkbk, sglgrjsgmgrSgbk, far\j sgmgrSgbk cg sgsgmgrSbj prgqtkfg, qsm, 9008 (?), 34?,350 cg Xamcdjmk.




59

gsava urSkarSjiks sgxazag cgmjfkcaiubk mjsgrHabamxgrks mkar sgsgmgrSbjsSvks mkmgrSvgmca dgnsgxjrhk-abaiabk mjqmacaiaik. mgdgbkSgc, sgmjqgbgqj cgvkssgsgmgrSbjXk dgnxkbvgs sgsurvabkg, wkn u\YjcasuSgnxmjaiks sgsgmgrSbjs dgraXa dgcgwyvatks mhcabjig.gsava gcmknkstrghkubsgmgrSbairkv wgrmjaigs hgbfaubXamSxvavgXk wkn uncg u\Yjcas Xasgigmksk gcmknkstrghkubkjrdgnjsgSvks mkmgrSvg.

dgrcg gmksg, gm urSkarSjiaiks dgmklvnkcgndgmjmckngrajis hgbfaub XamSxvavgXk ks, Su vkn Xak\baigkyjs Xasgigmksk urSkarSjiks suikaqtk. mgdgbkSgc,sgxabmwkojs, SvkSmmgrSvab arSaubs, sxvg sglgrjsgmgrSbks kurkckub pkrsg Su sglgrj uobaigmjskbaikSgYTurvkb far\j sgmgrSbks kurkckub pkrspgsuxksmdaibjig cgafksraig mksk jrdgnjs zkgnks dgmjmwvavkqmacaiksgSvks, Su as ufgngsfnabk Xasgigmksk qmacaiksgsgxjrhkabaicg sglgrj uobaigmjskbaigs. wknggYmcad

XamSxvavgXk, pgsuxksmdaibjig cgafksraig uXugbjc qmacaiksHgmcan pkrs.

mkuxacgvgc kmksg, rjm wkngmcaigra ngXrjmXk ksknk \krkSgcgcurSkarSHgnghvbaigck mnkXvnabjikS dgmjkyanaikgn, Xasg\baiabkgfar\j sgmgrSbksg cg sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks hnaiaiks dgmklvng.far\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiks hnaig uorj ogrSjg, vkcrasgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiksg. as ufgngsfnabk mjkhgvsssf-ks hgbfaub wkdnXk mjwasrkdaiub vgbcaiubaikS, qjnairkv(sgnkvSj), sgjlgxj cg mamfvkcrajikS sgmgrSbairkv urSkarSjiais.far\jsgmgrSbairkvXk, gm `sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbairkvk~ urSkarSj-iaiks dgrcg, mjkgzraig dgrfvaub jikaqtur dgnmgsxvgvaiab nkXgnzacgou\naiubk uorj spahkgburk urSkarSjiaikh, rjdjraikhgg,mgdgbkSgc, sgmjmxmgraibj, sgvgTrj Su sgmawgrmaj cg XrjmkS-sgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiaik. 358

sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiaik fjntknanturkavrjpks qvaynaiXk wasrkdcaig upkrgtasgc sgmjqgbgqjfjckokfghkkS, sxvg far\jsgmgrSbairkv urSkarSjiais sgmjqgbgqjfjckokfghkaik catgburgc kXvkgSgc axaikgn cg mgSk mjwasrkdaigspahkgburk fgnjnaikS xjrhkabcaig. Sumhg gm SvgbsgzrkskS grgrsaijis rgkma stgncgrtubk, arSdvgrjvgnk mkcdjmg. mgdgbkSgc,Xrjmks sgmgrSgbk Su knckvkcugburk XrjmkSk urSkarSjiaiksgmjqgbgqj fjckokfghkaiXk grks mjwasrkdaiubk XvakhgrkgXk,

358 Xagc.< Mackhus,GS cas IDI, 900?, § 9, YcNr. 78 oo.6 Mònheanar Fjmmantgr/Xãhfar ,900?, Aknbaktund, YcNr. 7.




58

nkcarbgncaisg cg ktgbkgXk, xjbj spahkgburk fgnjnkS(fjcaqskS) sgorgndaSsg cg aspgnaSXk. 353

dgrfvaubk spahkokfkS xgskgScaig sgmjqgbgqj sgprjhasjurSkarSjiaik, rjmbaikh Xasgigmksk sgprjhasj fgnjnaikSg SufjcaqsaikS wasrkdcaig. sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks prjhassfar\jsgmgrSbairkvk uobaiaiks dgnxjrhkabaiks cgmxmgra ounqhkggqvs cg mnkXvnabjvngc kzkgrais far\jsgmgrSbairkvkurSkarSjiaiksgSvks cgmgxgskgSaiab prknhkpais. mksk far\jsgmgrS-bairkvk xgskgSk ksaSk prknhkpaiks gYkgraikS vbkncaig,rjdjraikhgg, mgdgbkSgc, mxgraSg Sgngswjrjig, ckspjzkhkurjigcg XalkiraikSjig. 351

5. faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpk

Sgngmacrjva sgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdksgSvks cgmgxgskgSaiabkgfaSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpks gYkgraig. gm prknhkpkS fjnfratcaigknckvkcks mjqmacaiks Sgvksuobaiks ogrdbaik, dgnsgfuSraikS

mgXkn, rjcasgh as Xasgigmksk sgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjikcgn gn gmurSkarSjiks mgradubkraiabk sgmgrSbks njrmkcgn pkrcgpkr grdgmjmckngrajis.

faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpk knckvkcks mjqmacaigssgmgrSbkgnjiks frktarkumSgn urSkarSfgvXkrXk dgnkxkbgvs. kdkknckvkcks mjqmacaiks Sgvksuobaiks arSdvgrk XazYucvgg. pkrkhgbfaub XamSxvavgXk `faSkbsknckskargc~ mklngvs sgmgrSbkgnsusgmgrSbjsdgn cg Sgvks qhavgs sgmgrSbkgnjiks frktarkumsXausgigmais. mgs uncg swgmcas, rjm sgmgrSbkgngc kqhavg, gnu ksa,rjdjrh gmgs jikaqturk cgmfvkrvaiabk Su mkufar\jaiabk pkrksgmgrSbkgngc Xagogsaicg. swjrac faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpscgqvamcaigraiubk mjqmacaiks Sgvksuobaikcgn dgmjmckngrajissuikaqtks mkar sxvg pkrks kntarasaiks dgSvgbkswknaiksvgbcaiubaig km mjhubjikS, rjmabkh gr kwvavs Sgvgc mkskkntarasaiks grgSgngzjmkar XazYucvgs.

faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpk far\j sgmgrSbks unkvar-sgburk XaogsaikSk fgtadjrkgg. 35?

353 kx. gcakXvkbk/farasabk\a , sgqgrSvabjs Xrjmks fjcaqsks prjaqtk cgfjntknanturk avrjpks qvaynaiks Xrjmks sgmgrSbks zjdkarSk \krkSgckprknhkpk, qsm, 9008 (?), 3. 351 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, Mònheanar Fjmmantgr/Xãhfar , 900?, Aknbaktund, YcNr. 4.35? Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< Eassabknf,Sea Hjnhapt jo Djjc Ogkte, kn< Egrtfgmp/Eassabknf/ Ejnckus/Ljustrg/cu Parrjn/_abcmgn (acs.), Sjwgrcs g Aurjpagn Hkvkb Hjca, 9003, 347 at saq.,mgS Xjrks faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpks mkmgrS sxvg gvtjraiks mkardgmjyanaiubk dgnsxvgvaiubk apkSataiksg cg gm prknhkpksgSvks mknkTaiubkmnkXvnabjiks gngbkzkS6 gsava Tekttgfar/\kmmarmgnn, Hjmknd tj Sarms wkte Djjc




53

fjntknantur avrjpub sgmgrSgbXk `faSkbsknckskaraikscgSqmg~354 rjmks sgmgrSbkcgn mjyjbaiubk dgmjkyanaig. 355 mgn XakngrHung Sgvksk mnkXvnabjig avrjpub sgarSjsgmgrSgbXk cg fjckokfghkaiks XamuXgvaiks Xamcadgh. 35;

faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpks dgmjyanaiks soarj\krkSgcgc dgnpkrjiaiubkg XamSxvavaikS, rjmbaiXkhmjSxjvng ojrmgburgc Xaasgigmaig mjqmac mgtarkgbursgmgrSgbs, mgdrgm mksk dgnxjrhkabaig fjnfratubXamSxvavgXk usgmgrSbjg. cguXvaiabkg, mjqmack sgmgrSbkcgndgmjmckngra uobaig Su Xacadk kyjs grgsgmgrSbkgnk.Xasgigmksgc, `faSkbsknckskaraiks cgSqmg~ wkn gYucdaigmjSxjvnks dgnxjrhkabaigs ksaSk uobaikcgn dgmjmckngra,`rjmabsgh mjhamub XamSxvavgXk uobaiks mxjbjc ojrmggqvs cg grg Xknggrsk.~ 3;0

sgufunaaiks dgnmgvbjigXk `faSkbsknckskaraikscgSqmgza~ cgyrcnjikS far\j sgmgrSbks grgarSk knstktutkHgmjygbkicg cg dgnvkSgrcg. 3;7

5.7 unkvarsgburjig cg mjqmacaiks Xknggrsjirkvk) ogrdbaik

faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpks unkvarsgburjig dgngpkrjiais mksdgmjyanaigs grsaikSgc naiksmkar far\jsgmgrSbairkv urSkarSj-

Ogkte, kn< \kmmarmgnn/Tekttgfar (acs.), Djjc Ogkte kn Aurjpagn Hjntrght Bgw, 9000, ?;0 atsaq. gXX-ks sgmgrSgbSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx. Ogrnswjrte, Djjc Ogkte Parojrmgnha gnc

Hjmmarhkgb Yagsjngibanass uncar tea Qnkojrm Hjmmarhkgb Hjca, Qnkvarskty jo Hekhgdj BgwYavkaw, 7;?8 (80), ??? at saq.354 „axhaptkj cjbk‒.355 Ygnkark, Aurjpãksheas Jibkdgtkjnanrahet, 9008, ??36 Xhearmgkar,Ijng Okcas kn YjmgnHjntrght Bgw, kn< \kmmarmgnn/Tekttgfar (acs.), Djjc Ogkte kn Aurjpagn Hjntrght Bgw, 9000,?8 at saq.35; Ygnkark, Aurjpãksheas Jibkdgtkjnanrahet, 9008, ??36 Djrcbay, Djjc Ogkte kn Hjntrght Bgwkn tea Mackavgb Kus Hjmmuna, kn< \kmmarmgnn/Tekttgfar (acs.), Djjc Ogkte kn AurjpagnHjntrght Bgw, 9000, ;8 at saq.3;0 „...km dadaianan Ogbba gbsj nur cka Ojrm, nkhet cgs Tasan cas Yahetas eãtta.‒ Carniurd, Pgncaftan, Ignc K, 7< Gbbdamaknar Seakb, 7;00, § 785, 890. 3;7 kx. Carniurd, Pgncaftan, Ignc K, 7< Gbbdamaknar Seakb, 7;00, § 785, 897,rjmabsgh`faSkbsknckskaraiks cgSqmks~ dgmjyanaiks mgdgbkSaik mjeygvs, arS-arSkmgSdgnkg Xasrubaiksgdgn Sgvks Xafgvaiks uobaig. Xagc. gsava< Djrcbay, DjjcOgkte kn Hjntrght Bgw kn tea Mackavgb Kus Hjmmuna, kn< \kmmarmgnn/Tekttgfar (acs.), DjjcOgkte kn Aurjpagn Hjntrght Bgw, 9000, 773 at saq.6 Mgrfasknks/Qniargte/Ljenstjn, Sea DarmgnBgw jo Hjntrght, G Hjmpgrgtkva Sragtksa, 900?, 790 at saq.




51

igXk, vkngkcgn kdk gwasais zjdgcgc uobaiksg Su mjSxjvnksdgnxjrhkabaiks ogrdbais. 3;9

faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpk upkrgtasgc cgmfvkcraiubkgvgbcaiubaikS sgmgrSgbXk. kdk dgmjkyanaig, mgdgbkSgc, knckvkcksqhavks gcafvgturjiks dgnsgzYvrksgs wkngsgxabXafrubaijurSkarSjigXk, gzustais hgbfaubk sgxabXafrubaij Sufgnjnksmkark vgbcaiubaiks Xknggrss, dgnsgzYvrgvs vgbcaiu-baikSk urSkarSjiks Xawyvatks Xamcdjm vgbcaiubaiais. 3;8

gmgsSgn, faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpk Xasg\baiabkg,mnkXvnabjvgnk ounqhkkS gYkTurvjs sgnkvSj, sgjlgxj SumamfvkcrajikS sgmgrSgbXkh. far\jc, mgn Xak\baig dgngpkrjijs,mgdgbkSgc, masgfuSrks sgnkvSj uobaiks, sgjlgxjsgmgrSbairkvkurSkarSjikcgn dgmjmckngra qjnairkvk uobaiks gn sgmfvkcrjsmkYaiksgs mamfvkcrks hgbfaubk uobaiks dgnxjrhkabaiksogrdbaik.

faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpks XknggrsSgn cgfgvXkraikS

grsaijis mjsgzraig, rjm kdk dgmjkyanaig jrk mnkXvnabjikS<`faSkbsknckskaraiks~ zjdgck prknhkpksgdgn kmklnaig mkskmjqmacaig pkrks mkar dgrfvaubk dgramjaiaiks hjcnksSvgbsgzrkskS. 3;3 mksk gsaSk, a.w. `suikaqturk~, mnkXvnabjikSdgmjyanaig vbkncaig `faSkbsknckskark Xam\anks~ knstktutXk,gnu ‘ rjcasgh pkrmg gr khks, rjm sgfuSraigs grgmasg-fuSrksdgn k\ans. 3;1

Sumhg gsaSk dgmklvng grgorksmjmhamkg. pkrksfaSkbsknckskark vgrguck, rjm sgfuSraigs Xasgigmkskuobaigmjskbaiks mqjna pkrksgdgn kYais, grsaikSgc grgorkSdgnsxvgvcaig `faSkbsknckskargc~ mjqmacaiks zjdgck

3;9 Xagc., sxvgcgsxvg sgmgrSbairkv skstamgXk gm prknhkpksgSvks mknkTaiubk`dgnsxvgvaiubk~ mnkXvnabjiks SvgbsgzrkskS, Tekttgfar/\kmmarmgnn, Hjmknd tjSarms wkte Djjc Ogkte, kn< \kmmarmgnn/Tekttgfar (acs.), Djjc Ogkte kn Aurjpagn HjntrghtBgw, 9000, ?;0 at saq.3;8 kx. Sea Hgsa Xtuckas, kn< \kmmarmgnn/Tekttgfar (acs.), Djjc Ogkte kn Aurjpagn HjntrghtBgw, 9000, 747 at saq.3;3 kx. Eassabknf,Sea Hjnhapt jo Djjc Ogkte, kn< Egrtfgmp/Eassabknf/Ejnckus/Ljustrg/cu Parrjn/_abcmgn (acs.), Sjwgrcs g Aurjpagn Hkvkb Hjca, 9003, 347. gXX-ks sgmgrSgbXk7507 wbks Bgwsjn v. Tastjn- ks prahacantkS dgSvgbkswknaiubk `suoSgdubksg cg Sgvksuogbk (hgrkabk) Sgvks~ ( „tea pura eagrt gnc tea ampty eagc ‒)`suikaqtur tastSgn~ cgfgvXkraikS kx. Ogrnswjrte, Djjc Ogkte Parojrmgnha gncHjmmarhkgb Yagsjngibanass uncar tea Qnkojrm Hjmmarhkgb Hjca, Qnkvarskty jo Hekhgdj BgwYavkaw, 7;?8 (80), ?40.3;1 kx. ssf-ks 754-a muxbk. Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks;89-a-;81-a pgrgdrgoaik.




5?

dgdaiksdgn. iunairkvkg, Su pkrmg khks, rjm ks, vknh mgssgfuSraiks uobaigs dgcgshams, grguobaigmjskbkg, kdkTaXmgrkt masgfuSrasSgn mkmgrSaikS `usgmgrSbj~ dgrkdaiks,gm ufgngsfnabks kntarasaiks uxaXk xabyjoks, mjngwkbaxcaig. as fk, hxgckg, `faSkbsknckskaraiks~ zjdgck prknhkpksmjqmacaiks soarjXk aqhavg. Xasgigmksgc, `faSkbskncksk-araiks~ prknhkpks mnkXvnabjiks cgfgvXkraig sgmgrSbkgnksusgmgrSbjsdgn dgmklvngsSgn xsnks gm knstktutks XkdnkSckoaranhkghkks guhkbaibjigs.

gmgsSgn, gr grks grsaikSk `faSkbsknckskaraiks~hnaiks atkmjbjdkks cgcdang. grsaikSgc umnkXvnabjg, Surjmabk tarmknk Xak\ancg unkvarsgburk ̀ faSkbsknckskaraiksprknhkpks~ mnkXvnabjigs. sktyvg `faSkbsknckskaraigs~Xasg\baiabkg, srubogsjvngc uXugbjc `sgmgrSbkgnjig~Hgnghvbaijcg, 3;? gsava, mgdgbkSgc< `mkzgnXawjnkbjig~,`aSkfurjig~, `znajirkjig~ 3;4 gn `dubwroabjig~. 3;5 `faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpk~ dgrfvaubk dgdaikS SkSjaub

mgSdgns mjkhgvs, gnu sgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjikswgrmgrSvgza zamjqmacaiks SvgbsgzrkskS Sgvks SgvXkgarSkgnais yvabgoar kmgs, rgh zjdgck (anjirkvk)mnkXvnabjikS gm tarmknaiXk mjkgzraig.

faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpks Xasgigmksgc mjqmacaiks ogrdbaikscgcdanksgs mxacvabjigXk mkkYaig majra mxgrks ncjiks xgrksxk,rwmang kmksg, rjm mksk kntarasaik sgSgngcjc kqnaigdgSvgbkswknaiubk.

3;? ssf-ks 891-a muxbk vgbcaiubaiks Xasrubaiks pkrjiaiks dgnsgzYvrksgsuXugbjc ̀ sgmgrSbkgnjiks~ frktarkumks dgSvgbkswknaigza mkuSkSais.3;4 Xagc. Xgvkdny, Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc K, 7530, § 19, 889,rjmabkhmkkHnavs, rjm sgmgrSgbk znajirkjigs amsgxuraig, mks SgvksuogbdgnvkSgraigs uzrunvabyjos ( „ Cgs Yahet ckant car Xkttbkhefakt... kncam as cka orakantogbtund kerar... Frgot skheart .‒). Sumhg, gmgva crjs, Xasg\baiabkg mgS XjrkswknggYmcadjig wgrmjkXvgs, rgh grsaiubk uobaiks dgnxjrhkabaiksgrgznajirkjigXk vbkncaig ( „...cka Mÿdbkhefakt unskttbkhear Gusòiund aknas wkrfbkhevjregncanan Yahets...‒). sgvknk Sgngmacrjva faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpksmnkXvnabjikS gm XamSxvavgXk znajiks hnaigs kyanais.3;5 Xagc. sxvgcgsxvg tarmknks dgmjyanaigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS Ogrnswjrte, DjjcOgkte Parojrmgnha gnc Hjmmarhkgb Yagsjngibanass uncar tea Qnkojrm Hjmmarhkgb Hjca,Qnkvarskty jo Hekhgdj Bgw Yavkaw, 7;?8 (80), ??;.




54

5.9 sgfgnjnmcaibj mjwasrkdaiks ojrmaik

faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpks mjwasrkdaiksgs dgmjkyanaigdgnsxvgvaiubk mkcdjmg. Xasg\baiabkg, kdk Hgmjygbkicas rjdjrhyjvbksmjmhvabk unkvarsgburk prknhkpk cg sgmjqgbgqjfjckokfghkks sgwyks muxbaiXk gksgxjs.

mgdgbkSgc, Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsXkfaSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpk mjwasrkdaiubkg XasgvgbcaiubaiaiXk. Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-9 K muxbksSgngxmgc, naiksmkark pkrk Sgvksk uobaiaiks dgnxjrhkaba-iksgs cg vgbcaiubaiaiks Xasrubaiksgs uncg mjqmacaicasfaSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpks Xasgigmksgc. 3;; gsaSkojrmubkraikS Xvakhgrkks fgnjnmcaibjigXk xgzdgsmubkgfaSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpks zjdgck mnkXvnabjig, rjdjrhwask, naiksmkark far\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiksgSvks.

mkuxacgvgc gmksg, kdk Xvakhgrkks sgmgrSbairkv skstamgXkSgvcgpkrvabgc dgrkdaigXk naiks dgmjvbanks dgnmgrtaiksg cg(mgsXk) dgSvgbkswknaiubk vgbcaiubaiaiks cgfjnfrataiksmnkXvnabjikS dgmjkyanaijcg. 100 mksk mjqmacaiks soarjsdgogrSjaig cg unkvarsgbur prknhkpgc HgmjygbkiaiggrsaikSgc mxjbjc ma-90 sgufunks cgsgsrubksgSvks mjxcg. 107

faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpk gngbjdkurgc wasrkdcaigsgarSgXjrksj cjnaza arSkgnk sgmgrSbairkvk HgrHjaiksXamqmnab fjckokfghkaiXkh< avrjpubk sgxabXafrubaijsgmgrSbks prknhkpaiks 7<907-a muxbsg 109 cg `unkcrjgs~ 108

3;; „ Lacarmgnn egt kn car Gusòiund saknar Yaheta unc kn car Aroòbbund saknar Pobkhetan ngheSrau unc Dbguian zu egncabn.‒6pjstsgiTjurk sgxabmwkojaiks fjckokfghkaikcgnXagc. gzarigklgnks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-1 KKK muxbk. 100 kx. Dmòr, Cgs shewakzarkshea \kvkbdasatziuhe vardbkhean mkt cam cautshean IòrdarbkheanDasatziuhe, 7;?1, 17. Xagc. Ygnkark, Aurjpãksheas Jibkdgtkjnanrahet, 9008, ?44 o . 107 kx. Ygnkark, Aurjpãksheas Jibkdgtkjnanrahet, 9008, ??3, ?44 o . 109 avrjpubk sgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSbks prknhkpaiks taqstk fjmantg-raikS kx. Bgncj/Iagba (acs.), Prknhkpbas jo Aurjpagn Hjntrght Bgw, 90006gsava zjdgckmkmjxkbvksgSvks, mgdgbkSgc, Egrcfgmp, Prknhkpbas jo Hjntrght Bgw, kn< Egrtfgmp/ Eassabknf/Ejnckus/Ljustrg/cu Parrjn/_abcmgn(acs.), Sjwgrcs g Aurjpagn Hkvkb Hjca, 9003,784 at saq.108 Knstktut Kntarngtkjngb pjur b‛Qnkokhgtkjn cu Crjkt,QNKCYJKS. knstktutk cggrscg 7;9?wabs arSg bkdks adkckS, far\j sgmgrSbks unkokfghkks xabXawyjiksmkznkS.




55

sgarSgXjrksj sgvgTrj xabXafrubaigSg prknhkpaiks 103 7.4muxbXk. far\jc, far\jsgmgrSbairkv urSkarSjiaiXkmjngwkba mxgraais afksraigS vgbcaiubaig, kmjqmacjnfaSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpks 101 Xasgigmksgc. gm XamSxvavgXk,zjdgck ojrmubkraiks mkuxacgvgc, faSkbsknckskaraiksprknhkpks mjqmacaig Xamjkogrdbaig gm fjckokfghkaiksmjqmacaiks soarjSk, gnu, Xasgigmksgc, sgxabXafrubaij SusgarSgXjrksj sgvgTrj sgmgrSbkS.

dgnsxvgvaiubk mkcdjmgg dgSvgbkswknaiubk fjntknanturk avrjpksfjckokfghkaiks umrgvbasjigXk, rjmbaiXkh mkSkSaiubkgfaSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpks `cgvkwrjaiubk~ mjqmacaiks soarj.far\jc, mkkHnavg, rjm kdk upkrgtasgc vgbcaiubaiks Xasrubaiksgsdgmjkyanaig cg, Xasgigmksgc, wasrkdcaig vgbcaiubaiksXasrubaigsSgn urSkarSfgvXkrXk. gmgsSgn, hgbfaub fjckokfg-hkgXk dgSvgbkswknaiubkg uXugbj mkSkSaig gsava xabXafrubaiksgSu hgbfaubk mjqmacaiks dgnmgrtaiksgs mksk dgmjyanaiks

Xasg\baibjiks Xasgxai.mgdgbkSgc< sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7783-a KKKmuxbXk, 10? ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7841-a muxbXk, 104 nkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-?<9 muxbXk, 105 darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 939-a pgrgdrgoXk, 10; aspgnaSks

103 QNKCYJKS Prknhkpbas jo Kntarngtkjngb Hjmmarhkgb Hjntrghts, kn< Qnkojrm Bgw Yavkaw, 9003, 793 at saq. prknhkpaiks zjdgck mkmjxkbvg kx. Egrcfgmp, Prknhkpbas jo HjntrghtBgw, kn< Egrtfgmp/Eassabknf/Ejnckus/Ljustrg/cu Parrjn/_abcmgn(acs.), Sjwgrcs g AurjpagnHkvkb Hjca, 9003, 789 at saq.6mgS mnkXvnabjigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS Ijnabb , AurjpagnHjntrght Bgw gnc tea Cavabjpmant jo Hjntrght Bgw Tjrbcwkca, kn< 3teAurjpagn Lurksts‛Ojrum, Xpaaheas, Prasantgtkjns, Danargb Yapjrts, Hjnhbucknd Bahtura, 9005, 707 at saq.101 „wkte djjc ogkte gnc ogkr cagbknd ‒.10? „ijnna ojk‒. Xagc. Eassabknf,Sea Hjnhapt jo Djjc Ogkte, kn< Egrtfgmp/Eassabknf/ Ejnckus/Ljustrg/cu Parrjn/_abcmgn (acs.), Sjwgrcs g Aurjpagn Hkvkb Hjca, 9003, 349, On. ;,mkSkSaikS, rjm knojrmghkks mkwjcaiksg cg zrunvks Su bjkgbjikscgmgtaikSk vgbcaiubaiaik swjrac sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks7783-a KKK, gn gbtarngtkvks sgxkS 7781-a (sgmgrSbkgnjig, ëquktë) muxbzacgyrcnjikS ygbkicaig, xgncgxgn sgsgmgrSbjaik jrkva mgSdgnsmkuSkSaian . Xasgigmksgc, orgndub sgmgrSgbXk faSkbsknckskaraig cgsgmgrSbkgnjig prgqtkfubgc dgkdkvaiubk ogsaubjiaikg.104 „iujng oaca‒. 105 „racabklfeakc an ikbbklfeakc ‒. kx. hnaiks ojrmkraigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS< Eassabknf,Sea Hjnhapt jo Djjc Ogkte, kn< Egrtfgmp/Eassabknf/Ejnckus/Ljustrg/cu Parrjn/_abcmgn(acs.), Sjwgrcs g Aurjpagn Hkvkb Hjca, 9003, 349, On. ;.10; „Srau unc Dbguian‒. kx., mgdgbkSgc< Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005, § 939, YcNr. 7 oo.6Tekttgfar/\kmmarmgnn, Djjc Ogkte kn Aurjpagn Hjntrght Bgw< Xurvayknd tea Badgb




5;

sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-4 muxbsg 170 cg pjrtudgbkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 177 4?9-a KK muxbXk179 mjwasrkdaiubk`faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpk~ mxacvabjigXk mkkYaigXasgigmks qvaynaiXk xabXafrubaikcgn wgrmjXjikbk gnfgnjnkcgn dgmjmckngra vgbcaiubaiks Xasrubaiksgs. 178

dgrcg gmksg, mgdgbkSgc, gvstrkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks ;73-a cg 5?8-a KK pgrgdrgoaiks, 173 darmgnkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 714-a pgrgdrgoks, nkcarbgncaikssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ?<935-a muxbksg cg ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 78??-a cg 7884-a muxbaiks Xasgigmksgc,`faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpk~ dgSvgbkswknaiub uncg kqnasxabXafrubaiksg Su hgbfaubk mjqmacaiks dgnmgrtaiksgs. 171

mkuxacgvgc kmksg, rjm faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpk sxvgcgsxvgqvaynks sgmgrSbairkv skstamgXk dgnsxvgvaiubgcgg mjwasrkdaiubkcg sxvgcgsxvg ounqhkkS grks gYTurvkbk, mksk mnkXvnabjikscgfnknaig gr xcaig fjntknanturk avrjpks grharS sgmgrSbairkv

skstamgXk. uorj matkh, mksk dgmjyanaig xXkrgc shcaigmjwasrkdaiks fjnfratub soarjs cg vrhabcaigfar\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiaiks ckc umrgvbasjigza. 17?

Xasgigmksgc, fjntknanturk avrjpks far\jsgmgrSbairkvfjckokfghkaiXk faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpks gYkgraig Xak\baigdgnxkbub kqnas arSkgnk sgmgrSbairkvk HgrHjaiks Xaqmnks arS-arS

Bgncshgpa, kn< \kmmarmgnn/Tekttgfar (acs.), Djjc Ogkte kn Aurjpagn Hjntrght Bgw, 9000, 75at saq.170 „iuang oa‒.177

Høckdj hkvkb Pjrtuduas, Cahtratj-Bak n. 34 833, ca 91 Njvamirj ca 7;??.179 „ijg oë‒. 178 Xagc. Njtas tj Grt. 7<907, kn< Bgncj/Iagba (acs.), Prknhkpbas jo Aurjpagn Hjntrght Bgw,9000, 77? at saq., 7756 Eassabknf,Sea Hjnhapt jo Djjc Ogkte, kn< Egrtfgmp/Eassabknf/ Ejnckus/Ljustrg/cu Parrjn/_abcmgn(acs.), Sjwgrcs g Aurjpagn Hkvkb Hjca, 9003, 347 at saq.173 „Druncsãtza izw. Òiund cas racbkhean _arfaers‒. kx., mgdgbkSgc, Ijbbaniardar kn< Fjzkjb/Iycbknsfk/Ijbbaniardar,GIDI-Fjmmantgr, 9004, § ;73, YcNr. ;.171 Xagc. Njtas tj Grt. 7<907, kn< Bgncj/Iagba (acs.), Prknhkpbas jo Aurjpagn Hjntrght Bgw,9000, 775.17? Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< Tekttgfar/\kmmarmgnn, Djjc Ogkte kn Aurjpagn Hjntrght Bgw<Xurvayknd tea Badgb Bgncshgpa, kn< \kmmarmgnn/Tekttgfar (acs.), Djjc Ogkte kn AurjpagnHjntrght Bgw, 9000, 4 at saq.6 Eassabknf, Sea Hjnhapt jo Djjc Ogkte, kn< Egrtfgmp/Eassabknf/Ejnckus/Ljustrg/cu Parrjn/_abcmgn(acs.), Sjwgrcs g Aurjpagn HkvkbHjca, 9003, 345 at saq., 3;4 at saq.6 Mgrfasknks/Qniargte/Ljenstjn, Sea Darmgn Bgw joHjntrght, G Hjmpgrgtkva Sragtksa, 900?, 798 at saq.6gsava Xamglgmaiabk cgsfvnaik<Tekttgfar/\kmmarmgnn, Hjmknd tj Sarms wkte Djjc Ogkte, kn< \kmmarmgnn/Tekttgfar (acs.),Djjc Ogkte kn Aurjpagn Hjntrght Bgw, 9000, ?;0 at saq.




;0

wkngpkrjigc. 174 gmks cgcgsturaigg `avrjdgarSkgnaiks mjqmack far\jsgmgrSbks fvbavkSk lduoks~ (`gfks lduoks~) 175 mkarHgmjygbkiaiubk `avrjdgarSkgnaiks mjqmack sgxabXafrubaijsgmgrSbks prknhkpaik~ (`gfks prknhkpaik~) 17;.

sgyurgcYaijg, rjm, mjwasrkdaiks ojrmks SvgbsgzrkskS,`gfks lduoks~ wavraimg grsaikSgc dgnsxvgvaiubk mkcdjmggkrHkas. mgS faSkbsknckskaraiks zjdgck prknhkpks nghvbgc,hgb-hgbfa caiubaiaik dgkSvgbkswknas gm prknhkpkswkngsgxabXafrubaij urSkarSjiaiXk (9<707-a 190 cg 9<708-a197 muxbaik), vgbcaiubaiks Xasrubaiksg (4<707-a muxbk) 199 cguobaiaiks dgnxjrhkabaiksgs (4<709-a muxbk) 198 dgmjyanaiksSvgbsgzrkskS.

gmgsSgn, faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpk gr grksmxjbjc fjntknanturk avrjpks sgmgrSbairkvk skstamksSvkscgmgxgskgSaiabk ogsaubjig. hgbfaubk tarmknjbjdkurk 193 Su Xknggrsjirkvk 191 SgvksaiuraiaikS kdk irktgnub

sgmgrSgbXkh cgmfvkcrcg.

174 Eassabknf, Sea Hjnhapt jo Djjc Ogkte, kn< Egrtfgmp/Eassabknf/Ejnckus/Ljustrg/cu Parrjn/_abcmgn (acs.), Sjwgrcs g Aurjpagn Hkvkb Hjca, 9003, 3;4 at saq. 175 Yasagrhe Drjup jn tea Axkstknd AH Prkvgta Bgw (Ghquks Drjup).17; Prknhkpbas jo tea Axkstknd AH Hjntrght Bgw (Ghquks Prknhkpbas), Hjntrght K, Pra-hjntrghtugbJibkdgtkjns, Hjnhbuskjn jo Hjntrght, Qnogkr Sarms, 9004.190 „Grtkhba 9<707 Djjc Ogkte Kn pra-hjntrghtugb cagbknds, pgrtkas must ght kn ghhjrcgnha wkte djjc ogkte.‒ 197 „Grtkhba 9<708 Nadjtkgtkjns Hjntrgry tj Djjc Ogkte (7) G pgrty ks oraa tj nadjtkgta gnc ks njtbkgiba ojr ogkbknd tj raghe gn gdraamant . (9) Ejwavar, g pgrty wej egs hjncuhtac jrckshjntknuac nadjtkgtkjns hjntrgry tj djjc ogkte ks bkgiba ojr bjss hgusac tj tea jtear pgrty.(8) Kn pgrtkhubgr pgrty ghts hjntrgry tj djjc ogkte ko kt antars kntj jr hjntknuas nadjtkgtkjns wktenj ragbkntantkjn jo ragheknd gn gdraamant .‒ 199 „Grtkhba 4<707 Cuty tj Parojrm (7)Sea caitjr must parojrm kts jibkdgtkjns kn ghhjrcgnhawkte djjc ogkte. (9) G iusknass must parojrm kts jibkdgtkjns wkte tea spahkgb sfkbb gnc hgra tegtmgy ragsjngiby ia axpahtac tj ia usac wkte radgrc, kn pgrtkhubgr, tj tea badktkmgta axpahtgtkjnsjo hjnsumars.‒ 198 „Grtkhba 4<709 Djjc Ogkte kn tea Axarhksa jo YkdetsSea hracktjr must axarhksa kts rkdets tj parojrmgnha gnc ramackas ojr njn-parojrmgnha kn ghhjrcgnha wkte djjc ogkte.‒ 193 faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpks pjzktkurk ojrmubkraiks nghvbgc ‘ „ djjc ogkte‒ ‘ dgmjkyanaig mksk nadgtkurk gbtarngtkvg ‘ „igc ogkte‒.191 xabXafrubaiks majra mxgrksgSvks grsaikSk ogqtaiks Xautyjiknaibjiggr mkkHnavg faSkbsknckskaraiksg Su rgkma sxvg vgbcaiubaiks cgrYvavgc,mgdgbkSgc, kndbksursg cg Xjtbgnckur sgmgrSgbXk. kx. Tekttgfar/

\kmmarmgnn, Hjmknd tj Sarms wkte Djjc Ogkte, kn< \kmmarmgnn/Tekttgfar (acs.), Djjc Ogktekn Aurjpagn Hjntrght Bgw, 9000, ?;7.kdkva `mcumgra fjntrgeantks~ ( „hbjsac-mjutenadjtkgtjr ‒) XamSxvavg dgnsxvgvaiubgc dgnkxkbaig faSkbsknckskaraiksprknhkpksg Su `mjSxjvnks~ dgmjyanaikS gXX-ks sgmgrSgbXk. kx. Ogrnswjrte,




;7

zjdgck prknhkpks sgxkS faSkbsknckskargc mjqmacaiksvgbcaiubaig arSdvgrjvngc gksgxg rjdjrh gXX-ksunkokhkraiubk sgvgTrj fjcaqsks 19? 7<908-a muxbXk,194 ksa`sgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSbks (majra) rkstaktmantks~ 195 901-apgrgdrgoXk. 19; gmgsSgn, unkokhkraiubk sgvgTrj fjcaqsks

hgbfaub muxbsg Su SgncgrSub `jokhkgburfjmantgraiXk~, rgh mjsgmgrSbaSgSvks mnkXvnabjvgnk`dzgmfvbavkg~, xXkrkg mkSkSaig faSkbsknckskaraiksprknhkpza. 180 mksk dgmjyanaig mkzgnXawjnkbgc mkkHnavg

Hjmmant jn Mkhegab Irkcda‛s< Cjas Gndbj-Hgngckgn Hjntrght Bgw Naac g Cjhtrkna jo DjjcOgkte:, Hgngckgn Iusknass Bgw Ljurngb, 7;53 (;), 39? at saq.19? Qnkojrm Hjmmarhkgb Hjca (QHH), www.baxkntar.nat/BJST_ars3/unkojrmZhjmmarhkgbZhjca.etm.194 „ Avary hjntrght jr cuty wktekn teks Ght kmpjsas gn jibkdgtkjn jo djjc ogkte kn kts parojrmgnhajr anojrhamant .‒ 195 Yastgtamant (Xahjnc) jo Hjntrghts, www.baxkntar.nat/BJST_ars3/rastgtamantZ(sahjnc)ZjoZhjntrghts.etm. `rkstaktmantk~ grks mahnkaraiks, mjsgmgrSbaaiksg cgprgqtkfjsk kurkstaiks mkar `gmarkfks sgmgrSbks knstktutks~ ( GmarkhgnBgw Knstktuta) adkckS gXX-ks sgmgrSbks \krkSgc soarjaiXk XamuXgvaiubk`sgarSj gSvbks wartkbaik~. mgsXk gsgxubk prknhkpaik cg wasaik,rjdjrh wask, hgbfaubk Xtgtaiks fjmpatanhkgs dgnafuSvnaig cgXasg\baiabkg, dgnsxvgvaiubgc kyjs sgfgnjnmcaibj cjnaza Su XasgigmksksgsgmgrSbjs mkar `mjwasrkdaiubk~. Xagc. Xummars, Sea Hjnsaptugbksgtkjn joDjjc Ogkte kn Gmarkhgn Hjntrght Bgw< G Danargb Ghhjunt, kn< \kmmarmgnn/Tekttgfar (acs.),Djjc Ogkte kn Aurjpagn Hjntrght Bgw, 9000, 77; at saq.6 kx. gsava Eybgnc,Sea GmarkhgnAxparkanha< Yastgtamants, tea QHH, Qnkojrm Bgws, gnc Srgnsngtkjngb Hjjrckngtkjn, kn< Egrtfgmp/Eassabknf/Ejnckus/Ljustrg/cu Parrjn/_abcmgn(acs.), Sjwgrcs g Aurjpagn HkvkbHjca, 9003, 1; at saq. 19; „ Avary hjntrght kmpjsas upjn aghe pgrty g cuty jo djjc ogkte gnc ogkr cagbknd kn kts

parojrmgnha gnc kts anojrhamant .‒ 180 Xummars, Sea Hjnsaptugbksgtkjn jo Djjc Ogkte kn Gmarkhgn Hjntrght Bgw< G DanargbGhhjunt, kn< \kmmarmgnn/Tekttgfar (acs.), Djjc Ogkte kn Aurjpagn Hjntrght Bgw, 9000, 798,mgS Xjrks mkSkSaikS, rjm unkokhkraiubk sgvgTrj fjcaqsksmucmkvmjqmack sgracgqhkj sgiTjs mkar 7;;3 wabs dgmjqvayncg fjcaqsks7<908-a muxbks jokhkgburk fjmantgrks cgmgtaig. mgsXk gYknkXng, rjmfaSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpk grks grg mjqmacaiks dgnxjrhkabaiksg SumjSxjvnks cgmjufkcaiabk sgou\vabk, grgmac Xasgigmksk Xasrubaiksvgbcaiubaiks cgzustaig ( „Seks sahtkjn cjas njt suppjrt gn kncapancant hgusa joghtkjn ojr ogkbura tj parojrm jr anojrha kn djjc ogkte. Ygtear, teks sahtkjn magns tegt g ogkbura tj parojrm jr anojrha, kn djjc ogkte, g spahkokh cuty jr jibkdgtkjn uncar tea hjntrght, hjnstktutas giraghe jo tegt hjntrght jr mgfas ungvgkbgiba, uncar tea pgrtkhubgr hkrhumstgnhas, g ramackgbrkdet jr pjwar. Seks ckstknhtkjn mgfas kt hbagr tegt tea cjhtrkna jo djjc ogkte maraby ckrahts ghjurt tjwgrcs kntarpratknd hjntrghts wktekn tea hjmmarhkgb hjntaxt kn wekhe tegy gra hragtac, parojrmac, gnc anojrhac, gnc cjas njt hragta g sapgrgta cuty jo ogkrnass gnc rasjngibanasswekhe hgn ia kncapancantby iragheac .‒), Qnkojrm Hjmmarhkgb Hjca Yapjrtknd Xarvkha Okncax,PAI Hjmmantgry Nj.70, 7;;4 . kx. gsava Ogrnswjrte, Djjc Ogkte Parojrmgnha gnc




;9

rjdjrh vgbcaiubaiks Xasrubaiksg Su `gYsrubaiks~, ksawkngsgxabXafrubaij urSkarSjiaiks mkmgrS. 187

sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjigXk dgSvgbkswknaiubkg faSkbskncksk-araiks prknhkpks unkvarsgburjig. kdk gsgxubkg ssf-ks XasgvgbcaiubaiaiXk cg, Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-9 K muxbksmsdgvsgc, Xasg\baiabkg HgkSvgbjs, grsaikSgc, mSab far\jsgmgrSgbXk mjqmac zjdgc prknhkpgc. skstamurk mjwasrkdaiksgcdkbkcgn dgmjmckngra, gm grdumants dgngmtfkhais XarHaubkojrmubkraigh. far\jc, ssf-ks ma-5 KKK muxbks Sgngxmgc,far\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiks mjngwkbaais afksraigS vgbca-iubaig, `faSkbsknckskargc dgngxjrhkabjn SgvkgnSk uobaiaik cgmjvgbajignk~.

5.8 faSkbsknckskaraiks zjdgck prknhkpks cgfjnfrataig

faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpks Xasgigmksgc mjqmacaiks ogrdbaik

majra mxgrks ncjiks prjpjrhkubkg. as ncjig dgnsgfuSraikSckckg jrmxrkvk Su sgarSj kntarasks grsaijiks XamSxvavgXk, rghdgnpkrjiaiubkg mxgrks vgrguckS, rjm pkrk gr kmjqmacais Sgvkskvacg, gqacgn dgmjmckngra, jrmxrkvk kntarasaiks sgzkgnjc. hgbfaubXamSxvavgXk, sgarSj kntarasaikcgn dgmjmckngra ncjig Xak\baigcgmygraiubk kyjs, mgdgbkSgc, mxgraSg jikaqturgc urSkarSmjmda-ikgn xgndr\bkv Su dr\abvgckgn vgbcaiubaikSsgmgrSbairkvurSkarSjigza. kdk Xak\baig aou\naijcas gsava sgjlgxjurSkarSjigs, mgdgbkSgc, arS-arSk mauYbks mkar majrksSvkssgarSj sgfuSraiks mgrSvks gn dgnfgrdvks mkncjiks XamSxvavgXk.

dgnsgfuSraiubk ncjig Xasg\baiabkg dgmjmckngrajicas gsavaXasgigmksk urSkarSjiks sgxkcgn, mgdgbkSgc< skhjhxbksg cglgnmrSabjiks cghvgsSgn cgfgvXkraiubk mjmsgxuraiks, cgvgbaiksgn cgzYvavks xabXafrubaiks XamSxvavgXk.

dgmjmckngra kqkcgn, rjm as ncjig sxvgcgsxvg sgmgrSbairkvurSkarSjigXk Xak\baig dgnsxvgvaiubk kyjs, xXkrgc fjnfratcaigSu zustcaig faSkbsknckskaraiks zjdgck prknhkpk hgbfaubvgbcaiubaigXk. Xasgigmksgc, xcaig faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpksarSdvgrk `spahkgburk fgtadjrkaiks~ ojrmkraig. gsaSkg,

Hjmmarhkgb Yagsjngibanass uncar tea Qnkojrm Hjmmarhkgb Hjca, Qnkvarskty jo Hekhgdj BgwYavkaw, 7;?8 (80), ?48 at saq.187 kx. Ogrnswjrte, Hjmmant jn Mkhegab Irkcda‛s< Cjas Gndbj-Hgngckgn Hjntrght Bgw Naac

g Cjhtrkna jo Djjc Ogkte:, Hgngckgn Iusknass Bgw Ljurngb, 7;53 (;), 394.gmgsSgn, gvtjrkamxrjig faSkbsknckskaraiks `mjSxjvnks~ ( „raqukramant ‒) dgmjyanaigs,`rkstaktmantksg~ cg unkokhkraiubk sgvgTrj fjcaqsks faSkbskncksk-araiks ̀ vgbcaiubaiksgdgn~ (Xasgigmksgc „jibkdgtkjn‒ cg „cuty‒) dgnsxvgvaikS.




;8

mgdgbkSgc, bjkgbjiksg (Su dubksxmkaraiks) cg SgngmXrjmbjiksvgbcaiubaiaik. fkcav arS spahkgbur fgtadjrkgc Xasg\baiabkgknojrmghkks mkwjcaiks vgbcaiubaiks dgmjyjog.

mgdgbkSgc, `gfks prknhkpaiXk~ hgbfa fgtadjrkaigc grksdgmjyjokbk faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpkcgn dgmjmckngrabjkgbjiksg (4<708-a muxbk) 189 cg SgngmXrjmbjiks (4<703-amuxbk) 188 vgbcaiubaiaik. avrjpubk sgxabXafrubaijsgmgrSbks prknhkpaiks 7<909-a muxbkS wasrkdcaigSgngmXrjmbjiks vgbcaiubaig. 183

gsava sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjigXk ssf-ks ma-5 KKKmuxbks faSkbsknckskaraiks zjdgck prknhkpks gYkgraikspgrgbaburgc, mjwasrkdaiubkg mksk hgbfaubk cgfjnfrataigSu cgzustaig. ssf-ks 87?-a KK muxbk mkuSkSais, rjm `SgvkskXknggrsksg cg xgskgSks dgSvgbkswknaikS vgbcaiubaigXak\baig yjvab mxgras gfksraicas majra mxgrks uobaiaiksgcg qjnaiksgcmk dgnsgfuSraiub dubksxmkaraigs.~ ssf-ks 874-a

KK muxbk gm vgbcaiubaigs wkngsgxabXafrubaijurSkarSjigza gvrhabais. 181 dgrcg gmksg, ssf-ks 875-a muxbkgwasrkdais `knojrmghkks dghamks vgbcaiubaigs~, xjbj ssf-ks 8;0-a KK muxbk gsgxgvs SgngmXrjmbjiksg Su Sgngqmacaiksvgbcaiubaigs. gmgsSgn, nkXgncjibkvkg, rjm ssf-ks 891-amuxbk vgbcaiubaiks Xasrubaiks pkrjiaiks dgnsgzYvrksmjwasrkdaiksgs tarmkn `faSkbsknckskaraiks~ nghvbgcuXugbjc `sgmgrSbkgnjiks~ frktarkumks dgSvgbkswknaiksvgbcaiubaigs gwasais.

km XamSxvavgXk, Su gsaSk spahkgburk njrmaik gr grksdgSvgbkswknaiubk hgbfaubk qvaynks fgnjnmcaibjigXk, gngbj-dkurk sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadk mgknh cgcdaig faSkbsknckskaraikszjdgck prknhkpkcgn dgmjmckngra.

189 „Grtkhba 4<708 Cuty jo Bjygbty Ko gn jibkdgtkjn iy kts ngtura raqukras tea captjr tj mgngdatea hracktjr‛s googkrs, tea captjr must dkva cua radgrc tj tea hracjtjr‛s kntarasts rabgtac tj tejsagoogkrs.‒ 188 „Grtkhba 4<703 Cuty tj Hj-jpargtaSea caitjr gnc tea hracktjr must hj-jpargta wkte aghejtear tj tea axtant tegt teks hgn ragsjngiby ia axpahtac ojr tea parojrmgnha jo jibkdgtkjn.‒ 183 „ Aghe pgrty jwas tj tea jtear g cuty tj hj-jpargta kn jrcar tj dkva oubb aooaht tj tea hjntrght .‒ 181 ssf-ks 874-a KKK muxbk kSvgbkswknais wkngsgxabXafrubaij urSkarSjiksmjngwkbks irgbaubk mjqmacaiks XamSxvavgXk mksSvks majra mxgrks mkardgwaubk `xgrlaiks~ gngzYguraiks vgbcaiubaiks cgfksraigs.




;3

5.3 sgmgrSbks dgnvkSgraigza mjsgmgrSbks zamjqmacaiksknstrumantk

sxvgcgsxvg sgmgrSbks skstamgXk faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpssxvgcgsxvg ounqhkg ankTaig, mgS Xjrks, uXugbjc sgmgrSbairkvkskstamks dgnvkSgraiks SvgbsgzrkskS.

upkrvabas yjvbksg, darmgnub sgsgmgrSbj prgqtkfgsg cgkurkckub bktargturgXk darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 939-apgrgdrgok yjvbksmjmhvab zjdgc prknhkpgc Hgmjygbkicg. mkskdgmjyanaig shkbcaig mks sktyvgsktyvkS mnkXvnabjigs cgzadgvbangs gxcans mSab sgmgrSbks skstamgza. 18? gYnkXnubkXasg\baiabs xcks, mjsgmgrSbam mxacvabjigXk mkkYjsfgnjnmcaibjikS dguSvgbkswknaiabk Xaogsaiaik Su ogsaubjiaik.faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpks mkxacvkS xXkrgc ygbkicaig gxgbkqhavks wasaik, xcaig sgmgrSbks njrmaikcgn uXugbjc dgmjmckngraXacadaiks Xarikbaig Su fjraqtkraig. 184

gngbjdkurk mkcdjmg cgmgxgskgSaiabkg darmgnubk sgmgrSbks

skvrhks sxvg qvaynaiks ‘ Xvakhgrkksg 185 cg gvstrkks 18; ‘ sgmgrSbksSvksgh. faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpks dgmjyanaiksmsdgvsk tancanhkaik gsava mfvkcrcaig, mgdgbkSgc, nkcarbgncaiks,sgorgndaSksg cg ktgbkks sgmgrSgbXk. 130

Xasgigmksgc, fjntknanturk avrjpks far\jsgmgrSbairkvskstamaiXk fgnjnks taqstkS mjsgmgrSbks ijTvks mkuxacgvgc,faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpks maXvajikS xcaig mgrSbmsglubaigXkXaogsaikSk fgtadjrkaiks gYkgraig. 137 gmgsSgn, gm prknhkpzacgyrcnjikS Xasg\baiabkg hgbfaub sgmgrSbairkv skstamgXk ufvacgmfvkcraiubk ogsaubjiaiks dgzkgraig sxvg qvaynks sgmgrSgbXk.

18? kx.< Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005, § 939, YcNr. 7?6 Tekttgfar/\kmmarmgnn, Djjc Ogkte knAurjpagn Hjntrght Bgw< Xurvayknd tea Badgb Bgncshgpa, kn< \kmmarmgnn/Tekttgfar (acs.),Djjc Ogkte kn Aurjpagn Hjntrght Bgw, 9000, 75 at saq.6 Mgrfasknks/Qniargte/Ljenstjn, SeaDarmgn Bgw jo Hjntrght, G Hjmpgrgtkva Sragtksa, 900?, 790 at saq. 184 Tekttgfar/\kmmarmgnn, Djjc Ogkte kn Aurjpagn Hjntrght Bgw< Xurvayknd tea BadgbBgncshgpa, kn< \kmmarmgnn/Tekttgfar (acs.), Djjc Ogkte kn Aurjpagn Hjntrght Bgw, 9000, 91. qgrSub kurkckub bktargturgXk Xagc. kjsabkgnk , faSkbsknckskaraiksprknhkpk sgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSgbXk (XacgraikSsgmgrSbairkvkdgmjfvbavg), qsm, 9004 (spahkgburk dgmjXvaig), 79 cg Xamcdjmnk. 185 kx. Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks Xasgvgb caiubaiaiXk mjhamubkma-9 muxbk, gsava Ygnkark, Aurjpãksheas Jibkdgtkjnanrahet, 9008, ??3. 18; gvstrkks sgmgrSgbSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx., mgdgbkSgc, Ijbbaniardar kn< Fjzkjb/

Iycbknsfk/Ijbbaniardar,GIDI-Fjmmantgr, 9004, § ;73, YcNr. ;.130 Xagc. Ygnkark, Aurjpãksheas Jibkdgtkjnanrahet, 9008, ??3, ?44 oo ., gsava ?5; oo .137 Xagc. Eassabknf,Sea Hjnhapt jo Djjc Ogkte, kn< Egrtfgmp/Eassabknf/Ejnckus/Ljustrg/cu Parrjn/_abcmgn (acs.), Sjwgrcs g Aurjpagn Hkvkb Hjca, 9003, 35? at saq.




;1

sgkntarasjg, rjm faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpks ounqhkggmarkfub sgmgrSgbXkh grsaikSgc dgSgngiraiubkg `dgnmgrtaiksgcg xgrvazaiks Xavsaiks trgckhkub taqnkfgsSgn.~ 139 gm prknhkpksmjqnkbjig (`abgstkfurjig~ 138) dgngpkrjiais rjdjrh mks ogrSjcdgnmgrtaigs, ksa mks dgmjyanaigs dguSvgbkswknaiabk Su gxgbkdgramjaiaiks mkmgrS. 133

sgqgrSvabjXk ma-5 KKK muxbks zjdgck faSkbsknckskaraiksprknhkpks cgmfvkcraig Xasg\baiabkg kqhas sgmgrSbksXamcdjmk dgnvkSgraiks mnkXvnabjvgn knstrumantgc.

gm SvgbsgzrkskS, dgrfvaubk prjibamaikdgnpkrjiaiubkg ssf-ks ma-3 cg, dgrfvaubwkbgc, ma-1muxbaiXk mjhamubk mjsgmgrSbks `qhavks nkmuXkS~, rjmabkhuzYucgvs mjsgmgrSbas mjqmacaiks Sgvksuobaigs.dgnsgfuSraikS ma-3 KK muxbks sgou\vabza mjsgmgrSbavgbcaiubkg, dgmjkyanjs fgnjnks njrmg mgXkngh, Su kdk mgsusgmgrSbjc gn grgznajirkvgc mkgHnkg. gmks dgSvgbkswknaikS

gxgbk ogsaubjiaiks cgmfvkcraigza sguigrk rSubkg.mkuxacgvgc gmksg, mjsgmgrSbas Xau\bkg,faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkps cgayrcnjs cg Xagmsuiuqjs,mgdgbkSgc, sgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjikcgn dgmjmckngradgnsgfuSraikS m\kma Xacadaik mgXkn, rjcasgh fgnjnXkXasgtyvksk njrmg gr grks uXugbjc dgSvgbkswknaiubk cg,Xasgigmksgc, mgn fgnjnksg cg sgmgrSbks gngbjdkgzacgyrcnjikS uncg dgmjktgnjs dgcgwyvatkbaig.

gmgsSgn, fgnjnks gngbjdkkS dgmjyanaiksgsXasg\baiabkg, mjsgmgrSbam hgbfaubk vkSgraiksdgSvgbkswknaikS sgmgrSbks njrmg dgmjkyanjs gn grdgmjkyanjs gngbjdkkS. xjbj Xasgigmksk (njrmks gngbjdkkSdgmjyanaiks) dgcgwyvatkbaig mkzgnXawjnkbjigsg SusgmgrSbkgnjigs cguqvamcaigrjs. rgh Xaaxaig sgmgrSbks

139 „Hartgknby mgny jo tea usas tj wekhe tea naw hjnhapt jo djjc ogkte ks put tjcgy cj njt djiayjnc tejsa tj wekhe tea trgcktkjngb tahenkquas jo kntarpratgtkjn gnc dgp okbbknd wara put kn yastaryagr .‒ Ogrnswjrte, Ogrnswjrte jn Hjntrghts, vjb. KK, 7;;0, 895 at saq.,hktkraiubkg<Xummars, Sea Hjnsaptugbksgtkjn jo Djjc Ogkte kn Gmarkhgn Hjntrght Bgw< G Danargb Ghhjunt,kn< \kmmarmgnn/Tekttgfar (acs.), Djjc Ogkte kn Aurjpagn Hjntrght Bgw, 9000, 7886kx. gsavacatgburk gngbkzk Ogrnswjrte, Djjc Ogkte Parojrmgnha gnc HjmmarhkgbYagsjngibanass uncar tea Qnkojrm Hjmmarhkgb Hjca, Qnkvarskty jo Hekhgdj Bgw Yavkaw, 7;?8(80), ?43 at saq.138 „abgstkhkty‒.133 Ogrnswjrte, Djjc Ogkte Parojrmgnha gnc Hjmmarhkgb Yagsjngibanass uncar tea QnkojrmHjmmarhkgb Hjca, Qnkvarskty jo Hekhgdj Bgw Yavkaw, 7;?8 (80), ?4?,mgS Xjrks,unkokhkraiubk sgvgTrj fjcaqsks 7<709-a muxbks jokhkgbur fjmantgrzamkSkSaikS.




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gngbjdkgs, ssf-ks ma-1 KK muxbk uXugbjc mkuSkSais`sgmgrSbks zjdgck prknhkpaiksg~ cg `sgmgrSbkgnjiks,faSkbsknckskaraiksg cg znajiks mjSxjvnaiks Xasgigmksgc~mjqmacaiks guhkbaibjigza.

iunairkvkg, Xasgigmksk dgcgwyvatkbaiks cgsgiuSaiksgsmjsgmgrSbks grHavgnzag cgmjfkcaiubk, Su rgmcangccgayrcnjig gxgbk ogsaubjiks Su qhavks waskscgmfvkcraiksgs faSkbsknckskaraiks zjdgc prknhkps. mgsXau\bkg, sgmgrSbks Xamcdjmk dgnvkSgraiksgs uXugbjcmkuSkSjs ssf-ks ma-5 KKK muxbk cg mksdgn dgmjmckngra mkkYjsXasgigmksk dgcgwyvatkbaig.

gbtarngtkvks sgxkS mjsgmgrSbas Xau\bkg dgmjkyanjsfaSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpk, rjdjrh ssf-ks ma-1 KK muxbXkuXugbjc dgSvgbkswknaiubk sgmgrSbks XamcdjmkdgnvkSgraiks knstrumantk. hxgckg, sgmgrSbks gngbjdkksdgmjyanaiksgs mjsgmgrSba cggcdans faSkbsknckskaraiksprknhkpks Xasgigmks Su mksdgn dgmjmckngra qhavks wass. mkS

umatas, rjm as prknhkpk Sgvks SgvXk grsaikSgc garSkgnaisrjdjrh sgmgrSbks zjdgc, gnu fjnstktuhkksogsaubjiaikcgn dgmjmckngra prknhkpais, ksa sgmgrSbkgnj-iksg cg `znajiks mjSxjvnaiks Xasgigmksgc~ mjqmacaiksvgbcaiubaigs.

KK. pkrk

far\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiks suikaqtk Xak\baig kyjsnaiksmkark okzkfurk Su kurkckubk pkrk. 131 hnaig „pkrk‒ grks g rgsgmgrSbairkv-aSkfurk, grgmac sgmgrSbairkv-taqnkfurk fgtadj-rkg. 13? pkrs gqvs sgqgrSvabjs fjnstktuhkkSg cg ssf-kscaiubaiaikS dgnmtfkhaiubk mjqmacaiks Sgvksuobaig. 134 Xasgigmksgc, sgmgrSbairkvgc gYkgraiubkg mksk Xasg\baibjig,dgxcas far\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiks Xacadaiks gcrasgtk<gYkTurvjs hgbfaubk far\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiksgSvkscgmgxgskgSaiabk uobaiaikS cg ktvkrSjs Xasgigmksk urSkarSj-ikcgn dgmjmckngra mjvgbajiaik.

pkrk uobaigmjskbkg, sgfuSgrk naikS dgnxjrhkabaiubkqmacaikS zadgvbang mjgxcknjs far\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiks

131 ssf-ks ma-5 K 7 muxbk. 13? Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005, Òiaribkhf vjr § 7, YcNr. 76 kx. `pkrks~ fjntknantur-avrjpub fjckokfghkaiXk mjwasrkdaigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS gsava Akhebar ,Yahetssystama car \kvkbdasatziòhear, 7;;8, 78 oo.134 Xagc.< ssf-ks ma-70 KK muxbk6 gsava farasabk\a , sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsksXasgvgbk caiubaiaik, qsm, 9003 (4), 9? cg Xamcdjmk.




;4

cgmygraigsg cg Xamcdjm dgnvkSgraigza. 135 dgrcg gmksg, mgs gqvsungrk, kyjs fgnjnkcgn dgmjmckngra far\jsgmgrSbairkvkurSkarSjiaiks mjngwkba cg Xasgigmksk Xacadaiks gcrasgtk.

okzkfurk pkrk, gnu gcgmkgnk, fjnstktuhkks ma-73 muxbksSgngxmgc, `cgigcaikS Sgvksuogbkg cg fgnjnks wkngXa SgngswjrkgdgnurHavbgc rgsksg, fgnks oarksg, anksg, sqasksg, rabkdkksg,pjbktkfurk cg sxvg Xaxacubaiksg, arjvnubk, aSnkfurk cgsjhkgburk fuSvnkbaiksg, wgrmjXjiksg, qjnairkvk cg wjcairkvkmcdjmgrajiksg, sghxjvraiabk gcdkbksg~. Xasgigmksgc, yvabggcgmkgnk Sgngirgc sgrdaibjis fjnstktuhkkS dgSvgbkswknaiubkgcgmkgnks uobaiaikSg cg SgvksuobaiaikS. 13; gngbjdkurgc, yvabgokzkfurk pkrksgSvks Sgngirgc grks gYkgraiubkfar\jsgmgrSbairkv urSkarSjiaiXk mjngwkbajiks Xasg\baibjig.mgS mkmgrS gsava arSdvgrjvngc vrhabcaig sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbksqhavks wasaik.

mkuxacgvgc gmksg, okzkfur pkrais Xak\baig eqjncaSdgnsxvgvaiubk stgtusk mgSk ungrks mkxacvkS. arSmgnaSksgdgn

kmklnaig uobaigungrkgnjig cg qmacungrkgnjig. uobaigungrkgnkgyvabg gcgmkgnk. 110 qmacungrkgnjig cgmjfkcaiubkg cgmgtaikSkwkngpkrjiks grsaijigza. gsaSk wkngpkrjigg sgfuSgrk qhavksnaiksmkark (naigza cgou\naiubgc) mgrSvksg cg mksk Xacadksdggzraiks ungrk. kdk knckvkcks gsgfs, gsava djnairkvXasg\baibjiaisg cg oskqkfur dgwjngswjraigs ufgvXkrcaig.

dgrcg gmksg, far\j sgmgrSbkS cghubkg knckvkckspkrjvnubk (grgqjnairkvk) uobaiaik. as ksaSk gisjbuturkuobaiaikg, rjmabnkh yvabg gcgmkgns gqvs cg rjmabSg maXvajikSxcaig mksk Ykrsaiks, pgtkvksg cg knckvkcugbjiks pgtkvkshamg. asufgngsfnabk vbkncaig, mgdgbkSgc, pkrks sgxabksg cgdgmjsgxubaiks uobaigXk.

ssf-ks K fgrks K Sgvk „okzkfurk pkraik‒ ( ma-77-98-a muxbaik)mnkXvnabjvngc amsdgvsaig sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbks fjcaqsks Xasgigmks ngwkbs, rjdjrhstruqturubk SvgbsgzrkskS, ksa mjhubjikSg cgradubkraiks XknggrskS. SvkS muxbaiks rgjcanjigh fkkdkvag. as caiubaiaik \krkSgcgc kmajrais, Sumhg dgrfvaubkmjckokhkraikS, ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-;-97-amuxbais. 117

135 Xagc .< vjn Suer , GS 7, 7;70, § 9 K, ?3 oo.6gsava Pgwbjwsfk, GS cas IDI, 9000, YcNr. ;?.13; pjbktkfurk uobaiaik gqvs mxjbjc Xasgigmksk qvaynks mjqgbgqas.110 Xagc. Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-77 K muxbk. 117 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 700.




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gmgsSgn, gYsgnkXngvkg, rjm ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsXkdgmjyanaiubk tarmknks Z „mjqgb gqks‒ Z nghvbgc ssf-Xksguigrkg okzkfur pkrza. as hvbkbaig mgrSaiubgc amygraigkm mjsgzraigs, rjm ssf-ks mjwasrkdaig gr vrhabcaigmxjbjc mjqgbgqaaiza, grgmac mjqmacais far\jsgmgrSbairkvurSkarSjigXk mjngwkba yvabg gcgmkgnza. 119

Xasgigmksgc, ma-7; sgufunks cgsgwyksXk mkYaiubkfjckokfghkaiksgdgn dgnsxvgvaikS, sgqgrSvabjXkfgnjnmcaiabk pkrSg sgmgrSbks mjwasrkdaiksgs gr sguirjisgrh qgrSvabaiza (mgdgbkSgc, dgnsxvgvaikS sgorgndaSkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-5 muxbksgdgn, rjmabkhfar\jsgmgrSbairkvk uobaiaiks mgtgraibgc orgndais 118 gYkgrais), grh mjqgbgqaaiks uobaiaiza (mgdgbkSgc,gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 95-a pgrgdrgoksgdgndgnsxvgvaikS). kdk gdraSva gr Xakhgvs radubkraigsmjqgbgqajiks Xa\angsg cg cgfgrdvks Xasgxai (mgdgbkSgc<sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-74 cg Xamcdjmk

muxbaiksg Su aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-74 cgXamcdjmk muxbaiksgdgn dgnsxvgvaikS). SumhgdgsgSvgbkswknaiabkg, rjm fjntknanturk avrjpks qvaynaikssgmgrSbairkv wasrkdXk ckck xgnkg, fjckokfghkaiXkdgmjyanaiub tarmknXk Z `mjqgbgqa~ Z kdubksxmaig okzkfurkpkrk gnu yvabg gcgmkgnk. 113

pjstsgiTjur sgxabmwkojSg sgmgrSbairkv wasrkdXkhdvxvcaig gngbjdkurk surgSk. mgdgbkSgc, rusaSksoacarghkks 7;;3 wbks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsXk masgma SgvkssgSgurXk tarmkn `mjqgbgqaaiks~ Xamcad orHxkbXkmkSkSaiubkg `okzkfurk pkraik~. gmks Xamcad, sgvgrgucjc,trgckhkks XangrHunaiks mkznkS fjcaqsks taqstXk mxjbjcmjqgbgqazag sguigrk.

fjnstktuhkgXk mjhamubk uobaiaik cg Sgvksuobaiaik,fjnstktuhkks 31-a muxbks Sgngxmgc, `mgSk XknggrsksdgSvgbkswknaikS~ vrhabcaig kurkckub pkraizah. orgzg`Xknggrsks dgSvgbkswknaig~ dubksxmjis mknkTaig- Su objig-ungrkgnjigs cg ksaSk uobaiaik, rjmabSg mgtgraiabkh Xak\baigkyjs kurkckubk pkrk (fgnjnks wkngXa Sgngswjrjig, sgfuSraiksuobaig cg g.X.), Xasgigmksgc vrhabcaig mgszah. gngbjdkurkmkcdjmg mjqmacais sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbairkv urSkarSjiaiXkh.

119 Xagc. ssf-ks ma-5 K, ma-77 cg Xamcdjmk muxbaik.118 „tjut OrgnĄgks‒. 113 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 700 o.




;;

yvabg ks uobaig, rjmabnkh Svksairkvgc gr ufgvXkrcaig gcgmkgns,Xasg\baiabkg eqjncas kurkckub pkrsgh.

ssf-ks ma-5 K 9 muxbXk fgnjnmcaiabmg sgTkrjc mkkHnkg kmksxgzdgsmg, rjm far\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiks mjngwkbanaiksmkar kurkckub pkrXk kdubksxmaig `rjdjrh sgmawgrmaj,ksa grgsgmawgrmaj, sgqgrSvabjsg Su sxvg qvaynks~ kurkck-ubk pkraik. 111

dgrcg gmksg, ssf-ks ma-5 KK muxbks Sgngxmgc,sgxabmwkoj jrdgnjaiksg Su sglgrj sgmgrSbks kurkckubkpkraiks `far\jsgmgrSbairkvk~ urSkarSjiaik sxvg pkraiSgn,rjdjrh wask, wasrkdcaig sgmjqgbgqj fgnjnmcaibjikS.

mkuxacgvgc kmksg, rjm dgmklvng gr grks dgmjfvaSkbk fjntknanturkavrjpks sgxabmwkojaiks yvabg sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbairkvfjckokfghkgXk, pkraiks cgyjog „okzkfur‒ („iunaikS‒) 11? cgkurkckub pkraigc fjntknanturk avrjpks sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbairkv

skstamaiXk ogrSjc grks dgvrhabaiubk. mgs Xamcad, rgh gcgmkgnk,rjdjrh okzkfurk pkrk, pjstdbjsgtjraimg cg fgnjnkfurksgmgrSbks wgrmjmgcdanbaimg dgngsxvgvas matgokzkfurk pkrksgdgn,khvbaig sxvgcgsxvg sgmgrSbairkv wyjigsg Su sgmgrSbairkvswgvbaigXk arSjibkvgc mjqmack pkrSg lduoksg Su`jrdgnkzghkubk wgrmjngqmnks~ sgxabwjcaig, 114 Sumhg gr khvbaigmksk grsk cg ounqhkg.

111 Xagc.< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-9 K cg gzarigklgnksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-1 K muxbaik.11? ssf-Xk fgnjnmcaiabk kyanais hnaig òkzkfur pkrs~ sxvg pjstsgiTjurk,ksava rjdjrh zjdkarSk fjntknanturavrjpubk, fjckokfghkaiks msdgvsgc.ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsXk fgnjnmcaiabk gcgmkgnks okzkfur grsaijigsufgvXkrais mks suikaqtgc gYkgraigs cg bjdkfurgc kyanais tarmkns ‘ „ parsjna okskhea‒. gngbjdkurk mkcdjmgg orgndub sgmgrSgbXkh ( „ parsjnna peyskqua‒). gmks sgpkrkspkrjc, sgmgrSbairkv wasrkdXk, sgcgh hnaigìunaikSk pkraik~ dgmjkyanaig ( „ngtòrbkhea Parsjnan‒, „ parsjngs ngturgbas‒ , „ngtuurbklfa parsjnan‒), xgzk dgasmks km dgramjaigs, rjm gcgmkgnk iunaikS grkssgmgrSbks suikaqtk. ìunaikSk pkraik~ dgmjkyanaig darmgnubk sgmgrSbksskvrhaXk (mgdgbkSgc< gvstrkgXk, darmgnkgsg cg XvakhgrkgXk), gsava,mgdgbkSgc, aspgnaSsg cg nkcarbgncaiXk. gm hnaiks cgmfvkcraig iunaikSksgmgrSbks sfjbks mamfvkcrajikS gkxsnaig.114 kurkckubk pkraiks Xasgtyvks tarmkngc sxvgcgsxvg crjs dgmjyanaiubkqng, mgdgbkSgc< „ parsjng matgpeyskhg‒ , „ parsjng mystkhg‒ , „ parsjng raprgasantgtg‒ ,

„ parsjng okhtg‒ , „ parsjng kmgdkngrkg‒ , „ parsjng grtkokhkgbks‒ , „ parsjng mjrgbks‒ , „ parsjngmjrgbas hjmpjsktga‒ , „ parsjng hkvkbks‒ cg „ parsjng lurkckhg‒. kx. Dkarfa, CautsheasPrkvgtrahet, Ignc K, 75;1, § 1;, 3?; o.6Xagc. gsava Xhenktzar , _ardbakheanca Yahetsbaera,7;31, 803.




700

sgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdk gcgmkgnaiSgn arSgc pkrgc gYkgraismgS mkar Xaqmnkb `jrdgnkzghkub wgrmjngqmns~ 115. Xasgigmksgc, ksgYkgrais Xasg\baibjigs, gsaSk pkrSg dgarSkgnaig Sujrdgnkzghkubk wgrmjngqmnk dgkmklnjs mgSk cgmou\naibaiksg Suhgbfaubk wavrksgdgn cg sgmgrSbairkvgc cgmjufkcaiabk dgxcas. 11;

gmdvgrk dgmklvng ssf-ks pkraiks sgmgrSgbXk mnkXvnabjvgnkgstruqturubk SvgbsgzrkskSgh, vkngkcgn Xasg\baiabk xcaiggcgmkgnaiks, rjdjrh a.w. okzkfurk („iunaikSk‒) pkraiks cga.w. kurkckubk pkraiks dgmklvnkS gm jrk lduoksgSvksdgnhgbfavaiubgc Xasgtyvksk njrmaiks mjwasrkdaig. msdgvsgcsxvg avrjpubk (mgdgbkSgc< darmgnkks, Xvakhgrkks, ktgbkks,nkcarbgncaiksg cg pjrtudgbkks) cg pjstsgiTjurksgxabmwkojaiks (mgdgbkSgc< rusaSks, sjmxaSksg cggzarigklgnks) sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbairkvk fjckokfghkaiksg,ssf-ks pkraiks Xasgxai sgmgrSgbk 1?0 kyjog jr ngwkbgc,rjmbaikh okzkfurk pkraiksg (Sgvk pkrvabk, ma-77-98-a

muxbaik) cg kurkckubk pkraiks (Sgvk majra, 93-a-8;-amuxbaik) sgmgrSbairkv stgtuss dgnsgzYvrgvan.gmgsSgn, dgsgSvgbkswknaiabkg, rjm caiubaiaik

okzkfurk pkraiks uobaigungrkgnjiksg cg qmacungrkgnjiks,gsava dgrfvaubk pkrjvnubk (grgqjnairkvk) uobaiaiksXasgxai Xasgigmksgc (`mgSk Xknggrsks dgSvgbkswknaikS~)vrhabcaig kurkckub pkraizah. gmks sgpkrkspkrjc,kurkckubk pkraiks Xasgxai caiubaiaik uorj spahkgburkgcg okzkfurk pkraiks mkmgrS gr dgmjkyanaig. 1?7

7. okzkfurk pkrks uobaigungrkgnjig

pkrks hnaig dgnuyjoabkg uobaigungrkgnjiksgdgn. uobaigungrk-gnjiks dgraXa gcgmkgnk var kqnaig far\jsgmgrSbairkvkurSkarSjiks suikaqtk cg, Xasgigmksgc, var kqnaig pkrk. 1?9

gcgmkgnks okzkfur pkrgc cg, Xasgigmksgc, uobaigungrkgngcgYkgraig ufgvXkrcaig arSgcarS dgramjaigs ‘ mks skhjhxbas.Xasgigmksgc, gcgmkgnks Ykrsaiksg cg mksk Sgvksuogbk dgnvkSgraiks

115 Xagc. ssf-ks 93-a K muxbk. 11; Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, ;; o.1?0 hnaig `pkraiks Xasgxai sgmgrSgbk~ ngXrjmXk dgmjyanaiubkg mksk vkwrjdgdaikS cg gr mjkhgvs sgjlgxj cg sgmamfvkcraj sgmgrSgbs.1?7 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 700.1?9 nkXgncjibkvkg, rjm, mgdgbkSgc, aspgnur kurkckub tarmknjbjdkgXkhnaig `uobaigungrkgnjig~ ‘ „ parsjngbkcgc ‒ ‘ kmgva \krkcgn grks ngwgrmjaik,rjmbkcgngh hnaig `pkrk~ ‘ „ parsjng‒.




707

uobaiaiks pgtkvkshamkcgn dgmjmckngra, uobaigungrkgnjig gqvsyvabg gcgmkgns Sgngirgc, 1?8 cgigcaiks mjmantkcgn dgrcghvgbaiksmjmantgmca.

Sgngswjrjiks prknhkpks dgmjyanaig far\j sgmgrSgbXk,far\jc yvabg gcgmkgnks uobaigungrkgnjiks gYkgraigfjntknanturk avrjpks qvaynaiks mgrSbwasrkdksgSvks ma-7;sgufunks Xamcad SgvksSgvgck mjvbangg. Xasgigmksgc, grmkkHnavg sgTkrjc mksk sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbairkvfjckokfghkaiXk cgmgtaikSk mkSkSaig. 1?3 gr Xakhgvs grh ssf,Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-77 K muxbksgdgndgnsxvgvaikS, Sumhg, mgdgbkSgc, sgorgndaSks, darmgnkksg cgktgbkks fjckokfghkaiks msdgvsgc, 1?1 km prknhkpks pkrcgpkrmkSkSaigs, rjm uobaigungrkgnkg yvabg gcgmkgnk. 1??

ssf-Xk gr grks mjhamubk grh sgiTjSg cgpjstsgiTjurk fjckokfghkaiksgSvks cgmgxgskgSaiabkcatgburk radubkraig „uobaigungrkgnjiks Xknggrsksg‒.

gsaSk caiubaig sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbksfjcaqskS kyj mjwasrkdaiubk, 1?4 cg cYasgh wasrkdcaig,mgdgbkSgc, rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-75cg sjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 97-amuxbaikS.

sgqgrSvabjXk fgnjnmcaiabmg sgmgrSbkgngc mkkHnkgzacmatgc uobaigungrkgnjiks Xknggrsza sguigrk. knckvkcksmjqmacaiks Sgvksuobaikcgn dgmjmckngra, rjmbksXasgigmksgc, yvabg gufr\gbgvk gn XauzYucgvk mjqmacaigSgvksuobgc Xak\baig dgnxjrhkabcas (ssf-ks ma-70 KKK muxbk),ksaSk skks Xacdang yvabg Xasg\bj qmacaiksg Su`sgqmkgnjiksg~, rjmabSg dgnxjrhkabaigh pkrs Xau\bkg mkskuobaigungrkgnjiks wygbjikS, kqnaijcg mknkmum usgrdaibj,cgmginavabk njrmg, Su grg mjqmacaiks SgvksuobaiksXazYucvg. 1?5

ssf-ks ma-77 K muxbXk, sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbks fjcaqsks msdgvsgc 1?; , okzkfurk pkrks uobaigung-

1?8 Xagc. sgqgrSvabjs fjnstktuhkks ma-73 muxbk.1?3 Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 3? K, 953 oo.1?1 kstjrkubk cg XacgraikSsgmgrSbairkvk mkmjxkbvg kx.< Xhenktzar ,_ardbakheanca Yahetsbaera, 7;31, 805 oo.1?? Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 707 o.1?4 kx. sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-70 muxbk .1?5 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 709.1?; kx. sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-; (7) muxbk .




709

rkgnjig dgnmgrtaiubkg rjdjrh sgmjqgbgqj uobaiaiksg cgmjvgbajiaiks qjnks ungrk.

7.7 uobaigungrkgnjiks cgsgwyksk

gcgmkgnks uobaigungrkgnjiks cgsgwykss ssf-ks ma-77 K muxbk, sxvgfjntknanturk avrjpks sgxabmwkojaiks sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbairkvkskstamaiks msdgvsgc, ufgvXkrais `cgigcaigs~. 140 gmgsSgn, „cgi gca-igXk‒ kdubksxmaig hjhxgbk igvXvks srubk dgmjyjog cackssxaubkcgn. 147 149 ssf uobaigungrkgnjiks wgrmjXjigs gr ufgvXkraisgrgngkr cgmgtaikS wkngpkrjigs. 148

XacgraiksgSvks, uobaigungrkgnjiks wgrmjXjiks cgmgtaikSwkngpkrjigc sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 491-a KK cg;0?-a KKK muxbaikS dgSvgbkswknaiubkg gxgbXjikbks`skhjhxbksungrkgnjig~, 143 xjbj aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 80-a muxbkS ‘ `gcgmkgnks njrmgburk gYngdjig~ cg

cacks jrdgnkzmkcgn srubk dgmjyjokcgn 93-sggSkgnk vgcksdgsvbg. 141

Xasgigmksgc, mgdgbkSgc, darmgnubk cg nkcarbgncurk sgmgrSbksmsdgvsgc, kmksgSvks, rjm gxgbXjikbmg sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbairkvgc

140 uobaigungrkgnjiks cgsgwyksks uXugbjc sgmjqgbgqj fjckokfghkkSmjwasrkdaig, darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7-bk pgrgdrgoks msdgvsgc,dgzkgraiub kqng sgiTjSg fgvXkrks raspuibkfaiksg cg pjstsgiTjurksgxabmwkojaiks fjckokfghkaiXk. kx., mgdgbkSgc< sgqgrSvabjs ssr-kssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-; KK muxbk, gsava rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks ma-74 KK, sjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-90 KK cggzarigklgnks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 91-a KK 7 muxbaik. 147 kx. darmgnubanjvgn bktargturgXk, mgdgbkSgc< vjn Suer , GS K, 7;70, § 99 K,8506 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 1, YcNr. 776 Mackhus, GS cas IDI,900?, § ?8, YcNr. 70386 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 7, YcNr. 96 gsavaTgnturkg, ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, 37. 149 sksxbks sgmgrSgbXk uobaigungrkgnjig ufgvXkrcaig mXjikgrjikscgwyaiks mjmants, rjcasgh qgbks jrdgnkzmk wkngsgmXjikgrj tfkvkbaikscgwyaikS mkuSkSais, rjm `cgigcaig cgkwyj~. as dgnpkrjiaiubkg gcgmkgnksskhjhxbksg cg lgnmrSabjiks sksxbkssgmgrSbairkvk cghvkS mXjikg-rjiks parkjcXk.148 kx. rjmks sgmgrSgbXk grsaiubk mkcdjmks mkmjxkbvg< Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhecas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § 19, 737.143 kx., mgdgbkSgc< Xjnnaniardar/Gutaxkar , Aknoòerund kn cgs orgnzÿskshea Yahet, 9000, Nr. 4;, 7756 Eòinar/Hjnstgntknashj, Aknoòerund kn cgs orgnzÿskshea Yahet, 9007, § 97, 749.141 kx., mgdgbkSgc< Kiçn, Aknoòerund kn cgs spgnkshea Yahet, 7;;1, 7?56 Gcjmakt/Oròeiahf ,Aknoòerund kn cgs spgnkshea Yahet, 9007, § 4, 3; o.




708

mnkXvnabjig Xak\knjs, gnu uobaigungrkgnk dgxcas, sgfmgrkskg,cacks jrdgnkzmksdgn cgmjufkcaibgc khjhxbjs Suncgh arSkwgmk.14?

7.9 uobaigungrkgnjiks cgsgsrubk

ssf-ks ma-77 KKK 7 muxbks Xasgigmks caiubaigs, rjmabkh gcgmkgnksuobaigungrkgnjiks cgsgsrubs ufgvXkrais pkrks dgrcghvgbaigs,Xakhgvcg gsava sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbksfjcaqsks ma-; KK muxbk. Sumhg mackhkngXk cYaksgSvks grsaiubkXasg\baibjiaikcgn dgmjmckngra, rgh gcgmkgnks hgbfaubkokzkjbjdkurk ounqhkks xabjvnur dgxgndr\bkvaigXk vbkncaig,zYvgrk dgrcghvgbaigsg cg skhjhxbas Xjrks cgzustaigsmjkSxjvs. dubks gn sunSqvks jrdgnjaiks ounqhkjnkraiks dgHaraigsgmgrSbairkvk SvgbsgzrkskSgh vaYgr kqnaig dgrcghvgbaiksdgnmsgzYvrabk. 144

gmgsSgn, dgrcghvgbaiks mjmantks zustk cgcdang

mnkXvnabjvgnkg, pkrvab rkdXk, mamfvkcrajikS sgmgrSgbXk, Sumhgmksk mnkXvnabjig grsaikSgc dgogrSjvcg jrdgnjSgtrgnspbgntghkks dgxXkraiks pkrjiaiXk. 145

swjrac gmktjm dgcgwyvktg fgnjnmcaiabmg, fjntknanturkavrjpks qvaynaiks fjckokfghkaiks umrgvbasjiksdgn dgnsxvgvaikS,dgrcghvgbaiks mjmantks cgzustaig. ssf-ks ma-77 KKK 9 muxbkdgrcghvgbaigs Sgvks tvknks ounqhkjnkraiks XawyvatgsufgvXkrais. 14; as grks mjmantk, rjcasgh tvknks ounqhkksXauqhavgck cgfgrdvks dgmj ragnkmghkks Xasg\baibjigdgmjrkhxubkg cg Xasgigmksk sgmackhknj cgngcdgrk sgijbjjcwyvats Sgvks tvknks ounqhkjnkraiks gmsgxvabk tgbYaiksHvanaigs.150

14? kx. darmgnub sgmgrSgbSgn cgfgvXkraikS, mgdgbkSgc< Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/ Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 7, YcNr. 96 nkcarbgncaiks sgmgrSgbSgn mkmgrSaikS< Mknfa, Aknoòerund kn cgs nkacarbãnckshea Yahet, 9009, § ?, YcNr. ;8.Xagc. gsavaTgnturkg , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, 37. 144 kx. darmgnubanjvgn bktargturgXk, mgdgbkSgc< Bgranz/Tjbo , GS casIòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 1, YcNr. 936 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § ?3, YcNr. 70196 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 7, YcNr. 8.145 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 703.14; gngbjdkur caiubaigs kSvgbkswknais gsava gzarigklgnks raspuibkfks

sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 91-a KK 9 muxbk. 150 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 703. kx. darmgnubanjvgn bktargturgXk,mgdgbkSgc< Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 1, YcNr. 936 Mackhus, GS casIDI, 900?, § ?3, YcNr. 70196 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 7, YcNr. 8 .




703

dgrcghvgbaiks mjmantks cgzustaiks mkznkS fjntknanturkavrjpks qvaynaiks fjckokfghkaiXk cgmgtaikSk wasaikgdgSvgbkswknaiubk<

aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 88-a muxbk rgmcankmamamfvkcrks dgrcghvgbaiks XamSxvavgXk amsgxuraig kmksdgrfvavgs, Su rjmabk mgSdgnk uncg HgkSvgbjs uorj gcradgrcghvbkbgc. as, Sgvks mxrkv, Xamcdjmk mamfvkcrkscgcdanksgSvks grks grsaikSk. mtfkhaiks tvkrSk gwavs mgs,vknh gmtfkhais hgbfaubk mamfvkcrks uorj gcradgrcghvgbaigs. km XamSxvavgXk, Su gmks cgmtfkhaigXau\baiabkg, kvgrgucaig, rjm ksknk `arScrjubgc~dgrcgkhvgbnan. Xasgigmksgc, gr mjxcaig grh Xasgigmkskuobaiks gm pkraiXk arS-arSk mgSdgnkcgn majraza dgcgsvbg.

gngbjdkurk wask gsgxubkg Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 89-a muxbXk, rjmabkh Xknggrsjirkvgc uorjogrSjc grks ojrmubkraiubk. 89-a K muxbks Sgngxmgc< `vknhuobaiks dgnsgxjrhkabaibgc mkuSkSais, rjm pkrk hjhxgbk

gn dgrcghvbkbkg, gn khjhxbg dgnsgzYvrub mjmantgmca gnsxvg pkrza xgndr\bkvgc, vgbcaiubkg, wgrmjgcdknjs gmksmtfkhaiubaig.~ 157 89-a KK muxbks Xasgigmksgc fk, Su grcgmtfkhcaig, rjm rgmcankma dgrcghvbkbk pkrkcgn arS-arSmguorj xgndr\bkvgc khjhxbg, yvabg mgSdgnk arScrjubgcdgrcghvbkbgc HgkSvbaig. 159

7.8 Hgngsgxks pkrjikSk uobaigungrkgnjig

spahkgburk stgtusk gqvs Hgngsgxs 158. mkuxacgvgc kmksg, rjm kdklar gr cgigcaiubg cg, Xasgigmksgc, gr dgmxcgrg uobaigungrkgnk,mgs gqvs dgrfvaubk uobaiaik.

ssf-ks ma-77 KK muxbks Sgngxmgc, mamfvkcrac yjonks uobaigwgrmjkXjig Hgsgxvks mjmantkcgn, Sumhg mksk `dgnxjrhkabaig~igvXvks cgigcaigzag cgmjfkcaiubk. 153 sktyvg `dgnxjrhkabaig~ gmXamSxvavgXk ufgvXkrcaig pkrjiks grsaijigs. Hgngsgxs ankTaig

qgrSub kurkckub bktargturgXk Xagcgra< Tgnturkg , ssf-ks fjmantgrk,wkdnk K, 7;;;, 33. 157 „Tar zur Gusòiund aknas Yahets skhe cgrguo iaruot, cgss akna Parsjn baia jcar dastjrian sakjcar zu aknar iastkmmtan \akt dabait jcar akna gncara Parsjn òiarbait egia, egt ekaoòr can Iawaks zu arirkndan.‒ 159 gm caiubaiks kcanturk waskg dgSvgbkswknaiubk ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks ma-3 muxbXk.158 „ngshkturus‒. 153 gngbjdkur caiubaigs kSvgbkswknais gsava gzarigklgnks raspuibkfkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 91-a KKK muxbk.




701

XazYucubk (mxjbjc mamfvkcrajigungrkgnjigsSgn cgfgvXkra-iubk 151) cg pkrjikSk (cgigcaigza cgmjfkcaiubk 15?) uobaigungrk-gnjig. 154

ssf-Xk, mgdgbkSgc, aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 9;-amuxbksg cg gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 99-apgrgdrgoksgdgn dgnsxvgvaikS 155, dgSvgbkswknaiubk gr grks rjmkssgmgrSbks prknhkpk, rjm Hgngsgxk ufva cgigcaiubgc dgnkxkbaig,Su as mksSvks sgrdaibks mjmtgnkg 15;. as mkcdjmg sgfmgrksgcmjqnkbk cg, gmgva crjs, zustkg. kdk Hgngsgxks zjdgck pkrjikSkuobaigungrkgnjiks sgmgrSbairkvk gYkgraigg. gYnkXnubkaqvamcaigraig arSgcarS wkngpkrjigs Z as mksSvks sgrdaibksmjmtgnk uncg kyjs. Xasgigmksgc, zacmatk xcaig hgbfaubkvkSgraiksg cg mgSSgn cgfgvXkraiubk Xacadaiks catgburkmjwasrkdaig. zacmatkg Hgngsgxks ngwkbjirkvk uobaigungrkgnjiksfjnstruqhkks Hgmjygbkiaigh.

Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 87-a KK muxbk uorj Xjrsmkcks. ks pkrcgpkr gYkgrais, rjm `cgigcaigmca igvXvk km pkrjikS

grks uobaigungrkgnk, rjm ks hjhxgbk cgkigcaig~.1;0

ssf-Xk gr gksgxg grh darmgnubk sgmgrSbkS HgngsgxksgSvksmknkTaiubk mrgvgboarjvgnk uobaiaik, Sumhg ksknkkmsgxuraian yurgcYaigs gbtarngtkubk mkcdjmks gngbkzksSvgbsgzrkskS.

darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 533-a KK 9 pgrgdrgokSdgSvgbkswknaiubkg masgma pkrksgSvks zkgnks gngzYguraig

151 kx. ssf-ks ma-77 KK 7 cg 7804-a muxbaik .15? Xagc., mgdgbkSksgSvks< Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 87-a KK cgsgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7-bk KK muxbaik. 154 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 708. darmgnubanjvgn bktargturgXkh sguigrkgHgngsgxks `XazYucub~ ( „iasherãnfta Yahetsoãekdfakt ‒ , Annahharus/Nkpparcay, GS casIòrdarbkhean Yahets, 71. Guob., 7;?0, § 53 KK) gn `ngwkbjirkv~ ( „Sakbrahetsoãekdfakt ‒ , Ogirkhkus, Yabgtkvktãt car Yahetsoãekdfakt, 7;?8, 777 oo.) uobaigungrkgnjigza. jrkvamgSdgnk mkSkSaiubkg< Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 1, YcNr. 7;, On.97. gvstrkks sgmgrSgbXk pkrjikSk cg XazYucubk uobaigungrkgnjiksgYkgraigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx., mgdgbkSgc, Fjzkjb/Tabsar/Fbatačfg, IòrdarbkheasYahet K, 900?, 17.Xagc. kcanturk mkcdjmg qgrSub bktargturgXk< Tgnturkg ,ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, 39. 155 nkcarbgncur sgmgrSgbXk kcanturk prknhkpks mjqmacaigsSgn cgfgvXk-raikS kx. Mknfa, Aknoòerund kn cgs nkacarbãnckshea Yahet, 9009, § ?, YcNr. ;8.15; „ngshkturus prj kgm ngtj egiatur, qujtkas ca hjmmjcj akus gdktur ‒. kx. Hjknd ,Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 34 K, 954.1;0 Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 87-a KK muxbk < „_jr car Daiurt kst cgs Fkncuntar cam _jriaegbt rahetsoãekd, cgss as baianckd daijran wkrc .‒




70?

`mgrHangbks mjfvbks dgmj~, Su kdk qmacaiks HgcanksmjmantXk ufva Hgsgxubk kyj. gm muxbSgn grsaikSgc kcanturssf-ks 700?-a K 7 muxbXk mkSkSaiubkg, rjm `cgzgrgbaiubksdgrcghvgbaiks XamSxvavgXk zkgnks mkmyanaiabmg sgrHjscgwasaikS uncg gungzYgurjs zkgnk km pkrais, rjmabSgrHangh cgzgrgbaiubs avgbaijcg.~ Xasgigmksgc, ssf-XkuXugbj mkSkSaiks grgrsaijiks pkrjiaiXk, mkzgnXawjnkbkg`km pkraiXk~, rjmabSg rHangh dgrcghvbkbs avgbaijcg,HgkSvgbjs gsava km mjmantksgSvks lar grcgigcaiubk, mgdrgmufva Hgsgxubk `pkrk~. iunairkvkg, cgigcaiks Xamcad ks kqhavgpkrgc, rjmbks rHangzah dgrcghvbkbk kqnaijcgpgsuxksmdaiabk. gmgsSgn, Hgngsgxks sgmgrSbairkvgc `cgigca-iubgc dgnxkbvgh~ cgsgXvaikg, vkngkcgn mksSvks zkgnksgngzYguraiks mjSxjvnks uobaiks mknkTaig sgrdaibksmjmtgnkg.

dgrcg gmksg, darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7?71-a `j~K 9 pgrgdrgok gwasrkdais mgmksdgn sgmk Svks sgrHjs

mjSxjvnks cgsgXvaijigs (far\jc, kdubksxmaig qjrwknaigXkgrmyjok mgmg, rjmabmgh gYkgrg mgmjig, gn rjmbks mgmjighkvgrgucaig 1;7), xjbj 7443-a (9) pgrgdrgok Z maurvks cgnkXvngscgigcaigmca (rjcasgh sgvgrgucjg, rjm gxgbcgigcaiubsmaurva cgsTkrcaig). Sumhg mxjbjc igvXvks cgigcaiksXamSxvavgXk cdaig Xasgigmksk sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadk. pkrvabXamSxvavgXk, cacgs (gn mks uobaigmjnghvbas) wgrmjaXjigsgfuSraiks uobaig ufva dgcgxckb sgmk Svks sgrHjza, xjbjSu dgcgxcks nghvbgc mjxcg Sgnxks capjnkraig Zdgnxjrhkabcaig Sgnxks dgcghamgh6 majra XamSxvavgXk,ngmcvkbk dgxcaig maurvajiks cgwasaig cg maurvas wgrmja-Xjig Xasgigmksk uobaigmjskbaiaik.

sgmgrSbairkvgc prjibamurkg gcgmkgnks lgnmrSabj-iks m\kma mcdjmgrajikS Su sarkjzubk okzkfurk ngfbkScgigcaiks XamSxvavaik, rjcasgh Xasg\baiabk kyj gm XacadksmXjikgrjigmca cgcdang. gm `grgsgsurvabk skhjhxbks~ 1;9

1;7 darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7?00-a `c~ pgrgdrgok gwasrkdais mgmjikscgcdangs sgsgmgrSbjs maXvajikS, mgS Xjrks mgmjiks vgrgucks sgfkSxs(7?00-a `c~ KK pgrgdrgok).1;9 as prjibamg sxvgcgsxvg qvaynks sgmgrSbairkv skstamgXk hnjikbkgsgxabwjcaikS Z `ufgnjnj skhjhxba~ ( „wrjndoub-bkoa‒). darmgnubanjvgnbktargturgXk kx. mgdgbkSgc< Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005, _jriamarfund vjr

§ 93;, YcNr. 55 o.6Xagc. gsava IDE, NLT 7;58, 7847, 7848, mgS Xjrks kndbkskssgsgmgrSbj prgqtkfgza mkSkSaikS ( MhFay v. Assax Eagbte Gutejrkty, Hjurt joGppagb, 7;.09.7;59, Bgw Yapjrt, 99 Oairugry 7;596 jpknkjns kn Sea Taafby Bgw Yapjrts,7;50, 5;0 ). gmgsSgn, SgvksSgvgc Xau\baiabkg, skhjhxba `ufgnjnj~ kyjs




704

XamSxvavgXk dgnkxkbaig Hgngsgxks Xasg\bj sgxabXafrubaijgn cabkqturk mjSxjvnaiks wgrmjXjiks sgfkSxk.

ks dgramjaig, rjm cacg gvgcmyjojiks Xasgxai knojrmk-raiubjiks XamSxvavgXk gr dggHancg igvXvs, darmgnubksgmgrSbks mkxacvkS gr wgrmjXjis Hgngsgxks uobaigs`grgrsaijigza~. 1;8

Xau\baiabkg mgs eqjncas sxvg pkrks mkmgrS uobaigmksk Hgsgxvks gYfvaSgsg Su skhjhxbks Xawyvatgza, mgdgbk-Sgc, danatkfurgc cgtvkrSubk mXjibks mkmgrS gn Suncghdanatkfurk caoaqtks dgmjmwvavks mkmgrS. 1;3

gngbjdkurk Xacadk dgsgzkgraiabkg sgqgrSvabjssgmgrSgbXkh. vkngkcgn `grgrsaijigza~ uobaiks gYkgraigkqnaijcg sgqgrSvabjs fjnstktuhkkS dgSvgbkswknaiubgcgmkgnks uobaiaiSgn cg ogsaubjiaiSgn Xausgigmj.

darmgnkgXk fgnjnmcaiabk fkcav uorj Xjrs mkcks. kdklar grHgsgxubsgh gnkTais dgrfvaub uobaiais, rjmbaikhmamfvkcrajikS sgmgrSgbsg 1;1 cg masgma pkrks sgsgrdaibjc

cgcaiubk xabXafrubaiks1;?

fjntaqstXk mjkgzraig. xjbjsgsgmgrSbjm cgsgXvaigc mkkHnkg `masgma pkrksgSvks cghvkSkaoaqtks mqjna xabXafrubaiks~ fjnstruqhkkcgn 1;4 dgmjmckngra mjSxjvnaiks grsaijig, ksava rjdjrhigvXvksSvks zkgnks gngzYguraiks mjSxjvnks mknkTaig kmzkgnksgSvks, rjmabkh mgs lar fkcav Hgsgxvgmca mkgcdg mkskcacks cgknokhkraikSg cg Xamcdjm gvgcmyjojiks mgszadgcgsvbkS. 1;5

(Suncgh fjnstktuhkkS dgrgntkraiubk skhjhxbks uobaiks dgSvgbks-wknaikS) cg gmktjm umljiaskg Xasgigmks XamSxvavaiXk tarmkn`grgsgsurvabks~ dgmjyanaig.1;8 IDE, NLT 7;58, 7847, 7843. gsaS XamSxvavgXk, darmgnkks sgsgmgrSbjprgqtkfks Sgngxmgc, mXjibais aqnaigS zkgnks gngzYguraiks mjSxjvngXasgigmksk sgmackhknj cgwasaiubaiks mkmgrS igvXvks skhjhxbks dgnmgv-bjigXk rHanks xgrlks jcanjikS, kx., mgdgbkSgc< Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005,_jriamarfund vjr § 93;, YcNr. 55 o.1;3 IDE, NLT 7;58, 7847, 7843.1;1 kx. darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 9707-a K cg 9745-a pgrgdrgoaik.1;? kx. darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 887-a KK pgrgdrgok. 1;4 „_artrgd mkt Xheutzwkrfund oòr Crktta‒, kx. Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets,9003, § 1, YcNr. 90,Xamcdjmk mkSkSaikS< IDE, NLT 7;47, 937, 939.1;5 kx. Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 1, YcNr. 97,XamcdjmkmkSkSaiaikS.




705

7.3 cgfgrdubgc dgmjhxgcaig

okzkfurk pkrks uobaigungrkgnjig gcgmkgnks skhjhxbksdgndgnuyjoabkg. fgnjnmcaiabk ssf-ks ma-77 K_ muxbXk sgTkrjcmkkHnavs kmks mkSkSaigs, rjm `gr Xak\baig okzkfur pkrs wgarSvgsuobaigungrkgnjig~. 1;; Sumhg fgnjnk kSvgbkswknais ksaSXamSxvavgs, rjcasgh uobaigungrkgnjiks cgsrubaig cgmygraiubkggrg okzkjbjdkur ogqtza, dgrcghvgbaigza, grgmac mksvgrgucza. ?00

sgmgrSgbk gcgmkgnks cgfgrdvksg cg dgrcghvgbaiks vgrgucsufgvXkrais dgrfvaub Xacadais. ?07 ssf-ks Xasgigmksk caiubaiaiksgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks fjcaqskSdgSvgbkswknaiubk prknhkpks mkxacvkSgg gdaiubk. kdk ayrcnjiglar fkcav avrjpubk sgarSj sgmgrSbkS dgSvgbkswknaiubmkcdjmgs. far\jc, mamfvkcraSg Sgnmkmcavrub HgrSvgs cgfgrdubgcdgmjhxgcaiubk pkrks qjnairkv urSkarSjiaiXk. gngbjdkurk

mkcdjmgg cgmfvkcraiubk, mgdgbkSgc< sgorgndaSks, ktgbkksg cgaspgnaSks fgnjnmcaibjiaiXkh. ?09 gmgsSgn, gYnkXnubk qvaynaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjckokfghkaiksgdgn

dgnsxvgvaikS, ?08 sgqgrSvabjXk fgnjnmcaiabk hckbjis,mjsgwasrkdaiab urSkarSjigSg mrgvgboarjvgnk spaqtrk mjkhvgsdgnzjdgcaiubgc rgmcankma muxbkS. Xasgigmksgc, ssf-ks 97-a-98-amuxbaik kSvgbkswknais mxjbjc \krkSgc sgfkSxaiza fjnhantrk-raiub gistrgqtub radubkraigs.

ssf-ks mjwasrkdaig grsaikSgc sgqgrSvabjs ssr-kssgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks fjcaqsksg ?03 cg pjstsgiTjur sgxabm-

1;; Xagc.< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 99-a, sjmxaSksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 91-a cg, dgnsgfuSraikS, ssf-ksnjrmgsSgn yvabgza gxbjs myjok gzarigklgnks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 91-a K_ muxbk .?00 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 703.?07 XacgraikSsgmgrSbairkvk mkmjxkbvg kx.< Xhenktzar , _ardbakheanca Yahetsbaera,7;31, 874 oo.?09 Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 34 K, 955.?08 Xagc.< catgburk mjwasrkdaig sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 779-a-738-a, ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 35-a-48-a cg aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqks 757-a-7;5-a muxbaiXk.?03 kx. sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-74-97-a muxbaik.




70;

wkojSg fjckokfghkaikS ?01 dgSvgbkswknaiubk caiubaiaiksmsdgvskg. gmgva crjs, mksk gcdkbmcaigrajig fjckokfghkksstruqturgXk, mjwasrkdaiks bgfjnkurjig, ksava rjdjrhanjirkvk cg tarmknjbjdkurk nkugnsaik, sgvgrgucjs xcks,rjm fgnjnmcaiabk ssf-ks gm ngwkbks Hgmjygbkiaiksgsxabm\Yvgnabjicg Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 83-a-85-amuxbaikS. yurgcYaiks mkYmg gr kqng cgtjvaiubk grhdarmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks njrmaikh dgrcghvbkbgcdgmjhxgcaigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS, far\jc yjokbk ma-78-ma-90pgrgdrgoaik. Sumhg Xasg\bjg uorj ragburk kyjs ks, rjmgYnkXnubk njrmaiks dgvbang grgpkrcgpkrkg. as mkcdjmaiklar fkcav sgiTjSg sgmgrSgbXk kyj dgzkgraiubk cg, gmktjmsgvgrgucjg, rjm fgnjnmcaiabmg uXugbjc kxabm\YvgnabgsgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks fjcaqskS,rjmabXkh Sgvks crjza mjxcg Xvakhgrkksg cg darmgnkkssgmgrSbks rahaohkg. ?0? darmgnkgXk Xasgigmksk sgfkSxaikgmLgmgc wasrkdcaig spahkgburk fgnjnkS „cgfgrd ubgc

dgmjhxgcaiks Xasgxai‒?04

.ssf-ks 97-a K muxbks Sgngxmgc, `cgkntarasaiubk pkrks dgnhxgcaikssgou\vabza okzkfurk pkrk Xak\baig sgsgmgrSbjs dgcgwyvatk-baikS gYkgraiub kqnas udzj-ufvbjc cgfgrdubgc, Su mkskgcdkbsgmyjoabk uhnjikg cg jrk wbks mgn\kbza kdk grdgmjHankbg Sgvks sghxjvraiab gcdkbgs.~

gm mjwasrkdaiksgdgn dgnsxvgvaikS, sgqgrSvabjs ssr-kssgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks fjcaqsks ma-74 K 7 muxbk `ufvgbjccgfgrdubgc~ dgmjhxgcaiks sgvgbcaiubj wkngpkrjigc pkrkscgfgrdvkcgn arSk wbks dgsvbgs kSvgbkswknaicg.Xasgigmksgc, sgqgrSvabjXk dgkzgrcg cgfgrdubgc dgmjhxgca-iksgSvks guhkbaiabk mknkmgburk vgcg, dgnsxvgvaikS sxvgpjstsgiTjurk sgxabmwkojaiksdgn, rjmbaimgh grsaikSgckdkva pjzkhkg XakngrHunas. ?05

?01 Xagc.< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 39-a-3?-a, sjmxaSksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 33-a-35-a cg gzarigklgnks raspuibkfkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-30-39-a muxbaik .?0? Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 701.?04 _arshejbbaneaktsdasatz vjm 71. Lgnugr 7;17, IDIb. K, ?8.?05 gsava arSwbkgnk vgcgg dgSvgbkswknaiubk, mgdgbkSgc, rusaSks oacarg-hkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 39-a K cg sjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 33-a K muxbaiXk. xjbj gzarigklgnks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks ma-30 K muxbkS fk, ssf-ks 97-a K muxbks msdgvsgc, cgcdankbkgjrwbkgnk vgcg . sgvgrgucjc, gzarigklgnks raspuibkfgXk gm sgfkSxSgn




770

ssf-ks 97-a K muxbks Sgngxmgc, pkrks `udzj-ufvbjccgfgrdubgc~ gYkgraiksSvks guhkbaiabkg sgsgmgrSbjsdgcgwyvatkbaig. as mjSxjvng gr dvxvcaig, mgdgbkSgc,darmgnub sgmgrSbXk. kq, `cgfgrdvks Xasgxai fgnjnks~ 7-bkpgrgdrgoks Sgngxmgc, pkrk cgfgrdubgc kSvbaig fgnjnkSdgnsgzYvrubk wkngpkrjiaiks grsaijiksgs.

sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjiks msdgvsk mkcdjmg ‘ pkrkscgfgrdubgc gYkgraiksgSvks sgsgmgrSbj dgcgwyvatkbaikssgvgbcaiubjjig, ‘ dgzkgraiubkg rjdjrh, mgdgbkSgc<ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 35-a cg aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 757-a K muxbaiXk, ksa pjstsgiTjur fjckokfg-hkaiXk. ?0; sgkntarasjg, rjm gm sgfkSxSgn mkmgrSaikS,gngbjdkurk mkcdjmg gqvs Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks81-a K muxbs, mxjbjc km pkrjikS, rjm pkrks cgfgrdubgcgYkgraiks Xasgxai sgsgmgrSbj dgcgwyvatkbaigs XamcdjmgYgr mjeyvaig mksk dgrcghvbkbgc dgmjhxgcaig. ?70

pkrks `udzj-ufvbjc cgfgrdubgc~ dgmjhxgcaiks XasgxaisgsgmgrSbj dgcgwyvatkbaiks fgnjnkar \gbgXk XasvbkS, ssf-ks 97-aK 9 muxbks Sgngxmgc, fgnjnkar mamfvkcraais ankTaigSuobaigmjskbaig, mgrSjn cgfgrdubk pkrks qjnaig `mkncjikbksgfuSraiks sgxkS~, gnu mkkYjn gYnkXnubk qjnaiks mgrSvks Xacadgcsgrdaiabk.

gmgsSgn, fgnjnmcaiabk gfjnfratais, rjm gm qjnaikcgn`mkahamg sgrHj udzj-ufvbjc cgfgrdubks rHangza myjo pkrais cgcgkograig vgbaik.~ as arSdvgrk `mjwjcaigg~ mamfvkcraaiks mkmgrS,rjmbaimgh, rgsgfvkrvabkg, uobaiaiks ragbkzaikS sgrdaibksmkYaigsSgn arSgc uncg Xagsrubjn cgfgrdubk pkrks vgbcaiu-baiaik.

cgfgrdubk pkrks qjnaiks mgrSvks sgfkSxk grsaikSgcdgnsxvgvaiubgc kyj mjwasrkdaiubk sgqgrSvabjs ssr-kssgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks fjcaqskS. as uobaigmjskbaigankTaijcg grg mamfvkcras, grgmac sgsgmgrSbjs mkarcgsgxabaiub mmgrSvabs, rjmabkh, \krkSgcgc, sglgrj

mkmgrSaikS `qgrSubk mkcdjmksgSvks~ upkrgtasjiks mknkTaig darmgnabmrHavabSg kmgva lduos uncg mkvgwarjS, rjmabmgh grsaikSk zadgvbangmjgxckng ssf-ks XamuXgvaigza, xjbj Xamcad SgvkgnSk mjYvgwajig dgngdr\jmazjiab sgxabmwkojXk. ?0; kx.< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 39-a K, sjmxaSksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 33-a K cg gzarigklgnks raspuibkfkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-30 K muxbaik .?70 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 701 o.




777

mjxaba kyj. ?77 sgkntarasjg, rjm sxvg pjstsgiTjursgxabmwkojaiXk cYasgh msdgvsk mkcdjmgg XangrHunaiubk.Xasgigmksgc, prgdmgtubk SvgbsgzrkskS, sgkntarasjg, Surgtjm Xak\baig kyjs cgkntarasaiubk mamfvkcra,sgsgmgrSbjs maXvajikS mjkSxjvjs pkrks cgfgrdubgcgYkgraig, Su gm ufgngsfnabks qjnaiks mgrSvks uobaig mksnghvbgc sgxabmwkojs mkar cgnkXnubk sglgrj mjxabksxabXk gYmjHncaig.

7.1 dgrcghvbkbgc dgmjhxgcaig

ssf-ks 99-a K 7 muxbks Sgngxmgc, sgsgmgrSbj dgcgwyvatkbaikssgou\vabza pkrk Xak\baig dgrcghvbkbgc dgmjhxgccas, `Su mkssghxjvraiab gcdkbgs xuSk wbks dgnmgvbjigXk gr mjkpjvaighnjiaik mksk gcdkbsgmyjoabks Xasgxai...~

gm mjwasrkdaiksgdgn dgnsxvgvaikS, mgdgbkSgc< darmgnkks

„cgfgrdubgc dgmjhxgcaiks Xasgxai‒ fgnjnks ma-8 pgrgdrgoks,ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 15-a muxbksg cg aspgnaSkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7;8-a K muxbks Sgngxmgc, XasgigmksksgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks cgcdjmksgSvks sgvgbcaiubjggSwbkgnk vgcks dgsvbg.

gm qvaynaiks fgnjnmcaibjigsSgn XacgraikS, vgcgXkgrsaiubk ckck sxvgjiks mkuxacgvgc, gYsgnkXngvkgsgqgrSvabjsg cg sxvg pjstsgiTjurk sgxabmwkojaiksfgnjnmcaibjigXk vgcks dgzrcks tancanhkg. XacgraiksgSvks,sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks fjcaqsks ma-90 KmuxbkS sgfmgrksgc kyj mkHnaubk sgmwbkgnk vgcks dgsvbg.sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjiks msdgvsgc, sgmwbkgnk vgcks xuSwbgmca dgxgndr\bkvaig mjxcg, mgdgbkSgc, rusaSksoacarghkksg cg gzarigklgnks raspuibkfks fjckokfghkaiXk. ?79

?77 kx.< sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-75 K muxbk, ksavarjdjrh rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 38-a cg sjmxaSksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 31-a K muxbaik. gzarigklgnksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks mkxacvkS, mjhamubkg rjdjrh ma-30 KKKmuxbks Xasgigmksgc, mamfvkcraaiks mkar ufvgbjc cgfgrdubks qjnaiks

mgrSvksg cg sgrdaibks mkYaiks Xasg\baibjig, ksa ma-30 K_ muxbksSgngxmgc, spahkgburk mmgrSvabks cgnkXvnks gbtarngtkvg .?79 kx.< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 31-a K cg gzarigklgnksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 37-a K muxbaik.




779

Sumhg grsaijis \vabk mkcdjmks XangrHunaiks mgdgbkSkhsjmxaSks raspuibkfks fgnjnmcaibjigXk. ?78

zjdkarSk fjntknanturk avrjpks fgnjnmcaibjiksgdgndgnsxvgvaikS, sgqgrSvabjsg cg sxvg pjstsgiTjurksgxabmwkojaiks fjckokfghkaiXk gr grks mjwasrkdaiubkcgfgrdubk pkrks gsgfks dgvbang mks dgrcghvbkbgcdgmjhxgcaigza. far\jc, ssf gr kSvgbkswknais, cgfgrdubkpkrks gsgfkcgn dgmjmckngra, dgrcghvbkbgcdgmjhxgcaiksgSvks dgSvgbkswknaiubk guhkbaiabk vgcksXamhkraiks Xasg\baibjigs. darmgnkks „cgfgrdubgcdgmjhxgcaiks Xasgxai‒ fgnjnks ma-8 K 9 pgrgdrgoks Sgngxmgc,vgcks xuS wbgmca Xamhkraig, gnu dgngxavraiggdgSvgbkswknaiubk km XamSxvavgXk, Su cgfgrdubk pkrkdgrcghvbkbgc dgmjhxgcaiks mjmantksgSvks jSxmjh wabskqnaijcg mkYwaubk. gngbjdkur Xacads aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 7;8-a KK 7 muxbk cgfgrdubks 41 wbks gsgfksXasrubaigs ufgvXkrais. Xasg\baiabkg, fgnjnmcaiabmg

sgqgrSvabjXk Sgvk Xakfgvg vgcks dgngxavraiksdgn swjracufva XacgraikS mhkra, xuSwbkgnk, vgcks grsaijiks dgmj.ssf gr kSvgbkswknais grh pkrks dgrcghvbkbgc

dgmjhxgcaiks zjdgc gfr\gbvgs, mksk gsgfkcgn dgmjmckngra.darmgnkks „cgfgrdubgc dgmjhxgcaiks Xasgxai‒ fgnjnks ma-8 KKpgrgdrgok cguXvaibgc mkkHnavs cgfgrdubks dgrcghvbkbgcdgmjhxgcaigs km wbks cgsrubaigmca, rjmabXkh mgs 91 wabkuncg Xasrubaijcg. Xknggrsjirkvgc msdgvsk Xacadk grksdgSvgbkswknaiubk ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 15-amuxbkS. gm ufgngsfnabks Sgngxmgc, cgfgrdubk pkrksdgrcghvbkbgc dgmjhxgcaiks wkngpkrjigg, rjm mksksrubwbjvgnaiks mkYwavkcgn dgsubk kyjs hxrg wabk, a.k.pkrs uncg Xasrubaijcg 94 wabk. ?73

ssf-ks 99-a K 7 muxbk khnjis cgfgrdvks spahkgbur XamSxvavais,rjmbaikh pkrks dgrcghvbkbgc dgmjhxgcaiksgSvks gcdansXamhkraiub vgcais. as ksaSk XamSxvavaikg, rjcasgh pkrks cgfgrdvgcgfgvXkraiubkg skhjhxbksgSvks sgXkX dgramjaiaiSgn.fgnjnmcaiabk uXugbjc gsgxabais dgramjaiais, rjmbaikh `mgsskfvckbs uqgccg, gncg sgvgrgucjg mksk cgYupvg rgkma uiacurk

?78 kx. sjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 34-a K muxbk, rjmbkSghfvbgv sgmwbkgnk vgcgg dgSvgbkswknaiubk.?73 kx. vjn Suer , GS K, 7;70, § 98 KK, 95?,mgS Xjrks mkSkSaikS, rjmSgvcgpkrvabgc darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-73 pgrgdrgokcgfgrdubks dgrcghvbkbgc dgmjhxgcaigs mxjbjc 87 wbks XasrubaiksXamcad uXvaicg.




771

9. okzkfurk pkrks qmacungrkgnjig

mgrSbwasrkdks mkar okzkfurk pkrksgSvks cgigcaikS ?98 mknkTaiubkuobaigungrkgnjig Xamjkogrdbaig uobaiaiksg cg mjvgbajiaiksqjnks „pgskurk‒ ungrkS. kmksgSvks, rjm pkrmg cgmjufkcaibgc,sgfuSgrk mjqmacaikS Xak\knjs uobaiaik, ktvkrSjs mjvgbajiaikcg wgrmjXvgs sxvg sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaik, mgs uncg eqjncasqmacungrkgnjig ?93.

ssf khnjis, sgiTjSg cg pjstsgiTjurk fjckokfghkaiksmsdgvsgc, qmacungrkgnjiks zjdgc hnaigs. as hnaig lar fkcavpgncaqturk sgmgrSbks dgnvkSgraiks gcraub stgckgzadgmjkyanaijcg, Sumhg Xamcdjm mgs dgrkdaigungrkgnjig cgcabkqtungrkgnjig Hganghvbg. ?91 gngbjdkurk tancanhkg, gnuqmacungrkgnjiks „dgrkdaigungrkgnjiksg‒ cg `cabkqtungrkgnjiks~spahkgburk tarmknaikS grgSu Hgnghvbaig, grgmac Xasgigmkskfgtadjrkaiks mfgokj Hgmjygbkiaigh fk sgqgrSvabjsfgnjnmcaibjigXk lar gr mjmxcgrg.

ssf-ks ma-79 K muxbk dgnmgrtgvs qmacungrkgnjigs rjdjrhokzkfurk pkrks ungrs, `Sgvksk naikSg cg mjqmacaikS srubkmjhubjikS Xak\knjs cg dgngxjrhkabjs sgmjqgbgqj uobaiaik cgmjvgbajiaik... ‒?9?

hnaiks gm dgnmgrtaigs gqvs pratanzkg, zjdgck ojrmubkraikSmjkhvgs qmacungrkgnjiks spahkgburk sgxaaikh, Sumhg kdk gr grkssgfmgrksgc zustk. Xasgigmksgc, mkzgnXawjnkbkg uXugbjcqmacungrkgnjiks hgbfaubk sgxksSvks cgmgxgskgSaiabk Sgvksaiu- dgmjmckngra, ssf gm XamSxvavgXkh kSvgbkswknais sxvg pjstsgiTjurkfjckokfghkaiks kcantur mjwasrkdaigs. kx.< rusaSks oacarghkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 33-a cg 3?-a, sjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 3?-a cg 35-a, ksava rjdjrh gzarigklgnks raspuibkfkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-30 _ cg 39-a muxbaik. ?98 Xagc. gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-75 muxbk , „gndaijrana Yaheta‒. ?93 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 704. XacgraikSsgmgrSbairkvk mkmjxkbvg kx.Xhenktzar , _ardbakheanca Yahetsbaera, 7;31, 870 o.?91 qmacungrkgnjiks hnaigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS darmgnubanjvgn bktargtu-rgXk kx. Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 34 KK, 95;, On. 90,Xamcdjmk mkSkSaikS< Fnjtea , Cka Dasheãotsoãekdfakt car Mkncarlãerkdan kn dashekhetbkhearAntwkhfbund, Ckss., 7;58, 90?.?9? Xagc.< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 97-a, sjmxaSksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 93-a cg gzarigklgnks raspuibkfkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 95-a K muxbaik. kx., gdraSva, Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks ma-79 muxbk, rjmabkh, sgvgrgucjc, sgmgdgbkSj kyj pjstsgi-Tjurk sgxabmwkojaiks fjckokfghkaiksgSvks< „Tar Egncbundsoãekd kst, egt cka Oãekdfakt, curhe sakna Egncbundan Yaheta unc Pobkheta zu iadròncan.‒




77?

raiks dgmjfvaSg cg XamcdjmXk ssf-ks ma-79 K muxbks gcafvgturkdgnmgrtaig.

dgrkdaigungrkgnjig grks ngmcvkbk dgrkdaiks cgmjufkcaibgccgcaiks ungrk, xjbj cabkqtungrkgnjig zkgnks dgmjmwvavkqmacaiksSvks pgsuxksmdaibjiks qjnks ungrk. ?94

gmgsSgn, Xasg\baiabkg dgmjkyjs dgrkdaigungrkgnjiks sgxaaik,rjdjraikhgg< qjrwknaigungrkgnjig ?95, a.k. ngmcvkbk qjrwknaiksungrk, cg gncar\ungrkgnjig, ?9; a.k. ngmcvkbk gncar\ks Xacdanksungrk. ?80

rgh Xaaxaig sgmjqgbgqj `prjhasungrkgnjigs~, kdk`sgprjhasj qmacungrkgnjiks~ tarmknks sgxkS cgmfvkcrcg cgmjwasrkdaiubkg sgqgrSvabjs sgmjqgbgqj sgprjhasj fjcaqsks 57-amuxbkS.

vkngkcgn qgrSub sgmgrSbgX k „dgrkdaigungrkgnjiks g‒ cg`cabkqtungrkgnjiks~ dgmjmxgtvabk spahkgburk tarmknaikXamuXgvaiubk gr grks, hgbfaub XamSxvavgXk iuncjvgnkg,

rjcks sguirjis ssf-Xk fgnjnmcaiabk zjdgcgcqmacungrkgnjigza (mksk ogrSj dgdaikS), cg rjcks mksqvafgtadjrkgza, ‘ mgdgbkSgc, dgrkdaigungrkgnjigza.

gsaS XamSxvavaiXk dgnmgsxvgvaiab nkXngc Xasg\baiabkggYaiub kqnas Xasgigmksk njrmks skstamurk mcaigrajig.vkngkcgn bjdkfurgc qmacungrkgnjig (ogrSj dgdaikS)pkraiks sgmgrSgbXk uncg mjwasrkdaiubkyj (ssf-ks pkrvabkfgrks pkrvabk Sgvk), xjbj qmacungrkgnjig vkwrj, gnu,mgdgbkSgc, dgrkdaigungrkgnjiks dgdaikS ‘ dgrkdaiaiksngwkbXk (ssf-ks majra fgrks majra Sgvk, XasgigmksksgSgurkS „qmacungrkgnjig, rjdjrh dgrkdaiks ngmcvkbjikspkrjig‒ ).?87

sgmwuxgrjc, fgnjnmcaiabk gm SvgbsgzrkskS gr grksSgnmkmcavrubk. ssf-ks ma-71 cg ma-7? muxbaiXk, mgSk

?94 Xagc. Tgnturkg , Xasgvgbk sgqgrSvabjs sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks zjdgcngwkbXk, 7;;4, 715, sgcgh cabkqtungrkgnjig dgnmgrtaiubkg rjdjrh `pkrksungrk, sgfuSgrk naikSg cg qjnaikS gdjs pgsuxk mkyanaiubk zkgnksgSvks~.?95 kx., mgdgbkSksgSvks, Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ;3-a muxbk(„ Aeaoãekdfakt ‒). ?9; kx., mgdgbkSksgSvks< ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 1;7-a muxbk ,rjmabXkh `gncar\ungrkgnjig~ ( „ Cabbg hgpghktà ck ckspjrra par tastgmantj‒)grsaikSgc dgmjrkhxvks prknhkpkS, gnu `uungrjiks XamSxvavaiks~ ( „Hgskc‛knhgpghkt à‒) dgnsgzYvrkS wasrkdcaig 6 gsava Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 3?4-a cg Xamcdjmk muxbaik ( „_aroòdundsoãekdfakt ‒).?80 Xagc., mgdgbkSksgSvks, vjn Suer , GS K, 7;70, § 99 KKK, 84;.?87 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 704 o.




774

skstamurk gcdkbmcaigrajikcgn dgmjmckngra, zjdgcgcqmacungrkgnjigza uncg kyjs sguigrk. fgnjnmcaiabk fksgmgrSbairkv Xacadais ufgvXkrais, mgdgbkSgc, dgrkdaikscgcaiksgs `sgrdaibks~ mkYaigsg cg `wvrkbmgnk yjokSkdgrkdaiaiks~ cgsgXvaijigs. Xasgigmksgc, Xau\baiabkg, gmnjrmaiXk qmacungrkgnjig dgmjkyanaijcas mksk ogrSj, gnumgS Xjrks ̀ cabkqtungrkgnjiks~ mjmhvabk, dgdaikS.

qmacungrkgnjiks zjdgck kurkckubk tarmknks dgmjyanaigmkzgnXawjnkbkg. fgnjnmcaiabmg (ksava rjdjrh njrmksXamogrcaiabmg) uncg dgmjkyanjs kdk mgXkn, rjcasghmjsgwasrkdaiabk sgfkSxk axaig zjdgcgc qmacungrkgnjigs, gnu mksnaiksmkar sgxas. gmks sgpkrkspkrjc, rjcasgh sguigrkgqmacungrkgnjiks hgbfaub fgtadjrkgza, sgsurvabkg Xasgigmkskfgtadjrkks gYmnkXvnabk tarmknks dgmjyanaig. as abamantgrubbjdkfgs amygraig, Su mjwasrkdaig axaig grg zjdgcgcqmacungrkgnjigs, grgmac mks arS-arS fgtadjrkgs (mgdgbkSgc,

dgrkdaigungrkgnjigs), kdkva mjwasrkdaig, uirgbjc, var kmjqmacaismksk sxvg fgtadjrkks (mgdgbkSgc, cabkqtungrkgnjiks) mkmgrS.

9.7 srubk qmacungrkgnjig

gcgmkgnks qhavgs sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadk rjm mjeyvas, mgs uncgeqjncas sgfuSgrk qhavks naiksmkark (naigza cgou\naiubgc)mgrSvksg cg mksk Xacadks dggzraiks ungrk. ?89 sgmgrSbairkvkwasrkdk swjrac gm wkngpkrjiaiks grsaijigs ufgvXkrais pkrksqmacungrkgngc gYkgraigs. ?88

gcgmkgnk sgTkrjais dgramjaiaiks Xahnjiksg cg Xaogsaiksungrks dgnvkSgraiks gcafvgtur cjnas, rgh srubk mjhubjikS,fjntknanturk avrjpks sgxabmwkojaiks fjckokfghkaiks Sgngxmgc,rjdjrh wask, knckvkcks srubwbjvgnaigs, gcafvgtur djnairkvXasg\baibjiaisg cg oskqkfur mcdjmgrajigs ufgvXkrcaig.

mgdgbkSgc< Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-78 muxbksSgngxmgc, `qmacungrkgnkg ks, vknh srubwbjvgnk ?83 cg

?89 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, Drjtkus, Ca kura iabbk gh pghks, 7?91, kn<vjn Fkrhemgnn (Ersd.), CrakIòhear òiar cgs Yahet cas Frkadas unc Orkacans, 75?;, KK, _, KK, 9546 KK, UK, _, 8;3.?88 Xagc.< vjn Suer , GS K, 7;70, § 99 KKK, 8456 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003,§ ?, YcNr. 7 oo.?83 Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-78 muxbXk tarmknk „mònckd ‒ mnkXvnabjikS Xaasgigmaig srubwbjvgns. kdk gngbjdkurk mnkXvnabjikSdgmjkyanaig Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-73 muxbXkh. mkuxacgvgcgmksg, Xasg\baiabkg, uorj zustk kyjs orgzg `mzrunvabjiksgdgn




775

Xaogsaigungrkgnkg.~ ?81 gmgsSgn, kmgva fjcaqsks ma-73 muxbksSgngxmgc, srubwbjvgnaig 75 wbks gsgfkcgn cdaig, xjbjma-7? muxbks Sgngxmgc, Xaogsaigungrkgnkg yvabg, `vknhigvXvurk gsgfks gn oskqkfurk gvgcmyjojiks, oskqkfurksksustks, skmSvrgbksg Su sxvg msdgvs dgramjaigSg dgmjmjfbaiubk gr grks dghnjikaraiubk qhavks ungrs.~ ?8?

ssf-ks ma-79 K muxbks Xasgigmksgc, qmacungrkgnjig wgrmjkXjig`srubwbjvgnaiks mkYwavksSgngva~, xjbj ssf-ks ma-79 KK muxbXkcgzustaiubkg, rjm `srubwbjvgnkg pkrk, rjmabmgh mkgYwkgSvrgmatk wbks gsgfs.~

9.9 srubk amgnskpghkg

sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjig kSvgbkswknais grgsrubwbjvnksuobairkvk stgtusks dgSgngiraigs srubk qmacungrkgnjiks mqjnapkrSgn. ssf-ks ma-79 KKK muxbks Sgngxmgc, `qmacungrkgngc kSvbaig

pkrk, rjmabkh kqjrwknais Svrgmatk wbks gsgfks mkYwavgmca.~ gsaSXamSxvavgs srubk amgnskpghkg ?84 awjcaig.

amgnskpghkks knstktutk ?85 rjmgnubk qvaynaiks sgmgrSbksdgvbankS cgmfvkcrcg sgiTjSg sgmgrSgbXk. ?8; mkuxacgvgc

(Xasgigmksgc, maurvajiksgdgn) dgSgvksuobaig~. wknggYmcad XamSxvavgXkgYmjHncaig, rjm Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-74 muxbXk (ksavarjdjrh, mgdgbkSgc, ma-7; K muxbXk) fgnjnmcaiabk cgsgXvaigc mkkHnavssrubwbjvgnaiks HgmjrSmavgs ( „antmònckdt ‒). hxgckg, as Xau\baiabkg cg,iunairkvkg, orgzgXk „unmònckd jcar antmònckdt ‒ kdubksxmaig pkrkscgmjufkcaibgc mjqmacaiks ungrks grqjng, Xasgigmksgc, mzrunvabjigs gnmaurvajigs cgqvamcaigraig. ?81 „ Cka Egncbundsoãekdfakt iasktzt, war mònckd unc urtakbsoãekd kst .‒ ?8? „...akn lacar, cam nkhet wadan saknas Fkncasgbtars jcar knojbda vjn Dakstasfrgnfeakt,Dakstasshewãhea, Srunfaneakt jcar ãenbkhean \ustãncan cka Oãekdfakt mgndabt, varnunotdamãss zu egncabn‒. ?84 amgnskpghkgsSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx. \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 91KKK, 833,rjmabkh mkuSkSais, rjm cYavgncabk dgdaikS amgnskpghkg SvkSrjmgnubk sgmgrSbks skvrhaXkh fk mxjbjc dgradnub msdgvsaigskngrHunais rjmks sgmgrSbks „amgnhkpgtkj‒-sSgn. Xagc. sgorgndaSkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 34?-a cg Xamcdjmk, ksava rjdjrh ktgbkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 8;0-a cg Xamcdjmk muxbaik. ?85 kstjrkubk cg XacgraikSsgmgrSbairkvk mkmjxkbvksgSvks kx.,

mgdgbkSgc, Xhenktzar , _ardbakheanca Yahetsbaera, 7;31, 877 oo.?8; nkXgncjibkvkg, rjm darmgnubk sgmgrSbks skvrhaXk mjwasrkdaiubk kyjcaiubaiaik `srubwbjvngc gYkgraiks~ ( „_jbblãerkdfaktsarfbãrund ‒) Xasgxai,rjmbaikh cYas yvabdgn \gbgcgfgrdubkg. gsaSk kyj< gvstrkks zjdgck




77;

kmksg, rjm gm ufgngsfnabXk as tarmknk gr dgmjkyanaijcg,Xasgigmksk wkngpkrjiaiks grsaijiksgs xcaijcg grgsrub-wbjvnks dgSgngiraig srubwbjvgn pkrSgn. ?30 as knstktutkcYasgh ogrSjc grks dgvrhabaiubk pjstsgiTjurksgxabmwkojaiks fjckokfghkaiXk. ?37

mkuxacgvgc kmksg, rjm ssf-ks 7705-a K muxbk sgqjrwknj gsgfgc gsava75 wabs mkkHnavs, Xasg\baiabkg, ssf-ks 7705-a KK muxbkSdgSvgbkswknaiubk dgmjngfbksks Xasgigmksgc, cgqjrwkncas 7? wbkspkrk `mXjibaiks gn sxvg fgnjnkark wgrmjmgcdanbaiks wkngswgrkwarkbjikSk SgnxmjikS.~ gqacgn dgmjmckngra, gm muxbXkmkSkSaiubk warkbjikSk Sgnxmjig, qjrwknaiks uobaiksmknkTaigsSgn arSgc, dgngpkrjiais qjrwknaiks XamSxvavgXkXauzYucgv qmacungrkgnjigsSgn dgSgngiraiubk stgtusksmknkTaigs.?39

gmgsSgn, ssf-ks 7705-a KKK muxbks Xasgigmksgc, `SgnxmjigzamXjibaiks gn sxvg fgnjnkark wgrmjmgcdanbaiks ugrks XamSxvavgXk

pgtkvsgcaik mkzazks grsaijiksgs cgsgqjrwknaiab pkrSgdgnhxgcaiks sgou\vabza cgqjrwknaiks naigrSvg Xau\bkg dgshassgsgmgrSbjm.~ `pgtkvsgcai mkzazgc~ sgqgrSvabjXkgrgsrubwbjvnks oaxm\kmjigsg cg mks mkar igvXvks dgHangsgsgxabaian. ?38

sgyurgcYaijg, rjm qjrwknaigXk Xasvbks uobaiks mjpjvaigcg mgsSgn cgfgvXkraiubk srubk amgnskpghkg Xasg\baiabkgsgsgmgrSbjs dzkS dgnxjrhkabcas.

prjibamurkg kmks dgrfvavg, Su rjdjr uncg mkmgrSjsgrgsrubwbjvgnmg sgsgmgrSbjs. ssf-ks 7705-a KKK muxbkmkuSkSais, rjm as uncg mjxcas `cgsgqjrwknaiab pkrSgdgnhxgcaiks sgou\vabza.~

srubkgc Xasg\baiabkg, rjm jrkva mgSdgnkgrgsrubwbjvgnk kyjs. darmgnkks `qjrwknaiks Xasgxai

sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 743-a pgrgdrgok, darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-8cg Xamcdjmk pgrgdrgoaik, Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-71 muxbk. ?30 qjrwknaiks sgou\vabza srubk amgnskpghkg, sgSgngcj tarmknksdgmjyanaiks dgraXa, mjwasrkdaiubk kyj sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks ma-77 (9) muxbkS (`srubk qmacungrkgnjiks mjpjvaig~).?37 Xagc.< mgdgbkSgc, rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 97-a KK 7,sjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 93-a KKK 7 cg gzarigklgnksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 95-a _K 7 muxbaik. ?39 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 777.?38 Xandabkg , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk _, 9000, 80.




790

fgnjnks~ 7-bk KK pgrgdrgoksgdgn ?33 dgnsxvgvaikS, ssf grkSvgbkswknais mjmgvgb mauYbaSgdgn arS-arSks srubwbj-vgnaiks sgvgbcaiubjjigs.

grgsrubwbjvgns, sgmjqgbgqj sgprjhasj fjcaqsksma-50 muxbks Sgngxmgc, gqvs sgprjhasj uobaigungrkgnjig cggrg 57-a muxbkS dgSvgbkswknaiubk sgprjhasj qmacungrk-gnjig. Xasgigmksgc, mgs gr Xau\bkg mkmgrSjs sgsgmgrSbjsSgvksk fgnjnkark wgrmjmgcdanbks wknggYmcad. uXugbjc gmufgngsfnabs avgbaig grgsrubwbjvnks kntarasaiks cghvgsgsgmgrSbjXk ?31.

grgsrubwbjvnks mkar Sgvksk kntarasaiks cgsghgvgc(dgrkdaiksmkark) wgrmjmgcdanbks HgrSvg gsava sgSujg, mkskXazYucubk qmacungrkgnjikcgn dgmjmckngra. fgnjnkarkwgrmjmgcdanbks mkar gsaS dgrkdaigza Sgnxmjiks dghxgcaigngfbaigc sgvgrgucjg cg Xasgigmksk dgrkdaig ngmcvkbk varkqnaig.?3?

qgrSub sgmgrSgbXk dgmjSqmubkg mjsgzraig, rjm

grgsrubwbjvgns sgsgmgrSbjsgSvks mkmgrSvks uobaiguXugbjc ssf-ks 7705-a KKK muxbkcgn dgmjmckngra ankTaig. ?34 gsaSk vgrguck nkXngvs Suncgh `orgdmantubk~ sgmjqgbgqjsgprjhasj qmacungrkgnjiks mknkTaigs, rgh sgmjqgbgqjsgprjhasj fjcaqsXk uncg gksgxjs. ?35

ssf-ks 77;5 7-a muxbk `grgsrubwbjvnks uobaigcghvgza~ kSvgbkswknais grgsrubwbjvnksSvks sgsgmgrSbjXkmkmgrSvks uobaiks mknkTaigs 73 wbks gsgfkcgn. Sumhg asmuxbk gmjmwurgvgc dgnsgzYvrgvs km XamSxvavais, rjcasgh ascgsgXvaikg. kdk sguirjis mXjiabSg cg sxvg fgnjnkarkwgrmjmgcdanbaiks mxrkcgn `uobaiaiks ijrjtgcdgmjyanaigza~. as ufgngsfnabk kvgrgucaig `mXjiabSg (arS-arSk mXjibks) mkar igvXvks gYzrcgsSgn, dgngSbaigsSgncgfgvXkraiubk mjvgbajiaiks Xausrubaibjiks gngrgsgSgngcjc Xasrubaiksgs, gn mXjibks uobaiks ijrjtgcdgmjyanaiks XamSxvavgXk...~

gm njrmkS dgSvgbkswknaiub XamSxvavaiXk sgmjqgbgqjprjhasXk grgsrubwbjvgnSg mjngwkbajiks uzrunvab-sgyjogc mkYaiubkg sgmjqgbgqj sgprjhasj fjcaqsks 57 7-a

?33 § 7 KK cas cautshean Aeadasatzas vjm 90. Oairugr 7;3?, Gmtsibgtt cas Fjntrjbbrgtas knCautshebgnc, IDIb KKK 303-7.kx. gsava ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 53-a KKmuxbks wkngpkrjiaik.?31 kx.< ssf-ks 77;5-a KKK cg sgmjqgbgqj sgprjhasj fjcaqsks 57-a _ muxbaik.?3? Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 779.?34 Xandabkg , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk _, 9000, 87. ?35 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 779.




797

muxbk, gngbjdkurk sgSgurkS ‘ `grgsrubwbjvnks uobaigcghvgza~. kdk zjdgcgc mkuSkSais 73 wbks gsgfkcgnsgsgmgrSbjsSvks mkmgrSvks uobaigza `sgqgrSvabjsfgnjnmcaibjikS cgcdankb XamSxvavaiXk~. Xasgigmksgc,Xasg\baiabkg, ssf-ks 7705-a KKK muxbks ojrmubkraig ‘ `cgsgqjrwknaiab pkrSg dgnhxgcaiks sgou\vabzacgqjrwknaiks naigrSvg Xau\bkg dgshas sgsgmgrSbjm~ ‘ swjrac sgmjqgbgqj sgprjhasj fjcaqsks 57 7-a muxbkSdgSvgbkswknaiub `sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjikS cgcdankbXamSxvavgc~ HgkSvgbjs.

dgcgwyvatkbaigs hgbfaub XamSxvavgXk fjnfratubkmjsgmgrSba mkkYais, mgS Xjrks dgnmgrtaiks maSjcksXarHavgsSgn cgfgvXkraikS. rgsgfvkrvabkg, gsaSk XacadksgSuj kqnaig kstjrkubk dgnmgrtaiks maSjcks dgmjyanaiksXamSxvavgXk. fgnjnmcaibks kstjrkubk naig kyj, sgmjqgbgqjsgprjhasj fjcaqsks 57 7-a muxbkS uzrunvabayj ssf-ks 77;5 7-amuxbXk dgSvgbkswknaiubk dgramjaiaiks grsaijiksgs

sgsgmgrSbjsSvks mkmgrSvks Xasg\baibjig.xjbj Su mjsgmgrSba kxabm\Yvgnabais fgnjnks grskScg sgmjqgbgqj sgprjhasj fjcaqsks 57 7-a muxbks caiubaigsmksk mkznkcgn dgmjmckngra dgnmgrtgvs, sgqgrSvabjssgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdksgSvks cgmgxgskgSaiabk ogsaubj-iaiks dgSvgbkswknaikS, ks dgcgwyvatkbaigs ucgvjcgrgsrubwbjvnksSvks sgsgmgrSbjsgcmk mkmgrSvks uobaiksmknkTaiks sgsgrdaibjc mkkYais. cguXvaiabkg, sgmgrSbkgnkcg mkzgnXawjnkbjigza cgmygraiubk sgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdkuXvaicas ssf-ks 7705-a KKK muxbkS mknkTaiubk uobaiksdgnuxjrhkabaibjigs Xasgigmksk prjhacurks grgrsaijiksdgmj. as Xacadk cgcgsturcaig dgnmgrtaiks cgmxmgramaSjcaiks dgmjyanaiks XamSxvavgXkh.

Xasgigmksgc, sgsgmgrSbj Xa\bais, sgmjqgbgqjsgprjhasj fjcaqsks 57 7-a (9) muxbks Xasgigmksgc, cgunkXnjsgrgsrubwbjvgns sgprjhasj wgrmjmgcdanabk cg dgnkxkbjssgqma.

ssf gr kSvgbkswknais dgnqjrwknaiks gn qjrwknaiks igSkbjikssgmgrSbairkv Xacads srubk amgnskpghkks maXvajikS uobairkvkstgtuskS qmacungrkgnSgn dgSgngiraiubk pkrksgSvks. gvstrkkszjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 741-a pgrgdrgoks Sgngxmgc,grgsrubwbjvgnk srubwbjvgnSgn dgSgngiraiubkg `qjrwknaiks

dgnmgvbjigXk~.?3;

?3; „ sjbgnda cka Aea cguart ‒. dgsgSvgbkswknaiabkg, rjm gvstrkks zjdgcksgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 741-a pgrgdrgoks Xknggrsk vkwrjc dgnkmgrtaig,




799

gmks sgpkrkspkrjc, pjstsgiTjurk fjckokfghkaikarSsubjvgnnk grkgn kmks dgnsgzYvrgXk, rjm grgsrubwbjvgnkdgnqjrwknaiks XamSxvavgXkh kngrHunais `qmacungrkgnjigs~. ?10 sgsgmgrSbjs mkar qjrwknaiks igSkbgc dgmjhxgcaiks XamSxvavgXk,sgsgmgrSbj uobaigmjskbkg (mgdrgm gr grks vgbcaiubk), mkkYjsdgcgwyvatkbaig grgsrubwbjvnks mkar srubk qmacungrkgnjikscgfgrdvks Xasgsgxai. ?17

ssf-ks ma-79 KKK muxbk mkuSkSais, rjm `qmacungrkgngc kSvbaigpkrk, rjmabkh kqjrwknais...~, cg kdk grgoars gfjnfratais gmdvgrgcmknkTaiubk qmacungrkgnjiks Xawyvatks cgsgXvaijiksg cg pkrjiaiksXasgxai. Xasgigmksgc, fgnjnmcaibks naig grgsrubwbjvnks dgnqjr-wknaiks XacadSgn cgfgvXkraikS, mkzgnXawjnkbkg, amgnskpghkksXangrHunaiks sgsgrdaibjc dgnkmgrtjs.

9.8 qmacuungrjig mhkrawbjvgnaiks dgmj

sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjig gmjsgvgb wartkbgc kYais SkSjaubk

gcgmkgnks srub qmacungrkgnjigs cg dgnsgfuSraiubgc gwasrkdaiskm XamSxvavais, rjcasgh kdk mjhamubk gr grks. as mkcdjmgcgmgxgskgSaiabkg rjdjrh sgiTjSg ?19 cg pjstsgiTjurk ?18, ksafjntknanturavrjpubk ?13 fjckokfghkaiksSvks. ssf-Xk grsaiubkdgmklvng qmacuungrj cg XazYucub qmacungrkgn okzkfur pkraisXjrks arSngkrgc cgmgxgskgSaiabkg rjdjrh darmgnubk, ksa

far\jc, mkzgnXawjnkbgc mkkHnavg mksk grdgvrhabaig, mgdgbkSgc, sgnkvSjcg vgbcaiubaikS dgrkdaigungrkgnjigza ( „varmÿdansrahetbkhea _aroòdunds- unc_arpobkhetundsoãekdfakt ‒), kx. Ejpo kn< Fjzkjb/Iycbknsfk/Ijbbaniardar,GIDI-Fjmmantgr,9004, § 741, YcNr. 7. ?10 kx.< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 97-a KK 9, sjmxaSksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 93-a KKK 9 cg gzarigklgnks raspuibkfkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 95-a _K 9 muxbaik. ?17 kx.< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 97-a KK 8, sjmxaSksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 93-a KKK 8 cg gzarigklgnks raspuibkfkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 95-a _KK muxbaik. ?19 sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-78 cg Xamcdjmk muxbaik.?18 kx.< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 9?-a cg Xamcdjmk,sjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 9;-a cg Xamcdjmk,gzarigklgnks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 9;-a cg Xamcdjmkmuxbaik. ?13 kx.< darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 703-a cg Xamcdjmk cg gvstrkkszjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 717-a cg Xamcdjmk pgrgdrgoaik, gsavaXvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-74 cg Xamcdjmk muxbaik.




798

yjokbk sjhkgbksturk sgmgrSbks `jlgxks~ qvaynaiksfjckokfghkaiksgSvks. ?11

ssf-ks ma-79 K_ muxbks Xasgigmksgc, Xvkc wbgmca gsgfksgrgsrubwbjvgnk qmacuungrjg. sgqgrSvabjXk, darmgnubksgmgrSbks msdgvsgc, gsaSk pkrk `mhkrawbjvngc~ mjkxsankaig.

mygrk gsgfjirkvk zYvgrk pkrks qmacuungrjc mkHnavksfrktarkumgc gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 5?1-a (7) cgdarmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 703-a K pgrgdrgoaiks dgvbankS, sxvgfjntknanturavrjpub, upkrgtasgc pjstsgiTjurk sgxabmwkojaiks,fjckokfghkaiXkh grks gsgxubk. ?1?

Xvkck wbks gsgfk grks ks gsgfjirkvk zYvgrk, rjmabkhcgmfvkcraiubk kyj lar fkcav rjmks sgmgrSgbXk, ?14 dgSvgbkswknaiubkg gvstrkksg cg darmgnkks fjckokfghkaikS cgdgzkgraiubkg ssf-ks ma-79 K_ muxbks msdgvsgc gsava gzarigklgnksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 9;-a KK muxbXk.

gm fjckokfghkaiksgdgn dgnsxvgvaikS, rusaSks oacarghkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 95-a KK cg mgsSgn sktyvgsktyvkS kcanturk

sjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 9;-a KK muxbaiksgfmgrksgc mkkHnavan aqvsk wbks gsgfks Xasrubaigs.sgpkrkspkrj mkmgrSubaikS dgnvkSgrcg iar\nubk sgmgrSgbk,

sgcgh pkrk qmacuungrjc, sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 795-a muxbksXasgigmksgc, gSk wbks gsgfks Xasrubaigmca kSvbaig. ?15

dgnsxvgvaiubk mkcdjmg gqvS sxvg fjntknanturavrjpubsgxabmwkojais. grgsrubwbjvnks qmacuungrjiks sgfkSxk wycaigkmks mkxacvkS, Su rgmcangc dgnvkSgraiubk gqvs mgs`Xaogsaigungrkgnjig~, gnu Sgvksk qmacaiksg cg dgramjaigSgXahnjiksg cg Xaogsaiks ungrk. Xasgigmksk sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadkcgcdaig cg sgmgrSbkgnk kqnaig mxjbjc mgXkn, Su grgsrubwbj-vgns dggzraiubk gqvs Sgvksk qhavks Xacadaik. mgdgbkSgc,

?11 darmgnubk sgmgrSbks skvrhasSgn mkmgrSaikS kx. \wakdart/Fÿtz,Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 91 K_, 834. Xagc . gsava qmacungrkgnjiks(tarmknjbjdkurgc dgrkdaigungrkgnjiks SvgbsgzrkskS) gsgfjirkvkzYvrks dgnvkSgraiks Xasgxai rjmgnub-darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk Hjknd ,Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 34 KK, 95; oo.?1? Sgvks mxrkv, gvstrkksg cg darmgnkks fjckokfghkaiza zadgvbangmjgxckng rjmks, xjbj Xamcdjm sgarSj sgmgrSgbXk cgmfvkcraiubmgmkcdjmgm, pkrks stgtusk qmacungrkgnjigsSgn mkmgrSaikS mksk gsgfkcgndgmjmckngra dgnsgzYvrubkyj. kx. Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart,7;51, § 34 KK, 95;.?14 kx., mgdgbkSgc, Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § 13, 7316§ 47, 7;1.?15 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 7736 kx. gsava \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?,§ 91 K_, 837 o.




793

sgorgndaSksg cg Xvakhgrkks sgmgrSgbXk qmacuungrjiksgSvks grgrks fgnjnmcaibjikS dgnsgzYvrubk gsgfjirkvk zYvgrk. ?1;

pjstsgiTjurk sgxabmwkojaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjckokfghkaikmhkrawbjvnks qmacuungrjigsSgn urSkarSfgvXkrXkgwasrkdaian mksk uobaiaiks fgnjnkark wgrmjmgcdanbksmaXvajikS dgnxjrhkabaiks sgfkSxs ??0. ksknk kSvgbkswknaiangm ufgngsfnabks pgsuxksmdaibjigs mhkrawbjvnks mkarHgcankbk qmacaikcgn dgmjmckngra cabkqturk vgbcaiuba-iaiksSvksgh. ??7

sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjigXk Xasgigmksk mjwasrk-daiks grgrsaijig, sgvgrgucjc, taqnkfur xgrvazsufgvXkrcaig. fgnjnmcaibks naigc uncg mkvkHnkjS srubwbj-vgn grgqmacungrkgn pkraiSgn mkmgrSaikS dgSvgbkswknaiubkfgnjnkark wgrmjmgcdanbjiks knstktutks dgvrhabaigmhkrawbjvgnSg XamSxvavgzah. Xasgigmksgc, cgsgXvaikg ssf-ksma-79 _ 9 muxbks gngbjdkkS dgmjyanaig. ??9

gbtarngtkvks sgxkS, Xasg\baiabkg prjibamks cg\bavgsgjlgxj sgmgrSbks njrmaiks dgmjyanaikSgh. far\jc, ssf-ks77;5-a KK muxbks Sgngxmgc, `grgsrubwbjvgnk Xvkbaiksuobaiaiksg cg kntarasaiks cghvg afksraig mgS mXjibais.~ssf-ks 77;5-a KKK muxbXk cgfjnfrataiubkg, rjm `mXjibaikSgvksk grgsrubwbjvgnk Xvkbaiks fgnjnkark wgrmjmgcdan-baik grkgn cg dgnsgfuSraiub rwmunaiubaigSg dgraXadgmjckgn mgSk uobaiaiksg cg kntarasaiks cgsghgvgc masgmapkraiSgn urSkarSjigXk, mgS Xjrks ‘ sgsgmgrSbjXk.~

as ufgngsfnabk vgbcaiubkg kmjqmacjs grgsrub-wbjvnks kntarasaikcgn dgmjmckngra. mXjibaiSgn mkmgrSaikSgYnkXnubk xgzdgsmubkg ssf-ks 77;5-a muxbXk, sgcghXvkbaiks `kntarasaiks upkrgtas dgSvgbkswknaigza~ (Kngwkbk) cg mgSk `kntarasaiks sgwknggYmcadjc~ qmacaikscguXvaibjigzag sguigrk (K_ ngwkbk).

?1; kx.< \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 91 K_, 839 o.6Hjknd , AurjpãksheasPrkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 34 KK, 9;0.Xagc. Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks ma-74 muxbk< „ Egncbundsunoãekd sknc cka Parsjnan, cka nkhet urtakbsoãekd, jcarcka unmònckd jcar antmònckdt sknc.‒ ??0 kx.< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 95-a K, sjmxaSksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 9;-a K cg gzarigklgnks raspuibkfkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 9;-a K muxbaik. ??7 kx.< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 95-a KKK, sjmxaSksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 9;-a KKK cg gzarigklgnks raspuibkfkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 9;-a KKK muxbaik. ??9 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 773.




791

Xamcdjm dgsgSvgbkswknaiabkg, rjm mhkrawbjvnais,rjmabSg uobaiaiks dgnxjrhkabaig gr Xau\bkgS mgSmXjibais, uwascaigS 7941-a K muxbks Sgngxmgc, maurvajig`...mgSk gYzrcks, pkrgck cg qjnairkvk uobaiaiksg cgkntarasaiks cgsghgvgc.~ gmdvgrgc, Xasg\baiabkg ssf-ks 7941-acg Xamcdjmk muxbaiks sgSgngcjc dgnmgrtaiks XamSxvavgXkmaurvks gngbjdkur uobaigmjskbaigza sguigrk.

sxvgcgsxvg sgmgrSbairkv wasrkdXk dgnsxvgvaiubk mkcdjmggqmacuungrj pkrks mkar cgcaiubk dgrkdaiks sgmgrSbairkvXacadSgn mkmgrSaikSgh. darmgnubk sgmgrSbks skvrhks dgvbankSpjstsgiTjurmg fjckokfghkaimgh dgkzkgras qmacuungrj pkrks mkarcgcaiubk dgrkdaiks igSkbjig. mgSdgn dgnsxvgvaikS, sgorgndaSkssgmgrSgbk, rjmabkh gr gxcans pkrks stgtusks ckoaranhkghkgsgsgfjirkvk nkXnkS, mxjbjc maurvks mkmgrSvks XamSxvavgXkkSvgbkswknais sgsgmgrSbjs mkar dgrkdaiks igSkbgc hnjiks ??8 Xasg\baibjigs. ??3

9.3 qmacuungrjig XazYucubk djnairkvk Xasg\baibjiksg cgoskqkfurk mcdjmgrajiks dgmj

ssf-ks ma-79 _ 7 muxbks Sgngxmgc, sgsgmgrSbjs mkar qmacuungrjcXak\baig gYkgraiub kqnas pkrk `Tfugsustjiks gn subkSgvgcmyjojiks dgmj.~ ??1 gm XamSxvavgXk Xvkc wabza uorjsk, mgSXjrks srubwbjvgnk, pkrk uobairkvk mcdjmgrajikS dgSgngira-iubkg Xvkc wbgmca gsgfks mhkrawbjvgnSgn.

gsaS pkrais gr Xau\bkgS cgmjufkcaibgc mkkYjnmjngwkbajig sgmjqgbgqj urSkarSjiaiXk cg gmktjm ksknkdgnsgfuSraiubk sgmgrSbairkvk cghvks qvaX kmyjoaikgn. sgSgngcjxabXawyjiks dgraXa as pkraik var kqnaikgn far\jsgmgrSbairkvkurSkarSjiks Sgngswjrk mjngwkbaaik.

ssf-ks ma-79 _ 9 muxbks Xasgigmksgc, gsaSk pkrks uobaiaisgxjrhkabais mksk fgnjnkark wgrmjmgcdanabk Z maurva. ???

as pkraik rHaikgn qmacuungrj, Su ksknk gr dgnkfurnaikgn gnmgSk lgnmrSabjiks mcdjmgrajig grsaikSgc gr dgumljiascaig.

??8 „gnnubgibas‒. ??3 Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 34 KK, 9;7.??1 Xagc.< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 9;-a K 7, sjmxaSksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 87-a K 7 cg gzarigklgnks raspuibkfkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 95-a _KKK 7 muxbaik. ??? Xagc.< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 9;-a K 9 cg KK, sjmxaSksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 87-a K 9 cg KK, gsava gzarigklgnksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 95-a _KKK 9-8 muxbaik.




794

kSvgbkswknais, pjstsgiTjurk sgxabmwkojaiks msdgvsgc, pkrkssgsgmgrSbjs maXvajikS rjdjrh qmacuungrjc gYkgraigs, ksa mkskqmacungrkgnjiks XazYucvgs. ?40

gmgsSgn, ssf-Xk mkSkSaiubkg qmacungrkgnjiks XazYucvksarSk sgou\vabk. 7;51 wbks 7? jqtjmirks hvbkbaikS, sgqgrSvabjsssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks fjcaqsXk Xatgnkbk ma-71 7 muxbkgrsaikSk Xknggrsjirkvk hvbkbaiks dgraXag gsgxubk ssf-ks ma-7?muxbXk. ssf-ks ma-7? K 7 muxbks Xasgigmksgc, `mzrunvabjigXak\baig cguwascas srubwbjvgn pkrs, rjmabkh ijrjtgc kyanaisgbfjejbs gn ngrfjtkfub nkvSkaraiais cg gmks dgmj Sgvks jlgxsm\kma mgtarkgbur mcdjmgrajigXk gyanais.~ sgsgmgrSbjs mkarmzrunvabjiks cgwasaiks Xamcad gsaS pkrs, ssf-ks ma-7? K 9 muxbksSgngxmgc, Xau\bkg cgmjufkcaibgc cgcjs mxjbjc `wvrkbmgnkyjokSk dgrkdaiaik~. ?47

sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks fjcaqskkSvgbkswknaicg grgsrubwbjvgnSg jr lduos, rjmbaisgh

dgnsxvgvaiubk mjhubjikS azYucaijcgS qmacungrkgnjig.gmgsSgn, tarmknk `qmacungrkgnjig~ upkrgtasgc dgmjkyanaijcgtarmkn ̀ dgrkdaigungrkgnjiks~ mnkXvnabjikS.

sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks fjcaqsksma-78 muxbks Sgngxmgc, 71 wbks gsgfs mkuYwavab pkrsmknkTaiubk eqjncg uobaig, cgmjufkcaibgc cgacj`wvrkbmgnk yjokSk~ dgrkdaiaik, gsava sgiTjSg fgvXkrksfgnjnmcaibjikS dgSvgbkswknaiub XamSxvavaiXk Xaatgng`gngigrk sgfracktj cgwasaiubaigXk~ cg dgnafgrdg kdk. xjbjsgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks fjcaqsks ma-73muxbks Xasgigmksgc, 71 wbkcgn 75 wbgmca gsgfks grgsrub-wbjvgns Xaa\bj, gmgs dgrcg, cgmjufkcaibgc dgnafgrdgsgfuSgrk xabogsk cg stkpanckg ?49 cg dgnaxjrhkabaikngsggvtjrj uobaiaik.

sxvg pjstsgiTjurk sgxabmwkojaiks fjckokfghkaiXkXangrHunaiubkg as mkcdjmg. Xasgigmksgc, aqvsk wbks(gzarigklgnks raspuibkfks XamSxvavgXk Xvkck wbks) gsgfkcgn73 wbgmca grgsrubwbjvgnk uobaigmjskbkg, cgmjufkcaibgccgcjs `wvrkbmgnk yjokSk dgrkdaiaik~, `mgSSvks sgrdaibkgnkdgrkdaiaik, rjmbaikh usgsykcbjg cg gr sgTkrjais

?40 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 774.?47 kx. qvamjS, 859.?49 gmgsSgn, `sgSgngcj sgou\vbaiks grsaijiksgs~ sgqgrSvabjs ssr-kssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-73 (9) muxbk kSvgbkswknaicg mzrunvabjiksg cgmaurvajiks jrdgnjs mkar xabogsksg cg stkpanckks dgnfgrdvks uobaiksXazYucvgsg cg HgmjrSmavgsgh fk.




795

sgnjtgrj cgcgsturaigsg Su sgxabmwkoj radkstrghkgs~ cg`dgrkdaiaik, rjmabSg Xasrubaigh xcaig fgnjnkarkwgrmjmgcdanbks gn mksk SgnxmjikS masgma pkraiks mkardgnsgzYvrubk gn Sgvksuogbk mkznkS dgcghamubksgxsraikS.~ ?48 dgrcg gmksg, 73 wbkcgn 75 wbgmcagrgsrubwbjvgnk uobaigmjskbkg dgnfgrdjs Sgvksk xabogsk,stkpanckg cg sxvg Xamjsgvgbk, gsava dgngxjrhkabjssggvtjrj uobaiaik cg sgignfj Xasgtgnaik. ?43

ssf-ks ma-71 muxbk kSvgbkswknais caiubaigs, rjmabkharSdvgrjvngc mjqmacais Xvkck wbkcgn 75 wbgmca gsgfksgrgsrubwbjvnaiksg cg qmacungrkgnjigXk XazYucubksrubwbjvnaiks mkmgrS. as njrmg zjdgcgc gwasrkdais, rjm`XazYucubk qmacungrkgnjiks pkrks mkar naiks dgmjvbanksngmcvkbjiksgSvks guhkbaiabkg mksk fgnjnkark wgrmjmgcdanbksSgnxmjig...~

sgkntarasjg, rjm Sgnxmjiks dgraXa cgcaiubk dgrkdaikssgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaiks Xasgxai pgncaqturk sgmgrSbkswgrmjmgcdanbaiks mkar dgnsxvgvaiubk Xaxacubaiaik kqngdgmjSqmubk<

arSk lduok mkkHnavcg, rjm gcafvgturk Xacadk`ogrcjikSk (rabgtkurk)~ igSkbjig kyj. grgsrubwbjvgns,gnu mks fgnjnkar wgrmjmgcdanabs, uncg eqjnjcg uobaig,mjaSxjvg gsaSk dgrkdaiks igSkbjig. xabXafrubaiks majramxgra xabXafrubaikS XaijTkbk rHaijcg cg igSkbjiksmjSxjvnks uobaig gr ankTaijcg6

sgpkrkspkrj gzrks mjmxraaik fk mkkHnavcnan, rjmSgnxmjiks dgraXa cgcaiubk dgrkdaiksgs gvtjmgturgccdaijcg `ngwkbjirkvk igSkbjig~. far\jc, igSkbk kyjxabXafrubaikS dgSvgbkswknaiubk mxjbjc grgsrubwbjv-nks vgbcaiubaig. ?41

pruskks 7541 wbks 4 cafamirks fgnjnkSgrgsrubwbjvgnSg mkar cgcaiubk dgrkdaiaiks XasgxaigrHavgnk sxvg sgmgrSbairkv Xacadza XaHarcg. gsaSk

?48 kx.< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 95-a KK, sjmxaSksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 9;-a KK cg gzarigklgnks raspuibkfkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 9;-a KK muxbaik. ?43 kx.< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 9?-a KK, sjmxaSksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 80-a KK cg gzarigklgnks raspuibkfkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 80-a KK muxbaik. ?41 kx. Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 34 KK, 9;7,XamcdjmkmkSkSaiaikS.




79;

dgrkdaiaik `maryavgc igSkbgc~ ?4? dgmjhxgccg. ?44 as XacadkcYas dgzkgraiubkg rjdjrh darmgnkks, ksa sgqgrSvabjssgmgrSgbXk.

ssf-ks ma-71 muxbks dgmjngfbksk XamSxvavg, rjcasgh XazYucubkqmacungrkgnjiks mqjna pkrks mkar cgcaiubk dgrkdaig ngmcvkbkg,Su kdk uobairkv `sgrdaiabs~ mkkYais, Xaaxaig qmacungrkgnjiksspahkgbur sgxas ‘ dgrkdaigungrkgnjigs. Xasgigmksgc, kdk uncgkqnas dgnxkbubk dgrkdaiaiSgn urSkarSfgvXkrXk. kdkva axaig ssf-ksma-7? muxbsgh, rjmabkh skstamurk SvgbsgzrkskS grgswjrgc grkszjdgck qmacungrkgnjiks fjntaqstXk mjwasrkdaiubk. gmgsSgn,sgdubksxmjg, rjm ssf-ks ma-71 muxbks Xknggrsjirkvgc kcanturkssf-ks ?8-a K muxbk fgnjnmcaibks mkar sgSgngcj gcdkbgs ufvadgSvgbkswknaiubkg. ?45

9.? cabkqtungrkgnjig

qmacuungrjiks mkmgrSaig zkgnks dgmjmwvavk qmacaiks Hgcanks dgmjpgsuxksmdaibjiks qjnks ungrSgn cgfjnfrataigs sgTkrjais.ckcwkbgc kdkva frktarkumaik ‘ qhavks Xacadks dggzraiks ungrkcg g.X. ‘ dgngpkrjiais kmgs, Su vkn Xak\baig gdjs pgsuxk sgfuSgrcabkqtur qmacaigza, cg Su vks mkmgrS kqnaig gngbjdkurkmjSxjvnks dgvrhabaig grgsgmgrSbkgnk. mkuxacgvgc gmksg, mrgvgbkqvaynks, mgS Xjrks sgqgrSvabjs, fgnjnmcaibjikSghcgmjufkcaibgc grks mjwasrkdaiubk cabkqtungrkgnjigsSgncgfgvXkraiubk rgmcankma sgfkSxk.

ssf-ks ;;3-a K muxbks Xasgigmksgc, gSk wbks gsgfsmkuYwavabk pkrk cabkqtuungrjg cg mksk mjqmacaikcgn dgmjmckngrazkgnksgSvks gr gdais pgsuxs. ?4; ssf-ks ;;3-a KK 7 muxbk gzustais,rjm gsaS crjs zkgnks gngzYguraiks vgbcaiubaig afksraigSmXjibais gn `maSvgbyurajigza vgbcaiub pkrais~ (dgrcg kmXamSxvavksg, rjhg mgS gr Xaa\bjS zkgnks Sgvkcgn grkcaig, ssf-ks;;3-a KK 9 muxbk).

dgnsgfuSraiub yurgcYaigs kmsgxurais ssf-ks ;;3-a KKK muxbk.as njrmg, mkuxacgvgc kmksg, rjm Xknggrsjirkvgc `Xairunaiubgc~

?4? „ shewaianc unwkrfsgm‒. ?44 Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 34 KK, 9;7.?45 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 775.?4; kx. Tgnturkg, Xasgvgbk sgqgrSvabjs sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks zjdgcngwkbXk, 7;;4, 71;, rjmabkh sgqgrSvabjXk fgnjnmcaibks mkarcabkqtuungrjc 70 wbgmca gsgfks pkrks mkHnavgs vgxtgnd _K-kssgmgrSgbXk gngbjdkurk gsgfjirkvk zYvrks grsaijigs ufgvXkrais. kx.gsava darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 595-a KK pgrgdrgok.




780

grks Hgmjygbkiaiubk, mks prjtjtkp darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 595-a KKK pgrgdrgoSgn mkmgrSaikS, kzkgrais Sgngmacrjvamkcdjmgs grgsrubwbjvnks mkar Hgcankb cabkqtur qmacaiaiSgncgfgvXkraikS. far\jc, kdk gqhants `Xaogsaigungrkgnjigza~ (`grXaa\bj Sgvksk mjqmacaiks mnkXvnabjig dgadj~) gfaSais.Xasgigmksgc, fgnjnmcaibks naig grks 75 wbgmca gsgfks pkrkspgsuxksmdaibjikcgn dgnSgvksuobaig, Su ks gr dgngxjrhkabaisksaS qmacaigs, rjmbks Xacadaizah mgs ngSabk wgrmjcdang gqvs.

`cabkqtuungrj~ pkrgc, ssf-ks ;;1-a K muxbks Sgngxmgc,kSvbaig gsava `Tfugsustk gn subkS gvgcmyjok pkrk~.

rjmks sgmgrSbkcgn mjyjbaiubk, igvXvaik (mhkrawbjvnaik)cg oskqkfurgc cggvgcaiubnk `cabkqtuungrjc~mkkHnajcnan.?50 as pjzkhkg dgkzkgrg avrjpubmg sgarSjsgmgrSgbmg, Sumhg gsgfjirkv frktarkumza cgyrcnjikSuorj catgburk cgyjog dgngvkSgrg. ?57

fjntknanturk avrjpks qvaynaiXk cYas jrdvgrk mkcdjmg

XaknkXnaig<zjdkarSk sgxabmwkojs fgnjnmcaibjikS gm sgfkSxkscgmjufkcaiabk mjwasrkdaig mkzgnXawjnkbgc gr mkkHnavg.Xasgigmksgc, mgdgbkSgc, sgorgndaSXk gm XamSxvavgXkhgqhantk grg rgkma gsgfza, grgmac `Xaogsaigungrkgnjigza~faScaig6

darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 595-a K pgrgdrgok fkhgbsgxgc mkuSkSais, rjm Xvkc wbgmca gsgfks mhkrawbjvgnkcabkqtuungrjg. gmkS kdk 703-a #7 pgrgdrgokS mjwasrkdaiubmhkrawbjvgnSg dgrkdaiguungrjigsSgn mkmgrSaikS kcanturmkcdjmgs gvbans cg Xvkc wbgmca gsgfks pkrksqmacungrkgnjigsSgn mkmgrSaikS arSdvgrjvgn sgmgrSbairkvraLkms gygbkiais.

gmgsSgn, darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 595-a KKpgrgdrgok kSvgbkswknais cgmgtaikS gsgfjirkv ogrdbaisXvkckcgn gS wbgmca. gm gsgfXk grgsrubwbjvgnkSgvksuobcaig pgsuxksmdaibjikcgn, Su mgn grgdgnzrgxmkgyang sxvg pkrs zkgnk `gvtjmgnqgnkS, sgrfknkdzj gnsgigdkrj dzkS~. fgnjnmcaibks vgrguckS, gm gsgfXk pkrk,zjdgcgc, gr objis sgtrgnspjrtj sgXugbaikcgn mjmckngrasgorSxks Xaogsaiks ungrs. ?59

?50 Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 34 KK, 9;9.?57 kx. Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 34 KK, 9;9,mhkramkmjxkbvkSg cg Xamcdjmk mkSkSaiaikS .?59 Pgbgnct/Xprgu, IDI, 9005, § 595, YcNr. 8.




787

cgijbjs, Sgngmacrjva avrjpub sgmgrSgbXkcgmfvkcraiubk prknhkpk gsgxubkg darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 595-a KKK pgrgdrgoXk6 grgsrubwbjvgnk gr grkspgsuxksmdaiabk Sgvksk qmacaikcgn dgmjmckngra zkgnksgSvks,rjmbks Xahnjig mksSvks Xau\baiabkg Xaogsaiks ungrksdgnvkSgraiks cjnks dgmj.

cabkqtungrkgnjiks caoknkhkg, gnu zkgnks dgmjmwvavk qmacaiksHgcanks dgmj pgsuxksmdaibjiks qjnks ungrk, vrhabcaigpgsuxksmdaibjigza (rjmabkh cdaig) sgxabXafrubaij vgbcaiu-baiks cgrYvavksgs. Xasgigmksgc, xabXafrubaiks cgrYvavksgsmxacvabjigXkg mksgYaik pkrks cabkqtuungrjigsSgn cgfgvXkraiubkmjwasrkdaigh. gngbjdkurk mkcdjmg cgmfvkcraiubkg darmgnubsgmgrSgbXk, sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 94?-a K 9 pgrgdrgoks pkrcgpkrkmkSkSaikcgn dgmjmckngra. ?58

gm sgfkSxmg Xasg\baiabkg dgnsgfuSraiubk mnkXvnabjigXak\knjs sgxabXafrubaij vgbcaiubaiaiks Xasrubaiks Su

cgrYvavks ngwkbXk. gr grks dgmjrkhxubk, mgdgbkSgc, XazYucubkqmacungrkgnjiks pkrmg (Suncgh fgnjnkark wgrmjmgcdanbksSgnxmjikS) cgcjs dgrkdaig cg cggrYvkjs kdk. Xak\baig Su grg, kspgsuxksmdaiabk kyjs gm XamSxvavgXk, mgdgbkSgc, xabXafrubaikscgrYvavkS dgmjwvaubk zkgnksgSvks: ‘ gqgh frktarkumgcmkzgnXawjnkbkg Xaogsaigungrkgnjig, gnu Sgvksk mjqmacaiksmnkXvnabjiks dgdaiks ungrk, kqnas dgmjyanaiubk.

8. pkrjvnubk uobaiaik

far\j sgmgrSbkS cghubk knckvkcks `pkrjvnubk uobaiaik~ ?53 grks gisjbuturk uobaiaik, rjmbaikh gcgmkgnks pkrjvnaikspgtkvkshamksg cg mksk knckvkcugburjiks (kcantjiks)dgmjmxgtvabkg. as uobaiaik gcgmkgnks, far\jsgmgrSbairkvkurSkarSjiaiks suikaqtks, stgtuss dgngmtfkhaian.

gmgva crjs, pkrjvnubk uobaiaiks mkzgnkg gcgmkgnkspkrjvnaiks soarjXk grgfgnjnkark Hgravks gYfvaSg. ?51 ksknkuzrunvabyjoan gcgmkgnks Ykrsaiks, pgtkvksg cg knckvkcugburjiksxabXauxaibjigs. pkrjvnaiks knckvkcugburjiks cghvks

?58 Xagc. Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § ?, YcNr. 88.?53 „ Parsÿnbkhefaktsraheta‒, „crjkts ca bg parsjnngbktë‒. ?51 Xagc. Dkarfa, Cautsheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc K, 75;1, § 57, 409 oo.,rjmabkh `pkrjvnubuobaiais~ uwjcais `uobaiais sgfuSgr pkrjvnaigza~. gmgsSgn, mkuSkSais,rjm as uobaiaik `vbkncaig sgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdks mkar uzrunvab-yjokb zjdgc mjSxjvngXk ‘ kyj pkrjvnaig~ ( „...cgs kn cam vjn car Yahetsjrcnund dawãerbakstatan gbbdamaknan Gnspruhe iastaet, gbs Parsjn zu dabtan‒).




789

dgmjvbknaigg, mgdgbkSgc, gcgmkgnks sgxabks, dgmjsgxubaiks,pkrgck cg kntkmurk soarjs, gzrks ojrmkraiksg cg dgmjxgtvksuobaiaiks xabyjoks wknggYmcad mkmgrSubk uobaiaik.

gmgsSgn, Xasg\baiabkg pkrjvnubk uobaiaiks dgvrhabaigkurkckub pkraizah, Su as gr awknggYmcadaig fjnfratubkuobaiks grss. far\jc, Su Xasgigmksk uobaig uXugbjc gcgmkgnksSvksaiaikcgn gr dgmjmckngrajis. mgdgbkSgc, `gcgmkgnks Ykrsaig~dgnuyjoabk fgtadjrkgg. gcgmkgns swjrac kmktjm gqvs Ykrsaig, rjmks gcgmkgnkg. gsava Xau\baiabkg, mks dgrcg, sxvgs, Suncghkurkckub pkrs, eqjncas Ykrsaig.

dgnsxvgvaiubk mkcdjmg Hgmjygbkicg pgtkvSgn mkmgrSaikS.mgdgbkSgc, darmgnkks oacargburmg sgsgmgrSbjm gYkgrgkurkckubk pkrks pgtkvk cg, Xasgigmksgc, cgsgXvaigc mkkHnkg mksksgmgrSbairkvk cghvg. ?5?

mkzgnXawjnkbkg arSdvgrjvgnk tarmknjbjdkks dgmjyanaiksmkznkS `pkrjvnubk uobaiaiks~ hnaiks cgmfvkcraig cg mksk

dgmklvng `grgmgtarkgburk qjnaiksg~ Su `qjnairkvkuobaiaiksdgn~.sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjigsg cg kurkckub

bktargturgXk pkrjvnubk uobaiaiks dgmjmxgtvabktarmknaiks mrgvgboarjvnaig XaknkXnaig cg ksknk ngfbaigcSgnmkmcavrubgc dgmjkyanaikgn.

ssf khnjis `pkrgck uobaiaiks~ hnaigs, rjmabsghfgnjnmcaiabk sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks mjqmacaiks soarjsdgnsgzYvrksgs kyanais. ?54 as tarmknk kurkckub bktargtu-rgXkh gksgxg. ?55

sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks fjcaqskS,sxvg pjstsgiTjurk fjckokfghkaiks msdgvsgc, dgSvgbkswk-naiubk kyj zjdkarSk gngbjdkurk uobaig `pkrgckgrgqjnairkvk uobaiaiks~ sgxabwjcaikS. as tarmknk cYasghyvabgza xXkrgc dgmjkyanaig rjdjrh sgmjqgbgqjfgnjnmcaibjigXk, ?5; ksa kurkckub bktargturgXk. ?;0

`pkrgck uobaiaiksg~ cg `pkrgck grgqjnairkvkuobaiaiks~ urSkarSmkmgrSaig ngfbaigc dgmjfvaSkbkg cg gr

?5? kx., mgdgbkSgc< IDE, NLT 7;43, 74?9 cg IDE, NLT 7;41, 7559, 7558.?54 kx. ssf-ks 7-bk muxbk. ?55 kx., mgdgbkSgc, Tgnturkg , Xasgvgbk sgqgrSvabjs sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrS-bks zjdgc ngwkbXk, 7;;4, 7?4 cg Xamcdjmnk. ?5; kx., mgdgbkSgc, ssf-ks ma-75 muxbk. ?;0 kx., mgdgbkSgc< nknk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, ?0 cg Xamcdjmnk6Tgnturkg , Xasgvgbk sgqgrSvabjs sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks zjdgc ngwkbXk,7;;4, 7?5 cg Xamcdjmnk.




788

grks dgmjrkhxubk, fgnjnmcaiabs ksknk sknjnkmaigc, gnuurSkarSHgnghvbaigck mnkXvnabjikS, dgmjayanaikng.

kurkckub bktargturgXk kyanaian gsava tarmkn`pkrjvnub uobaiais~. ?;7 gm tarmknks upkrgtasjig swjrac`pkrjvnubjiks~ xgzdgsmgg. yvabg sxvg tarmknXk sktyvg`pkrgcks~ dgmjyanaig ngfbaigc mfgokjs xcks gm uobaiaikssxvg `pkrgck~ gnu, ragburgc, naiksmkark suikaqturkuobaiksdgn dgmklvngs. ?;9

8.7 mkmgrSaig sgmgrSbks jikaqtks hnaigsSgn

pkrjvnubk uobaiaiks sgmgrSbks jikaqtgc dgnxkbvg cguXvaiabkg.mgsza gr Xak\baig grsaijicas pkrks uobaiaik. gm dgdaikS`pkrjvnubk~ uobaiaik dgusxvksaiabk cg XauzYucgvkg. mgSzaXazYucvks cgwasaig XazYucgvs gcgmkgns Sgvks umnkXvnabjvgnasSvksaigXk ‘ kyjs gcgmkgnk. swjrac gmktjm pkrjvnubk uobaiaikscghvg far\jsgmgrSbairkvgc xjrhkabcaig km fuSxkS, rjm gr

mjxcas gcgmkgnks, rjdjrh sgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiks suikaqtks,XazYucvg cg grg rjdjrh uobaiaiksg far\jsgmgrSbairkvkurSkarSjiks jikaqtza.

ssf-ks ma-4 muxbXk sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks jikaqtkscaoknkhkks dgnsgzYvrksgs fgnjnmcaiabk sguirjis `qjnairkvk cggrgqjnairkvk Ykraiubaiks mgtarkgburk cg grgmgtarkgburkskfaSks~ Xasgxai. Xasgigmksgc, ma-4 muxbks dgdaikS, uncggrsaijicas `grgqjnairkvk Ykraiubaiks mgtarkgburk skfaSa~ cg`grgqjnairkvk Ykraiubaiks grgmgtarkgburk skfaSa~ cg ksknkfar\j sgmgrSbks jikaqtgc dgnkxkbaijcnan. gm caoknkhkgXk, arSkXaxacvkS, Xak\baig mjaqhas gcgmkgnks Ykrsaigh, ‘ rjdjrh`grgqjnairkvk Ykraiubaiks grgmgtarkgburk skfaSa~, ‘ rghwgrmjucdanabkg! ?;8

?;7 kx., mgdgbkSgc< nknk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, 44, 4;6 gsavafuibgXvkbk , \krkSgck uobaiaik, 9008, ;8.?;9 nkXgncjibkvkg, rjm `pkrjvnubk uobaiaiks~ dgnmsgzYvrab tarmknSgmrgvgboarjvnaig gm uobaiaiks cgmfvkcraiks gcraub atgpza sxvgqvaynaiXkh XaknkXnaijcg. darmgnabk gvtjraik kyanaicnan, mgdgbkSgc,tarmknais ‘ `knckvkcks uobaiaik~° Su `knckvkcugburk uobaiaik~(„ Knckvkcugbraheta‒, „ Knckvkcugbktãtsraheta‒). kx. Dkarfa, Cautsheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc K, 75;1,§ 57, 409 o., rjmabkh sxvgcgsxvg gbtarngtkvks dgnxkbvks sgou\vabzaswjrac `pkrjvnubk uobaiaiks~ ( „ Parsÿnbkhefaktsraheta‒) cgmfvkcraikssgsgrdaibjc gfaSais grHavgns.?;8 grgqjnairkvk Ykraiubaiks grgmgtarkgbur skfaSaXk Xak\baigmauYbaais Xjrks grgqjnairkvk uobaiaik cg mjvgbajiaik mjaqhnan(gsaSSg sgarSjc grsaijiks XamSxvavgXk), Sumhg gm ufgngsfnabks far\j




783

ssf-ks ma-4 muxbks arSgcarSk bjdkfurgc cgsgXvaikdgnmgrtaig Xak\baig kyjs ks, rjm kdk `jikaqtXk~ zjdgcgc(far\j)sgmgrSbairkvgc cghub skfaSas dubksxmjis cg grgskfaSas, rjmabzah mkmgrSubkg suikaqtks mjqmacaiksSgvksuobaig.

hxgckg, gsaSk dgnmgrtaiks XamSxvavgXk dgudaigrk xcaigkmgva njrmks cgSqmg, rjm dgmjngfbkskg `...skfaSa, rjmabkhfgnjnkS cgcdankbk waskS irunvkcgn gr grks gmjYaiubk~. ascgSqmg awknggYmcadaig fgnjnmcaibks ngvgrgucav naigs ‘ dgmjkyanaijcas `jikaqtks~ hnaig (far\j)sgmgrSbairkvgccghubk skfaSks dgdaikS. far\jc, gm XamSxvavgXk hnaigm uncgmjkhvgs rjdjrh qjnaig, ksa, mgdgbkSgc, pkrjvnubkuobaiaik. Xasgigmksgc, \nabgc wgrmjsgcdankg pkrjvnubkuobaig, rjdjrkh grks gcgmkgnks Ykrsaig, pgtkvk cg g.X.,ìrunvkcgn gmjYaiub skfaSac~.

mkS umatas, ìrunvgXk~, sgvgrgucjc, uncgkdubksxmaijcas gn sgqjnbks irunvg, gn afjnjmkfurk Su

okngnsurk dgrkdaiaikcgn dgmjmckngra uobaiaiks irunvg.naiksmkar XamSxvavgXk as Xak\baig kyjs mxjbjc km `skfaSks~ìrunvg~, rjmabzah Sajrkubgc Xasg\baiabk uncg kyjssxvgSg uobaiaiks wgrmjXjig. swjrac gmktjm uncg mjxcasfgnjnkS Xasgigmksk irunvks XazYucvg. irunvkcgn gmjYaiubkXak\baig kyjs mxjbjc rgYgh `mgtarkgburk gngrgmgtarkgburk~ qjnaig, rgzah swjrac kmktjm, rjm ksqjnaigg, Hvaubairkv, kmjqmacaicg fjnstktuhkkSdgrgntkraiubk sgfuSraiksg cg mamfvkcrajiks uobaiaik,mgdrgm upkrgtask sgzjdgcjairkvk kntaraskcgn dgmjmckngraxcaig mgSk XazYucvg.

dgrcg gmksg, ssf-ks ma-4 muxbks `far\j sgmgrSbksjikaqtks~ hnaiks `qjnaiks~ hnaigsSgn mkmgrSaikS uorjogrSjc dgnmgrtaiks XamSxvavgXk, kdk Xasg\baiabkg cg,fgnjnmcaibks naikcgn dgmjmckngra, sgvgrgucjc, uncgmjkhgvcas pkrjvnub uobaiaisgh. gsaSk dgnmgrtaiksXasgigmksgc, gcgmkgnks Ykrsaig, pgtkvk, sgxabk, dgmjsgxubaigcg g.X. HgkSvbaig `grgmgtarkgbur skfaSac~, gnu gcgmkgnkdgnkxkbaig far\j sgmgrSbks jikaqtgc. as mkuYaiabkg.

sgmgrSbks jikaqtgc dgnxkbvg gsava wgrmjucdanabkg. rgh Xaaxaiggrgqjnairkvk Ykraiubaiks mgtarkgbur skfaSas, gsaSk ngfbaigcsgvgrgucjg, kqhas sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiks mnkXvnabjvgnjikaqtgc. Sajrkubgc Xasg\baiabkg, pkrs eqjncas, mgdgbkSgc,grgqjnairkvk Ykraiubaiks nkvSk, rjmabsgh sxvg pkrs gSxjvais, gHuqaisgn gsaSkva grgqjnairkvk Ykraiubaiks nkvSXk dguhvbks.




78?

grgmac gsava sgmgrSbks mkar gYkgraiubkg pkrjvnaigc.Xasgigmksgc, mgs wgrmjaXjig pkrjvnubk, mksk Ykrsaiksg cgknckvkcugburjiks dgmjmxgtvabk, uobaiaik.

darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk `zjdgck pkrjvnubk uobaig~Hgngsgxsgh gqvs, mkuxacgvgc kmksg, rjm gm uobaikcgndgmjmckngra mjSxjvnaik mgs cgigcaiks, gnu XauzYucgvk cgupkrjij uobaigungrkgnjiks mknkTaiks, mjmantkcgnwgrmjaXjig. ?;5 gm mkcdjmks bjdkfurk dgdr\abaigg ks, rjmpkrjvnubk uobaiaiks cghvg gr grks cgfgvXkraiubkuobaigungrkgnjiks XawyvatgsSgn. pkrjvnubk uobaiaikcghubkg gcgmkgnks dgrcghvgbaiks Xamcadgh.

8.8 gcgmkgnks Ykrsaikcgn dgmjmckngra zjdgck pkrjvnubk uobaigcg hgbfaubk pkrjvnubk uobaiaik

pkrjvnubk uobaiaiks sgmgrSbairkvk cghvks jrk dzg grsaijis<zjdgck pkrjvnubk uobaiks gYkgraig cg hgbfaubk pkrjvnubk

uobaiaiks mjwasrkdaig.zjdgck pkrjvnubk uobaig Sgvks SgvXk garSkgnaisSkSjaub uobaigs, rjmabkh gcgmkgnks Ykrsaikcgn cg pkrjvnaiksSgvksuogbk dgnvkSgraiks uobaikcgn dgmjmckngrajis ?;; cgpkrjvnaiks kcantjigsg Su knckvkcugbjigs ufgvXkrcaig. gmkS kdksgfmgjc mjqnkbkg, pkrjvnubk uobaiaiks xabyjoks naiksmkar gxgbdgmjvbknaigza dgvrhabaiks SvgbsgzrkskSgh.

hgbfaubk pkrjvnubk uobaiks mjwasrkdaigs gqvs ksupkrgtasjig, rjm Xasg\baiabk xcaig mksSvks cgmgxgskgSaiabkSgvksaiuraiaiks dgmjfvaSg cg Xasgigmks cgrYvavgsSgn mkmgrSaikSuorj fjnfratubk sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks dgSvgbkswknaig.

sgqgrSvabjs sgmjqgbgqj fgnjnmcaibjig gr khnjis zjdgcpkrjvnub uobaigs. kdk uXugbjc hgbfaub pkrjvnub uobaiaisgradubkrais. ssf-ks ma-75 muxbXk mjwasrkdaiubkg sgxabks uobaig(K ngwkbk), dgmjsgxubaiks uobaig (_ ngwkbk), gsava cghubskfaSaSg HgmjngSvgbXk< pgtkvk, Ykrsaig, `pkrgck hxjvraikssgkcumbjaig~, `pkrgck xabXauxaibjig~ cg `sgqmkgnk raputghkg~ (KKngwkbk).

qgrSub kurkckub bktargturgXk dgmjSqmubkg mjsgzraig,rjm `ma-75 muxbk k\bavg pkrgck grgqjnairkvk uobaiaikScghubk pkrjvnubk Ykraiubaiaiks gmjmwurgv HgmjngSvgbs.sxvg pkrjvnubk skfaSaaiks xabyjokS dgmjwvaubk qjnairkvk

?;5 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 5, YcNr. 316 Pgbgnct/Xprgu, IDI, 9005,§ 598, YcNr. 55.?;; Xagc. fuibgXvkbk , \krkSgck uobaiaik, 9008, ;8.




784

zkgnk gngzYguraigs gr aqvamcaigraig.~ 400 Sumhg kdkva gvtjrksguirjis, mgdgbkSgc, pkrgck hxjvraiks sgkcumbjaikscghvks grggcafvgturk sgfgnjnmcaibj mjwasrkdaiks Xasgxai,mkuSkSais sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsXk hvbkbaiaiks XatgnksmkzgnXawjnkbjigza cg Xasgigmksk hvbkbaiaiks dgnxjrhk-abaigmcah cgsgXvaigc mkkHnavs sgsgmgrSbjs mkar sxvg`sgmgrSbairkvk sgXugbaiaiks~ dgmjyanaigs. 407 Xasgigmksgc, SucgsgXvaikg fgnjnkS grggcafvgturgc cghubk pkrjvnubkuobaiks sgSgngcjc cghvg, gsava gr uncg Xakfgvjs SgvkmjsgmgrSbam ma-75 muxbkS uXugbjc dguSvgbkswknaiabkpkrjvnubk uobaiks cghvksgdgn.

ssf-ks ma-75 KK muxbks HgmjngSvgbk gr uncg HgkSvgbjsgmjmwurgvgc. kdk gwasrkdais pkrjvnubk uobaiaiks rgmcankmamnkXvnabjvgn sgxas. Xasgigmksgc, Xasg\baiabkg, uXugbjcgcgmkgnks Ykrsaiks cghvkcgn dgmjmckngra, hgbfaub XamSxva-vgXk pkrjvnaiks Sgvksuogbk dgnvkSgraiks uobaigsSgnurSkarSfgvXkrXk, sxvg pkrjvnubk uobaiaikh HgkSvgbjs

gngbjdkurk sgmgrSbairkvk cghvks mqjnac.gm mjsgzraigs skstamurk dgnmgrtaigh dgngmtfkhais,vkngkcgn fgnjnmcaiabk kmgva muxbks sxvg ngwkbaiXk hvbks,far\jc, gvkwrjais HgmjngSvgbs. gmgs ks sgSgngcj fjnhaptu-gburk dgmklvnks dgraXa gfaSais. Xasgigmksgc, mgdgbkSgc,ssf-ks ma-75 K_ muxbkS, sgpgsuxj hnjiaiks dgmjqvaynaiksuobaig ankTaig pkrs mksk pgtkvksg cg Ykrsaiks XabgxvksXamSxvavgXk. hxgckg, as njrmg gngbjdkurgc uncgdgvrhabcas gsava XamSxvavgza, rjcasgh mjxcaig Suncghpkrks sgqmkgnk raputghkks xabyjog. 409

sgqgrSvabjs sgmgrSgbXk mkzgnXawjnkbkg mjxcas zjdgckpkrjvnubk uobaiks gYkgraig. kdk zjdgcgc uncg mjkhgvcassgqgrSvabjs fjnstktuhkkS dgSvgbkswknaiub gcgmkgnks uobaiaisgcg Sgvksuobaiais, gsava mgSdgn dgmjmckngra hgbfaub ogsaubjigs.

hxgckg, gcgmkgnks Ykrsaig grks gcgmkgnksdgn dgnuyjoabkpkrjvnubk uobaig. mksk cghvg xjrhkabcaig uXugbjcfjnstktuhkkS. Xasgigmksgc, gcgmkgns mksk Ykrsaikcgn dgmjmckngrauobaiaik, sgqgrSvabjs fjnstktuhkks ma-74 K muxbks Sgngxmgc,mknkTaiubk gqvs sgxabmwkojs mkmgrS. sgxabmwkoj vgbcaiubkg,pgtkvk shas gcgmkgnks Ykrsaigs, gnu pgtkvk shas gcgmkgns.SgvksSgvgc as kmgsgh dgngpkrjiais, rjm sgxabmwkoj vgbcaiubkg,

400 nknk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, 47. 407 kqva, ?3. 409 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 791.




785

kzrunjs gm uobaiks gcafvgtur cghvgza, Xasgigmksk sgmgrSbairkvkskstamks ojrmkraigza.

Sgvks mxrkv, sgqgrSvabjs fjnstktuhkks ma-7? muxbkSdgrgntkraiubk pkrjvnaiks Sgvksuogbk dgnvkSgraiks uobaiggcgmkgnks Ykrsaikcgn dgmjmckngra Su mgsSgn urSkarSfgvXkrXkgfjnfratais pkrjvnubk uobaiaiks hgbfaub sgxas.

gcgmkgnks Ykrsaig uXugbjc ssf-ks ma-75 muxbkSgh grkscghubk. Xasgigmksgc, gm njrmkcgn dgmjmckngrajis far\jsgmgrS-bairkvk cghvks maqgnkzmk sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbkS pkrcgpkrdguSvgbkswknaiabk gcgmkgnks uobaiaiksg Su Sgvksuobaiaiksxabyjoks XamSxvavgXk. ssf-ks ma-75 muxbk Xasg\baiabkg kqhaszjdgck pkrjvnubk uobaiks cghvks sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbairkvsgou\vbgc.

zkgnks gngzYguraiks mjSxjvnks XamSxvavgXk, ssf-ks ma-75 _Kmuxbk Xasg\baiabkg dgmjyanaiub kqnas cabkqturkvgbcaiubaiks mjmwasrkdaiab ssf-ks ;;9-a muxbSgn (zkgnks

mkyanaig mgrSbsgwknggYmcadj, dgnzrgxk gn dguorSxkbaiabkmjqmacaikS) urSkarSfgvXkrXk. Sumhg as gr grksguhkbaiabk. Xasg\baiabkg, Xasgigmksk Xacadk cgcdasmxjbjc ssf-ks ma-75 _K muxbks (`cgrYvavg, dgmjwvaubkirgbaubk mjqmacaikS~) sgSgngcjc dgnmgrtaiks XamSxvavgXk.far\jc, Su `cgrYvavg~ zkgnks dgmjmwvav mgrSbsgwknggYmcadjqmacaigc dgnkmgrtaig.

zjdgck pkrjvnubk uobaiks fgtadjrkks ojrmkraikSuzrunvabyjokbkg pkrjvnubk uobaiaiks gcafvgturk cghvg. gYgrgrks guhkbaiabk SkSjaubk Xasg\bj pkrjvnubk uobaikssgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbairkvk mjwasrkdaig. gmgva crjs, hgbfaubkpkrjvnubk uobaiks uorj catgburk mjwasrkdaig, ‘ XasgigmksksgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks cgfjnfrataig dgnsgfuSraiubkdgramjaiaiksg Su Sgvksaiuraiaiks dgSvgbkswknaikS, ‘ sgmgrSbairkvk skhxgcks SvgbsgzrkskS, mxjbjc mjmdaikgnkXak\baig kyjs.

Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 95-a K muxbk kSvgbkswknaiszjdgcgc pkrjvnubjiks cghvgs mgsXk yvabg sgxks`mgrSbsgwknggYmcadj~ XaTrksgdgn. mgrSbsgwknggYmcadjc fkhxgccaig naiksmkark xabyjog, rjmabkh 95-a KK muxbksSgngxmgc, gr xjrhkabcaig `xabyjokbks SgnxmjikS,




78;

upkrgtask far\j gn sglgrj kntaraskcgn gn fgnjnkcgndgmjmckngra~. 408

as grks zjdgck pkrjvnubk uobaiks cghvks arSdvgrkHgrHj, mksk xabyjog Su mgsXk unaigrSvj XaTrg`dgmgrSbaiubkg~ mxjbjc uorj mnkXvnabjvgnk ogsaubj-ikcgn dgmjmckngra.

zjdgck pkrjvnubk uobaiks cghvg xjrhkabcaigdarmgnkks sgmgrSgbXkh. 403 kdk darmgnkks \krkSgck fgnjnkSgYkgraiubk gcgmkgnks Ykrsaikcgn cg pkrjvnaiks SgvksuogbkdgnvkSgraiks uobaikcgn iunairkvgc dgmjmckngrac mkkHnavg. 401 Sumhg pgrgbaburgc xcaig fgnjnkS zjdkarSk pkrjvnubkuobaiks cghvgh, rjdjraikhgg, mgdgbkSgc, sgxabksuobaig 40? cg dgmjsgxubaiks uobaig. 404

gvstrkubk sgmgrSgbkh gYkgrais zjdgc pkrjvnubuobaigs. gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-7? (7)pgrgdrgok Hgmjygbkicg zjdgck pkrjvnubk uobaiksmjwasrkdaiks sgou\vbgc. mgs sgsgmgrSbj kyanais gn

`gngbjdkkS~ Xasgigmks sgfgnjnmcaibj mjwasrkdaigsSgnurSkarSfgvXkrXk, gn Xasgigmksk spahkgburk njrmksgrgrsaijiksgs, rjdjrh uXugbjc mjmwasrkdaiab njrmgs. 405 mgdgbkSgc, fgnjnks sxvg njrmaiSgn urSkarSfgvXkrXkcghubk skfaSaaikg< skhjhxba, okzkfurk xabXauxaibjig,pgtkvk, dgcggcdkbaiksg cg naiks dgmjvbanks Sgvksuobaig,sqasjirkvk SvkSdgmjrfvavg, sgxabk, pkrgck cg sgkcumbjsoarj, dgmjsgxubaig, sggvtjrj pkrjvnubk uobaig cgdgmjmdjnaibks pgtkvk. 40; sgsgmgrSbjm gcgmkgnks Ykrsaikcgncg pkrjvnubjikcgn dgmjmckngra uobaiais mkgfuSvng cg,Xasgigmksgc, ma-7? (7) pgrgdrgoza uXugbj mkSkSaikS cghvks

408 „ Akna _arbatzund kst wkcarrahetbkhe, wann ska nkhet curhe Aknwkbbkdund cas _arbatztan, curheakn òiarwkadancas prkvgtas jcar ÿooantbkheas Kntarassa jcar curhe Dasatz darahetoartkdt kst.‒403 kx., mgdgbkSksgSvks< Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 5, YcNr. 7 oo.,93 oo.6 \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 38 KK, ?;8 oo.401 kx. darmgnkks \krkSgck fgnjnks 7-bk cg ma-9 muxbaik, Druncdasatz oòr ckaIuncasrapuibkf Cautshebgnc vjm 98. Mgk 7;3;, IDIb, 7 oo.40? darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-79 muxbk. 404 7;04 wbks ; kgnvrks `sgxvkSk xabjvnaiksg cg ojtjdrgokks ngmuXav-raiza sggvtjrj uobaiaiks Xasgxai fgnjnks~ 99-a pgrgdrgok, Dasatz iatraooanccgs Qreaiarrahet gn Tarfan car ikbcancan Fònsta unc car Pejtjdrgpeka, FQD, YDI7. KKK330-8.405 Fjhe kn< Fjzkjb/Iycbknsfk/Ijbbaniardar,GIDI-Fjmmantgr, 9004, § 7?, YcNr. 76 Fjzkjb/Tabsar/Fbatačfg, Iòrdarbkheas Yahet K, 900?, 58 o.40; Fjhe kn< Fjzkjb/Iycbknsfk/Ijbbaniardar,GIDI-Fjmmantgr, 9004, § 7?, YcNr. 46 Xagc.gsava Fjzkjb/Tabsar/Fbatačfg, Iòrdarbkheas Yahet K, 900?, 53 oo.




730

Ykrsgc HgSvgbg gsava, mgdgbkSgc< dgmjngSqvgmk, xmg cgsgxabks gnjnkmurjig. 470

zjdgck pkrjvnubk uobaiaiks gYkgraiks arSdvgrkdgmjvbknaig Su mksk grsaikSk Xamgcdanabk abamantkg gXX-kssgmgrSgbXk sgfmgjc ogrSjc dgnmgrtaiubk `pkrgck soarjsuobaig~. 477 kdk gndbjgmarkfub sgmgrSgbXk gYkgraiubkpgtkvks cghvks fjnstruqhkksgdgn cgmjufkcaibgc Hgmjyg-bkicg cg dgnsxvgvaiubk prknhkpaiks gYkgraigs cgaou\ng. 479 sgdubksxmjg, rjm `pkrgck soarjs uobaiks~ knstktutksHgmjygbkiaiks pgrgbaburgc, mksk ou\amcaibaik grarkcaikgn sguigrs `pkrjvnub uobaigza~ 478, rjdjrh mgsSgnXacgraikS uorj zjdgc, pkrjvnaiks xabXauxaibjiks(kmunktatks) dgnmsgzYvrab uobaigza. 473

mjdvkgnaikS XamuXgvaiubk arS-arSk fbgskokfghkksSgngxmgc, `pkrgck soarjs sgmgrSgbk~ 471 jSx lduosgwasrkdais< skvrhjirkv dgnmgrtjaigXk XaTrgs6 sgmgrhxvknjSu grgsgskgmjvnj TaXmgrktk ogqtaiks unaigrSvj

dgmjqvaynaigs6 masgma pkraiks wkngXa pkrza grgswjrkwgrmjcdanks Xaqmngs6 sxvksk sgxabksg cg dgmjsgxubaiksunaigrSvj dgmjyanaigs. 47?

mkuxacgvgc kmksg, rjm gm dzkS pkrjvnubk uobaiaiksfbgskokfghkg cg ogrSj spaqtrks gcafvgturk cghvg kqng

470 Fjhe kn< Fjzkjb/Iycbknsfk/Ijbbaniardar,GIDI-Fjmmantgr, 9004, § 7?, YcNr. 5.477 kx. Tgrran/Irgncaks , Sea Ykdet tj Prkvghy, Egrvgrc Bgw Yavkaw, 75;7 (3), 7;8 at saq.479 „Sea prknhkpba jn wekhe tea bgw jo caogmgtkjn rasts, hjvars, ejwavar, g rgckhgbby ckooaranthbgss jo aooahts orjm tejsa ojr wekhe gttantkjn ks njw gsfac. Kt cagbs jnby wkte cgmgda tjraputgtkjn, wkte tea knlury cjna tj tea knckvkcugb kn eks axtarngb rabgtkjns tj tea hjmmunkty, iybjwarknd ekm kn tea astkmgtkjn jo eks oabbjws‒, Tgrran/Irgncaks , Sea Ykdet tj Prkvghy, EgrvgrcBgw Yavkaw, 75;7 (3), 7;8, 7;4. kx. gndbjgmarkfub sgmgrSgbXk pkrjvnubkuobaiaiks cghvgsSgn cgfgvXkraikS gsava \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?,§ 38 K_, 403 oo. 478 „rkdet tj jna‛s parsjngbkty ‒.473 „...rkdet tj prkvghy, gs g pgrt jo tea mjra danargb rkdet tj tea kmmunkty jo tea parsjn, - tearkdet tj jna‛s parsjngbkty .‒, Tgrran/Irgncaks , Sea Ykdet tj Prkvghy, Egrvgrc Bgw Yavkaw, 75;7(3), 7;8, 904.471 „bgw jo prkvghy‒.47? Prjssar , Prkvghy, Hgbkojrnkg Bgw Yavkaw, 7;?0 (35), 858,hktkraiubkg< \wakdart/Fÿtz,Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 38 K_, 470 o.




737

mkYwaubk,474 uXugbjc `pkrjvnubjiks~ hnaigs gXX-kssgmgrSgbXk sfaptkfurk SgvXafgvaikS Xaxvcnan. 475

sgorgndaSXk hgbfaubk pkrjvnubk uobaiks cghvgsgsgmgrSbj dgcgwyvatkbaiaiks maXvajikS cgmfvkcrcgzjdgck pkrjvnubk uobaiks arSkgnk fjnstruqhkksHgmjygbkiaiks dgraXa. 47; dgnsgfuSraiubk yurgcYaig aSmjigdgmjsgxubaiksg cg kntkmurk soarjs cghvgs. 490 7;40 wabsdgnxjrhkabaiubk sgfgnjnmcaibj hvbkbaikS sgorgndaSkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-; muxbXk dgSvgbkswknaiub kqngpkrgck soarjs cghvg 497, mgS Xjrks gksgxg zkgnksgngzYguraiks mjSxjvng. 499 gmgsSgn, pkrgck soarjs cghvgkmcangc ogrSjc dgnkmgrtg, rjm mjkhvg pkrjvnubk uobaiksmrgvgboarjvgnk spaqtrk.

474 Xagc. Djrcbay, Ojuncgtkjns jo Prkvgta Bgw, 900?, 84,mkSkSaikS, rjm gmfbgskokfghkgmca gXX-ks sgsgmgrSbjaik `pkrgck soarjs~ xabyjoks dgmjpgsuxksmdaibjigs uogrcaicnan gm `pkrgc soarjza~ ngSabk wgrmjcdanksdgraXa. 475 Sgngmacrjva gmarkfabk gvtjraik `pkrjvnubjigs~ rSub darmgnuboanjmangc mkkHnavan, cgou\naiubs fgntks, eumijbctksg cg eadabksokbjsjokkcgn dgmjmckngra pkrjvnaiks Sgvksuogbk dgnvkSgraiksuobaigza. kx. Djrcbay, Ojuncgtkjns jo Prkvgta Bgw, 900?, 994,Xamcdjmk mkSkSaikS<Tektmgn, Sea Swj Tastarn Hubturas jo Prkvghy< Ckdnkty _arsus Bkiarty, [gba Bgw Ljurngb,9003 (778), 7717, 7750 („g hegrghtarkstkhgbby cansa Darmgn hjnhapt wkte rjjts kn tea pekbjsjpey jo Fgnt, Eumijbct, gnc Eadab ‒)6Sgvks mxrkv Xamcdjmk mkSkSaikS< Ariba,Ckdnkty gnc Bkiarty< Hjnstktutkjngb _kskjns kn Darmgny gnc tea Qnktac Xtgtas, Tastpjrt, Hjnn.,9009, 51.47; kstjrkubk mkmjxkbvg sgorgndaSXk pkrjvnubk uobaiaiks cghvgsSgncgfgvXkraikS kx. Djrcbay, Ojuncgtkjns jo Prkvgta Bgw, 900?, 991 at saq.,rjmabkhpjtkas cabkqtks zjdgck dgdaiks ( Pjtekar , Srgktë cas jibkdgtkjn, Pgrks, 74?7, nj. 77?,775) jirksg cg rjs ( Guiry/Ygu, Hjurs ca crjkt hkvkb orgnägks, 3. ëcktkjn, Pgrks, 75?;, nj.333, on. 3) mkar cgfjnfrataigza gmgxvkbais yurgcYaigs. far\jc, mgS arS-arS sqjbkjXk mkgnkXnas cabkqturk sgmgrSbkS pkrjvnubk uobaiaikscghvks Xasg\baibjigza. as mknkXnaig sgorgndaSXk pkrjvnubk uobaiaikscghvks cgsgwyksk dgxcg. 490 Eòinar/Hjnstgntknashj, Aknoòerund kn cgs orgnzÿskshea Yahet, 9007, § 97, 748.497 „Heghun g crjkt gu raspaht ca sg vka prkvëa.‒ 499 \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 38 KKK, 4006 Eòinar/Hjnstgntknashj, Aknoòerundkn cgs orgnzÿskshea Yahet, 9007, § 97, 748Xamcdjmk mkSkSaiaikS sgsgmgrSbjdgcgwyvatkbaiaiza< Hjur c‛gppab Pgrks, 73.01.7;41, Yahuakb Cgbbjz,Lurksprucanha, 7;4?,9;7 ( Hgter. Canauva)6 Hjur c‛gppab Pgrks, 01.0?.7;4;, Lurks-Hbgssaur Përkjckqua, 7;50 KK,7;838 ( Yjmy Xhenakcar )6 Grrìt ca bg Hjur ca Hgssgtkjn, 90.07.7;;5, Iubbatkn cas Grrìts ca bgHjur ca Hgssgtkjn, nj. 9?3 (bg mjrt ca Orgnäjks Mkttargnc ).




738

sgxabks uobaig, rjdjrh gcgmkgnks pkrjvnubk uobaig, kmklnaigsgwgrmjs sgxabwjcaiksgdgn, rjmabkh grgmgtarkgburk qjnairkvkskfaSag. 491 Xasgigmksgc, sgxabwjcaigza Xasg\baiabkg wgrmjkXvgssxvg pkrks uobaiaik. sgxabwjcaig Xasg\baiabkg, gcgmkgnkssgxabks kcanturk kyjs. 49? gmgsSgn, xabXafrubaikS sgwgrmjsSgnarSgc Xasgigmksk sgxabwjcaiks sxvg pkrza dgcghamg gr zYucgvsgcgmkgns mksk sgxabks pkrjvnubk uobaiks dgmjyanaigXk, mksksgxabkS Xamcdjm kcantkokhkraigXk.

gsava mxacvabjigXkg mksgYaik, rjm ssf-ks ma-75 K muxbkSdgSvgbkswknaiubk sgxabks uobaiks cghvg vrhabcaig sglgrj Sufar\j sgmgrSbks kurkckub pkraisg cg naiksmkark sgxksgrgradkstrkraiub pkrSg dgarSkgnaiaizah, rjmbaikh XasgigmksksgxabkS kcantkokhkrcaikgn.

8.1 dgmjsgxubaiks uobaig

dgmjsgxubaiks uobaig dubksxmjis pkrks uobaigs, mxjbjc mksk

SgnxmjikS mjxcas sgfuSgrk dgmjsgxubaiks sglgrjc Hvanaig. asuobaig vrhabcaig sgxvkSk xabjvnaiks nkmuXaiza, ojtjdrgokks,vkcajdgcgYaiksg Su sxvg sgXugbaikS mkYaiub naiksmkardgmjsgxubaigza. 494 gmgsSgn, dgmjsgxubk pkrk Sgvgc wyvats, Su rgsgxkS mjxcas mksk dgmjsgxubaiks Hvanaig.

ssf-ks ma-75 _ 9 muxbk gwasais dgmjngfbkss gm zjdgckwaskcgn< `Sgnxmjig gr grks sgTkrj, rjhg ojtjdgcgYaig(vkcajdgcgYaig cg g.X.) cgfgvXkraiubkg mks sgzjdgcjairkvgYkgraigsSgn, cgfgvaiub SgngmcaijigsSgn, mgrSbmsglubaiks gnpjbkhkks mjSxjvnaiSgn, sgmahnkarj, sgswgvbj gn fubturubmkznaiSgn, gncg ojtjdgcgYaig (vkcajdgcgYaig cg g.X.) mjxcg

491 Xagc. Tgnturkg , Xasgvgbk sgqgrSvabjs sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks zjdgcngwkbXk, 7;;4, 7?5 cg Xamcdjmk, rjmabkh sgxabks uobaigza mslabjiksgsmkkHnavs, rjm `sgxabks uobaiks dgnxkbvgm pkrgc grgqjnairkv uobaigcgr uncg XauXgbjs xabk mks gYkgraigs grgmgtarkgbur qjnairkvuobaigcgh.~ kdk hckbjis cggsgiuSjs, rjm hgbfaub XamSxvavgXk`sgmjqgbgqj sgxabk dgrcgkqmnaig sgvgTrj (fjmarhkub) sgxabgc, sgwgrmjsqjnaiks ngwkbgc cg Xak\baig kdk dgnvkxkbjS rjdjrh grgmgtarkgburkqjnairkvk uobaig.~ 49? hgbfaubk sgwgrmjs sgxabwjcaigXk gcgmkgnks sgxabk sgvgbcaiubjgdgmjkyanaijcas, mgdgbkSgc, knckvkcugburk mawgrmks, fjmgnckturk Susjbkcgrubk pgsuxksmdaibjiks sgzjdgcjaiks sgxabwjcaiks XamSxvavgXk.kx. mawgrmaSg Xasgxai fgnjnks ma-? muxbk. 494 Xagc. nknk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, ?1.




733

sgzjdgcj vkSgraigXk, gncg pkrmg pjzkraiksgSvks mkkYjsgzYgurk.~ 495

hxgckg, as vrhabk HgmjngSvgbk umrgvbas XamSxvavgXkXamcdjm cgzustaigs sgTkrjais. far\jc, pkrks dgmjsgxubaikswkngswgrk naigrSvks dgraXa Hvanaig, Su ks `cgfgvXkraiubkg mkssgzjdgcjairkv gYkgraigsSgn~ gn `cgfgvaiub SgngmcaijigsSgn~,Xasg\baiabkg mxjbjc km XamSxvavgXk, Su gm pkrks mkmgrSgrsaijis gcafvgturk sgzjdgcjairkvk kntarask. darmgnubsgmgrSgbXk gsaS XamSxvavaiXk dgmjkyanaig tarmknk `Sgngmacrjvakstjrkubk pkrjvnaiaik~, 49; rjmabSg mkmgrSgh gYkgraiubkgsgzjdgcjaiks `TaXmgrktk knojrmghkks mkYaiks mjSxjvnkbaikSdgmgrSbaiubk kntarask~, mgS Xjrks mgSk dgmjsgxubaiksxkbvksg. 480

gmgsSgn, as kntarask uncg gTgriaicas Sgvgc gm pkrkssgfuSgrk dgmjsgxubaiks Hvanaiks gYfvaSks Xamxvacr kntarass. 487 hgbfaub XamSxvavgXk knckvkcks dgmjsgxubaiks pkrjvnubkuobaiks zYvgrk wascaig swjrac kmks mkxacvkS, Su rgmcangc

ckckg cg badktkmurk, gnu cgsgXvaik, mksk pkrjvnaiks mkmgrSsgzjdgcjaiks kntarask.jrmxrkvk kntarasaiks dggngbkzaiksgs mnkXvnabjvgnkg

dgmjsgxubk dgramjaiaiks sgknojrmghkj Ykraiubaig. rgh uorjckckg fjnfratub dgramjaiaiSgn mkmgrSaikS sgzjdgcjaiksknojrmkraiubjiks kntarask, mkS uorj ckckg dgmjsgxubk pkrksSmanks vgbcaiubaig. gmgsSgn, mgdgbkSgc, darmgnub sgmgrSgbXkgYkgraiubkg, rjm mfkSxvabksg Su mgyuraibks hnjiksmjyvgrajig,

495

Xagc. darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk `sgxvkSk xabjvnaiksg cg ojtjdrgokksngmuXavraiza sggvtjrj uobaiaiks Xasgxai fgnjnks~ 99-a cg Xamcdjmkmuxbaik, ngwkbjirkv dgnsxvgvaiubk ojrmubkraiaikS.49; „ Parsjnan car \aktdashekheta‒.480 „…curhe ahetas Knojrmgtkjnsiacòronks darahetsoartkdtas Kntarassa gn aknar ikbcbkhean Cgrstabbund ‒, IDE, NLT 7;;?, 7795, 779; (Hgrjbkna vjn Mjnghj). kqva mkSkSaiubkg,rjm `Sgngmacrjva kstjrkub pkrjvnaiais~, pkrvab rkdXk, dgnafuSvnaikgn<mjngrqaik, sgxabmwkojs maSguraik cg dgmjrHaubk pjbktkfjsaik.~ gmkssgpkrkspkrjc, qgrSub kurkckub bktargturgXk gr grks dgmjfvaSkbkgsaSk pkrjvnaiaiks dgmjmxgtvabk arSkgnk zjdgck tarmknk. kx., mgdgbkSgc,nknk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, ?5, rjmabkh mkuSkSais, rjm`sgzjdgcjairkvgc gYkgraiubk pkrjvnaig, pjbktkfurk mjYvgwa gnSgngmcaijiks pkrk kntadrkraiubkg Sgngmacrjvajiks gmsgxvab mjvbanaiXkcg mgSk dgmjsgxubaig sgzjdgcjairkvk knojrmghkks Xamgcdanabkngwkbkg.~ gmgsSgn, mjmcavnj dvarcza kdk kyanais tarmkn `Sgngmacrjvakstjrkub pkrjvnaigs~. 487 Xagc. nknk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, ?5.




731

sansghkks dgdaiks survkbk, gnu, uirgbjc, dgrSjiks kntarasksgmgrSbairkv cghvgs gr kmsgxurais. 489

uorj Xjrs mkcks orgndubk sgmgrSgbk< sgorgndaSkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-; muxbks 7;40 wbkcgn mjqmackojrmubkraikcgn dgmjmckngra, 488 pkrks dgmjsgxubaiks unaigrSvjcHvanaig Su dgmjqvaynaig Xasg\baiabkg mxjbjc mgXkn, Sudgmjsgxubks gYiaTcvg mjxcg gm pkrks mkar sglgrj ounqhkksdgnxjrhkabaiksgs. 483

`mgrSbmsglubaiks gn pjbkhkks mjSxjvnaiSgn~cgfgvXkraiubk dgmjsgxubaiks Hvanaig cgsgXvaikg sgzjdgcjaiksXasgigmksk upkrgtask kntarasks grsaijiks XamSxvavgXk. mgdgbkSgc<cgsgXvaikg cgfgrdubk pkrks dgmjsgxubaiks Hvanaig km mkznkS, rjmXasg\baiabk dgxcas mksk gcdkbsgmyjoabks cgcdang6mslgvrcaiubks dgmjsgxubaiks Hvanaig mks mkmgrS fgnjnkSdgSvgbkswknaiubk Yjnks\kaiaiks dgtgraiks dgmgrtkvaiks mkznkS6sgzjdgcjairkvk wasrkdksg Su quHgXk mj\rgjiks wasaikscgrYvavksgs pkrks dgmjsgxubaiks Hvanaig Xasgigmksk tkpks

cgrYvavaiks wknggYmcad sgzjdgcjairkvk gzrks ojrmkraiks mkznkS.`sgmahnkarj, sgswgvbj gn fubturub mkznaiSgn~cgfgvXkraiubk dgmjsgxubaiks Hvanaig gr k\bavg pkrjvnubkuobaiks xabyjoks uobaigs. uncg grsaijicas cgmgtaikSksgou\vabk, badktkmurk cg uorj mgYgbk sgzjdgcjairkvk kntarask,vkcra dgmjsgxubk pkrks Xamxvacrk kntaraskg zjdgcgc sgfuSgrkdgmjsgxubaiksg Su fjnfratubk dgmjsgxubaiks Hvanaiksdgn SgvksXafgvaigza.

gsava ks, rjm `pkrmg pjzkraiksgSvks mkkYj sgzYgurk~, grnkXngvs mksk dgmjsgxubaiks naiksmkark sgxkS dgmjyanaigzaSgnxmjigs. as dgramjaig wgrmjXjis mxjbjc vgrgucs, rjm pkrmgSgnxmjig dgnghxgcg Sgvksk dgmjsgxubaiks fjnfratubk,xabXafrubaikS pkrcgpkr dgSvgbkswknaiubk gn mksdgn uXugbjcdgmjmckngra sgxkS dgmjyanaigza. 481

489 IDE, NLT 7;;?, 7795, 7780.488 \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 38 KKK, 4006 Eòinar/Hjnstgntknashj, Aknoòerundkn cgs orgnzÿskshea Yahet, 9007, § 97, 748.483 kx., mgdgbkSgc< Hjur ca Hgssgtkjn, Iubbatkn cas grrìts, Hegmiras hkvkbas, gvrkb 7;55, 7.He. hkv. nj. ;5, ?46 Srkiungb ca drgnca knstgnha ca Pgrks, Yahuakb Cgbbjz Xkray 7;44,Lurksprucanha, 8?3,mkSkSaiubkg< IDE, NLT 7;;?, 7795, 7787. 481 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 79?.




73?

8.? pkrks pgtkvk cg sgzjdgcjairkvk sgxa

pgtkvks cghvg dubksxmjis gcgmkgnks uobaigs, usgmgrSbjc grkqnas wgrmjcdankbk sgzjdgcjaigXk ugryjokS TrkbXk. pgtkvkspkrjvnubk uobaiks xabyjoks umnkXvnabjvgnask fjmpjnantkgùsgmgrSbjig~. pkrk gsaS Xaogsaigs jikaqturgc gr uncgkmsgxuraicas, gnu sgpkrkspkrj surgSk gr uncg cgsturcaijcas.Xasgigmksgc, dgcgmwyvatkg gm uobaiks mkmgrSaig dgmjxgtvksSgvksuobaigsg cg km zYvgrs Xjrks, rjmabkh gm ufgngsfnabsuwascaig ùsgmgrSbjiks~ (Su sgpkrkspkrj TrkbXk `sgmgrSbk-gnjiks~) frktarkumkS.

hxgckg, dgmjxgtvks Sgvksuobaig kSvgbkswknais sxvg pkrksXasgxai gzrks dgmjSqmks Sgvksuobaigs. gm uobaiks XazYucvggcgmkgnks pgtkvks pkrjvnubk uobaiks cghvgsSgn mkmgrSaikSxjrhkabcaig jrk sgxkS<

‘ grgfaSkbdgnwyjikbk, cgmgmhkraiabk dgmjngSqvgmksgs, rgh

Xak\baig, zjdgcgc, Xaurghxyjogc Xaogscas. gsaSk dgmjngSqvgmkùsgmgrSbjg~ ufva kmktjm, rjm ks gcgmkgnks (Xasgigmksgc,kurkckubk pkrks gn pkrSg dgarSkgnaiks) mkmgrS dgmjkyanaig6

‘ cgmgmhkraiabk ogqtks dgvrhabaiksgs, rjmabkh TaXmgrk-taigs gr Xaasgigmaig, gn rjmbks TaXmgrktaiks cgmtfkhaighXau\baiabkg. 48?

gmgsSgn, sxvg pkrks pgtkvk knckvkcmg Xak\baig xabyjssgfuSgrk dgmjngSqvgmkS gn masgma pkrks dgmjngSqvgmksdgvrhabaikS. 484 Xasgigmksgc, sxvksk gzrksg Su Xaogsaiksdgcghamksgs pkrk Sgvgcgh kzkgrais pgsuxksmdaibjigs Xasg\bjsgmgrSbairkv XacadSgn mkmgrSaikS gYnkXnubks TaXmgrktaiksgrcgcgsturaiks XamSxvavgXk.

sgqmkgnk raputghkks cghvksg cg mksk sxvg pkrjvnubkuobaiaiksgdgn dgmklvnks fuSxkS sgyurgcYaijg sgqgrSvabjsuzangask sgsgmgrSbjs 9007 wbks 75 kvbksks #8f/84?-07dgcgwyvatkbaig. 485 far\jc, sgsgmgrSbjm dgnmgrtg, rjm ssf-ksma-75 KK muxbkS dgSvgbkswknaiubk `sgqmkgnk raputghkks qvaXkdubksxmaig sgzjdgcjaiks mkar pkrks prjoaskubk Su sxvgsgqmkgnk Svksaiaiks Xaogsaig. prjoaskg grks xabjig,

48? darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk Xagc. Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 5,YcNr. 91.484 kx. Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 5, YcNr. 91,XamcdjmkmkSkSaiaikS .485 sgqgrSvabjs uzangask sgsgmgrSbjs dgcgwyvatkbaignk sgmjqgbgqj,sgmawgrmaj cg dgfjtraiks sgqmaaiza, 9007, #70, 7749.




734

sgqmkgnjig, spahkgbjig, rjmabsgh dgrfvaubk mjmzgcaigsTkrcaig cg rjmbkSgh gcgmkgnk Sgvs krHans, xjbj sgqmkgnkSvksaiaik, rjmabSgh sgqmkgnk raputghkg dubksxmjis,dggHnkgS mgS, vknh mjngwkbajis afjnjmkfur (fjmarhkub)sgqmkgnjigXk. gqacgn dgmjmckngra, sgqmkgnk raputghkksXabgxvg, rgsgh ssf-ks ma-75 muxbk kSvgbkswknais, mkmgrSubkuncg kyjs pkrks mkar dgnxjrhkabaiubk (gndgnsgxjrhkabaiabk) sgqmkgnk jparghkaiksgSvks. gsaSkxabyjokS pkrs Xak\baig mkgcdas mgtarkgburk zkgnkh, a.k.xabkcgn dguXvgs mjdaig, cgafgrdjs fbkantk cg sxvg.gYnkXnubkcgn dgmjmckngra, rjdjrh sgxabmwkojpjbktkfurk, gsava sglgrj sgmsgxurks Sgngmcaijiks pkrza(mjxabaza) gr uncg dgvrhabcas sgqmkgnk raputghkks ksdgdaig, rgsgh ssf-ks ma-75 muxbk dgngmtfkhais. gm pkraikssgmsgxurairkv sgqmkgnjigsSgn (mjYvgwajigsSgn) cgfgvXkraikSXasg\baiabkg gcdkbk eqjncas ckogmghkgs (pgtkvks gnYkrsaiks xabyjog), mgdrgm grg sgqmkgnk raputghkks

Xabgxvgs~.pkrs mgsza sglgrjc grgswjrk wgrmjcdanks Xaqmnks mkmgrSbadktkmurk cghvks uobaig mgXkngh uncg eqjncas, Su jikaqturkfrktarkumaikS gr Xak\baig HgkSvgbjs mksk pgtkvk Xabgxubgc. asgrks, mgdgbkSgc, XamSxvavaik, rjcasgh pkrs grgswjrgc mkgwarandgmjngSqvgmais, 48; Xaxacubaiais Su mjqmacaiais. gm XamSxvavgXk,pgtkvSgn mkmgrSaikS mjqmac `usgmgrSbjiks~ (Su `sgmgrSbk-gnjiks~) frktarkumksgdgn dgnsxvgvaikS, mjqmacais `skswjrks~frktarkumk. far\jc, sgfmgrkskg ks, rjm gsaSk dgmjngSqvgmkgrgswjrkg cg gYgr grks mxacvabjigXk mksgYaik grh mgSksgmgrSbkgnjig cg grh ugryjokSjig. pkrs uncg Xaa\bjs,mjkSxjvjs gsaSk ogqtaiks ugryjog Su Xamcdjmk dgvrhabaiksgdgnSgvks Xafgvaig mxjbjc kmktjm, rjm ks, rgsgh mgs mhcgrgcmkgwaran, mgsSgn gr uncg gsjhkrcaijcas.

gm fjnstruqhkgXk Xasg\baiabkg mjaqhas kurkckubk pkrksmkar mkYaiubk hgbfaubk sgwgrmjj dgcgwyvatkbaig, rjmabkhXak\baig zadgvbangs gr gxcancas mks pgtkvsg Su sgqmkgnraputghkgza, mgdrgm zjdgcgc awknggYmcadaijcas pkrks mkarXarHaub `sgigzrj sgxas~, rjmbks Hgmjygbkiaigh surs pkrssgzjdgcjaigXk.

zjdgcgc, pkrjvnaiks Sgvksuogbk dgnvkSgraiks uobaikcgndgmjmckngrajis ks, rjm pkrk Sgvgc wyvats, rg sgxkS wgrcdas

masgma pkraiksg Su sgzjdgcjaiks wkngXa. gsava mksk dgcgsgwyvatkg,Su rgmcangc xabmksgwvcjmk kqnaig mksk pkrjvnaiks Xasgxai

48; mgS Xjrks, I_aroD, NLT, 7;50, 9040, 9047.




735

mjnghamaik sgzjdgcjaiksgSvks. `sgknojrmghkj SvkSdgmjrfvavks~ 430 uobaig dgngpkrjiais knckvkcks pkrjvnub uobaigs, Sgvgcdgcgwyvktjs sgfuSgrk pkrjvnubk mjnghamaiks dgmjyanaikspkrjiaik. gm ufgngsfnabs ufgvXkrcaig hgbfaub XamSxvavgXkgnjnkmurjiks cghvks uobaigh. 437

8.4 kntkmurk cg pkrgck soarj

kntkmurk soarjs cghvgXk mjkgzraig dgncjikbk gzraiksg cgdgnhcaiks masgma pkrksgSvks dgcghamks gfr\gbvg. guhkbaiabkwkngpkrjigg, rjm uncg grsaijicas mgSk sgkcumbjc Xangxvkskntarask. as ufgngsfnabk sgzjdgcjaiksgSvks hnjikbk pkraiksXamSxvavgXk uncg kyjs kmcangc mnkXvnabjvgnk, rjm dgcgwjnjssgzjdgcjaiks knojrmghkks mkYaiks gsava badktkmurk kntarask.kntkmurk soarjs cghvgXk aqhavg, mgdgbkSgc, darmgnkkssgsgmgrSbj prgqtkfkS, gcgmkgnks lgnmrSabjiks mcdjmgrajig gnsaqsugburk hxjvraig, gsava gvtjrks survkbks dgraXa sgkcumbj

warkbaiks gn cYkurks Hgngwaraiks dgmjqvaynaig. 439 pkrgck soarjs cghvgXk kdubksxmaig knckvkcks hxjvraikswgrmgrSvks gvtjnjmkurk soarjs gYkgraig, rjmabXkh kdk sgfuSgrSgvSgn rHaig cg sgfuSgr knckvkcugburjigs gvkSgrais sxvgSgmjngwkbajiks dgraXa. gmarkfub cg darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk `sgfuSgrSgvSgn cgrHanks uobaig~ 438 pkrgck soarjs cghvks uobaiksfjnstruqhkks dgmjvbknaigg. 433 gmgsSgn, gmarkfub sgmgrSgbXk kdkskhjhxbks uobaiks `skhjhxbkS tfijiks uobaigc~ 431 dgnmgrtaiks sgou\vabza Hgmjygbkicg. 43?

pkrgck soarjs uobaig grks sgfuSgrk sgxbks ogrdbaiXk,jlgxks wavraiks dgramjhvgXk gn sxvg dgnmgrtjaiks gcdkbaiXkdgraXa pkrSg mxrkcgn naiksmkark ojrmks XaTrksdgn Sgvksuobgchxjvraiks uobaig. 434 sgqgrSvabjs fjnstktuhkks ma-90 K muxbkScghubk `pkrgck sgqmkgnjiks gcdkbk~ gsaSk cghubk soarjs fkcavarSk cgfjnfrataigg. gm ufgngsfnabXk aqhavg, mgdgbkSgc,

430 „ Yahet guo knojrmgtkjnabba Xabistiastkmmund ‒. 437 Xagc. darmgnub sgmgrSgbSgn cgfgvXkraikS Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas IòrdarbkheanYahets, 9003, § 5, YcNr. 89.439 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 5, YcNr. 80.438 „rkdet tj ia bat gbjna‒6 „cgs Yahet, oòr skhe zu sakn, skhe sabist zu daeÿran‒.433 Xagc. Tgrran/Irgncaks , Sea Ykdet tj Prkvghy, Egrvgrc Bgw Yavkaw, 75;7 (3), 7;86 Fgtz v.Qnktac Xtgtas, Xuprama Hjurt 85;, 7;?4, 334, 810-817,hktkraiubkg IDE, NLT 7;;?,7795, 779;.431 „rkdet tj anljy bkoa‒. 43? Tgrran/Irgncaks , Sea Ykdet tj Prkvghy, Egrvgrc Bgw Yavkaw, 75;7 (3), 7;8.434 IDE, NLT 7;;?, 7795, 779;.




73;

xabjvgnksg Su mahnkarks sgmuXgj dgramj, sgfuSgrk sgxbksogrdbais dgraS grsaiubk sgmuXgj jSgxk, sgxabjsnj, cg g.X.

gmgsSgn, gcgmkgns uncg eqjncas sgXugbaig, sgfuSgrk sgxbksgSu `pkrgck sgqmkgnjiks gcdkbks~ ogrdbais mkYmgh dr\njicasSgvs SgvksSvks, gnu ogrSj sgzjdgcjaiksgdgn dgnhgbfavaiubgc.sgfuSgrk sgxbks mkYmg grsaiubk pkrgck soarjs cghvks kntaraskgrsaijis, mgdgbkSgc, rjcasgh knckvkck skvrhjirkvgcdgnmgrtjaiubkg ksa, rjm mksk mgrtj yjonks survkbk jikaqturgcXahnjigckg cg `rjcasgh kdk fjnfratub sktughkgXk, SgvksmgrtjjigXk cgrwmunaiubk, ksa kqhavg, rjdjrh gr mjkqhajcgogrSj sgzjdgcjaigXk yjonksgs~. 435

gsaSk dgnmgrtjaiks gcdkbk Xak\baig kyjs, Hvaubairkv,sgzjdgcjaiks SgvXayrks gcdkbkh, Su mjhamub mjmantXk ksjikaqturgc dgnmgrtjaiks gcdkbgc Xak\baig HgkSvgbjs.mgdgbkSgc, gsaSgc darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk mkkHnavan rastjrnks,sgstumrjs, spjrtubk fjmpbaqsks, sgtabaojnj lkxurks Suiunaiks naiksmkar km dgnhgbfavaiub ngwkbs, sgcgh pkrk

sgzjdgcjaiks ngwkbgc gYgr gYkqmaig.43;

pkrgck soarjs xabyjog Xak\baig dgmjkxgtjs gsavagrgsgsurvabk sgtabaojnj zgraikS, sgrafbgmj sgqjnbks sgojstjyuSXk HgdcaikS, ogqskS dgdzgvnkSg cg sxvg msdgvsk XamSxvavaikS. 410

8.5 gzrks ojrmkraiksg cg dgmjxgtvks uobaig

gcgmkgnks pkrjvnubk uobaigg gzrksg Su Xaxacubaiksojrmkraiksg cg mksk dgmjxgtvks (mgS Xjrks, dgvrhabaiks) uobaig.knckvkck Sgvksuogbkg kmks dgnsgzYvrksgs, Su rg knojrmghkksg cgdgramjaiaiks dgSvgbkswknaikS Hgmjgygbkiais Sgvks gzrs.iunairkvkg, Sgvksuogbkg knckvkck kmgXkh, Su rjdjrk kqnaig mkskgzrk. 417

knojrmghkks dgvrhabaiks Sgvksuobaig dgmjxgtvksSgvksuobaiks arS-arSk fjmpjnantkg, vkngkcgn kdk sxvg knckvkcksgzrks ojrmkraiks SgvksuobaiksSvks grks grsaikSk. 419 sgqgrSvabjs fjnstktuhkks 93-a K muxbXk sguigrkg gcgmkgnks`uobaigza~, `dgvrhabjs knojrmghkg~, rgh fkcav uorj

435 as vkSgraig kcanturgc grks gYwarkbk qgrSub kurkckub bktargtu-rgsg cg darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk< nknk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, ?;6IDE, NLT 7;;?, 7795, 779;.43; kx. IDE, NLT 7;;?, 7795, 779;-7780.410 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 5, YcNr. 87.417 `gzrks Sgvksuobaig~ sgqgrSvabjs fjnstktuhkks ma-7; K muxbkSuXugbjc cghubk gcgmkgnks Sgvksuobaigg. 419 darmgnub sgsgmgrSbj prgqtkfgXk Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, IDE, NLT 7;;7, 988;.




710

SvgbsgHknjs xcks gm uobaiksg Su SgvksuobaiksgSvks mknkTaiubmnkXvnabjigs. kdk hgbfaubk knckvkcks knojrmkraiubjiksg cg,zjdgcgc, sgzjdgcjairkvk gzrks ojrmkraiks xabXamwyjikg.

Xasgigmksgc, dgmjxgtvks (knojrmghkks dgvrhabaiksg Susktyvks) Sgvksuobaigsg cg sxvg cghub pkrjvnub uobaiais Xjrksfjnobkqtks XamSxvavgXk guhkbaiabkg gcafvgturk Sgngogrcjikscghvg.

mkzgnXawjnkbkg dgmjxgtvks Sgvksuobaiks sxvg pkrjvnubkuobaiaiks sgsgrdaibjc XazYucvks pkrjigc TaXmgrktaiksfrktarkumks dgmjyanaig. knckvkcks gzrks ojrmkraiksgSvksmnkXvnabjvgnkg cg, Xasgigmksgc, sgmgrSbairkvk cghvks Ykrskgswjrk knojrmghkks dgvrhabaig. 418

gmgsSgn, Xasg\baiabkg, TaXmgrktaiks frktarkumks xabyjoksXamSxvavgXk mfghrk pgsuxksmdaibjiks cgwasaig dgxcas mgsjirkvkknojrmghkks sgXugbaigSg ounqhkaiks dgnxjrhkabaiks igrkark. 413 Xasgigmksgc, gm crjs mkzgnXawjnkbkg mjxcas xabmyjokspgsuxksmdaibjiks sgxks ckoaranhkghkg. far\jc, Su xcaig

`cguzustaiabk~ Su `cgmgxknlaiubk~ knojrmghkks grgirgbaubkdgvrhabaig, pkrs, rjmbks uobaigh xabyjokbkg, wgrmjaXjigmhcgrk mjnghamaiks Xamcdjmk dgvrhabaiksdgn Sgvks Xafgvaiksg cgsgpgsuxj hnjiaiks dgmjqvaynaiks mjSxjvnks uobaiaik. kmXamSxvavgXk, Su dgvrhabaiubkg `knojrmghkg, rjmabsgh wkngswgrkdgnzrgxvkS XahcjmgXk Xaeygvs sgzjdgcjaig~, 411 gsava dguorSxk-baibjiks XamSxvavgXk, ssf-ks ma-75 _K muxbkS cgcdaig zkgnksgngzYguraiks mjSxjvnks uobaigh.

uzangask sgsgmgrSbjs 9009 wbks 3 kvbksks #8f/8;0-09dgcgwyvatkbaigXk sgsgmgrSbjm dgnmgrtg, rjm< `pjbktkfurkSgngmcaijiks pkraiks qmacaigSg mfvaSrk Xaogsaiaik,rjmbaikh grsaiubk ogqtjirkvk dgramjaiaikcgn dgmjmckng-rajian, gr Xak\baig kyjs Lurngbkstks pgsuxksmdaibjikssgou\vabk~. Xasgigmksgc, `Lurngbksturk Xaogsaiaik uncgwgrmjgcdancas mks xabS grsaiubk ogqtaiks gcafvgturs...Lurngbkstk vgbcaiubkg, Xagmjwmjs mks mkar mjpjvaiubkknojrmghkks utyugrjig. Lurngbkstk pgsuxs gdais Sgvkswarkbza. mgsSgn arSgc racgqhkgmgh uncg kfksrjspgsuxksmdaibjig, rjm gr dgmjqvayncas cguzustaiabk,

418 Xagc. IDE, NLT 7;;7, 988; Xamcdjmk mkSkSaiaikS. 413 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< IDE, NLT 7;44, 7955, 795;6 IDE, NLT 7;50, 9049, 9048.411 sgqgrSvabjs uzangask sgsgmgrSbjs dgcgwyvatkbaignk sgmjqgbgqj,sgmawgrmaj cg dgfjtraiks sgqmaaiza, 9007, #70, 7415.




717

cgmgxknlaiubk gn ksaSk knojrmghkg, rjmabsgh wkngswgrkdgnzrgxvkS XahcjmgXk Xaeygvs sgzjdgcjaig~. 41?

cgsgmfvkcraiabkg gcafvgturk hktkraiksg cg Xaogsaiks prknhkpk,rjmbks dgnuxrabk cghvg TaXmgrktaiks frktarkumks mnkXvnabjvgnkxabXamwyjikg. hxgckg, naiksmkar knckvkcs, mgS Xjrks Lurngbkstsgqvs uobaig, dggfaSjs mkmckngra mjvbanaiks fjmantgrk. mgsXau\bkg sxvg pkrks dgmjngSqvgmks hktkraig cg gm hktkraiubkorgzks Xaogsaig. mnkXvnabjvgnkg, gm crjs pkrmg mfgokjcdgmjfvaSjs, rjcks gxcans hktkraigs cg rjcks gfaSais sgfuSgrXaogsaigs. mgdgbkSgc, Su kdk sgfuSgr Xaogsaigs gn cgsfvngs sxvggcgmkgnks hktgtgc dggvrhabais, gnu gm ufgngsfnabs `grSqmubsgSqmavknais~, mgs mfghrk pgsuxksmdaibjig uncg cgafksrjs. gmkSxabmyjok uxaXgc kTraig pkrjvnubk uobaiaikS cghub soarjXk.hktgtg pjbamkfksgs mwvgva kgrgYkg, cgmglaraibgc LYars cgsgzjdgcjairkv gzrza \bkargc mjqmacais ks, rjm pkrk sgfuSgrkSgvks cksfracktghkgs Sgvgc gxcans. 414

gmgsSgn, mgdgbkSgc, darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk cgmfvkcraiubkg`sktyvks Sgvksuobaiks upkrgtasjiks prazumohkg~. kdk mjqmacais,ksaSk sgxks `dgnhxgcaiaiks~ mkmgrS, rjmbaikh Xaaxaikgn grg far\j,grgmac sgzjdgcjairkv kntarasais. 415

dgmjxgtvks Su sktyvks Sgvksuobaikcgn dgmjmckngra,knckvkck Sgvgc kYais dgcgwyvatkbaigs ‘ mksk sktyvaik dgxcasdgnsgzYvrubk pkrks, pkrSg wrksg Su ogrSj sgzjdgcjaiksgSvksxabmksgwvcjmk. 41; gmgsSgn, pkrk dgnsgzYvrgvs Sgvksk dgmjngSqvgmksgrg mxjbjc Xknggrss, grgmac crjs, gcdkbsg cg ojrmgs. 4?0 Xasgigmksgc, mxjbjc mksk dgcgsgwyvatkg, rjcks, sgc cg rjdjrdgmjxgtjs Sgvksk gzrk. gm ufgngsfnabXk mjkgzraig dr\njiks,dgnhcksg Su amjhkks dgmjxgtvks xgrksxkh. 4?7

dgmjxgtvks (sktyvks) Sgvksuobaiks xabyjoks arS-arSkdgmjvbknaigg rjdjrh xmks unaigrSvjc Hgwarg, 4?9 ksa (Suncgh

41? sgqgrSvabjs uzangask sgsgmgrSbjs dgcgwyvatkbaignk sgmjqgbgqj,sgmawgrmaj cg dgfjtraiks sgqmaaiza, 9007, #70, 7415. 414 IDE, NLT 7;50, 9049, 9048.415 IDE, NLT 7;;7, 988;, Xamcdjmk mkSkSaikS< IDE, NLT 7;15, 914.41; Xagc. darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk, mgdgbkSgc< IDE, NLT 7;50, 9040, 90476 IDE, NLT 7;15, 78336 xjbj gXX-ks sgmgrSgbSgn cgfgvXkraikS Tgrran/Irgncaks , Sea

Ykdet tj Prkvghy, Egrvgrc Bgw Yavkaw, 75;7 (3), 7;8, 7;5.4?0 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, IDE, NLT 7;;7, 988;.4?7 Xagc. Tgrran/Irgncaks , Sea Ykdet tj Prkvghy, Egrvgrc Bgw Yavkaw, 75;7 (3), 7;8, 7;5.4?9 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< IDE, NLT 7;15, 7833.




719

sgSgngcj naigrSvkS) Hgngwarks uobaigmjskbk pkrks XasgigmksknaigrSvks dgraXa sxvaiksgSvks xabmksgwvcjmjig Su dghnjig. 4?8

gmgsSgn, knckvkcks gzrks dgmjxgtvks pkrjvnubk uobaigvrhabcaig dgmjxgtvks naiksmkar `grgsktyvkar~ ojrmgzah.knckvkcmg Xasg\baiabkg gzrk dgmjxgtjs sxvgcgsxvg nkXnkS,ngxgtkS, qgncgfaikS, sgxvkSk xabjvnaiks naiksmkarkfjmpjzkhkkSg Su muskfkS. Xasgigmksgc, dgmjxgtvks asojrmaikh kmsgxurais gngbjdkur cghvgs. cguXvaiabkg mgSkunaigrSvjc mjpjvaig cg gvtjrks Sgnxmjiks dgraXa masgmapkraiksgSvks dghnjig. 4?3

gm XamSxvavaiXkh dgsgSvgbkswknaiabkg Sgngogrcjig dgmjxgtvkspkrjvnub uobaigsg cg sxvg, upkrgtasgc cgsghgv kntarassg Suuobaigs Xjrks. Xasgigmksgc, cgsgXvaikg ogrubk Hgngwarksdgmjyanaig uorj mnkXvnabjvgnk ogsaubjiks cgsghgvgc. 4?1 gsaSkupkrgtask ogsaubjigg, mgdgbkSgc, sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSgbXk

mgrSbmsglubaiks dgnxjrhkabaiksg Su uobaiks ragbkzaikskntarask. gmgsSgn, zjdgc, XaogsaikS frktarkumgc Xasg\baiabkgHgkSvgbjs fjnfratub vkSgraigXk arS-arSk uobaiks cghvksgrsaikSgc upkrgtask kntarask, Su gr grsaijis mksk cghvks sxvgSgngzjmkark sgXugbaig. 4??

dgmjxgtvks pkrjvnubk uobaig kmklnaig sggvtjrjsgmgrSbkS cghubk uobaiaiksgdgn. pkrjvnubk uobaigkhgvs knckvkcks gzrs (mgS Xjrks, mks mkar XarHaubdgmjxgtvks ojrmgs) km mjmantgmca, sgngm mjxcaig mksksglgrjc dghxgcaig gm knckvkcks dgcgwyvatkbaikSg SuSgnxmjikS. sggvtjrj uobaig wgrmjkXjig mxjbjc kmXamSxvavgXk, Su mjxcaig nggzravks dgmjqvaynaig. 4?4

gmgsSgn, guhkbaiabkg `sggvtjrj pkrjvnubk uobaiks~gYkgraigh. kdk ufgvXkrcaig arSgcarS dgramjaigs ‘ pkrksgvtjrjigs cg mTkcrjc grks cgfgvXkraiubk pkrjvnaikssgzjdgcjairkvk sgxks cghvgsSgn. mksk xabyjog

4?8 Xagc. IDE, NLT 7;59, 944.4?3 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, Tgrran/Irgncaks , Sea Ykdet tj Prkvghy, Egrvgrc Bgw Yavkaw, 75;7(3), 7;8, 7;; at saq.4?1 IDE, NLT 7;59, 944, 9456 Xagc. qgrSub kurkckub bktargturgXkfuibgXvkbk , \krkSgck uobaiaik, 9008, 7?1 cg Xamcdjmk. 4?? Xagc. IDE, NLT 7;59, 944, 945.4?4 Xagc. Tgrran/Irgncaks , Sea Ykdet tj Prkvghy, Egrvgrc Bgw Yavkaw, 75;7 (3), 7;8, 900,975.




718

Xasg\baiabkg dgmjkxgtjs sxvg pkrks mkar gvtjrjiksXahkbaikS.

8.; ̀ cgsgXvaik frktkfks ogrdbaik~

sgqgrSvabjs fjnstktuhkks 93-a K muxbkS gcgmkgns ankTaig`uobaig, Sgvksuobgc mkkYjs cg dggvrhabjs knojrmghkg,dgmjSqvgs cg dggvrhabjs Sgvksk gzrk zapkrgc, warkbjikS gnsxvgdvgrk sgXugbaikS~, xjbj 93-a KK muxbkS dgrgntkraiubkgmgsjirkvk knojrmghkks sgXugbaiaiks Sgvksuobaig. fgnjnkSgYnkXnubk uobaiaiksg Su Sgvksuobaiaiks dgnxjrhkabaiksXazYucvgs fjnstktuhkks 93-a K_ muxbk ufgvXkrais gmjmwurgvgcHgmjSvbkbk dgramjaiaiks grsaijigs, mgS Xjrks `sxvgSguobaiaiksg cg Ykrsaiks~ cghvgs.

dgmjxgtvks SgvksuobaigsSgn cgfgvXkraiubk Su mksdgndgmjmckngra pkrjvnubk uobaiaiks sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbairkvkcghvgh gngbjdkur XazYucvais aqvamcaigraig. sgqgrSvabjs

sgsgmgrSbjaimg gcgmkgnks uobaigSg avrjpubk sgsgmgrSbjs`gcgmkgnks uobaigSg Xasgxai avrjpubk fjnvanhkks~ ma-70 muxbksXasgxai prgqtkfks dgSvgbkswknaikS, Hgmjgygbkias mkcdjmg,rjmabkh ̀ cgsgXvaik frktkfks ogrdbaiks~ cgcdankSgh dgmjkxgtg.

sgqgrSvabjs uzangask sgsgmgrSbj zjdkarSk pkrjvnubkuobaiksg cg dgmjxgtvks Sgvksuobaiks fjnobkqtksgngbkzksgs 9009 wbks 7 mgrtks #8f/7033 dgcgwyvatkbaigXk 4?5 dgnmgrtgvs, rjm dgmjxgtvksg cg knojrmghkks Sgvksuobaiksuobaig gYkgraiubkg sgqgrSvabjs fjnstktuhkks 93-a cg`gcgmkgnks uobaigSg Xasgxai avrjpubk fjnvanhkks~ ma-70muxbaikS. fjnvanhkks ma-70 muxbkS cgcdankbkg, rjm`uobaig dgmjxgtvks Sgvksuobaigza mjkhgvs pkrjvnaiksSgvksuobaigs, eqjncas mjsgzraignk cg mkkYjs, dgshasknojrmghkg cg kcaaik...~ sgsgmgrSbj sguirjis gmprknhkpaiks dgnsgfuSraiub mnkXvnabjigza prasksgSvks.Xasgigmksgc, arSk mxrkv, prasgm gr uncg cggrYvkjscgcdankbk ogrdbaik, rjmbaikh mjkhgvs sxvksk pgtkvks,Ykrsaiksg cg sgqmkgnk raputghkks cghvgs, majra mxrkv, mgsafksraig mnkXvnabjvgnk mjvgbajig ‘ sgzjdgcjaigs mkgwjcjskcaaik cg knojrmghkg `pjbktkfur grangza~ mkmckngrasgfkSxaiks krdvbkv. `pjbktkfjsaiks cg mgSSgndgSgngiraiubk sgzjdgcj mjYvgwaaiks cg Sgngmcaijiks

4?5 sgqgrSvabjs uzangask sgsgmgrSbjs dgcgwyvatkbaignk sgmjqgbgqj,sgmawgrmaj cg dgfjtraiks sgqmaaiza, 9009, #1, 4;3.




713

pkraiks Xasgxai prasgs Xau\bkg knojrmghkksg cg mjnghamaiksdgmjqvaynaig, rgsgh mnkXvnabjig gqvs mgSk pkrjvnaikssgzjdgcjairkvk XaogsaiksgSvks, rg crjsgh cgkXvaig mgSkSgvksuogbk frktkfg, Su as frktkfg uxaXgc gr xabyjos mgSpkrgc hxjvraigs~.

sgkntarasjg gsava sgqgrSvabjs uzangask sgsgmgrSbjs9007 wbks 75 kvbksks #8f/84?-07 dgcgwyvatkbaigXk 4?; dgfaSaiubk dgnmgrtaig. far\jc, km sgfkSxaiks dgXuqaiksgs,rgh kwvavs ckc sgzjdgcjairkv kntarass, `pjbktkfurk cgsglgrj sgmsgxurks mjxabaSg mkar arSmgnaSks mkmgrSdgmjSqmubk frktkfubk Xaogsaiaik, a.k. `cgsgXvaik frktkfksogrdbaik~, Xak\baig uorj ogrSj kyjs, vkcra Hvaubairkvkknckvkcks (mjqgbgqks) mkmgrS. gcgmkgnks uobaigSg cghvksavrjpubmg sgsgmgrSbjm `gcgmkgnks uobaigSg Xasgxaiavrjpubk fjnvanhkks~ ma-70 muxbks sgou\vabza sgqmaza ‘ `fgstabsk aspgnaSks wknggYmcad ~ ‘ mkYaiub dgcgwyvatk-baigXk mkuSkSg, rjm xabksuobaiks wgrmjmgcdanbaiksg cg

rkdkSk mjqgbgqaaiks mkmgrS Xaurghxyjoks ogqtaiksXaogsaiksgs dgmjyanaiubk uncg kqnas dgnsxvgvaiubkstgncgrtaik. far\jc, dgnmgrtg, rjm `cgsgXvaik frktkfksogrdbaik uorj ogrSjg Vxabksuobaiks wgrmjmgcdanbaiksmkmgrS], vkcra rkdkSk mjqgbgqaaiks mkmgrS~. gqacgndgmjmckngra, pjbktkfurk Sgngmcaijiks pkraimg cgsgxabmwkoj mjxabaaimg prasksg cg tabavkzkks maXvajikSdgmgrSub caigtaiXk cgsgXvai zYvgrza matk frktkfg uncgkSmknjn. gm XamSxvavgXk raputghkks (pgtkvks, Ykrsaiks)cghvks kntarask wjngswjrcaig sgzjdgcjaiks kntarasSgn ‘ Sgvksuobgc dgnkxkbjs cg mkkYjs sgTkrj knojrmghkgqvaynks pjbktkfur, afjnjmkfur cg sjhkgbur sgfkSxaiza~.

cgijbjs, uzangask sgsgmgrSbjs 9009 wbks 3 kvbksks #8f/8;0-09 dgcgwyvatkbaigXk 440 gYnkXnubkg, rjm `pjbktkfurkSgngmcaijiks pkrksgSvks dgrcguvgbkg cg gmdvgrkSgngmcaijiks cgfgvaig SgvksSgvgc nkXngvs, rjm mksk yjvabksktyvg cg mjqmacaig kqnaig LurngbkstSg mucmkvk cgcgLknaiubk gngbkzksg cg frktkfks jikaqtk. pjbktkfjsmg,Xasgigmksgc, uncg dgmjgvbknjs mjSmknaiks mgYgbk cjna,dgnsgfuSraikS mgXkn, rjhg ks gxjrhkabais ksaS mjqmacaigs,rjmabmgh Xak\baig dgmjkwvkjs m\gork frktkfg. sgxabmwkojmjxabaaimg prasksg cg tabavkzkks maXvajikS dgmgrSub

4?; sgqgrSvabjs uzangask sgsgmgrSbjs dgcgwyvatkbaignk sgmjqgbgqj,sgmawgrmaj cg dgfjtraiks sgqmaaiza, 9007, #70, 7749. 440 sgqgrSvabjs uzangask sgsgmgrSbjs dgcgwyvatkbaignk sgmjqgbgqj,sgmawgrmaj cg dgfjtraiks sgqmaaiza, 9007, #70, 7415.




711

caigtaiXk cgsgXvai zYvgrza matk frktkfg uncg kSmknjn...rgh uorj ckckg pjbktkfurk Sgngmcaijiks pkrkspgsuxksmdaibjig sgxabmwkojsg cg sgzjdgcjaiks wkngXa, mksmkmgrS cgsgXvaik frktkfks ogrdbaik uorj ogrSjg, mkskmksgmgrSkS dgmjSqmub sgou\vbkgn frktkfgs matk cgtvkrSvggqvs sgzjdgcjairkvk, sgxabmwkoj cg SkSjaubk mjqgbgqkskntarasaiks cghvks SvgbsgzrkskS~.

cgzustaigs mjkSxjvs km pkrSg wra, rjmbks mkmgrSgh sgsgmgrSbjgogrSjais `cgsgXvaik frktkfks~ ogrdbais. far\jc, iuncjvgnkg, Suvkn HgkSvbaig, mgdgbkSgc, `pjbktkfjsSgn dgSgngiraiub sgzjdgcjmjYvgwac cg Sgngmcaijiks pkrgc~. tarmknk `sgzjdgcj mjYvgwa~sgsgmgrSbjs mkar cgmfvkcraiubkg. 447 Sumhg mkzgnXawjnkbkg mkskarSdvgrjvgnk dgmjyanaiks uzrunvabyjog. sgsurvabkg, mgn mjkhvgsrjdjrh pjbktkfjsk, ksa sxvg naiksmkark pkrk, rjmbks mkmgrSghjikaqturgc Xak\baig grsaijicas sgzjdgcjaiks dgnsgfuSraiubkkntarask. swjrac as kntarask dgngpkrjiais gsaSk pkraiks mkmgrS

`cgsgXvaik frktkfks~ ogrdbaiks dgogrSjaigs.449

gmgsSgn,sgzjdgcjaiksgSvks hnjikbk pjbktkfjsaik Su Sgngmcaijikspkraik Sgvgc sgzjdgcj mjYvgwaaik grkgn.

`cgsgXvaik frktkfks~, Xasgigmksgc sxvgcgsxvg kntarasksg Supkrjvnubk uobaiks fjnobkqtks, ogrdbaiks cgcdanks sgwykskfrktarkumkg gndgrkXvgbcaiubaig. rgh uorj ckckg pkrkspgsuxksmdaibjig sgzjdgcjaiks wkngXa, uorj ogrSjg mksk Smanksvgbcaiubaig, mgS Xjrks, frktkfks mkmgrS.

8.70 pkrjvnubk uobaiks xabyjoks sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaik

ssf-ks ma-75 KK muxbk kSvgbkswknais pkrks pgtkvks, Ykrsaiks, pkrgckhxjvraiks sgkcumbjaiks, pkrgck xabXauxaibjiksg cg sgqmkgnkraputghkks xabyjoksgdgn ̀ fgnjnkS cgcdankbk waskS~ cghvgs.

Sgvcgpkrvabgc, gm njrmgXk cgfjnfrataiubk kyj, rjmHgmjSvbkb skfaSaSg xabyjoks XamSxvavgXk pkrs ankTaijcgsgsgmgrSbjs maXvajikS dgvrhabaiubk hnjiaiks ugryjoksmjSxjvnks uobaig. gmgva ngwkbks ma-9 wkngcgcaig mjkhgvcg pkrkspgtkvks, Ykrsaiksg cg sgqmkgnk raputghkks cghvgs ogqtjirkvkmjnghamaiks grgsrubk dgmjqvaynaiksgs.

mgs Xamcad, rgh as cgfjnfrataiaik fgnjnkcgn gmjYaiub kqng,ssf-ks ma-75 KK muxbk kqhg zjdgc, HgrHjcaiubaigc. Sumhg

447 gsaS arSkgn tarmkngc, mgdgbkSgc, darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk cgmfvkcra-iubkg `Sgngmacrjva kstjrkubk pkrjvnaiaik~ ( „ Parsjnan car \aktdashekheta‒).449 farasabk\a , dgmjxgtvks Sgvksuobaig, qsm, 9009 (1), ?90.




71?

hgbfaubk mjsgmgrSbks Xaxacubaigzag cgmjfkcaiubk, Surgmcangc ogrSjc dgnmgrtgvs `fgnjnkS cgcdankb wass~. far\jc,mnkXvnabjvgnkg, mjsgmgrSba gr XakzYucjs km XamSxvavaikS,rjmbaiXkh fgnjnk pkrcgpkr mkuSkSais gmg Su km pkrjvnubkuobaiks xabyjoks XamSxvavgXk dgSvgbkswknaiubsgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbairkv pgsuxksmdaibjigza. gsaS XamSxvavgXk ssf-ks ma-75 KK muxbk uounqhkj kqnaig, vkngkcgn Xasgigmksk Xacadkcgcdaig uXugbjc km fjnfratubk njrmkcgn dgmjmckngra.

umljiaskg, pkrjvnubk uobaiaiks `fgnjnkS cgcdankbkwaskS~ cghvg HgkSvgbjs mkSkSaigc gm uobaiaiks cghvks ogrSjspaqtrza, rjmabkh gsgxubkg rjdjrh sgqgrSvabjsfjnstktuhkgXk, ksa cgfjnfrataiubkg sxvg fgnjnaiXk, mgdgbkSgcsksxbks sgmgrSbks fjcaqsXk. sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbairkvkpgsuxksmdaibjig fk uncg dgnksgzYvrjs hgbfaub XamSxvavgXk,mgdgbkSgc, gn kmgva ssf-ks ma-75 muxbks sxvg ngwkbaiks(gngbjdkkS), gn cabkqturk vgbcaiubaiaiks mjmwasrkdaiabkuzjdgcask njrmks, ssf-ks ;;9-a muxbks dgmjyanaikS. ssf-ks ma-75 KK

muxbk fk Xak\baig HgkSvgbjs swjrac cgmgfgvXkraiab xkcgcXasgigmks fgnjnXk cghub pkrjvnub uobaigsg cg mkssgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbairkv cghvgs Xjrks.

ssf-ks ma-75 K muxbk sgxabks uobaiks xabyjoks XamSxvavgXkgwasrkdais mjqmacaiks Xawyvatksg cg XamcdjmXk gsaSkmjqmacaiksgdgn Sgvks Xafgvaiks (`ugrks Sqmks~) mjSxjvnksuobaiais.

ssf-ks ma-75 KKK 7 muxbk kSvgbkswknais `pkrks pgtkvks,Ykrsaiks, sgqmkgnk raputghkks gn pkrgck hxjvraikssgkcumbjaiks~ cghvgs, rjcasgh hnjiaik dgvrhabaiubkgmgsjirkvk knojrmghkks sgXugbaiaikS. far\jc, pkrs gsaSkxabyjoks XamSxvavgXk ankTaig dgvrhabaiubk hnjiaiks kmgvamgsjirkvk knojrmghkks sgXugbaiaikS ugryjoks mjSxjvnksuobaig.

ssf-ks ma-75 K_ muxbk mgsjirkvk knojrmghkkssgXugbaiaikS sgpgsuxj hnjiaiks dgmjqvaynaiks uobaigsg\bavs pkrs mksk pgtkvksg cg Ykrsaiks Xabgxvks XamSxvavgXk,Sumhg gr kSvgbkswknais Xasgigmks uobaigs, mgdgbkSgc,sgqmkgnk raputghkks xabyjoks XamSxvavgXk.

ssf-ks ma-75 _ muxbks Sgngxmgc, pkrs, mkskdgmjsgxubaiks uobaiks xabyjoks XamSxvavgXk, ankTaig kmgvamuxbks K cg KK ngwkbaiXk dgSvgbkswknaiubk mjSxjvnaik. as,

arSk mxrkv, mkSkSaigg mjqmacaiks Xawyvatksg cg XamcdjmXkgsaSk mjqmacaiksgdgn Sgvks Xafgvaiks mjSxjvngza. gmgvacrjs, KK ngwkbza mkSkSaikS, fgnjnmcaiabk gvrhabais`fgnjnkS cgcdankbk waskS~ cghvks prknhkps dgmjsgxubaiks




714

uobaiks xabyjogza. as fk Xasg\baiabkg nkXngvcassgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbairkvk pgsuxksmdaibjiks cgwasaigsdgmjsgxubaiks uobaiks naiksmkark sgxks xabyjoksnaiksmkar fgnjnXk mjwasrkdaiks XamSxvavgXk.

ssf-ks ma-75 _K muxbk gradubkrais xabmyjoksirgbkcgn dgmjmckngra mksk pgsuxksmdaibjiks sgxaaisg cgogrdbais. far\jc, pkrjvnubk uobaiaiks cghvgxjrhkabcaig xabmyjoks irgbks mkuxacgvgc. irgbaubkmjqmacaiksgs wgrmjkXjig gsava zkgnks gngzYguraiksmjSxjvnks uobaig. gmgsSgn, ssf-ks ma-75 _K 8 muxbkdgnmgrtgvs, rjm `zkgnks gngzYguraig Xak\baig mjSxjvnkbkqnas km mjdaiks sgxkS, rjmabkh wgrmjaqmng xabmyjos.~

ssf-ks ma-75 _K 3-1 muxbks Xasgigmksgc, qjnairkvkzkgnksgdgn cgmjufkcaibgc Xasg\baiabkg grgqjnairkvk, gnu`mjrgburk~, zkgnks gngzYguraiks mjSxjvng.

mjrgburk zkgnks gngzYguraigsSgn cgfgvXkraikSssf-ks 378-a K muxbk kSvgbkswknais cgfjnfrataigs. far\jc,

`grgqjnairkvk zkgnksgSvks oubgck gngzYguraig Xak\baigmjSxjvnkb kqnas mxjbjc fgnjnkS zustgc dgnsgzYvrubXamSxvavaiXk djnkvrubk cg sgmgrSbkgnk gngzYguraikssgxkS.~ 448

arS-arSk gsaSk `fgnjnkS zustgc dgnsgzYvrubkXamSxvavgg~ ssf-ks 378-a KK muxbk. kdk pkrjvnaiks okzkfurkxabXauxaibjiks cgrYvavksgs ‘ `sxaubks cgzkgnaiks gnlgnmrSabjiksgSvks vnaiks mkyanaiks XamSxvavgXk~ ‘ kSvgbkswknais mjrgburk zkgnks gngzYguraiks mjSxjvnkswgrmjXjigs.

grgqjnairkvk zkgnksgSvks grgoubgck gngzYguraig,hxgckg, Sajrkubgc Xak\baig dgmjmckngrajicas ssf-ks 305-a Kmuxbks caiubaikcgn. far\jc, `km pkrmg, rjmabkhvgbcaiubkg ggngzYgurjs zkgnk, uncg gYgcdknjs ksmcdjmgrajig, rjmabkh kgrsaiaicg, rjm gr cgmcdgrkyjgngzYguraiks mgvgbcaiubaiabk dgramjaig.~ pkrjvnubkuobaiaiks irgbaubk xabyjoks XamSxvavgXk, ngfbaigcsgvgrgucjg XamSxvavg, rjcasgh Xasg\baiabk kqnaigxabyjogmca grsaiubk `mcdjmgrajiks gYcdang~, Su,mgdgbkSgc, gr grks sgfmgrksk sgpgsuxj knojrmghkksdgmjqvaynaig. Xasgigmksgc, cdaig swjrac oubgck gngzYg-uraiks sgfkSxk. as Xacadk Xaasgigmaig gsava ssf-ks 30;-amuxbkS dgSvgbkswknaiub prknhkpsgh. far\jc, Su

pkrvgncabk mcdjmgrajiks gYcdang Xau\baiabkg, gn

448 Xagc. darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 918-a muxbk.




715

cgfgvXkraiubkg grgSgngzjmkar xgrlaiSgn, uncg mjxcasoubgck fjmpansghkg.

rgh Xaaxaig `djnkvrubk cg sgmgrSbkgnkgngzYguraiks~ sgfkSxs, gqgh mjqmacais rgmcankma frktarkumk.uzangask sgsgmgrSbjs 9009 wbks 3 kvbksks #8f/7358-09dgcgwyvatkbaigXk mkSkSaiubkg, rjm mjrgburk zkgnksgngzYguraiksgs dgnsgzYvrubk Sgnxg cgmjfkcaiubkgxabmyjoks irgbks xgrksxsg cg mks qjnairkvmcdjmgrajigza. 443 Sgnxg uncg kyjs ksaSk, rjm mgn kqjnkjspravanhkks ounqhkg, gnu xabmyjomg Sgvk Xakfgvjs XamcdjmXkgngbjdkurk qmacaiks Hgcanksgdgn. dgrcg gmksg,mxacvabjigXkg mksgYaik xabmyjoks mkar mkYaiubk Sucgdadmkbk mjdaig. 441 qgrSub kurkckubk bktargturgXkmjrgburk zkgnks gngzYguraiks mkzngc cgsgxabaiubkg`...subkark Su xjrhkabk tfkvkbks gn xabyjokbkpkrjvnubk skfaSks cgcaikSk amjhkaikS Xahvbg.~ 44?

cgijbjs, mxacvabjigXkg mksgYaik cabkqtkcgn

dgmjmckngra mjSxjvnaik, rjmbaikh mjsgmgrSbks Xasgigmkskdgcgwyvatkbaiks XamSxvavgXk Xasg\baiabkg kqhas rjdjrhzjdgck pkrjvnubk uobaiks, ksa mksdgn dgmjmckngrahgbfaubk pkrjvnubk uobaiaiks cghvks sgou\vbgc.cabkqturk vgbcaiubaiaiks mjmwasrkdaiabk uzjdgcasknjrmks, ssf-ks ;;9-a muxbks, Sgngxmgc, `pkrk, rjmabkh sxvgpkrs mgrSbsgwknggYmcadj, dgnzrgxk gn dguorSxkbaiabkmjqmacaikS mkgyanais zkgns, vgbcaiubkg gungzYgurjs mgs aszkgnk.~

ssf-ks ;;8-a K muxbks Xasgigmksgc, `pkrk, rjmabkhdgnzrgx gn dguorSxkbaibgc gvrhabais gn gxmgurais sxvgpkrksgSvks qjnairkvk zkgnks mjmtgn ogqtais, vgbcaiubkgggngzYgurjs gqacgn wgrmjXjikbk zkgnk, Su as ogqtaikgXfgrgc grgswjrkg.~ ssf-ks ;;8-a KK muxbks Sgngxmgc, `zkgnksgngzYguraiks vgbcaiubaig gr wgrmjkXjig ksaSk dgmjngSqvg-maiksgs, rjmbaikh amsgxuraig fgnjnkark sgzjdgcjairkvkkntarasaiks cghvgs.~

443 kx. uzangask sgsgmgrSbjs dgcgwyvatkbaignk sgmjqgbgqj, sgmawgrmaj cgdgfjtraiks sgqmaaiza, 9008, #?, 7351, 7354. 441 Xagc. Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005, § 918, YcNr. 70.44? nknk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, 436 Xagc. gsava< uzangasksgsgmgrSbjs dgcgwyvatkbaignk sgmjqgbgqj, sgmawgrmaj cg dgfjtraikssgqmaaiza, 9008, #?, 7351, 73546 darmgnub sgmgrSgbSgn cgfgvXkraikS Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005, § 918, YcNr. 77 .




71;

8.77 pkrjvnubk uobaiks cghvg dgrcghvgbaiks Xamcad

ssf-ks ma-7; muxbkS wasrkdcaig pkrjvnubk uobaiaiks cghvgdgrcghvgbaiks Xamcad. fgnjnmcaiabk uXugbjc mjkxsankaismxjbjc sgxabsg cg `pkrgck Ykrsaiks uobaigs~. as gr uncg kqnasdgdaiubk ksa, SkSqjs sxvg pkrjvnubk uobaiaiks cghvg gYgrxcaig. uncg mjxcas `pkrgck Ykrsaiks uobaiks~ ogrSjcdgnmgrtaig. gcgmkgnks Ykrsaiks cghvg, mksk pgtkvkshamgdgngpkrjiais naiksmkark km pkrjvnubk uobaiks cghvgsdgrcghvgbaiks Xamcadgh, rjmbaiSgn mkmgrSaikSgh grsaijisXamcdjmk cghvks kntarask. 444

XacgraiksgSvks, darmgnkks oacargburk sgfjnstktuhkjsgsgmgrSbjh dgrcghvbkbk pkrks pkrjvnubk uobaiaiks cghvgsdarmgnkks \krkSgck fgnjnks 7-bk muxbkS dgnmtfkhaiubk gcgmkgnksYkrsaikS xsnks. 445

gcgmkgnks dgrcghvgbaiks Xamcad gYgr grsaijis pkrjvnaiks

Sgvksuogbk dgnvkSgraiks uobaig, vkngkcgn dgrcghvbkbsjikaqturgc gYgr dggHnkg pkrjvnaiks dgnvkSgraiks Xasg\baibjig. 44; ks, rjm pkrk gYgr grks hjhxgbk cg uobaigungrkgnk, grSmavs mgsXamcdjmXk uobaiaiks mjpjvaiks Xasg\baibjigs.

rgh Xaaxaig Ykrsaigs Su mksdgn dgmjmckngra hgbfaubpkrjvnub uobaigs, mgSk cghvg mnkXvnabjigs kngrHunaisdgrcghvgbaiks Xamcadgh. Xasgigmksgc, cguXvaiabkg gcgmkgnkssgxabks, dgmjsgxubaiks Su pgtkvks xabyjog, mks Xasgxaimjnghamaiks dgygbiaig, mksSvks grSqmubk sktyvaiks mkwarg,grdgnxjrhkabaiubk mjqmacaiaiks cgirgbaig, sggvtjrj pkrjvnubuobaigXk Xahkbaig cg g.X. gr Xak\baig wgkXgbjs Su Xakhvgbjspkrks fvgbk kstjrkgXk mxjbjc kmktjm, rjm kdk gYgr grkshjhxgbk.

darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk gYkgraiubkg sgxabmwkojsvgbcaiubaig, cgkhvgs dgrcghvbkbks pkrjvnaig Su Ykrsaigxabyjoksgdgn, ksava rjdjrh mks `ugxbjas pkrs~ 450 wgrmjaXjigdgrcghvbkbks kntarasaiks sgzkgnj knojrmghkks ugryjoks gn mksk(Xamcdjmk) dgvrhabaiksgdgn Sgvks Xafgvaiks mjSxjvnks uobaig. 457 gmgsSgn, `ugxbjask pkrks~ fgtadjrkks ojrmkraig xgzs usvgms km

444 Xagc. nknk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, 4;< `fgnjnk khgvs pkrjvnaigs,vkcra gr Xawycaig mksk sjhkgburk zamjqmacaig.~ 445 I_aroD, NLT 7;47, 7?31, 7?34.44; Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 5, YcNr. 3?6 Pgbgnct/Xprgu, IDI, 9005,§ 598, YcNr. ;06 I_aroD, NLT 7;47, 7?31, 7?34.450 „ saknar nãhestan Gndaeÿrkdan‒. 457 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 5, YcNr. 3? o.




7?0

dgramjaigs, rjm Xasgigmksk mjSxjvnks grsaijig gr grkscgmjfkcaiubk mamfvkcrajigsg 459 gn sxvgdvgr uobaigmjnghvbajigza.

ssf-ks ma-7; (7) muxbks Sgngxmgc, `ma-75 muxbXk gYnkXnubkuobaiaik Xau\bkg dgmjkyanjs km pkrmgh, rjmabkh Sumhg SvkSjngr grks sgxabks gn pkrgck Ykrsaiks uobaiks mgtgraiabk, mgdrgmsggmksjc gqvs cghvks Ykrsk kntarask.~ gsaS pkraigc qgrSubkurkckub bktargturgXk mkkHnavan `rjdjrh dgrcghvbkbksmamfvkcraais, ksa sxvg pkrais, vksSvksgh dgrcghvbkbks pkrjvnaigmnkXvnabjvgnkg. mamfvkcraais gr dggHnkgS dgrcghvbkbkspkrjvnubk uobaiaiks cghvks mjnjpjbkg.~ 458

darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk gYkgraiubkg gncar\kS sgSgngcjmkSkSaiks grgrsaijiks pkrjiaiXk swjrac gm `ugxbjaskpkrks~ uobaig, dgngxjrhkabjs dgrcghvbkbks uobaiaikscghvg. 453 gmgsSgn, cguXvaibgc kSvbaig xabyjoks XamSxvavgXkmgtarkgburk fjmpansghkks (zkgnks gngzYguraiks) mjSxjvnkswgrmjXjig, rgcdgngh gmkS Xasg\baiabkg ik\dk mkahas

pkrjvnubk uobaiaiks `fjmarhkgbkzghkgs~.451

dgrcghvbkbks pkrjvnubk uobaiaiks cghvg grkzYucaig rgkma dgnsgzYvrubk vgckS, Sumhg mkkHnavg, rjmdgrcghvgbaikcgn crjks dgsvbks pgrgbaburgc mhkrcaigpkrjvnubk uobaiks cghvks ogrdbaik. 45? gmgsSgn,xabyjokbk kntaraskcgn dgmjmckngra, Xasg\baiabkgmjqmacaicas hgbfaubk pkrjvnubk uobaiks cghvksgcafvgturk vgcg. mgdgbkSgc, dgmjsgxubaiks uobaig \gbgXkgdgrcghvgbaikcgn 70 wbks dgnmgvbjigXk. 454

3. kurkckubk pkrk

pkrjvnaiks Sgvksuogbk dgnvkSgraiks uobaiks ragbkzaiks arS-arSk ojrmgg dgarSkgnaiks uobaig. gmgva crjs, kdk fjnstktuhkkScgmjufkcaibgc dgrgntkraiubk gcgmkgnks uobaigg. 455

pkrSg dgarSkgnaig Su `jrdgnkzghkubk wgrmjngqmnk~ kqmnaigknckvkcSg kntarasaiks arSjibkvgc dgnsgxjrhkabaibgc. knckvkck,

459 Pgbgnct/Xprgu, IDI, 9005, § 598, YcNr. ;0.458 nknk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, 4;. 453 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 5, YcNr. 346 Pgbgnct/Xprgu, IDI, 9005,§ 598, YcNr. ;0, Xamcdjmk mkSkSaiaikS. 451 Pgbgnct/Xprgu, IDI, 9005, § 598, YcNr. ;06 Xagc. gsava sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks ma-7?-? muxbk. 45? Pgbgnct/Xprgu, IDI, 9005, § 598, YcNr. ;0, Xamcdjmk mkSkSaiaikS. 454 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 5, YcNr. 3?.455 kx. sgqgrSvabjs fjnstktuhkks 9?-a K muxbk.




7?7

dgmjmckngra mksk mjqmacaiks Sgvksuobaikcgn, kYaisdgcgwyvatkbaigs, fjnfratubk kntarasaik sxvg knckvkcksg Suknckvkcaiks SgngmjngwkbajikS cgkfmgyjokbjs. gmgsSgn,Sgngmjngwkbajig Xak\baig dgmjkxgtjs gqtkurk SgngqmacaikS, mgSXjrks `wgrmjngqmnks~ mgrSvgXk mjngwkbajikS. gmgva crjs,Xasg\baiabkg, kdk Xamjkogrdbjs fjnfratubk mkznks mksgYwavgcqjnaiks dgmjyjokS.

gsaSk arSjibkvk dgcgwyvatkbaiks sgou\vabza kqmnaig`jrdgnkzghkubk wgrmjngqmnk~, rjmabkh mksk cgmou\naibaiksg Suwavraiksdgn kmklnaig cg cgmjufkcaibgc kYais mjngwkbajigsfar\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiaiks cgmygraigsg cg XamcdjmdgnvkSgraigXk. mksk uobaigungrkgnjig wgrmjkXjig sgmgrSbairkvkwasrkdks mkar gYkgraiubk prjhacurks cghvks Xamcad cgmjqmacais ̀ wgrmjngqmnks~ dguqmaigmca.

gmgsSgn, cgmou\naibaiksg Su wavraiks pkrgckpgsuxksmdaibjiks XazYucvks Xasg\baibjig pkrSg dgarSkgnaiksgSu `jrdgnkzghkubk wgrmjngqmnks~ qjnaikS (Xasgigmksgc, sgwascaij

fgpktgbkS) grks mksk cgou\naiks arS-arSk mnkXvnabjvgnkounqhkg. 45; swjrac pkrgck pgsuxksmdaibjiks XazYucvgdgngpkrjiais arSk pkrks mkar `jrdgnkzghkubk wgrmjngqmnks~cgou\naiks mkzgnXawjnkbjigs mgXkngh, rjcasgh gr grsaijis, arSkXaxacvkS, dgcgmwyvatk frktarkumk ‘ kntarasaiks arSjibkvkdgnxjrhkabaig.

ssf- ks K fgrks KK Sgvk „kurkckubk pkraik‒ jrk ngwkbksgdgnXacdaig< `zjdgck caiubaignk~ (93-a-9?-a muxbaik) cg`grgsgmawgrmaj (grgfjmarhkubk) kurkckubk pkraik~ (94-a-8;-amuxbaik).

`zjdgc caiubaiaiXk~ fgnjnmcaiabk mkzngc ksgxgvskurkckubk pkraiks sgmgrSbks zjdgck sgou\vbaiksmjwasrkdaigs. gm mkcdjmkS ssf amsdgvsaig sgqgrSvabjsssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks fjcaqsksg 4;0 cg pjstsgiTjurksgxabmwkojaiks fjckokfghkaiks 4;7 Xasgigmks ngwkbs. Sumhg

45; gmgsSgn, grsaijis kurkckubk pkrks ojrmaik, rjmbaiXkh gr gnngwkbjirkv xcaig sgzjdgcjaiks pgrtnkjrSg knckvkcugburk pgsuxks-mdaibjiks XazYucvg. sjbkcgrubk pgsuxksmdaibjiks sgzjdgcjaigXkpgrtnkjrksg cg fjmgncktur sgzjdgcjaigXk parsjngburgc pgsuxksmda-iabk pgrtnkjrks (fjmpbamantgrks) pkrgck pgsuxksmdaibjig gr kzYucaig.

kx. mawgrmaSg Xasgxai fgnjnks ma-8.9 muxbk.4;0 sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 99-a-ma-30 muxbaik.4;7 kx.< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 35-a-?1-a, ksava rjdjrh??-a-;0-a, sjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 10-a-47-a, ksava




7?9

sgqgrSvabjXk fgnjnmcaiabk Sgvs kfgvais gm fjckokfghk-aiksgSvks cgmgxgskgSaiabk catgburk radubkraiksgdgn cggrsaikSgc Xamjkogrdbaig kurkckubk pkraiks \krkSgcknkXnaiks mjwasrkdaikS. 4;9 gsaS dgcgwyvatkbaigs kdk,sgvgrgucjc, fjntknanturk avrjpks km fjckokfghkaiksdgSvgbkswknaikS kYais, rjmbaikh gngbjdkur rgmcankmamuxbXk kurkckubk pkraiks Xasgxai `zjdgc caiubaiais~kSvgbkswknaian. 4;8

XamcdjmXk, ssf-Xk mjwasrkdaiubkg grgsgmawgrmaj(grgfjmarhkubk) kurkckubk pkraik. xjbj sgmawgrmaj(fjmarhkubk) kurkckubk pkraik radubkrcaig fgnjnkSmawgrmaSg Xasgxai.

sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjiks Sgvksaiuraigg mawgrmaSgXasgxai fgnjnk, rjmabXkh, Sgvks mxrkv, `zjdgck ngwkbkg~(7-bk-ma-7; muxbaik) dgmjyjokbk. Xasgigmksgc, jrk sxvgcgsxvgfgnjnk gwasrkdais kurkckubk pkraiks Xasgxai zjdgccaiubaiais, rjmbaisgh gistrgqhkks SkSqmks Sgngigrk cjna

gxgskgSaiS. mawgrmaSg Xasgxai XacgraikS uorj spahkgburkfgnjnks zjdgck ngwkbk gvsais Su gfjnfratais ssf-ksXasgigmks caiubaiais sgmawgrmaj kurkckub pkraiSgnmkmgrSaikS. 4;3

3.7 `dgSgngiraig~ okzkfur pkrSgn

okzkfurk Su iunaikSk pkrks dgrcg sgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdks mkarfar\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiks suikaqtgc `kurkckubk pkrks~gYkgraig cYas ufva Hvaubairkvk mjvbangg. kurkckubk pkrks grsksXasgxai Hgmjygbkiaiubk Sajrkaik kurkckubk pkrks sxvgcgsxvggspaqtza gmgxvkbaicnan yurgcYaigs. 4;1 mgS mxjbjc gm knstktutksHgmjygbkiaiks kstjrkksgSvks XakngrHunas mnkXvnabjig.

rjdjrh 49-a-794-a cg gzarigklgnks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 38-a-?8-a, ksava rjdjrh ?3-a-738-a muxbaik.4;9 kx. Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 788.4;8 kx. kurkckubk pkraiks Xasgxai zjdgck caiubaiaiks mjwasrkdaig,mgdgbkSgc< Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 19-a-1;-a muxbaiXk, ktgbkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-77-ma-78 muxbaiXk (gsava ma-73-39-a muxbaiXk),aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 81-a-8;-a muxbaiXk. Xagc. gsava kurkckubkpkraiks mjwasrkdaig, mgdgbkSgc, darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 97-a-5;-apgrgdrgoaisg cg nkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks KK wkdnXk. 4;3 kx. Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 787 o.4;1 `okqhkks SajrkgsSgn~ ( „ Okftkjnsteajrka‒) cgfgvXkraikS kx., mgdgbkSgc<Xgvkdny, Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc KK, 7530, § 51, 981 oo.6 Puhetg,Pgncaftan, 7544, § 91, 8; oo.6̀dgarSkgnaiks pkrjvnubjiks SajrkgsSgn~ („Seajrka




7?8

nkXgncjibkvkg, rjm a.w. \vabk fjckokfghkaik grgwasrkdaicnan kurkckub pkrais, rgcdgngh mgSk mjwasrkdaig, SumgS cgou\naigsSgn cgfgvXkraiubk urSkarSjiaik, sglgrjsgmgrS-bairkvgc kqng mkHnaubk. 4;?

tarmknk `kurkckubk pkrk~, rjdjrh sgmgrSbairkv-taqnkfurkhnaig, pkrvabgc, sgvgrgucjc, eudjm dgmjkyang, Sumhg kdkmgsXk mxjbjc `fjrpjrghkais~ mjkgzraicg. 4;4

`kurkckubk pkrks~ hnaiks mnkXvnabjiks dgogrSjaigcg dgmjyanaig naiksmkar uobaigungrkgn pkrSg dgarSkgnaigsgSu `jrdgnkzghkub wgrmjngqmnSgn~ mkmgrSaikS egkzas 4;5 fvbavgs 4;; ufgvXkrcaig. 500

gm tarmknks sgijbjjc cgmfvkcraig sgvknks cgmsgxuraigc mkkHnavg. 507 mgn `kurkckubk pkrk~ HgSvgbgtarmkngc, rjmabkh yvabgza ufaS dgmjxgtgvcg gsaSk pkraiksgrsaijiks arSgcarS, `kurkckub mkzgns~. 509 gmgsSgn, sgvknk iunairkvgc mkkHnavcg mxjbjc gcgmkgnks uobaigungrkgnjigs.

car ragban _arigncsparsÿnbkhefakt ‒) cgfgvXkraikS kx., mgdgbkSgc< Iasabar , Xystam casdamaknan cautshean Prkvgtrahets, 7551, § ?1, 918 oo.6Dkarfa, Cautsheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc K,75;1, § 1;, 3?; oo.6 xjbj `mkznjirkvk qjnaiks SajrkgsSgn~ („Seajrka cas \wahfvarmÿdans‒) cgfgvXkraikS kx. Irknz, Baeriuhe car Pgncaftan, Ignc K, 7548, § 1;,7;3 oo.4;? kx. Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 1; KK, 884. Xagc. Eòinar/Hjnstgntknashj, Aknoòerund kn cgs orgnzÿskshea Yahet, 9007, § 97, 748, rjmabkhsgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsXk kurkckubk pkraiks Xasgxai zjdgckcaiubaiaiks mxjbjc 7;45 wabs mjwasrkdaiks mkzazaiza sguirjis. kdkcgmgtaikS grdumantgc gsgxabais fjcaqsks XamuXgvaiksgs kurkckubkpkraiks mkmgrS cgngxub sgorSxas, rjm ksknk kqhajcnan `sgxabmwkojaigc

sgxabmwkojXk~, Xamcdjmk mkSkSaikS< Hjubjmiab , Bg pgrtkhubgrksma ca bg hjncktkjn lurkckqua cas parsjnnas mjrgbas ca crjkt prkvë, 7;106DrjÚoabc , Ygiabs \aktsherkot oòrgusbãncksheas unc kntarngtkjngbas Prkvgtrahet, 7;43, 833, 813 oo. Xagc. gsava gvstrkkszjdgc sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsXk 9?-a pgrgdrgoks mjwasrkdaigsg cg mkscYavgncab dgmjyanaigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS Fjhe kn< Fjzkjb/Iycbknsfk/Ijbbaniardar,GIDI-Fjmmantgr, 9004, § 9?, YcNr. 7 oo. 4;4 Eudj , Baeriuhe cas Ngturrahets, gbs aknar Pekbjsjpeka cas pjsktkvan Yahets, Iarbkn, 74;5,3316mkSkSaiubkg< Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 1; KKK, 885.4;5 Grnjbc Eaksa(7445-7517).4;; Eaksa, Druncrkss aknas Xystams cas damaknan Hkvkbrahets zum Iaeuo vjn Pgncahtan-_jrbasundan, Eakcabiard, 7504, (8. Guob., 757;), § ;5 oo.500 Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 1; KKK, 8856Xagc. gsavaDkarfa, Cautsheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc K, 75;1, § 1;, 3?;, knsi. On. 9.507 Dkarfa, Cautsheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc K, 75;1, § 1;, 3?;, On. 9.kx. gsava uXugbjcXgvkdny,Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc KK, 7530, § 51, 981 o., 930.509 „ lurkstkshean \wahf ‒. Xgvkdny,Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc KK, 7530, § 51,98?, 930.




7?3

Xasgigmksgc, kurkckubk pkrks uobaigungrkgngc gYkgraigmksSvks kyj okqhkg, rjmabsgh Xacadgc mjeyvg `xabjvnurksuikaqtks~ ojrmkraig. 508

nkXgncjibkvkg, rjm iabdkabk bjrgnk ,503 rjmabkhgcgmkgnks sgmgrSgbsuikaqtjigs YvSksdgn ij\aiubgc, xjbjkurkckubk pkrksgs sgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdksdgn dgmjdjnkbgc(okqhkgc) mkkHnavcg, arS XamSxvavgXk gcgmkgnsgh kurkckubpkrgc 501 mjkxsankais. mkuxacgvgc gmksg, kdk gr gfaSais,gbigS, bjdkfur cgsfvngs, rjm sgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdks mkarrjdjrh gcgmkgnks, ksa gcgmkgnSg dgarSkgnaiks XamSxvavgXkarSdvgrjvngc xcaig sgmgrSgbsuikaqtjiks mknkTaig SugYkgraig. 50?

dkrfa tarmkn `kurkckub pkrs~ `grgorksmSqmabgc~ gn`XahcjmgXk Xamyvgngc~ 504 kxsankais. kdk `grgorksmSqmabkg~,Su mgn mxjbjc ks uncg dgmjxgtjs, rjm pkrSg dgarSkgnaigsgmgrSbairkvk hnaigg. vkngkcgn gm dgdaikS knckvkckspkrjvnubjigh fk `kurkckubkg~. `XahcjmgXk Xamyvgnkg~ kdk,

Su mksk mkzgnk okzkfurk Su iunaikSk pkrks dvarckSxabjvnurgc, sgmgrSbks mkznaiksgSvks Xaqmnkbk pkrksgYkgraigg. 505 Xasgigmksgc, kdk pkrSg dgarSkgnaigs Su

508 kx. „fònstbkhea, curhe ibjssa Okhtkjn gndanjmmana Xuilafta‒,Xgvkdny,Xystam cas eautkdanrÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc KK, 7530, § 51, 98?.503 Orgnäjks Bgurant , 7570-7554. 501 „ parsjnna lurkckqua‒. 50? kx. Xhenktzar , _ardbakheanca Yahetsbaera, 7;31, 804.504 „nkhetssgdanc jcar krraoòeranc ‒.505 kx. Dkarfa, Cautsheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc K, 75;1, § 1;, 3?; o.kdk Xug sgufunaaiXkdgmjyanaiub tarmknais< `dgmjdjnkbk~, `wgrmjsgxvkSk~ Su `XaSxzubk~(„ okndkrta‒ , „vjrdastabbta‒, „arckhetata‒) pkrks Xasgxai okqhkks Sajrkgs ufgvXkraiscg mgsSgn arSgc udubaiabyjos. gsava afbaskks fjrpjrghkgcwgrmjcdankcgn ( „hjrpus mystkhum hrkstk‒)ngwgrmjaik `mkstkfurk pkrkh~ ( „ parsjngmystkhg‒), wkng sgufunaaiXk dgnsgfuSraiubk pjpubgrjiks mkuxacgvgc, mkscrjs ufva wgrsubks fuSvnkbaigg. Xamcdjm kdk mkuSkSais, rjmpuoancjroks `Xacdankbk pkrk~ („ parsjnga mjrgbas hjmpjsktga‒)dvkgnk iunaikSksgmgrSbks sfjbks wgrmjmgcdanbaiks mkar cgvkwyaigs mkahg. gmgsSgn,wuxkbs dgmjSqvgms, rjm gm ufgngsfnabSg mkar cgmfvkcraiubkg tarmknk`mjrgburk pkrk~ ( „ parsjng mjrgbks‒), rjmabkh puoancjroks mkar sgmgrSbkssuikaqtaiks ( „ parsjng mjrgbks‒) cgyjoks ‘ `mgrtkv (Hvaubairkv) pkraigc~ gnuknckvkcaigc („ parsjnga mjrgbas skmpbkhas‒) cg `ngwgrmjai pkraigc~ („ parsjnga

mjrgbas hjmpjsktga‒) ‘ cgmgxknlaigg. kdk mkuSkSais, rjm puoancjrok tarmkns ‘ `mjrgburk pkrk~ ( „ parsjng mjrgbks‒) swjrac sgmgrSbks suikaqtks gnunaiksmkark pkrks, cg grg `kurkckubk pkrks~, gYmnkXvnabgc kyanaicg,xjbj knckvkcks dgmjmxgtvab tarmkn `mgrtkv (Hvaubairkv) pkrs~ ( „ parsjng




7?1

`ngwgrmjai~ pkrs 50; `TaXmgrkt cg srubogsjvgn pkrgc~ 570 gYkgrais cg knckvkcSgn gSgngirais. 577 dgnsxvgvaig ksgg, rjmpkrSg dgarSkgnaig (knckvkcksgdgn dgnsxvgvaikS) `Xacdankbkpkrkg~.579

gsava orgndk sgbak 578 kurkckubk pkraiks XasgxaiwgfkSxub baqhkaiXk jrkva suikaqts grsaikSgc gSgngiraiscg mkkHnavs, rjm gn jrkva mgSdgnk okqhkgg gn ragbjig. 573

kurkckubk pkrk dgSgngiraiubkg okzkfur pkrSgn yvabg kmuobaigXk, rjmabkh Svksairkvgc gr ufgvXkrcaig gcgmkgns.

Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 18-a muxbk pkrcgpkrmkuSkSais, rjm `kurkckub pkrs gqvs naiksmkark uobaiaiksg Sumjvgbajiaiks qjnks ungrk, rjmabSg guhkbaiabk wkngpkrjigh grgrks gcgmkgnks iunairkvk Svksaig, rjdjrkh grks sqask, gsgfk gnngSasgurk fgvXkrk~. 571

hxgckg, as HgmjngSvgbk gr grks gmjmwurgvk. kurkckub pkrsgr dggHnkg, mgdgbkSgc, gcgmkgnks Ykrsaig cg, Xasgigmksgc, var

aqnaig gm ufgngsfnabkS dgnpkrjiaiubk zjdgck pkrjvnubk uobaig.mgs gr gqvs gsava ksaSk pkrjvnubk uobaiaik, rjdjrkh grks,

mjrgbks skmpbax‒) ngwkbjirkv gnghvbaicg tarmknkS ‘ „okzkfurk pkrk~(„ parsjng peyskhg‒). 50; „_arigncsparsjn ‒.570 „wkrfbkhea unc vjbba Parsjn‒. 577 nkXgncjibkvkg, rjm tarmknk `kurkckubk pkrk~ sgvknkm mksk ragburkgrsaijiks udubaiabyjoks dgmjsgxgtgvgc cggmfvkcrg. dkrfam mkskragburk grsaijig gYkgrg, mgdrgm ugryj mks gYmnkXvnab tarmkngc`kurkckubk pkrks~ dgmjyanaig. cYas as tarmknk yvabgza dgvrhabaiubkg.zjdkarS sgmgrSbairkv skstamgXk `kurkckubk pkrks~ dgmjmxgtvab,zjdlar gbtarngtkub, tarmkngc cgmfvkcraiubkg `mjrgburk pkrk~(„ parsjng mjrgbks‒). gYnkXnubk ckcwkbgc kstjrkub trgckhkgs amygraig cg,\krkSgcgc, a.w. \vabk fjckokfghkaiks sgmgrSbairkv skstamaiXkdgmjkyanaig. sgorgndaSXk kurkckubk pkraik gYkgras swjrac „ parsjnnasmjrgbas‒ sgxabwjcaikS. gvstrkgXk zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 9?-apgrgdrgos wgm\Yvgraiubk sgSgurk ‘ „ Gus cam _areãbtnkssa aknar mjrgbkshean Parsjn‒ ‘ dgngpkrjiais `kurkckubk pkrks~ sknjnkmgc hgbfaub XamSxvavgXktarmkn `mjrgburk pkrks~ dgmjyanaigs. kx., mgdgbkSgc, Fjhe kn< Fjzkjb/Iycbknsfk/Ijbbaniardar,GIDI-Fjmmantgr, 9004, § 9?, YcNr. 7 oo.579 „ zusgmmandasatzta Parsjn‒,kx. Dkarfa, Cautsheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc K, 75;1, § 1;, 340.578 Ygymjnc Xgbakbbas, 75?1-7;79. 573 kx. Xhenktzar , _ardbakheanca Yahetsbaera, 7;31, 804 o. 571 „ Cka lurkstkshea Parsjnan sknc gbbar Yaheta unc Pobkheta oãekd, cka nkhet cka ngtòrbkhean Akdanshegotan cas Manshean, wka cgs Dashebahet, cgs Gbtar jcar cka _arwgncshegot zurnjtwanckdan _jrgussatzund egian.‒




7??

mgdgbkSgc, lgnmrSabjiks mcdjmgrajigsSgn cgfgvXkraiubkkntkmurk soarjs cghvks uobaig.

dgrfvaubk uobaiaik kurkckub pkrs mxjbjcmjckokhkraiubk sgxkS gqvs. far\jc, okzkfurk pkrks pgtkvksg cgsgzjdgcjairkvk sgxks cghvg hgbfa gYaiubk knckvkcks pkrjvnaigsufgvXkrcaig. kurkckubk pkrks XamSxvavgXk fk xcaig mgsXkdgarSkgnaiubk knckvkcaiks pgtkvksg Su sgzjdgcjairkvk sgxkscghvg arSjibkjigXk, gnu yvabg mgSdgnksg arSjibkvgc cg grghgbfaubk mgSdgnksg arSmgnaSksgdgn cgmjufkcaibgc. 57?

3.9 caoknkhkg cg nkXnaik

kurkckubk pkrks Xasgxai Sajrkaiks gvtjrSg arS-arSkumnkXvnabjvgnask gmjhgng kurkckubk pkrks caoknkhkks dgnsgzYvrgkyj. as cYas ngfbaigc gqtugburkg. 574 grsaikSkg ks, rjmsgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdk kSvgbkswknais wkngpkrjiais, rgSg`jrdgnkzghkubk wgrmjngqmnk~ kqhas far\jsgmgrSbairkvk

urSkarSjiks cgmjufkcaiab mjngwkbac, Xak\knjs uobaiaik cgktvkrSjs mjvgbajiaik.gmks mkuxacgvgc, kurkckubk pkraiks mjwasrkdaigs ssf ‘

sgiTjSg 575 cg pjstsgiTjurk sgxabmwkojaiks fjckokfghkaiks 57; msdgvsgc, cg cgsgvbaSavrjpubk fjckokfghkaiksgdgn dgnsxvgvaikS 590

‘ kurkckubk pkrks hnaiks dgnsgzYvrkS kwyais. as caoknkhkgkmsgxurais yurgcYaigs kurkckubk pkrks nkXnaiks gngbkzksSvgbsgzrkskS.

ssf-ks 93-a K muxbks Sgngxmgc, `kurkckubk pkrk grksdgnsgzYvrubk mkznks mksgYwavgc Xaqmnkbk, sgfuSgrk qjnaiks mqjna,jrdgnkzghkubk wgrmjngqmnk, rjmabkh Sgvksk qjnaikScgmjufkcaibgc gdais pgsuxs cg sgfuSgrk sgxabkS k\ansuobaiaisg cg mjvgbajiais, cais dgrkdaiais cg Xau\bkgsgsgmgrSbjXk dgmjvkcas mjsgrHabac gn mjpgsuxac.~

Xasgigmksgc, kurkckubk pkrk `kqmnaig~. mksk ojrmkraig,rjdjrh `jrdgnkzghkubk wgrmjngqmnksg~, xcaig knckvkcks, mgS

57? kurkckubk pkrks pgtkvks cghvgsSgn cgfgvXkraikS, mgdgbkSgc,darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk kx.< IDE, NLT 7;43, 74?9 cg IDE, NLT 7;41, 7559, 7558.574 kx. Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, Aknoòerund vjr § 97, YcNr. 7. 575 kx.< mgdgbkSgc, sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 99-a muxbk. 57; Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 35-a K 7,sjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 10-a K, gzarigklgnksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 38-a K muxbaik. 590 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 19-a cg Xamcdjmkmuxbaik, ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-77 cg Xamcdjmk muxbaik,aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 81-a cg Xamcdjmk muxbaik.




7?4

Xjrks sxvg kurkckubk pkrks sgxabkS mjqmack knckvkcksg SuknckvkcSg (jrdgnjs) naiks dgmjvbanksg cg gm naiks sgSgngcjsgxabmwkoj radkstrghkks sgou\vabza.

kdk kqmnaig `dgnsgzYvrubk mkznks mksgYwavgc~.cgmou\naibaik cg wavraik swjrac gm `mkznks~, gnu sgarSjkntarasks, krdvbkv arSkgncaikgn cg mks ragbkzaigs arSjibkvgcgxjrhkabaian.

kurkckub pkrs gqvs `Sgvksk qjnaig~, rjmabkh kmklnaigcgmou\naibaiksg Su wavraiks qjnaiksgdgn cg rjmbkSghXasg\baiabkg XakzYucjs mksk pgsuxksmdaibjig. 597

Su as yjvabkva fgnjnkS dgSvgbkswknaiubk waskSradkstrkrcaig, wgrmjkqmnaig kurkckubk pkrk, rjmabkh mkskcgmou\naibaiksg Su wavraiksdgn cgmjufkcaibgc kYaismjngwkbajigs sgmgrSbairkv urSkarSjiaiXk. 599

kurkckubk pkrks sgqmkgnjiks mjmwasrkdaiabk cjfumantkS(cgou\naiks xabXafrubaig, wascaig) dgnksgzYvraig mks mgrSvgsg cgwgrmjmgcdanbjigza uobaigmjskbk jrdgnjaik cg mgSk sgqmkgnjiks

wask.598

mgrSvg (Su xabm\Yvgnabjig) dgarSkgnaiks `Xkcg~urSkarSjigg cgmou\naibais, wavraisg cg dgarSkgnaiks jrdgnjaisXjrks. wgrmjmgcdanbjig xjrhkabcaig `dgra~ gnu masgma pkraiSgnurSkarSjigXk.

sxvg pjstsgiTjurk fjckokfghkaiks caoknkhkksdgndgnsxvgvaikS, ssf-ks 93-a K muxbkS dgSvgbkswknaiubkcgmgtaikSk pkrjigg ks, rjm kurkckubk pkrk `dgnsgzYvrubkmkznks mksgYwavgc~ Xaqmnkbk `jrdgnkzghkubk wgrmjngqmnkg~.sgmgdkarjc, ssf-ks Xasgigmks caiubaigXk gr gksgxgpjstsgiTjurk fjckokfghkaiks caoknkhkksgSvkscgmgxgskgSaiabk mkSkSaig cgmjufkcaiabk igbgnsksg SuxgrlSgYrkhxvks wgrmjaigza. 593

sgqgrSvabjs kurkckubk pkraiks mjmwasrkdaiabkfgnjnmcaibjiksgSvks sgmgdgbkSj darmgnubk sgmgrSgbk

597 a.w. `dgmklvnks prknhkpSgn~ („Srannundsprknzkp‒) cgfgvXkraikS kx. darmgnubkurkckub bktargturgXk Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § ;, YcNr.74.599 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 783.598 kx. Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 11-a K muxbk, rjmabkh jrdgnjaiksXaqmnks mkzngc kurkckubk pkrks naiks dgmjxgtvgs gsgxabais, „ Cka Jrdgna sknc iaruoan, cam Tkbban car lurkstkshean Parsjn Guscruhf zu daian.‒ Xagc. kurkckubk

pkrks naiks ojrmkraigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS vjn Suer , GS K, 7;70, § 87, 3?0.593 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 35-a K 9,sjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 10-a K 9, gzarigklgnksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 38-a K 9 muxbaik.




7?5

kurkckubk pkrks cgmgtaikS nkXngc kSvgbkswknaisdgnsgzYvrubk mkznks mksgYwavgc dgnsgxjrhkabaiabksgqmkgnjiks `dgndr\jigcjigs~. 591 gm nkXnkS kurkckubk pkrkkmklnaig pkrSg arSlargck mkznkS `dgarSkgnaiksgdgn~. asnkXgnk mgrSaiubgc grks gYkgraiubk qgrSub kurkckubbktargturgXkh. 59?

3.8 pkrSg dgarSkgnaig cg qjnaiks arSjibkjig

darmgnubk sgmgrSbks skvrhaXk mkYaiubkg kurkckubk pkraiks jrlduogc cgyjog< pkrSg dgarSkgnaigc 594 cg qjnaiks arSjibkjigc. 595 as mkcdjmg qgrSub kurkckub bktargturgXkh grks dgzkgra-iubk. 59; kdk gksgxg sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjigXkh.

ssf-ks 93-a KK muxbks Sgngxmgc, `kurkckubk pkrk Xak\baigkyjs fjrpjrghkubgc jrdgnkzaiubk, wavrjigzacgou\naiubk, wavrSg mcdjmgrajigza gn mksdgn

cgmjufkcaiabk cg mkscavcas gn gr mkscavcas mawgrmajigs.~sglgrj sgmgrSbks kurkckubk pkrks Xasgxaifgnjnks 580 ma-3 muxbks Sgngxmgc, `sglgrj sgmgrSbks

591 kx., mgdgbkSgc, `dgndr\jigcjiks~ ( „guo Cguar gndabadt ‒) nkXnks gmsgxvabkkurkckubk pkrks caoknkhkg< Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § ;,YcNr. 7. Xagc. gsava mawgrmaSg Xasgxai fgnjnks 7-bk muxbk, rjmbksSgngxmgcgh `sgmawgrmaj sgqmkgnjigc mkkHnavg mgrSbzjmkark cggrgarSlargck sgqmkgnjig.~ Xasgigmksgc, mawgrmaSg Xasgxai fgnjnXk`grgarSlargcjig~ sgmawgrmaj sgqmkgnjiks, cg grg kurkckubk pkrks,nkXngc dgnkxkbaig.59? kx., mgdgbkSgc, Tgnturkg , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, ;;. 594 darmgnub sgmgrSgbSgn mkmgrSaikS ` _araknkdundan‒ kx.< Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/ Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, Aknoòerund vjr § 97, YcNr. 36 gvstrkub sgmgrSgbSgnmkmgrSaikS ` Parsjnanvariãnca ‒ kx.< Fjhe kn< Fjzkjb/Iycbknsfk/Ijbbaniardar, GIDI-Fjmmantgr, 9004, § 9?, YcNr. 96 Fjzkjb/Tabsar/Fbatačfg, Iòrdarbkheas Yahet K, 900?, ?4 o.6Xvakhgrkks sgmgrSgbSgn cgfgvXkraikS ` Parsjnanvarikncundan‒ kx.< Xvakhgrkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 19-a K muxbk .595 darmgnub sgmgrSgbSgn mkmgrSaikS ` _armÿdansmgssan‒ kx.< Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/ Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, Aknoòerund vjr § 97, YcNr. 36 gvstrkub sgmgrSgbSgnmkmgrSaikS ` Xghedasgmteaktan‒ kx.< Fjhe kn< Fjzkjb/Iycbknsfk/Ijbbaniardar, GIDI-Fjmmantgr, 9004, § 9?, YcNr. 96 Fjzkjb/Tabsar/Fbatačfg, Iòrdarbkheas Yahet K, 900?, ?4 o.6Xvakhgrkks sgmgrSgbSgn cgfgvXkraikS ` aknam iasjncaran \wahfan dawkcmatan unc sabistãnckdan Gnstgbtan‒ kx.< Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 19-a K muxbk .59; Tgnturkg , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, ;5. 580 kx. 7;;; wbks 95 mgksks fgnjnk sglgrj sgmgrSbks kurkckubk pkrksXasgxai, sgqgrSvabjs sgfgnjnmcaibj mghna, 7;;;, #90 (94), 9001 wbks 99mgrtks hvbkbaiaiks dgSvgbkswknaikS.




7?;

kurkckubk pkrk Xak\baig cgou\naiubk kyjs wavrjigza(sglgrj sgmgrSbks fjrpjrghkg), gncg Xakqmngs sglgrj gnsgxabmwkojairkvk mkznaiks dgnsgxjrhkabaibgc dgrfvaubksgxabmwkoj... qjnaiks dgnfar\jaiks dzkS (cgwasaiubaig)~.

pkrSg dgarSkgnaig grks `wavrjigza cgou\naiubk~`fjrpjrghkubgc jrdgnkzaiubk~ wgrmjngqmnk. kdk, rjdjrh wask,gr grks wavrSg Xahvbgza cgmjfkcaiubk. 587 mksk prjtjtkpkgfgvXkrk, gm ojrmgXk arSkgncaig yvabg `sgzjdgcjaig~ Su`fjrpjrghkg~.

`fjrpjrghkubgc jrdgnkzaiubXk~ kdubksxmaig sgcgm-ou\naibj cjfumantkS Su wascaikS dgSvgbkswknaiubk mgrSvksjrdgnjaiks mjwyjig, mgSk uobairkvk mcdjmgrajig cgdgcgwyvatkbaiks mkYaiks spahkgburk prjhacurg (rjdjrh wask,xmgSg umrgvbasjikS). swjrac as ufgngsfnabk kwvavs hgbfaubXamSxvavgXk gm kurkckubk pkrks `dgarSkgnaiubk naiks~dgnsxvgvaigs mksk (umhkrasjigXk mjxvacrkbk) hgbfaubk wavrksg

Su cgmou\naibks naiksdgn.qjnaiks arSjibkjig gr grks cgfgvXkraiubk wavrjigsSgn,gqvs fjnfratub mkzgnSgn cgfgvXkraiubk qjnaig cg mxjbjc gmmkznks mksgYwavgc guhkbaiabk mgrSvks jrdgnjaik. mksk prjtj-tkpkg ojnck, yvabgza dgvrhabaiubk ojrmgg sglgrj sgmgrSbks(mgdgbkSgc, sgmackhknj, sgdgnmgngSbaibj, Sgvksuobaiks gYfvaSks)cgwasaiubaig.

ssf-ks 93-a KK muxbk ckc msdgvsaigs gvbans gzarigklgnksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 38-a KK muxbSgn.dgnsxvgvaig grsaikSgc mcdjmgrajis gzarigklgnabkfgnjnmcaibks mkar kmks cgzustaigXk, rjm kurkckubk pkrkXak\baig Xakqmngs arSk okzkfurk gn kurkckubk pkrks, gnokzkfur cg kurkckub pkrSg lduoks mkar.

gsaSk cgzustaig gr grks guhkbaiabk. gngbjdkurkXacadk cdaig sgqgrSvabjs sgmgrSgbXk mjqmacaiksSgvksuobaiks gYkgraikcgn dgmjmckngra, 589 rgcdgnghfgnjnmcaiabk gm sgfkSxSgn cgfgvXkraikS XazYucvgs grkSvgbkswknais. 588

587 dgmjngfbkskg sgzjdgcjaig, rjmabXkh XangrHunaiubkg pgrtnkjrSgpkrgck pgsuxksmdaibjig.589 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, ssf-ks ma-70 KK muxbk.588 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 781 o. kx. gsava mawgrmaSg Xasgxai fgnjnks 33-a(8) muxbk, rjmabkh pkrcgpkr mkuSkSais XazYucubk pgsuxksmdaibjikssgzjdgcjaiks arSk pkrks mkar cgou\naiks Xasg\baibjigza.




740

3.3 far\j cg sglgrj sgmgrSbks kurkckubk pkraiks dgmklvng

arS-arSk \krkSgck dgnsxvgvaig far\j cg sglgrj sgmgrSbkskurkckub pkrais Xjrks mgS cgou\naigXk vbkncaig. 583

far\j sgmgrSbks kurkckubk pkrk mksk cgmou\naibks Sucgmou\naiabSg (arSjibkvk) naiks dgmjvbanks sgou\vabza kqmnaig.mksk uobaigungrkgnjig wgrmjkXjig gm naiks sgxabmwkoj cgsgdgcgsgxgcj radkstrghkks mjmantkcgn. 581

sglgrj sgmgrSbks kurkckubk pkrk kqmnaig `fgnjnks~sgou\vabza. sglgrj sgmgrSbks kurkckubk pkrks Xasgxai fgnjnksma-9 muxbks Sgngxmgc, `sglgrj sgmgrSbks kurkckubk pkrk grksXasgigmksk fgnjnkS, sgqgrSvabjs prazkcantks ir\gnaiubaikS gnfgnjnks sgou\vabza sgxabmwkoj mmgrSvabjiks jrdgnjsgcmknkstrghkubk gqtkS Xaqmnkbk sgxabmwkoj mmgrSvabjiksjrdgnjaiksgdgn dgnhgbfavaiubk jrdgnkzghkg, rjmabkh sgxabm-wkojs fjntrjbkS cgmjufkcaibgc gxjrhkabais pjbktkfur,

sgxabmwkojairkv, sjhkgbur, sgdgnmgngSbaibj, fubturub cgsxvg sglgrj sgqmkgnjigs...~sglgrj sgmgrSbks kurkckubk pkrks Xasgxai fgnjnks ma-1 K

muxbks Xasgigmksgc, mksk uobaigungrkgnjig wgrmjkXjig wascaiks(caiubaiks) cgmtfkhaiksg cg wgrmjmgcdanbjigza uobaigmjskbkpkrks cgnkXvnksg Su grHavks mjmantkcgn.

ssf-ks ma-5 KK muxbks Sgngxmgc, `sgxabmwkoj jrdgnjaiksg~ Su`sglgrj sgmgrSbks kurkckubk pkraiks~ `far\jsgmgrSbairkvk~urSkarSjiaik sxvg pkraiSgn, rjdjrh wask, wasrkdcaig sgmjqgbgqjfgnjnmcaibjikS.

fgnjnmcaibks ojrmubkraiks Xasgigmksgc, gm waskcgndgmjngfbksk cgsgXvaikg mxjbjc kmcangc, rgmcangcgh gsaSkurSkarSjiaik, `sgxabmwkojairkvk gn sgzjdgcjairkvkkntarasaikcgn dgmjmckngra~, uncg mjwasrkdcas sglgrjsgmgrSbkS. 58?

as cgSqmg gsgxgvs, Su uncg gsgxgvcas, sglgrjkntarasaiks ragbkzaiksgs sglgrjsgmgrSbairkvk mjwas-

583 fkcav arSk dgnsxvgvaig far\j cg sglgrj sgmgrSbks kurkckubk pkraiksuobaigungrkgnjigs ufgvXkrcaig. kx. qvamjS, 748 cg Xamcdjmk. 581 kx. grgsgmawgrmaj kurkckubk pkraiks radkstrghkgsSgn cgfgvXkraikSssf-ks 91-a K_ cg 95-a muxbaik, xjbj sgmawgrmaj kurkckubk pkraiksradkstrghkgsSgn cgfgvXkraikS mawgrmaSg Xasgxai fgnjnks ma-9.1 cg ma-3muxbaik.58? Xagc. gzarigklgnks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-1 KK muxbks prgqtkfubgckcanturk caiubaig.




747

rkdaiks guhkbaibjigs. kdk axaig grg far\jsgmgrSbairkvkurSkarSjiaiks sglgrj sgmgrSbkS mjwasrkdaigs, grgmacsglgrjsgmgrSbairkvk kntarasaiks dgnxjrhkabaiksgsfar\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiaiks cgmygraiks mkzgn-Xauwjnbjigs. far\jc, kdk mkuSkSais, rjm hgbfaubXamSxvavgXk Xau\baiabkg sglgrj ounqhkks far\jsgmgrS-bairkvk urSkarSjiksgSvks cgmgxgskgSaiabk ojrmkSragbkzaig.

gmdvgrgc, as cgSqmg sglgrjsgmgrSbairkvk mjwasrk-daiksg cg, Xasgigmksgc, sglgrjsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjikscgmygraiks guhkbaibjiks xgzdgsmgg. kdk fgnjnmcaibksarSdvgrk SvkSXazYucvgg, mjgwasrkdjs sglgrj kntarasksragbkzaig Su mksdgn dgmjmckngra fjnfratubk urSkarSjigsglgrjsgmgrSbairkvk ojrmkS mxjbjc mgXkn, rjcasgh,`sgxabmwkojairkvk gn sgzjdgcjairkvk kntarasaikcgndgmjmckngra~, mkzgnXauwjnabkg mksk far\jsgmgrSbairkvk gnunaiks gvtjnjmkks prkmgtks gYkgraiks sgou\vabza

radubkraig.ssf-ks ma-5 KK muxbkS dgSvgbkswknaiub `sgxabmwkoj jrdgnjXk~kdubksxmaig sgxabmwkojs sgxabkS mjqmack `wgrmjmgcdanabk~(mgdgbkSgc< prazkcantk, mSgvrjig, sgmknkstrj), rjmbks mkardgnxjrhkabaiubk qmacaiks Xacadaiks gcrasgtk sgxabmwkojg.far\jsgmgrSbairkv urSkarSjiaiXk Xak\baig sgfuSgrk sgxabkSmjngwkbajicas gsava sglgrj sgmgrSbks kurkckubk pkrk (mgSXjrks, SvkSmmgrSvabk arSaubk), rjmabsgh cabadkraiubk gqvsXasgigmksk sglgrj uobaigmjskbaig.

ssf-ks 93-a muxbk kSvgbkswknais cgmgtaikS dgnmgrtaiaisssf-ks ma-5 KK muxbkS dgSvgbkswknaiub prknhkpSgncgfgvXkraikS.

ssf-ks 93-a KKK 7 muxbks Sgngxmgc, `sglgrj sgmgrSbkskurkckubk pkraik sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbairkv urSkarSjiaiXkmjngwkbajian ksava, rjdjrh far\j sgmgrSbks kurkckubkpkraik.~

ssf-ks 93-a K_ 7 muxbXk fkcav arSxab grksmkSkSaiubk, rjm `sgxabmwkoj cg gcdkbjirkvkSvkSmmgrSvabk arSaubk sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbairkv urSkar-SjiaiXk mjngwkbajian ksava, rjdjrh far\j sgmgrSbkskurkckubk pkraik.~ rgh, iunairkvkg, dgmajraigg ssf-ks 93-a KKK

7 muxbksg. vkngkcgn sgxabmwkoj cg gcdkbjirkvk SvkSmmgrS-vabk arSaubk grkgn sglgrj sgmgrSbks kurkckubk pkraik.ssf-ks 93-a K_ 9 muxbkS fjnfratcaig, rjm sglgrj

sgmgrSbks kurkckubk pkrks (`sgxabmwkoj cg gcdkbjirkvk




749

SvkSmmgrSvabk arSaubks~) sgxabkS sgmjqgbgqj urSkarSj-iaiXk mjngwkbajian mgSk jrdgnjaik.

Xasgigmksgc, fgnjnmcaiabk grgarSxab mkuSkSais sglgrjsgmgrSbks kurkckubk pkraiks far\jsgmgrSbairkv urSkarSjiaiXkmjngwkbajiksgs mgSk far\j sgmgrSbks kurkckub pkraiSgndgSgngiraiksg cg, mgSk mjngwkbajiks mkuxacgvgc, far\jsgmgrS-bairkvk urSkarSjiaiks sgmjqgbgqj fgnjnmcaibjikS mjwasrkdaiksXasgxai.

mkuxacgvgc gmksg, sgqgrSvabjXk cgmfvkcrcg sgsgmgrSbjprgqtkfg, rjm sgxabmwkojs (`sgxabmwkoj jrdgnjaik~) mjngwkba-jiksgs sgmgrSbairkv urSkarSjigXk as ufgngsfnabk xXkrgcdgnkxkbaig gcmknkstrghkubsgmgrSbairkv urSkarSjigc. 584

arS-arSk SvgbsgHknj mgdgbkSkg sgxabmwkoj qjnaiksprkvgtkzghkksgs cgcaiubk ngsykcjiks xabXafrubaig,rjmabkh mgsXk sgxabmwkojs (dgmykcvabks sgxkS)

mjngwkbajiks dgmj gcmknkstrghkubsgmgrSbairkv xabXafru-baigc mkkHnavg. 585 sgfkSxks gsaSk xacvg Xausgigmjg ssf-ks 93-a K_

muxbSgn, rjmbks Sgngxmgcgh sgxabmwkoj (ksava rjdjrh93-a KKK muxbks Sgngxmgc, sglgrj sgmgrSbks kurkckubkpkrk) sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbairkv urSkarSjiaiXk uncgmjngwkbajicas ksava, rjdjrh far\j sgmgrSbks kurkckubkpkrk. Xasgigmksgc, sgxabmwkoj pkrSg Sgngswjrjigzacgmygraiubk urSkarSjiks Sgngswjrk mjngwkba uncg kyjs.

prkvgtkzghkks XamSxvavgXk sgmgrSbairkv urSkarSj-igXk sgxabmwkoj mjngwkbajis ngsykcjiks xabXafrubaikcgndgmjmckngra uobaiaikSg cg mjvgbajiaikS. Xasgigmksgc, kdkgr gxjrhkabais ksaS uobaigmjskbaigs, rjmabkh Xak\baigeqjncas mgs, mxjbjc rjdjrh sglgrj uobaigmjskbaiksmgtgraiabs. 58;

ngsykcjiks xabXafrubaikcgn dgmjmckngra uobaiaikcg mjvgbajiaik xabXafrubaiks mxgras arSdvgrjvngc

584 sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbairkvk cg gcmknkstrghkubsgmgrSbairkvk urSkar-Sjiaiks dgmklvnks prjibamaiSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx. djdkgXvkbk, sglgrjsgmgrSgbk, far\j sgmgrSgbk cg sgsgmgrSbj prgqtkfg, qsm, 9008 (?), 34?,350 cg Xamcdjmk.585 kx. uzangask sgsgmgrSbjs dgcgwyvatkbaignk sgmjqgbgqj, sgmawgrmaj cgdgfjtraiks sgqmaaiza, 9009, #7, ?1, ?4, ksava rjdjrh kqva, 47, 41. Xagc.frktkfubk XaogsaiksgSvks farasabk\a , uzangask sgsgmgrSbjs prgqtkfksmkmjxkbvg, qsm, 9009 (1), 7?0.58; Xagc. zamjS, 57.




743

ssf-ks 91-a KK muxbks Sgngxmgc, `far\j sgmgrSbks kurkckubpkrs... uobaig gqvs dgngxjrhkabjs fgnjnkS gufr\gbgvk naiksmkarksgqmkgnjig, mkuxacgvgc kmksg, grks Su grg as sgqmkgnjig mksksgcgmou\naibj cjfumantaikS dgSvgbkswknaiubk.~ Xasgigmksgc,sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjig arSdvgrjvngc gwasrkdais sgmawgrmaj

cg grgsgmawgrmaj kurkckubk pkraiks uobaigungrkgnjigs. 533

gmkS kdk dgnsxvgvcaig sxvg pjstsgiTjurk sgxabmwkojaiksfjckokfghkaiksdgn, rjmbaiXkh gngbjdkurk caiubaigmxjbjc fjmarhkub kurkckub pkrSgn mkmgrSaikSwasrkdcaig, 531 xXkrgc, rjdjrh dgmjngfbksk zjdgck waskcgn.

far\jc, gm sgxabmwkojaiXk kurkckub pkrSgnmkmgrSaikS mjqmacais pkrcgpkrk zjdgck XazYucvg. ksknkuobaigmjskbnk grkgn, eqjncaS mxjbjc ks `sgmjqgbgqjuobaiaik~, rjmbaikh uXugbjc Xaasgigmaikgn mgSsgcgmou\naibj cjfumantaiXk dgSvgbkswknaiub mkznais(`sgqmkgnjigs~) cg ktvkrSjn gm ufgngsfnabSgn cgfgvXkraiubkmjvgbajiaik. 53? Xasgigmksgc, pjstsgiTjurk sgxabmwkojaiksfjckokfghkaiXk fjmarhkubk kurkckubk pkraiks mkmgrSfaScaig dgmjngfbksk cg mgS (grgfjmarhkubk kurkckubkpkraiksgdgn dgnsxvgvaikS) ankTaigS uobaig, kqjnkjn fgnjnkSgufr\gbgvk uobaiaik cg mjvgbajiaik. 534

gndbjgmarkfubk sgmgrSbksSvks cgmgxgskgSaiabkgzjdgcgc kurkckubk pkrks uobaigungrkgnjiks XazYucvgmksk sgcgmou\naibj cjfumantkSg Su fgnjnkS dgSvgbkswk-naiubk mkznkS. 535

zjdgck uobaigungrkgnjiksgdgn dgnsxvgvcaig sglgrj sgmgrSbkskurkckubk pkrks uobaigungrkgnjig. as ufgngsfnabk kqmnaigdgnsgzYvrubk sglgrj ounqhkks dgnsgxjrhkabaibgc. Xasgigmksgc,

mjhubjikS mjngwkbajis kdk far\jsgmgrSbairkv urSkarSjiaiXk(rjdjrh kurkckubk pkrks wgrmjmgcdanabk) ksa, rjm gr dggHnkg sgfuSgrkuobaigungrkgnjig.533 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 785 oo.531 kx., mgdgbkSgc< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 3;-a K 9,sjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 19-a KK 7 cg gzarigklgnksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 33-a KK 7 muxbaik. 53? kx., mgdgbkSgc< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 3;-a K 7 cgsjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 19-a K muxbaik. 534 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 785.535 kx. a.w. ` ubtrg-vkras‒ SajrkgsSgn cgfgvXkraikS, mgdgbkSgc, Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/ Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, Aknoòerund vjr § 97, YcNr. 77,Xamcdjmk mkSkSaikS.




741

mksk uobaigungrkgnjigh mxjbjc gm ounqhkks dgnxjrhkabaigsSgngrks cgfgvXkraiubk. 53;

ssf-ks 91-a K muxbks Xasgigmksgc, `sglgrj sgmgrSbkskurkckubk pkrk uobaigmjskbkg dgngxjrhkabjs fgnjnkS gn mksksgcgmou\naibj cjfumantaikS dgSvgbkswknaiubk mkznaiksXasgigmksk sgqmkgnjig.~ gngbjdkurk caiubaig mjhamubkg sglgrjsgmgrSbks kurkckubk pkrks Xasgxai fgnjnks ma-8 muxbXkh.Xasgigmksgc, sglgrj sgmgrSbks kurkckub pkrs gqvs spahkgburkuobaigungrkgnjig. mgs Xau\bkg dgngxjrhkabjs mxjbjc mkskcgou\naiks gqtkS dgSvgbkswknaiubk Su mksdgn dgmjmckngramjqmacaig.

spahkgburk uobaigungrkgnjiks fkcav arSk dgmjvbknaigmjwasrkdaiubkg ssf-ks 91-a KKK muxbkS. far\jc, fgnjnkSdgSvgbkswknaiubk hgbfaubk sgqmkgnjiks dgnxjrhkabaigkurkckub pkrs Xau\bkg mxjbjc Xasgigmksk bkhanzkks (naigrSvks)sgou\vabza. gsaSk `sgqmkgnjig~ cg mgSk dgnxjrhkabaikswkngpkrjiaik mjwasrkdaiubkg fgnjnkS `bkhanzkaiksg cg

naigrSvaiks Xasgxai~ cg cgfjnfrataiubkg hgbfaub soarjXkmjqmack spahkgburk fgnjnaikS. 510

3.? sgmawgrmaj cg grgsgmawgrmaj kurkckubk pkraik

ssf-ks 93-a KK muxbk kSvgbkswknais fkcav arS dgmklvngs. far\jc,`kurkckubk pkrk Xak\baig... mkscavcas gn gr mkscavcasmawgrmajigs.~ 517 mkuxacgvgc kmksg, rjm gm dgmklvngs gr ufgvXkrcaiggrsaikSk dgnsxvgvaig mknkTaiubk Su gYkgraiubk zjdgckuobaigungrkgnjiks SvgbsgzrkskS, mxacvabjigXkg mksgYaikdgnsxvgvaig mgSk sgqmkgnjiks mjwasrkdaiks fuSxkS. 519

53; Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 785.510 kx., mgdgbkSksgSvks< sgignfj sgqmkgnjigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS fgnjnk`fjmarhkubk ignfaiks sgqmkgnjiks Xasgxai~ (sgqgrSvabjs pgrbgmantksuwyaignk, 7;;?, #8), gsava Xasgigmks soarjaiXk mjqmack fgnjnaik `sgmack-hknj cg ogrmghavtubk sgqmkgnjiks bkhanzkraiks Xasgxai~ (sgqgrSvabjssgfgnjnmcaibj mghna, 9008, #73 (;?), 9001 wbks 8 kvnksks mcdjmgrajikS),`sgdgnmgngSbaibj cg sggYmzrcabj cgwasaiubaiaiks sgqmkgnjiksbkhanzkraiks Xasgxai~ (sgqgrSvabjs sgfgnjnmcaibj mghna, 9001, #77 (49). 517 Xagc., mgdgbkSksgSvks< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 10-a K,sjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 17-a K, gzarigklgnksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 38-a _ muxbaik. 519 sgmawgrmaj cg grgsgmawgrmaj far\j sgmgrSbks kurkckub pkrais Xjrksdgnsxvgvaigs ufgvXkrais ssf-ks 93-a _-_K muxbk skstamur dgmklvngs<sgmawgrmaj (fjmarhkubk) mkznkS Xaqmnkbk kurkckubk pkrk wasrkdcaigmawgrmaSg Xasgxai fgnjnks, grgsgmawgrmaj (grgfjmarhkubk) ‘ ssf-kscaiubaiaikS.




74?

sgmawgrmaj kurkckubk pkrk Xaqmnkbkg mjdaiks mkYaiksmkznkS, xjbj grgsgmawgrmaj amsgxuraig a.w. kcagbur gnugrgfjmarhkub mkznais cg mksSvks sgmawgrmaj sgqmkgnjig Xak\baigkyjs mxjbjc gm mkznks mkYwavks `cgmxmgra~ knstrumantk. 518

far\jc, ssf-ks 91-a _ muxbks Xasgigmksgc, `grgsgmawgrmaj(grgfjmarhkubk) kurkckubk pkrk uobaigmjskbkg awajcascgmxmgra xgskgSks sgmawgrmaj sgqmkgnjigs, rjmbkcgnmkYaiubk mjdaigh uncg mjxmgrcas grgsgmawgrmaj(grgfjmarhkub) kurkckubk pkrks mkznaiks ragbkzaigs.gsaSk sgqmkgnjiks Xacadgc mkYaiubk mjdaiks dgngwkbaiggrgsgmawgrmaj (grgfjmarhkubk) kurkckubk pkrks cgmou\nai-bais, wavrais, Xamjmwkrvabais, gdraSva xabm\Yvgnabjiksgcg wgrmjmgcdanbjikSk uobaigmjskbaiks mqjna pkraisXjrks cguXvaiabkg.~

ssf-ks 88-a KK muxbks Sgngxmgc, `Su grgsgmawgrmaj(grgfjmarhkubk) kurkckubk pkrk grsaikSgc dgcgvkcg

sgmawgrmaj sgqmkgnjigza, sgsgmgrSbj sgqgrSvabjs okngnsSgsgmknkstrjs sgxabmwkoj raastrks mwgrmjaiabk uobaig-mjskbk jrdgnjs gn/cg cgkntarasaiubk pkrks sgrHabkssgou\vabza dgnkxkbgvs cg wyvats grgsgmawgrmaj(grgfjmarhkubk) kurkckubk pkrks sgqmkgnjiks XaHaraiks gngfr\gbvks sgfkSxs.~

pjstsgiTjurk sgxabmwkojaiks fjckokfghkaikkcanturgc gwasrkdaian grgfjmarhkubk kurkckubk pkraiks\krkSgc mgxgskgSaibais. far\jc, gsaSk kurkckubk pkraiks`\krkSgck mkzgnk~ gr uncg kyjs mjdaiks mkYaig cg mkskdgngwkbaig mks `mjngwkbaSg~ gnu wavrais Xjrks. fjmarhkubsgqmkgnjigs ksknk Xak\baig awajcnan rjdjrh \krkSgckmkznks mkYwavksgSvks cgmxmgra sgXugbaigs. gmgsSgn, gsaSksgqmkgnjig uncg Xaasgigmaijcas km mkznais, rjmbks dgmjhXakqmng kurkckubk pkrk. 513

3.4 pgsuxksmdaibjig

kurkckubk pkrks vgbcaiubaiaiza pgsuxksmdaiabkg Sgvgckurkckubk pkrk. kdk Sgvksk qjnaikS srubgc gdais pgsuxs.sgmgdkarjc, cgmou\naibaik Su wavraik, rjdjrh wask, gr grkgn

518 kstjrkubk aqsfursksgSvks kx. Dkarfa, _arakna jena Yahetsoãekdfakt nghe camnauan Yaheta, 7;09, 1, On. 9h.513 Xagc., mgdgbkSksgSvks< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 10-a Kcg KKK 9, sjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 17-a K cg K_ 9,gzarigklgnks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 38-a _ cg _K 9 muxbaik.




744

knckvkcugburgc pgsuxksmdaibaik kurkckubk pkrks vgbcaiuba-iaiza. 511

kurkckubk pkrk, Sgvks mxrkv, gr grks pgsuxksmdaiabk Sgvkskwavraiks vgbcaiubaiaiza. mjSxjvnaik kurkckubk pkrkscgmou\naibaiksg Su wavraiks mkmgrS Xasg\baiabkg mkmgrSubkkyjs mxjbjc mgS fuSvnkb wkbza (dgfaSaiub Xasgtgnza, mgSsgfuSraigXk grsaiub gqhkgza). 51?

gmgsSgn, grsaijis fgnjnkS pkrcgpkr dgSvgbkswknaiubkXamSxvavaik, rjcasgh pgsuxksmdaibjig Xak\baig cgafksrjs grgkurkckub pkrs, grgmac uXugbjc mksk sgxabkS mjqmac jrdgnjsSu sxvg `cgfgvXkraiub~ pkrs. 514

ssf-ks 84-a KK muxbkS `xabm\Yvgnabjiksg cg wgrmjmgcdan-bjikSk uobaigmjskbaiks~ mqjna pkrs afksraig `sgqmks~faSkbsknckskargc dg\Yjbks vgbcaiubaig. msdgvsk vgbcaiubaigdgSvgbkswknaiubkg mawgrmaSg Xasgxai fgnjnks ma-;.4 muxbXkh.gmgsSgn, fjnfratcaig `sgqmks~ faSkbsknckskargc dg\Yjbksprknhkpk. mgsXk kdubksxmaig wgrmjmgcdanbjigza uobaigmjskbk

pkrks Su pkraiks (gsava sgmaSvgbyuraj sgiTjs wavraiks)vgbcaiubaig, `zrungvcnan ksa, rjdjrh zrungvs gngbjdkurSgngmcaijigza cg gngbjdkur pkrjiaiXk myjok Hvaubairkvk, sgYgc

511 mawgrmaSg Xasgxai fgnjnks ma-8.9 muxbks Xasgigmksgc, sjbkcgrubkpgsuxksmdaibjiks sgzjdgcjaiks pgrtnkjraisg cg fjmgnckturksgzjdgcjaiks parsjngburgc pgsuxksmdaiab pgrtnkjrs (fjmpbamantgrs)afksraigS sgzjdgcjaiks vgbcaiubaiaiza sjbkcgrubk pgsuxksmdaibjig.fjntknanturk avrjpks zjdkarSk qvaynks, mgdgbkSgc darmgnkksg cggvstrkks sgmgrSgbXk, gsaSk sgzjdgcjaiaik swjrac gm dgramjaiks dgmj grdgnkxkbaikgn kurkckub pkraigc. sgpkrkspkrj mkcdjmg (gsaSk tkpks

sgzjdgcjaiaiks kurkckub pkrgc gYkgraig) grsaikSgc orgndubksgmgrSbks dgvbankS dgzkgraiub kqng, mgdgbkSgc< iabdkks, ktgbkks,aspgnaSksg cg pjrtudgbkks fgnjnmcaibjigXk, kx. Hjknd , AurjpãksheasPrkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § ?7 K_, 83;6 § ?9 KK, 81?.51? kx. ssf-ks 84-a KKK muxbk.514 knckvkcugbur pgsuxksmdaibjigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx., mgdgbkSgc,mawgrmaSg Xasgxai fgnjnks ma-8.3 muxbk< `fjmgnckturk sgzjdgcjaiksfjmgncktk, XazYucubk pgsuxksmdaibjiks sgzjdgcjaiks pgrtnkjrk,sggqhkj sgzjdgcjaiks gqhkjnark, fjjpargtkvks cgmou\naiabk wavrkXasgtgnks sgijbjj Xatgngmca sgzjdgcjaiks fracktjraiks wkngXa pgsuxsgdais mks mkar Xautgnabk Xasgtgnks jcanjikS. Xasgtgnks srubgc Xatgnggr gSgvksuobais pgsuxksmdaibjiksgdgn km pkrs, rjmabmgh pgsuxksmdai-bjiks XazYucvks sgmgrSbairkvk ojrmaik ijrjtgc dgmjkyang. ijrjtgcdgmjyanaigc HgkSvbaig, Su gr kqng uzrunvabyjokbk sgiuYgbtrjwkdnaiks ksaSk wgrmjaig, sgkcgngh hgbsgxgc dgmjmckngrajis, Su rjmabkqjnaig afuSvnks cg rg vgbcaiubaiaik gfksrkg sgzjdgcjaigs cg rjmabkgrg.~




74;

mxjbjc gmks Xamcad aqnaig pkrSg XaSgnxmaigs kurkckubk\gbg masgma pkraiks mkmgrS.

gmks mkuxacgvgc, mkkHnavg, rjm gsaS `wgrmjngqmns~ gqvs `ngwkbj-irkvk~ uobaigungrkgnjig cg mkzgnXawjnkbkg mksk sgmgrSbkscgmjufkcaiab suikaqtgc dgnxkbvg. 5?0

1.7 mkmgrSaig kurkckubk pkrks nkXnaiSgn

`(grgradkstrkraiubk) jrdgnkzghkubk wgrmjngqmnks~ kurkckubpkrSgn mnkXvnabjvgnk msdgvsaiks dgSvgbkswknaikS mkzgnXawjnkbkghgbfaubk nkXnks gngbkzk swjrac gm ufgngsfnabSgn urSkarS-fgvXkrXk<

kurkckubk pkrks msdgvsgc, `grgradkstrkraiubk wgrmj-ngqmnkh~ `kqmnaig~ mgsXk dgarSkgnaiub pkrSg naiks dgmjvbankssgou\vabza6

pkraik arSkgncaikgn `dgnsgzYvrubk mkznks mksgYwavgc~, gnu

sgarSj kntarasks arSjibkvgc dgnsgxjrhkabaibgc. gmgsSgn, asmkzgnk grks `dgndr\jigck~, gnu gr ufgvXkrcaig arSlargc Xacads6`grgradkstrkraiub wgrmjngqmns~ Xasg\baiabkg eqjncas

`Sgvksk qjnaig~, 5?7 rjmabkh mgsXk dgarSkgnaiubk pkraiks mkar

urSkarSjiaiXk dgmjyanaiub ibgnfaisg Su sxvg jokhkgburgtrkiutkfgza. `dghxgcaiks~ vgbcaiubaigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx.< sggqhkjcg XazYucubk pgsuxksmdaibjiks sgzjdgcjaiaiks mkmgrS mjqmack`pkrvabk ckraqtkvg~ ( Okrst Hjunhkb Ckrahtkva ?5/717/AAH jo ; Mgrhe 7;?5 jn hj-jrckngtkjn jo sgoadugrcs wekhe, ojr tea prjtahtkjn jo tea kntarasts jo mamiars gnc jtears, graraqukrac iy Mamiar Xtgtas jo hjmpgnkas wktekn tea magnknd jo tea sahjnc pgrgdrgpe jo Grtkhba15 jo tea Sragty, wkte g vkaw tj mgfknd suhe sgoadugrcs aqukvgbant terjudejut tea Hjmmunkty,JL B 0?1, 73.08.7;?5, 5-79) cg sggqhkj sgzjdgcjaiaiks mkmgrS mjqmack `majrackraqtkvg~ ( Xahjnc Hjunhkb Ckrahtkva 44/;7/AH jo 78 Cahamiar 7;4? jn hj-jrckngtkjn josgoadugrcs wekhe, ojr tea prjtahtkjn jo tea kntarasts jo mamiars gnc jtears, gra raqukrac iyMamiar Xtgtas jo hjmpgnkas wktekn tea magnknd jo tea sahjnc pgrgdrgpe jo Grtkhba 15 jo teaSragty, kn raspaht jo tea ojrmgtkjn jo puibkh bkmktac bkgikbkty hjmpgnkas gnc tea mgkntangnha gncgbtargtkjn jo teakr hgpktgb, wkte g vkaw tj mgfjnd suhe sgoaqugrcs aqukvgbant, JL B 09?,87.07.7;44, 7-78). catgburk gngbkzk kx. Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 735 oo.5?0 mgdgbkSgc, darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk gYkgraiubkg pkrSg dgarSkgnaiks`ngwkbjirkvk uobaigungrkgnjig~ (` Sakbrahetsoãekdfakt ‒). kx.< Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/ Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, Aknoòerund vjr § 97, YcNr. 96 § 13, YcNr. 4,mgS Xjrks, oacargburk sgsgmgrSbjs km dgcgwyvatkbaigza mkSkSaikS, rjmbkSghgrsaikSgc dgmygraiubkg gsaS pkrSg dgarSkgnaiks sgmgrSbks cgmjufk-

caiab suikaqtaigc dgnxkbvg, IDE, NLT 9007, 701?6 IDE, NLT 9009, 7904.5?7 Xagc. darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk grsaiub gzrSg sxvgcgsxvgjigsSgn cgfgvXk-raikS, mgdgbkSgc< Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 13, YcNr. 46 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 77, YcNr. ;,Xamcdjmk mkSkSaiaikS.




750

cgcaiubk xabXafrubaiks sgou\vabza kmklnaig uXugbjcxabXafrubaiks mxgraSg qjnaiksgdgn6

hxgckg, qjnaiks `dgmklvngsSgn~ cgfgvXkraiubk XaSgnxmaigmjqmacais xabXafrubaiks cgmcai mxgraais Xjrks cg var kqnaigdgmjyanaiubk masgma pkraiks mkmgrS. Xasgigmksgc, kurkckubkpkrksgdgn dgnsxvgvaikS, sgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdk gr uXvaisdgarSkgnaiub wavrSg knckvkcugburk pgsuxksmdaibjiks XazYucvksXasg\baibjigs `wgrmjngqmnks qjnaikS~. km XamSxvavgXk, Su`wgrmjngqmnks~ vgbcaiubaiaiks Xasrubaig var mjxcaig `mkskqjnaikS~, dgarSkgnaiks wavraik (Xasgigmksgc, mksk sgxabkS mjqmackpkraik) pgsuxs gdaian knckvkcugburgc, rjdjrh sjbkcgrubkmjvgbaaik6 5?9

kurkckubk pkrksgdgn dgnsxvgvaikS, `grgradkstrkraiubkwgrmjngqmnks~ sgqmkgnjiks mjwasrkdaig xcaig grg wascaikS (gmhnaiks fgnjnmcaibjikS dgSvgbkswknaiubk mnkXvnabjikS, mksXknggrsSgn Su ojrmgsSgn cgfgvXkraiubk kmpargtkubk mjSxjvna-iks cghvkS), grgmac (Xknggrsks dgnsgzYvrksg cg ojrmks Sgvksuo-

baiks prknhkpaiza cgmygraiubk) xabXafrubaiks pkrjiaikS65?8

mgrSvg cg wgrmjmgcdanbjig xjrhkabcaig wavrSg mkararSjibkvgc cg grg kurkckubk pkrksgSvks cgmgxgskgSaiabkXasgigmksk jrdgnjaiks maXvajikS. hxgckg, as gr dgmjrkhxgvsxabXafrubaikS `wgrmjngqmnks~ sgqmkgnjiks wasks dgnsgzYvrgs,rjmabkh kmjqmacais mxjbjc `Xkcg~, wavrais Su xabXafrubaiksmxgraais Xjrks, urSkarSjigXk6

gsaSk pkrSg arSjibkjig sgrdaibjis fjnstktuhkkSdgSvgbkswknaiubk dgarSkgnaiks Sgvksuobaikcgn dgmjmckngracghvkS. kurkckubk pkrks msdgvsgc, mgs dggHnkg pkrjvnubkuobaiaik, rjmbaikh gr ufgvXkrcaig hgbfa gYaiubk knckvkckspkrjvnaigs (mgdgbkSgc, sgxabks uobaig).

sglgrjsgmgrSbairkvk, far\jc sgdgcgsgxgcjsgmgrSbairkvkSvgbsgzrkskS, `(grgradkstrkraiubk) jrdgnkzghkubk wgrmjngqmnk~Sgngircaig kurkckub pkrSgn.

5?9 Xagc. Dkarfa, _arakna jena Yahetsoãekdfakt nghe cam nauan Yaheta, 7;09, 71,rjmabkhgrgradkstrkraiub fgvXkrSgn mkmgrSaikS gsaS Xacads mks `grgrgjigc~dgnxkbvgs ufgvXkrais ( „…wakb ar Dasabbshegot nkhet kst unc gbs lurkstkshea Parsjn nkhet dkbt, gbs nkhets zu iaegncabn‒). gsaSk mfghrk Xaogsaig Sgvks crjza dgnpkrjia-iubk kyj kmkS, rjm grgradkstrkraiubk fgvXkrk gr dgnkxkbaijcgsgmgrSbks cgmjufkcaiab suikaqtgc. 5?8 kx. frktkfubk gngbkzksgSvks Dkarfa, _arakna jena Yahetsoãekdfakt nghe camnauan Yaheta, 7;09, 78.




757

1.9 grgradkstrkraiubk fgvXkrk cg gmxgngdjig

uXugbjc ssf-ks caiubaiaikS dgSvgbkswknaiubkg pkrSgdgarSkgnaiks Su `(grgradkstrkraiubk) jrdgnkzghkubkwgrmjngqmnks~ jrk XamSxvavg< ssf-ks 8;-a muxbks `grgradkstrk-raiubk fgvXkrk (dgarSkgnaig)~ cg ssf-ks ;80-a cg Xamcdjm muxbaiXkmjwasrkdaiubk `gmxgngdjig~, rjmabkh kqmnaig arSjibkvksgqmkgnjiks xabXafrubaiks sgou\vabza.

SgvksSgvgc ks dgramjaig, rjm fgnjnmcaiabk grgradkstrk-raiub fgvXkrs ssf-ks zjdgc ngwkbXk kurkckub pkraiSgnarSgc gwasrkdais, xjbj `gmxgngdjig~ sgxabXafrubaijsgmgrSbkS mjwasrkdaiubk knstktutkg, dgngpkrjiais mgSmkmgrS dgnsxvgvaiubk mkcdjmks grsaijiks vgrgucs.Xasgigmksk njrmaiks gngbkzk sgpkrkspkrj cgsfvnkssgsgrdaibjc matyvabais<

ssf-ks 8;-a K muxbks Sgngxmgc, `grgradkstrkraiubkfgvXkrks (dgarSkgnaiks) mjwyjiksg cg struqturks sgfkSxaikdgnksgzYvraig mks wavrSg urSkarSXaSgnxmaikS. grgradkstrk-raiubk fgvXkrk (dgarSkgnaig) gr grks kurkckubk pkrk.~ssf-ks ;80-a muxbks Xasgigmksgc, `arSjibkvk sgqmkgnjiks(gmxgngdjiks) xabXafrubaikS jrk gn rgmcankma pkrkfksrubjis arSjibkvgc kmjqmacjs sgarSj sgmaurnaj gnsxvg mkznaiks mksgYwavgc xabXafrubaikS dgnsgzYvrubksgXugbaiaikS, kurkckubk pkrks Xauqmnabgc.~ gmgsSgn, ssf-ks8;-a K muxbkS dgSvgbkswknaiubk `wavrSg urSkarSXa-Sgnxmaig~ sgmgrSbairkvgc grks mgSk arSjibkvk naiksdgmjvbang, gnu xabXafrubaig6

ssf-ks 8;-a KK muxbks Xasgigmksgc, grgradkstrkraiubkfgvXkrks `wavrSg sgwavrj Xasgtgnaik cg gm XasgtgnkSXa\ankbk qjnaig Xagcdans grgradkstrkraiubk fgvXkrks(dgarSkgnaiks) sgarSj qjnaigs.~ gmxgngdjiks XamSxvavgXk ssf-ks ;89-a KKK 7 muxbks Xasgigmksgc, `Su VarSjibkvksgqmkgnjiks] xabXafrubaig sxvg rgmas gr kSvgbkswknais,Xasgtgnaik wgrmjgcdans mjngwkbaSg sgarSj sgfuSraigs.~iunairkvkg, gm jr njrmgXk dgmjyanaiubk tarmknaik< `sgarSjqjnaig~ cg `sgarSj sgfuSraig~ kcanturk XknggrsjirkvkcgtvkrSvks mgtgraiabkg6

ssf-ks 8;-a KKK muxbXk mkSkSaiubkg, rjm

grgradkstrkraiubk fgvXkrk `Xak\baig sgsgmgrSbjXk gnsgsgmgrSbjsdgra urSkarSjiaiXk wgrmjcdankbk kyjs SgvkskwavraikS gn sggmksjc uobaigmjskbk pkraikS.~ gmxgngdjiks




758

gmgsSgn, SvgbXksghamkg fgnjnmcaibks mkar gmxgngdjiksXamSxvavgXk kmks xXkrk dgmajraig, rjm mxgraSg mkarxabXafrubaikS Xasg\baiabkg dgnsxvgvaiub pkrjiaiza XaSgnxmaig.as iunairkvkg, vkngkcgn gmxgngdjig sgxabXafrubaij gnu ckcwkbgcckspjzkhkurk sgmgrSbkS wasrkdcaig. grgradkstrkraiubk fgvXkrkfk kurkckubk pkrks stgtusks dgnmsgzYvrab kmpargtkubnjrmaiSgn urSkarSfgvXkrXkg radubkraiubk. gmks mkuxacgvgc, ssfmgs gr gnkTais kurkckubk pkrks stgtussg Su uobaigungrkgnjigscg gr kSvgbkswknais mksk Xaqmnks rgkma spahkgbur prjhacurgs.Xasgigmksgc, sgaTvjg gm XamSxvavgXk mksk grsks kmpargtkubknjrmaikS mjwasrkdaiks mkzgnXawjnkbjig. bjdkfurgc, gmSvgbsgzrkskS, gr uncg grsaijicas dgnsxvgvaig gmxgngdjigsg cggrgradkstrkraiubk fgvXkrks mjwasrkdaigs Xjrks.

KKK. qjnaig

knckvkcks mjqmacaiks Sgvksuobaikcgn dgmjmckngra, mksk

mjqmacaiksg Su far\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiks `jikaqtk~ 5?; grks yvabgoark, rgzah mkmgrSubkg knckvkcks suikaqturkuobaig. 540

suikaqtks uobaig Xak\baig grsaijicas, rjdjrh wask,`gcgmkgnks mkYmg grsaiub~ 547 naiksmkar `qjnaigza~. 549 sgvknksguirjis ̀ grgSgvksuogbk iunaiks~, 548 xjbj vkncXgkck `grgdjnkarkiunaiks~ 543 Xasgxai. kndbksur sgmgrSgbXk ibaqstjunk gYkgraisuobaiais `dgra sgmygrjs sgdnaiza~. 541 Xasgigmksgc, `qjnaig~,

5?; far\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiks `jikaqtks~ hnaigsSgn cgfgvXkraikSXagc. ljriang\a , sgqgrSvabjs raspuibkfks mjmgvgbk sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks \krkSgck prjibamaik, 7;;3, 73;. 540 pkrjvnubk uobaiaiks sgmgrSbks jikaqtgc dgnxkbvks cguXvaibj-igsSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx. zamjS, 788.547 „...guÚaregbi cas Manshean staeancan...‒,kx. Fjebar , Qreaiarrahet gn Xherkotwarfan unc_arbgdsrahet, Xtuttdgrt, 7;04 (Naucruhf< Ggban, 7;50), 7,mkSkSaiubkg< Hjknd ,Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 38 KKK, 943.549 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, Drjtkus, Ca kura iabbk gh pghks, 7?91, kn<vjn Fkrhemgnn (Ersd.), CrakIòhear òiar cgs Yahet cas Frkadas unc Orkacans, 75?;, KK, KK, KK, 930 (`YmarSmg gcgmkgnksmjcdmgs sgmygrjs XaqmnksSgngva mkgnkTg uobaig mks qvamcdjm naiksmkarsgdgnza cg as fkcav arSxab dgnmajrcg, rjcasgh sgmygrj wgrYvnks Xamcadxabgxbg mjawyj.~ ).548 „unoraka Ngtur ‒, kx. Xgvkdny, Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc K, 7530, § 18,881, 885.543 „varnunotbjsa Ngtur ‒, kx. Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § 784,33;.541 „tea axtarngb teknds jo tea wjrbc ‒, kx. ibaqstjunks ( Ibghfstjna) xacvgsSgn cgfgv-XkraikS Gtkyge, Sea Yksa gnc Ogbb jo Oraacjm jo Hjntrght, 7;4;, 54.




753

upkrvabas yjvbksg, gcgmkgnks pkrjvnubjiksdgn kmklnaig cg mgsXkmjkgzraig yvabgoark ks, rgzah Xasg\baiabkg gcgmkgnks naikszamjqmacaig.

`qjnaig~ grks nkvSk, gnu `grgSgvksuogb~ Su `grgdjnkar~iunaigs mkfuSvnaiubk, mgtarkgburk (sxaubairkvk) cg, gmgva crjs,gcgmkgnks naigs cgmjrHkbaigck sgdgnk. 54? qjnaigc dgnkxkbaig gsavaqjnairkvk uobaig, rjmabkh, Sgvks mxrkv, Xak\baig grsaijicasnkvSza gn grgmgtarkgbur skfaSaza.

`qjnaig~ far\j sgmgrSbksg cg, Xasgigmksgc, ssf-ks arS-arSkhantrgburk skstamurk hnaigg. gmgva crjs, hgbfaubkfar\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiks Xknggrsk mnkXvnabjvngc grkscgmjfkcaiubk qjnaiks sgxasg Su mks dgrfvaub mgxgskgSaibaiza.

mgdgbkSgc<ks, mgtarkgburkg Su grgmgtarkgburk qjnaig, dgngpkrjiaismksk `mgtarkgburk sgzYvraiks~ grsaijigsg cg, Xasgigmksgc,mgsza uXugbj okzkfurk igtjnjiks dgnxjrhkabaiks

Xasg\baibjigs6u\rgvk nkvSks dgnsgfuSraiubk sgmgrSbairkvkmjwasrkdaig, mksk afjnjmkfurk, pjbktkfurk Su sjhkgburkmnkXvnabjiks dgrcg, dgnpkrjiaiubkg mksk SvksaikS ‘ `u\rgjikS~. 544 kdk okzkfurgc gr aqvamcaigraig dgcgtgngsarSk gcdkbkcgn majraza. Xasgigmksgc, mj\rgvk nkvSksgdgndgnsxvgvaikS, kdk var dgcggcdkbcaig arSk sgmgrSbairkvkwasrkdkcgn majraXk6

Hgnghvbaigck nkvSks Sgvksaiuraig dgnpkrjiaiubkgmksk sxvg nkvSkS Hgnghvbaiks Xasg\baibjikS, gnu kmkS, rjmgrsaijis sxvg kcanturk nkvSk, rjmabkh Xasg\baiabkgdgmjyanaiub kqnas Xasgigmksk vgbcaiubaiks srubogsjvngcXasgsrubaibgc6

mjxmgraigck nkvSks mkmgrS mjqmack wasaik amygraig kmdgramjaigs, rjm kdk dgbavgckg cg, Xasgigmksgc, Xau\baiabkgmjxmgraiks Xamcad mksk (kmgva nkvSks) ufgn cgirunaig6

sgnkvSj uobaig Xasg\baiabkg grsaijicas mxjbjccgmjufkcaiab gn dgnhgbfavaigc nkvSza. kdk var kgrsaiais

54? Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< Drjtkus, Ca kura iabbk gh pghks, 7?91, kn<vjn Fkrhemgnn (Ersd.), CrakIòhear òiar cgs Yahet cas Frkadas unc Orkacans, 75?;, KK, KK, KK, 931 oo.6Xgvkdny, Xystam caseautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc K, 7530, § 18, 8856Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhe casPgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § 784, 33; oo.6 Carniurd, Pgncaftan, Ignc K, 7< GbbdamaknarSeakb, 7;00, § ?4, 7116Sgngmacrjva sgmgrSgbXk< Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas IòrdarbkheanYahets, 9003, § 90, YcNr. 70.544 Xagc. Dkarfa, Cautsheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc KK, 7;01, § 707, 1 o.




751

ksaS nkvSza, rjmbks okzkfurk dgmjyjogh Xau\baiabkg, gnrjmabkh dgnhgbfavaiks XamSxvavgXk Sgvks grss fgrdgvs6

sgfuSvnaiabk mTkcrjc grks cgfgvXkraiubk sxvg,`\krkSgc~ nkvSSgn. gmgva crjs, kdk Xasg\baiabkg kyjsmxjbjc okzkfurgc cgmjufkcaiabk nkvSk. wknggYmcadXamSxvavgXk gsaSk nkvSk kqhavg nkvSks ngwkbgc.

7. qjnaiks hnaig cg sgxaaik

7.7 mkmgrSaig jikaqtks hnaigsSgn

ssf-ks ma-4 muxbks Xasgigmksgc, `far\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiksjikaqtk Xak\baig kyjs qjnairkvk gn grgqjnairkvk Ykraiubaiksmgtarkgburk cg grgmgtarkgburk skfaSa, rjmabkh fgnjnkScgcdankbk waskS irunvkcgn gr grks gmjYaiubk.~ 545

as caoknkhkg cgsgzustaiabkg. suikaqtks uobaigXasg\baiabkg mxjbjc qjnaigza grsaijicas. jikaqtkh var kqnaig

ks, rgh gr grks qjnaig.54;

Xasgigmksgc, ssf-ks ma-4 muxbXk sguigrkg`far\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiks jikaqtks~ Xasgxai, rjmabzahXasg\baiabkg wgrmjkXvgs knckvkcks suikaqturk uobaig cgrjmbks mkmgrSgh mjqmacais fjnstktuhkks 97-a K muxbkSdgrgntkraiubk sgfuSraiks uobaig. 550

jikaqtks hnaigs gr gqvs cgmjufkcaiabk mnkXvnabjig. kdkXasg\baiabkg dgmjkyanaijcas mxjbjc qjnaiks hnaiks sknjnkmgc.lar fkcav sgqgrSvabjs sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks raojrmks sgwyksatgpza mkuSkSaicg ljriang\a `jikaqtks~ nghvbgc `nkvSksg~ cg`qjnaiks~ hnaiaiks dgmjyanaiks mkzgnXawjnkbjigza. 557 Xasgigmksgc,ssf-ks 734-a muxbkS xcaig `far\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiksjikaqtks~ hnaiks cgfjnfrataig< `qjnaig... grks yvabg nkvSk cg

545 Xagc. prgqtkfubgc kcanturk caiubaig gzarigklgnks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks ma-3 muxbXk.54; kx. gsava zamjS, 788 cg Xamcdjmnk. 550 fjnstktuhkks 97-a muxbk kSvgbkswknais sgfuSraiks `Xa\anks~, `dgsxvk-saiksg~ cg `mamfvkcrajikS mkYaiks~ uobaiaiks mjwasrkdaigs. gmgsSgn,sgfuSraiks `Xa\anksg~ cg `dgsxvksaiks~ hgb-hgbfa mjxsankaikS ygbkicaigmhcgrk XSgiaTckbaig, SkSqjs ksknk cgmjufkcaiabk sgmgrSbairkvkknstktutaikg. iunairkvkg, rjcasgh arSk pkrk `gsxvksais~ sgfuSraiksuobaigs, majra pkrk `k\ans~ mgs. Xasgigmksgc, gm XamSxvavgXk sguigrkgarSk cg kmgva urSkarSjiks ‘ sgfuSraiks uobaiks dgcghamks ‘ dgnsxvgvaiubk SvgbsgzrkskS mjwasrkdaigza. gngbjdkurgc, `mamfvkc-rajikS mkYaiks~ uobaigh, ogrSj dgdaikS, sgfuSraiks uobaiks dgcghamksarS-arSk sgxag.557 kx. ljriang\a , sgqgrSvabjs raspuibkfks mjmgvgbk sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks \krkSgck prjibamaik, 7;;3, 73;.




75?

grgmgtarkgburk qjnairkvk skfaSa Vqjnairkvk uobaig], rjmabSgobjig, sgrdaibjig cg dgnfgrdvg Xau\bkgS okzkfur cg kurkckubpkrais cg rjmabSg Xa\angh Xak\baig XauzYucgvgc, Sufk asgfr\gbubk gr grks fgnjnkS gn gr awknggYmcadaig znajirkvnjrmais~.

Sgvks mxrkv, ssf-ks 734-a muxbkh grgarS sgdubksxmjcgfjnfrataigs sgTkrjais. ks, rjm `qjnaig... grks yvabg nkvSk cggrgmgtarkgburk qjnairkvk skfaSa~, gr wgrmjXjis dgudairjigs,hxgckg, hnaig `grgmgtarkgburk qjnairkvk skfaSks~ `qjnairkvuobaigc~ dgnmgrtaiks XamSxvavgXk.

rgh Xaaxaig caoknkhkks majra ngwkbs, kdk qjnaiks arS-arSknkXnks ‘ XauzYucgvk dgnfgrdvks Xasg\baibjiks Z dgmjmxgtvabkg.gm fjntaqstXk dgsggngbkzaiabkg ojrmubkraig< `...rjmabSg objig,sgrdaibjig cg dgnfgrdvg Xau\bkgS okzkfur cg kurkckub pkraiscg rjmabSg Xa\angh Xak\baig XauzYucgvgc, Sufk as gfr\gbubkgr grks fgnjnkS gn gr awknggYmcadaig znajirkv njrmais~. gmcaiubaiks drgmgtkfubk uzustjiksg 559 cg Xknggrsjirkvk

iuncjvgnaiks558

mkuxacgvgc, Xasg\baiabkg fgnjnmcaibks naikshgbsgxg dgnmgrtaig. far\jc, qjnaig var kqnaig ks, rgzah fgnjnksXasgigmksgc (qjnaiksgSvks cgmgxgskgSaiabk dgradnubk nkXnaiksmkuxacgvgc) gr Xak\baig grsaijicas knckvkcks suikaqturk uobaig.as Xak\baig fgnjnkS uXugbjc wasrkdcaijcas gn dgmjmckngrajicasfjnstktuhkurk ogsaubjiaikcgn (`znajiks njrmaikcgn~).

Xasgigmksgc, far\j sgmgrSbks jikaqtgc dvavbknaig skfaSaSu qjnaig, rjmabzah knckvkcks uobaiks grsaijig fjnfratubkfgnjnkS gr grks gfr\gbubk. gmgsSgn, fjnstktuhkks 97-a muxbSgnurSkarSfgvXkrXk dgnmgrtaikS, qjnaig `fgnjnkS cgcdankbk waskSirunvkcgn... gmjYaiubk~ Xak\baig kyjs `sgzjdgcjairkvk sgTkrjaik-sgSvks~, gnu knckvkcSg upkrgtask kntarasaiks cgsgfmgyjokbaibgcSu uzrunvabsgyjogc.

qjnaig grks mxjbjc ks nkvSk, gnu mgtarkgburk sgdgnk,rjmbks cguobaigh okzkfurgc Xasg\baiabkg cg rjmabzahXak\baig grsaijicas knckvkcks uobaig. gsava qjnaigg uXugbjcsuikaqturk, qjnairkvk uobaig. Sgvks mxrkv, kdk Xak\baig sxvggrgmgtarkgbur qjnaigzah (mgdgbkSgc< fjmpkutarubk prjdrgmg,sgwgrmjs sgxabwjcaig) grsaijicas. Xasgigmksgc, kmks mkuxacgvgc,rjm grgmgtarkgburk qjnaiks okzkfurk cguobaig Xau\baiabkg,

559 drgmgtkfubgc grgswjrkg sktyvgSg XaSgnxmaig ̀ rjmabSg... sgrdaibjig~. 558 njrmks iuncjvgnaig Xknggrsjirkvgc kcanturk orgzaiks rgmcanlarmadgmajraikS vbkncaig. far\jc, bjdkfurgc zacmatkg kmks cgfjnfrataig,rjm rksk dgnfgrdvgh Xak\baig XauzYucgvgc, gsava XauzYucgvgc Xak\baigmksk Xa\ang. gmgsSgn, dgnfgrdvks naiksmkark XazYucvg, Sgvks mxrkv,Xasg\baiabkg cgamygrjs mxjbjc fgnjnkS dgSvgbkswknaiub gfr\gbvgs.




754

Xasg\baiabkg mgsza uobaiks grsaijig. gm sgxkS grgmgtarkgburkqjnaigh, ‘ rjdjrh uobaig grgmgtarkgbur qjnaigza, ‘ dgnkxkbaigfar\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiks jikaqtgc.

7.9 `qjnaiks~ mjwasrkdaiks gbtarngtkvaik

nkXgncjibkvkg, rjm sgqgrSvabjs sgmgrSbairkv wasrkdXk ̀ qjnaiks~hnaiks Xamjtgng nkcarbgncaiks sgmgrSgbXk gm hnaikscgmfvkcraiks pgrgbaburgc xcaig.

`qjnaig~ 553 nkcarbgncaiks gxgbk sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsksskstamurk hnaigg. mgs ufgvXkrcaig `qjnairkvk sgmgrSbks~ 551 fgtadjrkks ojrmkraig, rjmabkh qvafgtadjrkaigc garSkgnaissgnkvSj 55? cg vgbcaiubaikS 554 sgmgrSgbs. 555 55;

nkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-8<7 muxbks Sgngxmgc,`qjnaig grks yvabg nkvSk cg qjnairkvk uobaig.~ 5;0

mkuxacgvgc kmksg, rjm `qjnaiks~ hnaig gr grks uhxj

fjntknanturk avrjpks grh sxvg sgmgrSbairkv skstamaiXk,kdk fjckokfghkaiks cjnaza kXvkgSgc grks mjwasrkdaiubk.Xasgigmksgc, \krkSgcgc, trgckhkubk `nkvSks~ hnaiksogrSjc dgnmgrtaiks sgou\vabza mkkYwavg far\j sgmgrSbksjikaqtgc ̀ grgmgtarkgburk qjnaiks~ gYkgraig.

553 „ djac ‒. gm tarmknks Xasgtyvksgc qgrSub angXk `qjnaiks~ dgmjyanaigXknggrsjirkv Sgvsaigcjigza grks cgmygraiubk. mksk Sgrdmnks Sajrkubkgbtarngtkvaikg `jikaqtk~ gn `sgdgnk~ (darmgnubk pgrgbabk Xak\baig kyjs„Dadanstgnc ‒). kndbksurk Xasgtyvkskg prjparty, vkngkcgn atkmjbjdkurgcuorj gxbjs myjok djjcs kndbksur kurkckub tarmknjbjdkgXk mj\rgvknkvSks Xasgtyvksgc dgmjkyanaig.551 „ djacaranrahet ‒. Xagc. gsava wkng sqjbkj.55? „ zgfanrahet ‒. 554 „varikntankssanrahet ‒.555 Xagc. Mknhfa, Aknoòerund kn cgs nkacarbãnckshea Yahet, 9009, § ?, 35, YcNr. 700.55; vkngkcgn `qjnairkvk sgmgrSgbk~ dgmjkyanaig sgnkvSj cg vgbcaiubaikSksgmgrSbks dgmgarSkgnaiab tarmkngc nkcarbgncaiks sgmgrSgbXk, arSkXaxacvkS, tarmknjbjdkurk xgrvazkg cgXvaiubk. gxgbk fjckokfghkksmkYaigmca naiksmkark jikaqtks mkmgrS dgmjyanaiubk tarmknk „ zggf ‒ XangrHunaiubkg mxjbjc `nkvSks~ mnkXvnabjikS. kdk okdurkrais `sgnkvSjsgmgrSbksg~ ( „ zgfanrahet ‒) Su `sgnkvSj uobaiaiks~ ( „ zgfabklfa rahetan‒)sgxabwjcaigXkh. `sgnkvSj sgmgrSgbk~ fk gwasrkdais rjdjrh mgtarkgburqjnaigs gnu nkvSais ( „ zggf ‒), ksa grgmgtarkgbur `(qjnairkv) uobaiais~(„varmjdansrahetan‒). mkuxacgvgc gmksg, tarmknk `sgnkvSj uobaiaik~ ( „ zgfabklfarahetan‒) kstjrkubk trgckhkkS grks dgnpkrjiaiubk cg cgsgXvaikgXangrHuncas knckvkcks qjnaigza grsaiubk uobaiks dgmjsgxgtgvgc. 5;0 „Djacaran zkln gbba zgfan an gbba varmjdansrahetan‒.




755

as mkcdjmg cgmfvkcrcg lar fkcav rjmks sgmgrSgbXk,rjmabXkh hnaig `ras~, 5;7 gnu `nkvSk~, ogrSjc dgnkmgrtaijcg.kdk mjkhgvcg mgtarkgbur (sxaubairkv) 5;9 cg grgmgtarkgbur(grgsxaubairkv) 5;8 `nkvSais~. gm ufgngsfnabgc kyj mkHnaubk,mgdgbkSgc, sxvksk sgfuSraikS sgrdaibjiks uobaig,uzuoruqtk. 5;3

sgvgrgucjc, rjmks sgmgrSbks rahaohkks Xacadgcmsdgvsk mkcdjmg XaknkXnaig pkrvab avrjpubfjckokfghkaiXkh, mgdgbkSgc, pruskks zjdgc sgmgrSgbsg cggvstrkks zjdgc sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsXk. 5;1

pruskks zjdgc sgmgrSgbXk `nkvSk~ kyj yvabgoark,rgh Xak\baijcg yjokbkyj uobaiks jikaqtk. 5;?

gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 951-apgrgdrgoks Sgngxmgc, `yvabgoark, rgh pkrksgdgn kmklnaig cggcgmkgnSg mjxmgraiksSvks grks dgnfuSvnkbk, sgmgrSbairkvkSvgbsgzrkskS nkvSgc kwjcaig.~ 5;4

darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqskh mxjbjc `nkvSks~

hnaigs khnjis. ;0-a pgrgdrgoXk kdk `sxaubairkv sgdngc~kxsankaig. 5;5 Sumhg darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk as hnaig ogrSjcdgnkmgrtaig cg mjkhgvs `grgsxaubairkv~ qjnaigs, gnugrgmgtarkgbur qjnaigza grsaiub uobaiais< 5;; ^

drjhkusk rjmks sgmgrSgbza cgyrcnjikS mkkHnavs, rjmuobaiks Xa\ang Xasg\baiabkg grg mxjbjc nkvSza, grgmacsxvg pkrks mkmgrSgh, mgdgbkSgc, Hgsgxvks (mXjibks

5;7 „ras‒.5;9 „ras hjrpjrgbas‒.5;8„ras knhjrpjrgbas‒.5;3 zjdgck mkmjxkbvg kx. Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § ?1 K,8?;.5;1 kx. Fjzkjb/Tabsar/Fbatačfg, Iòrdarbkheas Yahet K, 900?, 939,rjmabkh gvstrkkszjdgc sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsXk `nkvSks~ hnaiks ogrSjc dgdaigs iunaikSksgmgrSbks sfjbks dgvbangs ufgvXkrais. 5;? Carniurd , Baeriuhe cas Prausskshean Prkvgtrahets unc car Prkvgtrahetsnjrman cas Yakhes,Ignc K, 8. Guob., Egbba, 7557, § ?06gsava kx. Gbbdamaknas Bgncrahet oòr cka PraussksheanXtggtan, K, 9, § 76mkSkSaiubkg< Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51,§ ?1 K, 8?;.5;4 „ Gbbas, wgs vjn car Parsjn untarshekacan kst, unc zum Dairguhe car Manshean ckant, wkrckm rahetbkhean Xknna Xghea dangnnt.‒ 5;5 `fÿrparbkhea Dadanstãnca‒.5;; Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 90, YcNr. 3 oo.6Xagc.

Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, Òiaribkhf vjr § ;0, YcNr. 7 o., MònheanarFjmmantgr/ Ejbhe, 900?, § ;0, YcNr. 7 darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsXk `nkvSksg~(`Xghea‒) cg `sgdnks~ Su `jikaqtks~ ( „Dadanstgnc ‒) hnaiaiks dgmklvngsSgncgfgvXkraikS.




75;

uobaiaik Xvkbks mkmgrS), Sgnxmjiksg Su naiks dgmjvbankscg cabkqturk qmacaiks sgou\vabza. ;00

sgvknk gfjnfratais, rjm uobaiks grsaijig cgsgXvaikgnkvSsg cg `sxvgSg hgbfaub mjqmacaigza~. ;07 mksk gzrkS,mxjbjc gm ufgngsfnabza mkmgrSubk grggisjbuturkuobaig gr xabyjos knckvkcks pkrjvnubjigsg cgSgvksuobaigs6 ;09

`xabHgsgTkck (cgmjrHkbaigck)~ ;08 cg `sxaubairkvk~ ;03 nkvSaiks ;01 pgrgbaburgc sgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiksjikaqtgc SgncgSgn gYkgras `grgsxaubairkvk nkvSaikh~ ;0? .;04 gmgsSgn, vkncXgkck shcaig rjmks sgmgrSbks mamfvkcrajigscg mgdgbkSgc gsgxabais gcgmkgnks `gzrjvnaiks Xacads<mahnkaraiksg cg xabjvnaiks nkmuXaisg cg dgmjdjnaiais~6 ;05

grgmgtarkgbur qjnaigza uobaiaiks ;0; hnaikscgmfvkcraig fjbarks ;70 sgxabs ufgvXkrcaig. mgn sggvtjrjcg pgtantmobjiabks qjnairkv uobaiaisg cg nkvSksmasgfuSrks uobaiais Xjrks msdgvsaig mxjbjc mgS

gisjbutur xgskgSXk cgkngxg. Xasgigmksgc, cgmjufkcaiabfgtadjrkgc dgmjyj uobaig `gcgmkgnks mkYmg grsaiub, mgdrgmgrg sxaubairkv, xabXasgxai cg xabHgsgTkc sgmgrSbairkvskfaSaza.~ ;77 `gcgmkgnks mkYmg~ grsaijigXk kdubksxmaig ksdgramjaig, rjm as skfaSa gr grks gcgmkgnks pkrjvnubjiksXamgcdanabk ngwkbk.

;00 Drjtkus, Ca kura iabbk gh pghks, 7?91, kn<vjn Fkrhemgnn (Ersd.), Crak Iòhear òiar cgs Yahetcas Frkadas unc Orkacans, 75?;, KK, _, K, 95? oo.;07 „guo akna aknzabna Egncbund ‒. ;09 Xgvkdny, Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc K, 7530, § 18, 885 o.;08 „Drkotanz‒.;03 „ Fÿrparbkhefakt ‒.;01 Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § 784, 33;.;0? „unfÿrparbkhea Xghean‒. ;04 Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § 784, 3196Dkarfa, CautsheasPrkvgtrahet, Ignc KK, 7;01, § 700, 8.;05 „Dakstasprjcufta< wkssanshegotbkhea unc Funstwarfa, Arokncundan‒,Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhecas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § 784, 319;0; „ Kmmgtarkgbdòtarraheta‒.;70 Ljsao Fjebar(753;-7;7;).;77 „...aknas Yahets gn aknam guÚaregbi cas Manshean staeancan, giar nkhet fÿrparbkhean, nkhet ogÚ- unc drakoigran Yahetsduta.‒ Fjebar , Qreaiarrahet gn Xherkotwarfan unc _arbgdsrahet,Xtuttdgrt, 7;04 (Naucruhf< Ggban, 7;50), 7,mkSkSaiubkg< Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas PrkvgtrahetKK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 38 KKK, 943.




7;0

7.8 mgtarkgburk qjnaig

mgtarkgburk qjnaigg nkvSk. ks uncg kyjs skvrhjirkvgcdgmjyjokbk (cgmjufkcaibgc gYqmgck) cg `cgmjrHkbaigck~. ;79

dgmjyjog Xak\baig kyjs iunairkvk gn xabjvnurk dzkSmkYwaubk (dgbgvnks, ngxgzks, sgfgcgstrj rufksg gn dadmksmaXvajikS), gsava Sxavgck suistgnhkg cg dgzk ;78 aqhavg gmfgtadjrkks qvaX, Su ksknk dgmjyjokbkg gvzksg Su dgyvgnkbjiksmaXvajikS, gn mjSgvsaiubkg sgSgngcj TurTabXk (ijSbk,igbjnk). ;73

cgmjrHkbaigckg ks, rgh gcgmkgnks fjntrjbs aqvamcaigraig.gm nkXnkS qjnaigc gr dgnkxkbaig hjhxgbk dgramj Su `Sgvksuogbkiunaig~, rjdjrkh grks, mgdgbkSgc, zYvg gn naiksmkark Sgvksuogbkcknaig. ;71

nkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-8<9 muxbks Sgngxmgc,

`nkvSk grks gcgmkgnks fjntrjbs cgqvamcaigraigckmgtarkgburk jikaqtk.~ ;7?

;79 Xagc. Xgvkdny, Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc K, 7530, § 18, 8856Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § 784, 33; oo.6 Carniurd, Pgncaftan,Ignc K, 7< Gbbdamaknar Seakb, 7;00, § ?4, 7116Sgngmacrjva sgmgrSgbXk, mgdgbkSgc< Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 90, YcNr. 70.;78

sgqjnbks sgarSgXjrksj ngsykcjiks xabXafrubaigSg Xasgxai fjnvanhkgvrhabcaig sgqjnabza, gnu, rjdjrh wask, mj\rgv cg mgtarkgburnkvSaiza. Sumhg fjnvanhkks mjqmacaiks soarjXk aqhavg cg, Xasgigmksgc,sgqjnbgc dgnkxkbaig gsava ngvSjik cg dgzk. kx.< farasabk\a , sgqjnbkssgarSgXjrksj ngsykcjiks xabXafrubaigSg Xasgxai dgarSkgnaiubk araiksjrdgnkzghkks fjnvanhkks dgmjyanaiks soarj cg pkrjiaik, qsm, 7;;5, 9-8, ;5,7096 catgburgc< Oarrgrkkn<Xhebahetrkam/Xhewanzar(Ersd.), Fjmmantgr zum AkneaktbkheanQN-Fguorahet, 9005, Grt. 9, YcNr. 3?6 Hzarwanfg, Yahetsgnwancundsprjibama kmkntarngtkjngban Fguorahet, 7;55, 711.;73 Xagc.< Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § ;0, YcNr. 76 Mònheanar Fjmmantgr/ Ejbhe, 900?, § ;0, YcNr. 56 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 90, YcNr. 79 o.;71 Xagc.< Drjtkus, Ca kura iabbk gh pghks, 7?91, kn<vjn Fkrhemgnn (Ersd.), Crak Iòhear òiarcgs Yahet cas Frkadas unc Orkacans, 75?;, KK, KK, KKK, 93? oo.6 Xgvkdny, Xystam cas eautkdanrÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc K, 7530, § 18, 8856Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K,7554, § 73?, 3?; oo.6 Sgngmacrjva sgmgrSgbXk, mgdgbkSgc, MònheanarFjmmantgr/ Ejbhe, 900?, § ;0, YcNr. 85.;7? „ \gfan zkln ca vjjr mansabklfa iaeaarsknd vgtigra stjooabklfa jilahtan.‒




7;7

7.3 grgmgtarkgburk qjnaig

ssf-ks 719-a muxbks Xasgigmksgc, `grgmgtarkgburk qjnairkvk skfaSagrks ks mjSxjvnaik cg uobaiaik, rjmbaikh Xak\baig dgcgahassxvg pkrais, gn dgmkznubkg sggmksjc, rjm mgS mobjiabs Xaaqmngsmgtarkgburk sgrdaiabk gncg mkankTjs uobaig mjsSxjvjs sxvgpkrs rgkma.~

gm uobaiaiksg Su `grgmgtarkgburk qjnairkvk skfaSks~Xknggrss yvabgza ufaSasgc tarmknk `qjnairkvk uobaig~dgmjxgtgvs. gm Xaxacubaigs grsaikSgc ks dgramjaigh gmygrais, rjmfgnjnmcaiabk `grgmgtarkgburk qjnairkvk skfaSks~ radubkraiksgsswjrac nkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-8<? muxbksojrmubkraigs ayrcnjig, rjmabXkh mjwasrkdaiubkg `qjnairkvkuobaiaik~. ;74 as ufgngsfnabk qjnairkv uobaiais dgnmgrtgvsuobaiaigc, `rjmbaikh, cgmjufkcaibgc gn sxvg uobaigsSgnurSkarSfgvXkrXk, dgcghamgckg, dgmkznubkg mgSk mobjiabksSvks

mgtarkgburk Vqjnairkvk] sgrdaibks mksgnkTaibgc, gn, rjmabSgXa\angh xcaig grsaiubk gn mjsgbjcnabk mgtarkgburk Vqjnairkvk]sgrdaibks mkYaiks sgnghvbjc.~ ;75

grgmgtarkgbur qjnaigs dgnafuSvnaig, mgdgbkSgc, pgtantkcgn,sgsgqjnbj nkXnkcgn, gcdkbwgrmjXjiks cgsgxabaikcgn,dajdrgokubk gYnkXvnkcgn, sgwgrmjs sgxabwjcaikcgndgmjmckngra Su mgSSgn cgfgvXkraiubk qjnairkvk uobaiaik.

gmgsSgn, mxacvabjigXkg mksgYaik, rjm pkrjvnubuobaiaiSgn mTkcrj urSkarSfgvXkrXk myjok `skfaSah~Xasg\baiabkg kyjs hgbfaubk uobaiksg cg, Xasgigmksgc,far\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiks jikaqtk, gnu qjnaig.gsaSgc Xasg\baiabkg mkHnaub kqnas, mgdgbkSgc, Hgngwark,rjmabkh kmklnaig gzrks ojrmkraiksg cg dgmjxgtvkspkrjvnubk cg, Xasgigmksgc, dgnusxvksaiabk uobaiksdgn, gn

;74 cgsgXvaikg gsava tarmkn `suikaqturk uobaiks~ dgmjyanaigh, kmksdgSvgbkswknaikS, rjm suikaqturk uobaig mxjbjc qjnaigza Xak\baiggrsaijicas. mnkXvnabjvgnkg mxjbjc ks, rjm XarHaubmg tarmknmg grmjkhvgs pkrjvnubk uobaiaik. swjrac mgSk qjnaigc dgnxkbvksXasg\baibjiks dgmjsgrkhxgc sgsurvabkg `uobaiks~ hnaiks cgfjnfrataig`qjnairkvza~ gqhantkS. nkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsXk gmktjmghdgmjyanaiubkg tarmknk ̀ qjnairkvk uobaiaik~ ( varmjdansrahetan).;75 „ Yahetan cka, eatzkl gozjncarbklf eatzkl tazgman mat aan gncar rahet, jvarcrggdigr zkln, jo artja straffan ca raheteaiianca stjooabklf vjjrcaab ta varshegooan, jowab varfradan zkln kn rukbvjjr varstraft jo kn eat vjjruktzkhet dastabc stjooabklf vjjrcaab, zkln varmjdansrahetan.‒




7;9

ngwgrmjaik, rjmbks XamSxvavgXkh sggvtjrj qjnairkvkuobaig ;7; kmklnaig sggvtjrj pkrjvnubk uobaiksdgn.

Xamjqmacaiks ksaSk ngyjokh, rjdjrkhgg fjmpkutarubkprjdrgmg Su mjnghamSg igzg, grks grgmgtarkgburkqjnairkvk skfaSa. ;90 gmgsSgn, nkvSgc uncg kqnas dgnxkbubkmxjbjc ks knojrmghkks mgtgraiabk, rjmabXkhdgnsxaubaiubkg Xasgigmksk knojrmghkg. ;97 msdgvsk Xacadkbjdkfurgc vrhabcaig yvabg sxvg Xamjqmacaiks ngyjoks,mgdgbkSgc muskfgburk fjmpjzkhkksg Su bktargturubkngwgrmjaiks, mkmgrS. ;99 sggvtjrj qjnairkvk uobaig(fjmpjzkhkks Xasrubaiks Su wkdnks cgiaTcvks uobaig)grgmgtarkgburk qjnairkvk skfaSag. mksk Xamhvabk (ksavarjdjrh mks sgou\vabza Xaqmnkbk) dgnsxaubaiubk`prjcuqtk~ (cksfk, rjmabzah Hgwarkbkg guckj- Suvkcajfjmpjzkhkg, ;98 ksava rjdjrh pgtantks dgmjyanaikSmkYaiubk mgtarkgburk sgdgnk) grks mgtarkgburk qjnaig gnunkvSk.

grgmgtarkgbur qjnaigXk aqhavg uobaiaik gcgmkgnksfjntrjbs cgqvamcaigraigc sxvgcgsxvg anardkgza,rjdjrkhgg, mgdgbkSgc, abaqtrj- cg Sijanardkg. mgSza,rjdjrh wask, XauzYucgvgc vrhabcaig mj\rgvk nkvSaiksmkmgrS mjqmack sgmgrSbairkvk raLkmk. ;93

;7; `kntabaqtugburk uobaiks~ ( „crjkt kntabbahtuab ‒) hnaiks Hgmjygbkiaigsg cgsxvg uobaiaiksgdgn ( „crjkt parsjnnabs, raëbs, c‛jibkdgtkjn ‒) mks dgmklvngsSgncgfgvXkraikS kx. Pkhgrc,Amiryjbjdka lurkckqua, Nauvabba hbgsskokhgtkjn cas crjkts, Ljurngbcu crjkt kntarngtkjngb prkvë, 7558 (70), 1?1-151,mkSkSaiubkg< Hjknd , AurjpãksheasPrkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 38 KKK, 943.;90 Yacafar , Tar kst Akdantòmar vjn Djateas Tartear, NLT, 7;;9, 748;6 Lunfar , CkaAntwkhfbund cas Hjmputarrahets kn can Lgeran 7;;7 unc 7;;9, NLT, 7;;8, 593, 594 o.6Mònheanar Fjmmantgr/ Ejbhe, 900?, § ;0, YcNr. 94.;97 darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk grsaiub gzrSg sxvgcgsxvgjigsSgn cgfgvXkraikSkx., mgdgbkSgc, Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 90, YcNr. 56 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § ;0, YcNr. 9, Xamcdjmk mkSkSaiaikS .;99 Xagc. Yacafar , Tar kst Akdantòmar vjn Djateas Tartear, NLT, 7;;9, 748; o.;98 gsaS qjnaigza cgcaiubk xabXafrubaiks sgdgnk grks grg mxjbjc asnkvSk (uXugbjc cksfk), grgmac mgsXk `dgnsxaubaiubk~ knojrmghkg Sufjmpjzkhkg. Xasgigmksgc, dgnsxvgvcaig hgrkabk knojrmghkks mgtgraibks

ogsk knojrmghkks Xamhvabk mgtgraibksgdgn. ;93 Xagc.< Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 90, YcNr. 716 MònheanarFjmmantgr/ Ejbhe, 900?, § ;0, YcNr. 1, 916kx. gsava ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks573-a muxbk.




7;8

9. nkvSks sgxaaik

ssf-ks 735-a muxbk gwasrkdais `nkvSks sgxaais~. kdk mklngvs mj\rgvcg u\rgv nkvSais. dgrcg gmksg, mkzgnXawjnkbkg dgmklvnkscgmgtaikSk frktarkumaiks dgmjyanaig cg nkvSks ksaSk sgxaaiksdgmjyjog, rjmbaikh hgbfaubk sgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiksXknggrsza gxcanan dgvbangs. gsaSkg, mgdgbkSgc, Hgnghvbaigck cggrgHgnghvbaigck, ksava rjdjrh mjxmgraigck cg grgmjxmgraigcknkvSaiks dgmklvng.

9.7 mj\rgvk cg u\rgvk nkvSaik

sgufunaaiks dgnmgvbjigXk mj\rgvk cg u\rgvk nkvSaiks dgmklvngdgnpkrjiaiubk kyj mkwks ngfvaSks dgnsgfuSraiubk afjnjmkfurk,sjhkgburk cg pjbktkfurk mnkXvnabjikS. ;91 mkwks ngfvaSkgrsaikSgc dgnsgzYvrgvcg mksk masgfuSrks pjbktkfur\gbguobaigsg Su sgzjdgcjairkv stgtuss. knckvkcks sgfuSraiksuobaiks sgyjvabSgj gYkgraiks SvgbsgzrkskSgh dgcgmwyvatkmnkXvnabjig swjrac mkwks ngfvaSksg cg sxvg qjnaiks dgmklvngsmkankTg. Xasgigmksgc, far\j sgfuSraiks gYkgraig yvabgza ijbjsswjrac mkwks ngfvaSza mjxcg. ;9?

\vabk qgrSubk sgmgrSbks kstjrkubk sgiuSaikcgn(mgdgbkSgc, igdrgt K_-ks 7015 wbksg cg dkjrdk KK-ks 7049 wbksskdabaikS) krfvavg, rjm sgqgrSvabjXk mkwks `wygbjig~ Su`ij\aig~ maoks prarjdgtkvg kyj cg maoks Xasgigmksk gqtk,Sgngmacrjva dgdaikS, kurkckub \gbgs mxjbjc mksk maojiksparkjckS kngrHunaicg. mjmcavnj maoas Xasgigmksk sgiuSk,

`wygbjiks~ Su `Xauvgbjiks wkdnk~, xabgxbg uncg cgamtfkhaikng.;94

XacgraiksgSvks, mgdgbkSgc, kndbksXk 7?95 wabs SamSg pgbgtgm ;95 `sgmaojs yvabg Sgvksuogb wavrs~ mkgnkTg sgfuSraiks uobaig`sgqjnabza~, ;9; gnu grsaikSgc yvabgoarza, rgh gr ufgvXkrcaijcgmkwks ngfvaSs. ;80

;91 Xagc. Dkarfa, Cautsheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc KK, 7;01, § 707, 1 o.;9? kx., mgdgbkSgc, Drjtkus, Ca kura iabbk gh pghks, 7?91, kn<vjn Fkrhemgnn (Ersd.), CrakIòhear òiar cgs Yahet cas Frkadas unc Orkacans, 75?;, KK, KK, KK, 931.;94 kx. lgvgxkXvkbk, qgrSubk sgmgrSbks kstjrkg, 7;9; (`Sxzubaignk~,tjmk _KK, 7;53) 749 cg Xamcdjmnk, mkSkSaikS< Ljrcgnkg (rac.), kstjrkubksgiuSaik XkjmYvkmks mjngstrksg cg `\adbk vgegnks qugiSg~, 75;?, 3 cgXamcdjmnk.;95 Egusa jo Hjmmjns. ;9; ‒…avary oraa suilaht jo teks ragbm egte g ouncgmantgb prjparty kn djjcs‒. ;80 kx. Gtkyge, Sea Yksa gnc Ogbb jo Oraacjm jo Hjntrght, 7;4;, 5?.




7;1

mgsza mxbjc mkwks ngfvaSks Xasgigmks ngwkbSgn urSkarSfgvXkrXkuncg dgnkxkbaijcas.

sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjig, qjnairkvk sgmgrSbks sxvghnaiaiks cgmfvkcraiks msdgvsgc, gm XamSxvavgXkhnkcarbgncaiks sgmgrSbks dgmjhckbaigs kzkgrais.nkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-8<8 K muxbXkwasrkdcaig u\rgvk nkvSaik, xjbj ma-8<8 KK muxbXk yvabg`grgu\rgvk~ nkvSk hxgccaig mj\rgvgc. ;84

gmgsSgn, nkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-8<8 Kmuxbsg cg ssf-ks 73;-a muxbs Xjrks dgnsxvgvaigmknkmgburkg. kdk grsaikSgc vbkncaig nkcarbgncabkfgnjnmcaibks mkar kmks cgfjnfrataiksgs, rjm nkvSks(grsaikSk Xamgcdanabk) ngwkbk Xak\baig `uXugbjc gn sxvgngdaijigsSgn mkarSaikS~ ;85 kyjs mkwks ngfvaSSgncgfgvXkraiubk.

u\rgvk cg mj\rgvk nkvSaiks dgmklvnks sgfkSxk

msdgvsgcgg mjwasrkdaiubk aspgnaSks sgmgrSgbXk. aspgnaSkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 888-a muxbk kSvgbkswknais mj\rgvk cgu\rgvk qjnaiks ;8; zjdgc dgmklvngs. mjmcavnj muxbaiXkfgnjnmcaiabk lar u\rgvk nkvSks catgbur mjwasrkdaigsgxcans, xjbj Xamcdjm mj\rgv nkvSaisg Su qjnaigza ufvadgmjrkhxvks prknhkpkS sguirjis. far\jc, yvabgoark, rgh graqhavg 883-a muxbks ojrmubkraigXk, hxgccaig mj\rgvgc, 881-amuxbks Xasgigmksgc.

gmgsSgn, aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 881-a muxbkScgfjnfrataiubkg, rjm mj\rgvk qjnaig uncg kyjs`cguobaigungrkgnk~ cg aqvamcaigraijcas `trgnspjrtkraigs~km u\rgvk nkvSks cgzkgnaiks dgraXa, rjmabSgngh kdkcgfgvXkraiubk kyj. ;30 msdgvsk dgnmgrtaigg mjhamubkgvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 9;8-a pgrgdrgoXkh.far\jc, mj\rgvkg nkvSk, rjmbks dgcgtgngh Xasg\baiabkgarSkcgn majra gcdkbgs mksk suistgnhkks xabyjoksdgraXa. ;37

`knckvkcugburk sgfuSraiks sgdngc~ grks gYkgraiubk ikng cg `grgsghxjv-raiabk ogrSjik~. ;84 „ Yjaranc zkln gbba zgfan cka nkat jnrjaranc zkln.‒ ;85 „...eatzkl rahetstraafs, eatzkl cjjr varankdknd mat gncara daijuwan jo warfan.‒ ;8; „ikanas muaibas j knmuaibas‒.;30 „Xa raputgn ikanas muaibas bjs sushaptkibas ca gprjpkghkjn... y an danargb tjcjs bjs qua sa puacan trgnspjrtgr ca un puntj g jtrj skn manjshgij ca bg hjsg knmuaiba g qua astuvkaranunkcjs.‒ ;37 „Xghean, wabhea jena _arbatzund kerar Xuistgnz vjn aknar Xtabba zur gncarn varsatzt warcanfÿnnan, sknc iawadbkhe...‒




7;?

u\rgvk nkvSks mkmgrS mjqmack sgmgrSbairkvk mjwasrkdaiks msdgvskraLkmk Xasg\baiabkg, fgnjnmcaibks dgcgwyvatkbaikS dgvrhabcasSgvksk iunaikS mj\rgv nkvSza. mgdgbkSgc, sgzYvgj Su sgegarjxjmgbcaik aqvamcaigraikgn spahkgbur sgmgrSbairkv mjwasrkdaigs,fgnjnmcaibjikS dgSvgbkswknaiubkg mgSza uobaiaiks radkstrg-hkks spahkgburk mjSxjvnaik. ;39

9.9 Hgnghvbaigck cg grgHgnghvbaigck nkvSaik

Hgnghvbaigckg nkvSk, rjmabkh dgnksgzYvraig rgjcanjikS, zjmkSgn wjnkS. ;38 iunairkvkg, kdk var kqnaig rgkma knckvkcugburk nkXnkSdgnsgzYvrubk. Xasgigmksgc, arSngkrk Su urSkarSHgnghvbaigcknkvSaikcgn grsaikSgc subarSkg, rjmabk kqnaig dgmjyanaiubkvgbcaiubaiks Xasgsrubaibgc. Xasgigmks afjnjmkfur Su mxgraSgmkar XaSgnxmaiub mkzgns gfmgyjokbais naiksmkark mgSdgnk. ;33

Xasg\baiabkg, hgbfaub XamSxvavgXk prjibamurk kyjs kmks

dgrfvavg, Su rg Xak\baig HgkSvgbjs Hgnghvbaigc nkvSgc cgrg ‘ grg. SvgbsgHknjaiksSvks mkzgnXawjnkbkg, mgdgbkSgc,darmgnkks sgmgrSbks gngbkzk. darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks ;7-a pgrgdrgokS Hgnghvbaigck nkvSks uXugbjmjwasrkdaiks mkuxacgvgc, sgsgmgrSbj dgcgwyvatkbaiaik mkskdgnsgzYvrks \krkSgck wygrjg.

Hgnghvbaigc nkvSais dgnafuSvnaig, mgdgbkSgc< oubk,ogskgnk qgYgbcaik, sarkubk wgrmjaiks sgqjnabk (mgS Xjrks<gxgbk gvtjmjikbk, gvalk, mgXkngh, Su kdk cgmfvaSks

;39 kx.< Dkarfa, Cautsheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc KK, 7;01, § 707, 796Sgngmacrjva sgmgrSgb-

Sgn cgfgvXkraikS, mgdgbkSgc, Mònheanar Fjmmantgr/ Ejbhe, 900?, § ;0, YcNr. 78.sgqjnbks sgarSgXjrksj ngsykcjiks xabXafrubaigSg Xasgxai fjnvanhkksma-9 muxbXk fjnvanhkks mjqmacaiks soarjcgn dgmjngfbksaiXk wybksg cgsgegarj xjmgbcaiks ( „ sekps, vassabs, ejvarhrgot, gkrhrgot ‒) sgfkSxks mjwasrkdaigswjrac sxvgcgsxvg sgmgrSbairkv wasrkdXk mgSza uobaiaiksradkstrghkks spahkgburk mjSxjvnaikS grks dgnpkrjiaiubk. kx.<farasabk\a , sgqjnbks sgarSgXjrksj ngsykcjiks xabXafrubaigSg XasgxaidgarSkgnaiubk araiks jrdgnkzghkks fjnvanhkks dgmjyanaiks soarj cgpkrjiaik, qsm, 7;;5, 9-8, ;5, 7096 Eariar/Hzarwanfg, Kntarngzkjngbas Fguorahet,Fjmmantgr zu cam Òiaraknfjmman car _arakntan Ngtkjnan vjm 77. Gprkb 7;50 òiar _artrãdaòiar can kntarngtkjngban Tgranfguo, 7;;7, Grt. 9, YcNr. 78 oo.6 Oarrgrk kn<Xhebahetrkam/Xhewanzar(Ersd.), Fjmmantgr zum Akneaktbkhean QN-Fguorahet, 9005, Grt. 9,YcNr. 85 oo.;38 kx. darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ;7-a pgrgdrgok, „_artratigra Xghean... sknciawadbkhea Xghean, cka km _arfaer nghe \geb, MgÚ jcar Dawkhet iastkmmt zu warcan pobadan.‒ ;33 Xagc. darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk< IDE, NLT, 7;51, 9378, 93736 IDE, NLT, 7;47,74;8, 74;3.




7;5

dvgrjvnubjiks cgcdang fk mxgraSg fjnfratubkXaSgnxmaiks sgou\vabza xcaig, gnu uXugbjc dgrkdaiksXknggrskcgn dgmjmckngrajis ks, XaSgnxmcnan mxgraaik nkvSkssgxaza, Su cggfjnfratas uXugbjc mksgwjcaiabk nkvSk. ;18 gmgsSgn, dvgrjvnubk nkXnkS dgnsgzYvrubk vgbcaiubaiksXasrubaig, rjdjrh wask, Hgnghvbaigck nkvSks mkwjcaikSxjrhkabcaig. ;13

knckvkcugburk nkXnkS dgnsgzYvrubk nkvSksmkwjcaiks vgbcaiubaiksgdgn dgnsxvgvaikS, Xasrubaikssgdnks dvgrjvnubk nkXnkS dgnsgzYvrksgs Sgvgcvgbcaiubaig grks grg dgnsgzYvrubk, grgmacdgnsgzYvrgck. ;11 mxjbjc mgs Xamcad, rgh mxgramvgbcaiubaiks Xasgsrubaibgc `Sgvks mxrkcgn sgvgbcaiubjdgngxjrhkabg~, ;1? xcaig vgbcaiubaiks zustgc dgnsgzYvrggnu cgfjnfrataig. Xasgigmksgc, mjvgbks pgsuxksmdaibjig gmmjmantkcgn dgnksgzYvraig gm nkvSkS.

darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk cgfjnfrataiks knstktutk

mTkcrjc grks cgfgvXkraiubk vgbcaiubaiks XasrubaikssgxaaiSgn. far\jc, dgcgmwyvatkg, mxgraSg naiks dgmjvbankcgnSu urSkarSjikcgn dgmjmckngrajis mktgnks ;14, dgdzgvnksg ;15 Su (fracktjrks mkar) wgYaiks ;1; vgbcaiubaig<

‘ mktgnks vgbcaiubaiks XamSxvavgXk mjvgba `Sgvksmxrkcgn sgvgbcaiubjs dgngxjrhkabais~ fracktjrksgcdkbsgmyjoabSgn nkvSks ragburk XaSgvgzaikS6

‘ dgdzgvnks vgbcaiubaiks crjs uncg mjxcas nkvSksdgcgmzkcgvksSvks dgcghamg6

‘ (fracktjrks mkar) wgYaiks vgbcaiubaiks XamSxva-vgXk sgfmgrkskg nkvSks dgnhgbfavaig cg fracktjrksgSvkswgsgYaigc XaSgvgzaig.

hxgckg, SkSjaub dgnxkbub XamSxvavgXk cgfjnfrataigmjxcaig mxjbjc mgXkn, Su XarHaubk nkvSk mxgraSg mkarXaSgnxmaiubk vgbcaiubaiks Xasgigmkskg. ;?0 gmgsSgn,

;18 Xagc. gsava sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 779;-a (7) muxbk< „ Kb ogut quab'jibkdgtkjn gkt pjur jilat una hejsa gu mjkns cëtarmknëa qugnt à sjn aspåha.‒ ;13 Mònheanar Fjmmantgr/ Ejbhe, 900?, § ;7, YcNr. 7 oo.6 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas IòrdarbkheanYahets, 9003, § 90, YcNr. 876Xagc. gsava IDE, NLT, 7;51, 9308.;11 kx., mgdgbkSgc, Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005, § 938, YcNr. 7 . ;1? „... saknarsakts Arojrcarbkhea datgn‒, darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 938-a KKpgrgdrgok. ;14 „ Irkndsheubc ‒. ;15 „Xhekhfsheubc ‒. ;1; „ Ejbsheubc ‒. ;?0 kx., mgdgbkSgc, Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005, § 938, YcNr. 1 .




7;;

cgfjnfrataigsSgn arSgc xcaig mjvgbkcgn fracktjrzaXasrubaiks (Su XamSxvavkSk cgYupvks) rksfks dgcgsvbg.

sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjigXk dvgrjvnubk SudgnsgzYvrgck vgbcaiubaiks hnaigs ufgvXkrcaig mnkXvna-bjvgnk sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaik<

‘ ssf-ks 850-a muxbXk sguigrkg swjrac dgnsgzYvrgckgnu dvgrjvnubk nkXnkS dgnsgzYvrubk vgbcaiubaiks ;?7 Xasgxai, rjmbks crjsgh mjvgba vgbcaiubkg XasSgvgzjsfracktjrs ̀ sgXugbj xgrksxks~ Xasrubaig6 ;?9

‘ ssf-ks 859-a muxbXk vgbcaiubaiks dvgrjvnubknkXnkS dgnsgzYvrgs ufgvXkrcaig mksk XasrubaiksXasg\baibjiks cgcdang. dvgrjvnubk nkXnkS dgnsgzYvrubkvgbcaiubaiks Xasrubaig mxjbjc mgXkn xcaig Xau\baiabk,Su mSbkgngc `dvgrk~ gYgr kgrsaiais6

‘ ssf-ks 3;0-a K muxbXk ngfbkgnk Xasrubaiks crjscgmgtaikSk Xasrubaiks majrgck mjSxjvnks arS-arSk sgxa ‘ ngfbkgnk nkvSks ungfbjSk Xahvbg ‘ uXugbjc ufgvXkrcaig

mxgraSg mkar XaSgnxmaiubk vgbcaiubaiks dvgrjvnubjigs.hxgckg, Su mkwjcaiubk nkvSk ngfbks mqjnag, ks grXaasgigmaig XaSgnxmaiub vgbcaiubaigs. Xasgigmksgc, grxcaig mjvgbks mkar Xasgsrubaiabk vgbcaiubaiksdgnsgzYvrg, cgfjnfrataig cg kdk fvbgv mxgraSgXaSgnxmaikcgn dgmjmckngra dgnsgzYvrgck rHaig.

9.8 mjxmgraigck cg grgmjxmgraigck nkvSaik

mj\rgvk nkvSk mgXkn grks mjxmgraigck, rjcasgh mksk HvaubairkvkcgnkXnubaig swjrac mks mjxmgraikS (dgbavkS) vbkncaig. ;?8

mjxmgraigck nkvSaikg, mgdgbkSgc< sgfvaik, mackfgmantaik,sgwvgvk, gdraSva oubk cg ogskgnk qgYgbcaik. mjxmgraigck nkvSaik,rjdjrh wask, var dgxcaig Sxjvaiksg Su qkrgvnjiks sgdgnk. gsaSk

;?7 `Su Xasrubaiks xgrksxk cgwvrkbaikS gr grks xabXafrubaigXkdgnsgzYvrubk...~ ;?9 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 938-a K pgrgdrgok („Tarakna nur car Dgttund nghe iastkmmta Xghea sheubcat, egt akna Xghea vjn mkttbarar Grt unc Dòta zu bakstan.‒)6gsava sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 793?-a muxbk („Xk bg cattaast c'una hejsa quk na sjkt cëtarmknëa qua pgr sjn aspåha, ba cëiktaur na sarg pgs tanu, pjurìtra bkiërë, ca bg cjnnar ca bg makbbaura aspåha6 mgks kb na pjurrg b'joorkr ca bg pbus mguvgksa.‒).;?8 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § 730, 3116Sgngmacrjva sgmgrSgbXk Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 90, YcNr.83 oo.




900

dgrkdaig gm nkvSkS sgrdaibjiks (afjnjmkfur) mkzgns awknggYmca-daig. mgSza kcaig sasxks xabXafrubaig. ;?3

Xasgigmksk xabXafrubaiks cgcaikS pkrk mjkpjvais gsaSknkvSaiks mjxmgraiks uobaigs. mgs, rjdjrh wask, var cgafksraigkmgva nkvSks ufgn cgirunaiks vgbcaiubaig. Xasgigmksk mjSxjvngmkmgrSubk uncg kyjs oubgc fjmpansghkgza.

mjxmgraigck nkvSks caoknkhkg dgSvgbkswknaiubkg,mgdgbkSgc, gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 807-apgrgdrgokS. far\jc, mjxmgraigckg nkvSk, rjmbksHvaubairkvk dgmjyanaig vbkncaig mks dgngcduraigsg SudgbavgXk. ;?1

darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ;9-a pgrgdrgokhkSvgbkswknais mjxmgraigck nkvSks mjwasrkdaigs. gmgsSgn, kdkmklngvs mj\rgv nkvSais, rjmabSg Hvaubairkvk dgmjyanaigvbkncaig mjxmgraigXk gn dgsxvksaigXk. ;?? Xasgigmksgc,grsaijis ragburgc cg sgmgrSbairkvk SvgbsgzrkskS

mjxmgraigck nkvSaik. mjxmgraigc nkvSais dgnafuSvnaig,mgdgbkSgc, oubk cg ogskgnk qgYgbcaik. vkngkcgn ksknkuXugbjc gr objian (mgdgbkSgc, sgfvaiksg Su sgwvgvksgdgndgnsxvgvaikS), pkrcgpkrk dgdaikS, mjxmgraiksgSvksguhkbaiab Svksaiais. ;?4 mgSk mjxmgraig knckvkcks mjSxjvnk-baiaiksg Su kntarasaiks `grgpkrcgpkr~ cgfmgyjokbaigXk gnusxvg vgbcaiubaiaiks XasrubaigXk vbkncaig.

dgrcg gmksg, darmgnubk sgmgrSgbk mjxmgraigc nkvSaismkgfuSvnais sgsgqjnbj sgwyjiXk Sgvmjyrkb Su sxvg dzkSwgrmjqmnkb nkvSSg arSjibkjigs, rjmabkh dgsgsxvksaibgcgrks dgnfuSvnkbk. ;?5

aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 884-a muxbkkSvgbkswknais mjxmgraigck cg grgmjxmgraigck nkvSaiksdgmklvngs. fgnjnmcaiabk gqgh mj\rgvk cg u\rgvk nkvSaiksXamSxvavgXk gprjikraiub dgmjrkhxvks maSjcs kyanais.mjxmgraigckg mj\rgvk nkvSk, rjmbks gcafvgturk dgmjyanaig

;?3 oubk cgsgXvaikg, dgmjngfbksgc kqnas mkHnaubk, vkngkcgn Xasg\baiabkgmksk `kcanturgc~ cgirunaig, dgnsgfuSraikS abaqtrjnubk gndgrkXswj-raiks XamSxvavgXk.;?1 „Xghean, wabhea jena kera \arstÿrund jcar _arzaerund can dawÿenbkhean Nutzan nkhet dawãeran, eakÚan varirguheigra...‒ ;?? „_arirguheigra Xghean km Xknna cas Dasatzas sknc iawadbkhea Xghean, caraniastkmmundsmãÚkdar Dairguhe kn cam _arirguhe jcar kn car _arãuÚarund iastaet.‒ ;?4 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § ;9, YcNr. 7 o.6 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS casIòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 90, YcNr. 81.;?5 darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ;9-a KK pgrgdrgok.




907

iunairkvgc kwvavs mks mjxmgraigs (dgbavgs). xjbj ks, rgh grgrks mjxmgraigck, bjdkfurgc grks grgmjxmgraigck. ;?;

gmgsSgn, aspgnur sgmgrSgbXk mjxmgraigck cgHgnghvbaigck nkvSaik, pruskks, gvstrkksg cg sgorgndaSksfjckokfghkaiks msdgvsgc, ;40 kcanturgc dgnkxkbaig. as kmkSgrks dgnpkrjiaiubk, rjm mjxmgraigck nkvSaik, zjdgcgc,Hgnghvbaigcgc grks gYkgraiubk. Sumhg gsaSk mkcdjmgdgumgrSbaiabkg kmks dgSvgbkswknaikS, rjm HgnghvbaigcknkvSk yjvabSvks gr grks mjxmgraigck. ;47 mgdgbkSgc,sarkubk wgrmjaiks gxgbk gvtjmjikbk Hgnghvbaigck nkvSkg,mgdrgm gr grks mjxmgraigck.

grgmjxmgraigc nkvSs gxgskgSais iunairkvk hvaSg, ;49 rjcasgh mkskHvaubairkvk cgnkXnubaikS dgmjyanaiksgs xcaig nkvSksYkraiubaiks Xamhkraig, sgrdaibjiks xgndr\bkvjiksg cgkntanskvjiks Xasgigmksgc. ;48

9.3 nkvSaiks sxvg fbgskokfghkaik

grsaijis dgyjogck cg dgnuyjoabk nkvSaik. dgyjogcksgdgndgnsxvgvaikS dgnuyjoabk nkvSks ngwkbaigc cgyjog Xau\baiabkg,gn Xasg\baiabkg mxjbjc mksk Ykraiubaiks grsaikSk Xamhkraiksxgrlza. nkvSza uobaiaiks grsaijiks SvgbsgzrkskS,dgsgSvgbkswknaiabkg, rjm cgmjufkcaiabk vgbcaiubaikSk uobaigmxjbjc dgyjogc nkvSza (uorj zustgc, mks ngwkbza) Xak\baiggrsaijicas, kdk sgnkvSj dgyjoks Xamcad wgrmjkXjig.

gm dgmklvnks sgmgrSbairkvk mnkXvnabjig, iunairkvkg, qjnaiksdgyjoks XamSxvavgXkh cdaig. dgnuyjoabk nkvSk Xasg\baiabkgmxjbjc dgsxvkscas cg dgkyjs mkYaiubk sgogsurk. ;43 as dgmklvngmnkXvnabjvgnkg vgbcaiubaiks Xasrubaiks SvgbsgzrkskSgh. kdkmxacvabjigXk mkkYaig, mgdgbkSgc, kmks cgsgcdangc, Xasg\baiabkgSu grg vgbcaiubaiks ngwkb-ngwkb Xasrubaig, gn mjhamubkg Sugrg ngwkbjirkvk Xasrubaig (Xasgigmksgc Xausrubaibjig).

;?; „ Bjs ikanas muaibas sjn oundkibas j nj oundkibas. G bg prkmarg aspahka partanahan gquabbjsca qua nj puaca egharsa ab usj gcahugcj g su ngturgbazg skn qua sa hjnsumgn6 g bg saquncgaspahka hjrraspjncan bjs camçs.‒ ;40 kx. Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § 737, 315, On. 1.;47 Xagc. Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § 737, 315.;49 kx. mjxmgraiksg cg iunairkvk hvaSks dgmklvngsSgn cgfgvXkraikS Bgranz/

Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 90, YcNr. 83.;48 Xagc. Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § 730, 31?.;43 Xagc. gvstrkub sgmgrSgbXk Fjzkjb/Tabsar/Fbatačfg, Iòrdarbkheas Yahet K, 900?,931.




909

as ckoaranhkghkg ckcwkbgc amSxvavg nkvSaiks mgrtkvgc cgXacdankbgc (ngwgrmjaigc) cgyjogs. as ufgngsfnabk hnjikbkkyj lar fkcav rjmks sgmgrSgbXk cg mksk rahaohkksXacadgc cgmfvkcrcg sgarSj sgmgrSgbXk. ;41 gm dgmklvngsghswjrac nkvSaiks dgyjoks SvgbsgzrkskS gqvs mnkXvnabjig.iunairkvkg, mgrtkvk gnu arSk sxaubksg Su mgsgbksdgnXamcdgrk nkvSk, gmgva crjs, dgnuyjoabk kqnaig.

gmgsSgn, Suncgh Sgvcgpkrvabgc sxvgcgsxvg nkvSksgdgnmjxcas arSk mSbkgnk nkvSks mkYaig, gr nkXngvs kmgs, rjmnaiksmkar XamSxvavgXk Xasg\baiabkg ngwgrmjaik nkvSks fvbgvSgvcgpkrvab Xamgcdanab nkvSaigc Su abamantaigc cgyjog.mgdgbkSgc, ngxgtk Xacdaig tkbjs, sgYaigvksg cg mgszadgwaubk mxgtvrks Xrjmksgdgn. Xau\baiabkg, kdk cgkyjs ksa,rjm gr mjxcas gm abamantaikcgn arS-arSks dgngcduraig.

gmks sgpkrkspkrjc, hxgckg, grsaijis ksaSk ngwgrmjaiknkvSaik, rjmabSg fvbgv dgnhgbfavaigh cgsgXvaikg. ksknksgarSj sgmgrSbairkv iacs arS mSbkgnjigc yjonks

dgnmgvbjigXk kzkgraian, xjbj dgnhgbfavaiks XamSxvavgXkXasg\baiabkg mgSza dgnsxvgvaiubk uobaiaiks grsaijig. ;4?

dgrcg gmksg, Xasg\baiabkg nkvSaiks cgyjog Xaogsaigc cgXauogsaiab nkvSaigc. ;44 gsaS cgyjogs, mgdgbkSgc, gvstrkubksgmgrSgbk kmgs ufgvXkrais, Su rgmcangc Xasg\baiabkg, nkvSksYkraiubaig cgcdkncas sxvg nkvSaiSgn Xacgraiks sgou\vabza.gmgsSgn, `nkvSk~ gm XamSxvavgXkh ogrSjc dgnkmgrtaig. Xasgigmksgc,gm fgtadjrkgXk aqhavg mjmsgxuraiks dgwavks, okzkfurk cgdjnairkvk Xrjmks Xaogsaig. ;45

sgkntarasjg, rjm kmgva gvstrkubk sgmgrSbks Sgngxmgc,nkvSs Xak\baig eqjncas `jikaqturk~ (kdkva Hvaubairkvk) cg`suikaqturk~ (Hvaubairkvksdgn dgnsxvgvaiubk) Ykraiubaig. ;4;

;41 kx.< Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § 785, 318 o. („aknoghea unc zusgmmandasatzta Xghean‒)6 Carniurd, Pgncaftan, Ignc K, 7< Gbbdamaknar Seakb, 7;00, § ?5,71? („akneaktbkhea unc zusgmmandasatzta Xghean‒)6Sgngmacrjva sgmgrSgbXk, mgdgbk-Sgc, Mònheanar Fjmmantgr/ Ejbhe, 900?, § ;0, YcNr. 73 („aknoghea unc zusgmmandasatztaXghean‒). ;4? Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § 785, 318 o.6 Carniurd, Pgncaftan, Ignc K, 7< Gbbdamaknar Seakb, 7;00, § ?5, 71?.;44 kx. gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 9;7-a, 808-a cg Xamcdjmkpgrgdrgoaik.;45

gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 808-a pgrgdrgok. ;4; kx. gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 801-a pgrgdrgok, rjmabkh`Hvaubairkvk~ ( „jrcantbkhear Praks‒) cg `Hvaubairkvksdgn dgnsxvgvaiubk~(„guÚarjrcantbkhear Praks‒) ogsks dgmklvngs gxcans.




908

`jikaqturk~ Ykraiubaig dgnksgzYvraig nkvSks sgigzrjYkraiubaikS, gnu km sgrdaibkS, rgsgh ks mjktgns zjdgcgc,naiksmkark pkrksgSvks. ;50 `suikaqturk~ Ykraiubaig uXugbjcsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiks mjngwkbksg Su mjngwkbaSgXaogsaigzag cgmjfkcaiubk.

`suikaqturk~ Ykraiubaig jrmxrkvgc mgvgbcaiubaiab,gngzYguraigc (sgsykcbkgn) dgrkdaiaiXk `jikaqturk~ Ykraiubaikskcanturkg. kdk ucrks mxgraSg mkar XaSgnxmaiub ogssg SuXamxvacrk vgbcaiubaiks Ykraiubaigs. sxvg dgrkdaiaisg cgfgnjnksmkar vgbcaiubaikS urSkarSjiaiXk `suikaqturk~Ykraiubaiks dgnsgzYvrksgs mxacvabjigXk mkkYaig knckvkckscgmjfkcaiubaig gm nkvSSgn. as cgmjfkcaiubaig Xasg\baiabkgdgnsxvgvaiubk dgramjaiaikS kyjs dgnpkrjiaiubk. mgdgbkSgc,fjbaqhkks arS-arSk aqspjngtks, mamfvkcrajikS mkYaiubk nkvSksSu sgmgxsjvrj sgHuqrks Ykraiubaig mksk masgfuSrksgSvksdgnsxvgvaiubkg jikaqturk, gnu sgigzrj, Ykraiubaiksdgn. ;57

8. gcgmkgnks sxaubk

hjhxgbk gcgmkgnks sxaubk Su mksk hgbfaubk ngwkbk gr grksqjnaig. Sgvgc gcgmkgnsgh gr dggHnkg Sgvks sxaubza sgfuSraiksuobaig. Sumhg mkkHnavg, rjm gcgmkgnks sxaubza vrhabcaig mksknaig, rgh Xasg\baiabkg dguSgngircas masgfuSrks sgmgrSbairkv\gbguobaigs Sgvks sgfuSraigza. ;59 as mjsgzraig sgcgvjg cgcgzustaigs sgTkrjais. \nabgc gYsgqmabkg, Su rjdjrkg km`masgfuSrks~ uobaig Sgvks `sgfuSraigza~, rjmabsgh gr gqvssgfuSraiks uobaig.

gcgmkgns gqvs pkrjvnubk uobaig sgfuSgr xabXauxaibj-igza. ;58 uobaig ‘ gvnjs Sgvks sxaubs, rgh mksk `sgfuSraigsSgndgSgngiraiubk~ uobaikcgn Xasg\baiabkg dgmjmckngrajicas, gruncg grsaijicas.

cgsgXvaikg gYkgraiub kqnas mxjbjc `skfvckbks uobaig~,uorj zustgc, `uobaig srubogsjvgn skhjhxbaza~, sgmackhknjHgravgza ugrks Sqmks uobaiks dgdaikS. upkrgtask kntarasks

;50 Xagc. Fjzkjb/Tabsar/Fbatačfg, Iòrdarbkheas Yahet K, 900?, 931.;57 kx. gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 801-a pgrgdrgok. Xagc. Fjzkjb/Tabsar/Fbatačfg, Iòrdarbkheas Yahet K, 900?, 9316 Ahhear kn< Fjzkjb/Iycbknsfk/Ijbbaniardar,GIDI-Fjmmantgr, 9004, § 801, YcNr. 7 oo.;59 kx., mgdgbkSgc, darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI,9005, § ;0, YcNr. 9 („…gbbarcknds egt car Manshe òiar saknan Fÿrpar akna rahetbkhea Mghetknna, cka carlankdan cas Akdantòmars km _areãbtnks zur Xghea dbakhefjmmt ‒).;58 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-7? cg Xamcdjmkmuxbaik.




903

cghvks SvgbsgzrkskS, skhjhxbks rgkma sxvg ogsaubjigsSgnXacgraig mkuYaiabkg. Xasg\baiabkg, sgmgrSbairkvgc gYkgraiubkqnas mxjbjc srubogsjvgnk skhjhxbks upkrgtasjig zjdgcgcgrgsrubogsjvgn skhjhxbasSgn XacgraikS. as cgsgXvaikg, Sugcgmkgns sgmackhknj Hgravks XamSxvavgXk gYgr aqnaig cgrHankbkskhjhxbks mgn\kbza `skhjhxbkS tfijiks~ Xasg\baibjig, gnumksk xabjvnurgc `dgxgndr\bkvaiubk skhjhxba~ SgvgcknckvkcksSvks (mgdgbkSgc, mfurngbjiks dvarckSk aoaqtaiks dgmj)ngfbaigc Ykraiubkg, uorj mjfba, mgdrgm srubogsjvgn,skhjhxbasSgn mkmgrSaikS.

gcgmkgnks jrdgnjs (mgdgbkSgc, Skrfmabk) Xasgxai cgcaiubkdgrkdaig igSkbkg, vkngkcgn awknggYmcadaig sgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdksmkar gYkgraiub gcgmkgnks \krkSgc uobaiais, upkrvabasgc,gcgmkgnks Ykrsaigsg cg xabXauxaibjigs. gmgsSgn, kdkXauSgvsaiabkg aSkfur ogsaubjiaiSgngh. ;53 knckvkcks SgnxmjigSgvksk jrdgnjs `gYaigza~ (`dghamgza~) uncg dgnkxkbaijcasknckvkcks pkrjvnubk uobaiks ragbkzaigc cg cgsgXvaikg

upkrgtask kntarasks, sxvg gcgmkgnks skhjhxbksg cglgnmrSabjiks, XasgngrHunaibgc. ;51 sgyurgcYaijg, rjm, mgdgbkSgc, gvstrkks sgmgrSgbXk nkvSk,

mksk ogrSj dgdaikS, grks `yvabgoark, rgh pkrksgdgn kmklnaig~.xjbj pkrXk mjkgzraig Sgvgc gcgmkgnk, gnu mksk pkrjvnubkuobaiaik, gsava hjhxgbk gcgmkgnks sxaubk, mgS Xjrks, rjdjrhiunairkvk, ksa xabjvnurk `jrdgnjaik~. ;5?

darmgnubk sgmgrSbks skvrhaXk dgrcghvbkbks dvgmk mkkHnavgspahkgburk fgtadjrkks `nkvSgc~. mgsza gr grsaijis sgfuSraiksuobaig cg ks gr dgcgahamg mamfvkcrajikS. ;54

;53 darmgnub sgmgrSgbSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx.< Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas IòrdarbkheanYahets, 9003, § 90, YcNr. 5,Xamcdjmk mkSkSaikS< IDE-Antsheakcundan kn \kvkbsghean,Ignc 707, 9746Xagc. sgpkrkspkrj pjzkhkkS Mònheanar Fjmmantgr/ Ejbhe, 900?, § ;0,YcNr. 9;.;51 kx. gsava `gcgmkgnks jrdgnjSg dgcgnardvks Xasgxai~ sgqgrSvabjsfgnjnk, sgqgrSvabjs sgfgnjnmcaibj mghna, 9000, #5. fgnjnkS dgnsgzYvru-bkg gcgmkgnks jrdgnjSg dgcgnardvks naigyjobjikSjig (ma-3 cg ma-5muxbaik), `gfr\gbubkg gcgmkgnks jrdgnjaikS vgTrjig~ (19-a muxbk) cg`...jrdgnjs dghamgza Sgnxmjiks mksgYaigc rgkma sgxks zamjqmacaig~ (11-a Kmuxbk). ;5? kx. Ahhear kn< Fjzkjb/Iycbknsfk/Ijbbaniardar,GIDI-Fjmmantgr, 9004, § 951, YcNr. 9.gmgsSgn, jrdgnjSg trgnspbgntghkksg cg gcgmkgnks dvgmks mkmgrS mjqma-

cais spahkgburk mjwasrkdaig. Xagc. gsava Fjzkjb/Tabsar/Fbatačfg, IòrdarbkheasYahet K, 900?, 939,Xamcdjmk mkSkSaiaikS. ;54 kx., mgdgbkSgc< darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk Mònheanar Fjmmantgr/ Ejbhe, 900?, § ;0,YcNr. 896 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, Òiaribkhf vjr § ;0, YcNr. 776




901

gm XamSxvavgXkh sgcgvjg sgmgrSbairkvk Xaogsaig. ks, rjmmamfvkcraaisg Su `ugxbjas pkrais~ gqvS dvgmSgn mkmgrSaikSdgrfvaubk mjqmacaiaiks dgnxjrhkabaiks uobaig Su vgbcaiubaig(mgdgbkSgc, cgfr\gbvks XamSxvavgXk), ;55 var gsgiuSais dvgmksnkvSgc dgnxkbvks sgTkrjaigs. varh dvgmks fvbavkSk mkznkSXasgigmksk sgmackhknj fbknkfksgSvks dgcghamg var kqnaig,mgdgbkSgc, mgsza rgkma sgnkvSj uobaiks wgrmjXjiks sgou\vabk.

umljiaskg gm XamSxvavgXk grsaiubk sgmgrSbairkvkprjibamks, Suncgh dgrcghvbkbksgva naigsSgn cgfgvXkraiubk,`kurkckubk okqhkks~ ojrmkraikS mjdvgraig, xjbj dvgmksgcgmkgnks Ykrsaikcgn dgmjmckngra pkrjvnubjiks soarjXk mjqhavgcg cghvg.

gcgmkgnks naXtks sgmackhknj fbknkfgXk mjSgvsaig cgsgXvaikuncg kyjs mxjbjc mks mkar skhjhxbaXk dgmjvbankbk naiksragbkzaiks Xacadgc. hgbfaub XamSxvavgXk gsaSk naigXasg\baiabkg grgpkrcgpkr dgmjmckngrajicas knckvkcksXaxacubaiaikcgn, mjYvgwajikcgn gn, mknkmum, gr uncg grsaijicas

mksk sgpkrkspkrj naiks cgmgcgsturaiabk dgramjaiaik. Xasgigmksgc,kdk dgrcghvgbaiks Xamcad kqnaig fbknkfgXk Sgvksk naikssgou\vabza cg dgrcghvgbaiks Xamcadgh cgkhgvs Su mjamsgxuraigupkrgtas sgzjdgcjairkv kntarass.

cgfr\gbvgsSgn cgfgvXkraiubk prjhacuraikh upkrjijcaqhavg Sgvgc dgrcghvbkbks naiks gYsrubaiks sqamgXk.mamfvkcraaik Su `ugxbjask pkraik~, iunairkvkg, gYgsrubaiandgrcghvbkbks gn pkrcgpkr dgmjxgtub, gn sgvgrgucj naigskmgsSgn cgfgvXkraikS, Su sgc cg rjdjr cgkfr\gbjs kdk. mgXknghfk, Su fjntrgrdumantgc Xasg\baiabkg dgmjyanaiub kqnasdgrcghvbkbks sgvgrgucj naiks dgnsxvgvaig mks ragburgcgYsrubaiks Xasg\baibjigsSgn (Suncgh okngnsurk mjsgzraiaikcgndgmjmckngra), as vkSgraig sgmgrSbairkvgc grgorkS dgnsxvgvcaigXasrubaiks Xau\baibjiks zjdgck knstktutksdgn. Xasgigmksgc,mjxcaig `sgvgrgucjc yvabgza sgsurvabks~ `dgramjaiaiksdgSvgbkswknaikS yvabgza uorj sgvgrgucj naiks~ fjnstruqhkkSHgnghvbaig.

fkcav arSk dgnsgxkbvabk XamSxvavgg grqajbjdkurkdgSxraiks Xacadgc gYmjHankbk naXtaik. xjm gr Xak\baig, gcgmkgnkssxaubk, mksk dgrcghvgbaikcgn dgrfvaubk crjks dgsvbks XamcadHgkSvgbjs nkvSgc: gsaSk xacvg dgzkgraiubkg, mgdgbkSgc,

gvstrkub sgmgrSgbXk Ahhear kn< Fjzkjb/Iycbknsfk/Ijbbaniardar,GIDI-Fjmmantgr,9004, § 951, YcNr. 9.;55 kx. Mònheanar Fjmmantgr/ Ejbhe, 900?, § ;0, YcNr. 89.




90?

darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk. ;5; gsaSk gYkgraiks sgsgrdaibjc matyvabaisks dgramjaig, rjm ragburgc gYgr grsaijis fgvXkrk dgrcghvbkbgcgmkgnsg cg mks dvgms Xjrks, gnu dvgmk fjnfratub pkrjvnaigsSgngr kcantkokhkrcaig. Sumhg gsaSk grdumantks badktkmurgcgYkgraig kwvavs lgTvur ragqhkgs. gngbjdkurgc Xasg\baiabkgdgnkxkbaijcas gmLgmgc dgrcghvbkbk uhnjik gcgmkgnks dvgmk,rjmbks vkngjiks cgcdangh, Suncgh danatkfurk tastksmaXvajikSgh, var xarxcaig. gcgmkgnks Ykrsaiks cghvg xjrhkabcaigmksk vkngjiks mkuxacgvgc, gnu kmks dgnurHavbgc, Su vkn grks kdk.sgfmgrkskg, rjm ks grks, gn kyj gcgmkgnk.

darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk ogrSjc dgnkxkbaig mamfvkcraaiksuobaiaik ;;0 dgrcghvbkbks xabjvnur jrdgnjaiza. ;;7 gmXamSxvavgXk gr grsaijis gcgmkgnks iunairkvk jrdgnjaiksxabXauxaibjiks Sgngzjmkark kntarask. Sumhg mgknh xcaiggcgmkgnks dvgmks `xabyjog~, rgh ckoaranhkraiubk mkcdjmkscgmfvkcraiks guhkbaibjigs Xak\baig dgngpkrjiaicas.

km XamSxvavgXk, Su cgsgXvaikg xabjvnur jrdgnjza sxvg

pkrks sgfuSraiks grsaijig (mgdgbkSgc, \vkrgcYkraiubk cgngcdgrkknckvkcs dgcghamubk eqjncas mxjbjc crjaikS sgrdaibjigXk),Xasg\baiabkg mksk ufgn cgirunaiks mjSxjvnks gYkgraig.skhjhxbksg Su Hvaubairkvk hxjvraiks XangrHunaiks upkrgtaskkntarasks sgou\vabza gsaSk sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadk Sgvgc gmknckvkcks mkar dgnTvratgckg cg cgXvaiubk. xjbj Su HgkSvbaig,rjm gsaSk xabjvnurk jrdgnj gcgmkgnks sxaubSgn XarwymkSguhkbaibgc kqhavg mks sgfuSraigc, uorj matkh, mkskpkrjvnubjiks ngwkbgc, cguXvaiabk uncg kyjs mgsza Suncghmamfvkcrks naiksmkark uobaiks gYkgraig. rgmcangc aSkfurkg,mgdgbkSgc, dgrcghvbkbks jqrjs fikbaiks gn xabjvnurk dubksgpgrgtks cgmjufkcaiab nkvSgc dgnxkbvks sgmgrSbairkvkgYkgraig: rg mkcdjmg uncg grsaijicas, Suncgh mgSkdgrcghvbkbks mkarva, mgdgbkSgc, gncar\kS dgnfgrdvksXamSxvavgXk: Sgvcgpkrvabgc, gm XamSxvavgXkh uncg cgcdkncasdgrcghvbkbks sgvgrgucj naig. Xamcdjm kdk uncg XaogscasSgngzjmkaraiksg cg aSkfurk frktarkumaiks dgSvgbkswknaikS.

;5; kx., mgdgbkSgc< Mònheanar Fjmmantgr/ Ejbhe, 900?, § ;0, YcNr. 896 Pgbgnct/ Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, Òiaribkhf vjr § ;0, YcNr. 77.;;0 „ Gnakdnundsrahet car Arian‒.;;7 kx. darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk, mgdgbkSgc< Mònheanar Fjmmantgr/ Ejbhe, 900?, § ;0,YcNr. 836 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, Òiaribkhf vjr § ;0, YcNr. 77 sjwka§ ;0, YcNr. 8.




904

3. hxjvabk

hxjvabs gr dggHnkg Ykrsaig, Xasgigmksgc, grh pkrjvnubjig cguobaigungrkgnjig. kdk sgmgrSbks jikaqtgc, qjnaigc dgnkxkbaig.gmgsSgn, fjntknanturk avrjpks fjckokfghkaiXk XaknkXnaighxjvabks ̀ dgnsxvgvaiubjiks~ gYkgraiks tancanhkg.

darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ;0-a `g~ (7) pgrgdrgoksSgngxmgc, `hxjvabaik gr grkgn nkvSaik.~ ;;9 hxjvabkssgmgrSbairkvk stgtusks dgumljiasaiks mkznkS XamuXgvaiubksgfgnjnmcaibj pgfatks cgsgiuSaiks Sgngxmgc, `...hxjvabk gcgmkgnksSgngqmnkbaig cg tfkvkbks Xamdr\njik hjhxgbk grsaigg, rjmabsghgcgmkgnk vgbcaiubkg, khgvcas cg uorSxkbcaijcas~. ;;8

hxjvabaiza, Hvaubairkv, vrhabcaig nkvSaiks mkmgrS mjqmackwasaik. gmgsSgn, darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 917-a KK 9 pgrgdrgokhxjvabksg cg nkvSks sgmgrSbairkvk stgtusks dgmklvnks mfgokjdgmjxgtubaigg. gm njrmks Sgngxmgc, hxjvabks mfurngbjiksgs

wgrmjXjikbk xgrlaik ;;3 grgSgngzjmkargc gr kSvbaig mxjbjckmktjm, rjm ksknk grsaikSgc gTgriaian hxjvabks Ykraiubaigs. ;;1 gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 951-a `g~ pgrgdrgoks

Sgngxmgc, `hxjvabaik gr grkgn nkvSaik6 mgSk cghvg xjrhkabcaigspahkgburk fgnjnmcaibjikS. nkvSaiks mkmgrS mjqmack caiubaiaikmxjbjc mgXkn dgmjkyanaig hxjvabaiks mkmgrS, Su gr grsaijisdgnsxvgvaiubk mjwasrkdaig.~ ;;? gvstrkabk gvtjraik gm caiubaiksmnkXvnabjigs, hxjvabaiks cghvks SvgbsgzrkskS, sgzjdgcjaikshnjikaraiks gmgYbaigsg cg hxjvabSg cghvks prjdrgmubcafbgrkraigXk xacgvan. ksknk mgs ngfbaik prgqtkfubkmnkXvnabjiks mqjnac mkkHnavan. ;;4

mkuxacgvgc gmksg, gvstrkub sgmgrSgbXk grsaijis grsaikSkdgnsxvgvaig hxjvabksg cg nkvSks mkmgrS mjqmac caiubaiais Xjrks.kdk vbkncaig, mgdgbkSgc, hxjvabaiks dkrgvnjiks mkmgrSwgyanaiub dgnsgfuSraiub mjSxjvnaiXk. far\jc, cguXvaiabkg

;;9 „Skara sknc fakna Xghean.‒ ;;8 „...akn Skar akn Mktdasheÿpo car Manshean unc akn Xhemarzampokncancas Baiawasan kst,camdadanòiar car Manshe zum Xheutz unc Oòrsjrda varpobkhetat kst .‒ Dasatz zur _ariassarundcar Yahetsstabbund cas Skaras km Iòrdarbkhean Yahet, IDIb. K, 74?9 (07.07.7;;0), Iadròncund.;;3 „ Guowancundan‒.;;1 „ Cka gus car Eakbiaegncbund aknas varbatztan Skaras antstgncanan Guowancundan sknc nkhetiarakts cgnn unvareãbtnksmãÚkd, wann ska cassan Tart areaibkhe òiarstakdan.‒ ;;? „Skara sknc fakna Xghean6 ska warcan curhe iasjncara Dasatza dasheòtzt. Cka oòr Xghean dabtancan _jrsherkotan sknc guo Skara nur knsjwakt gnzuwancan, gbs fakna giwakheanca Yadabundan iastaean.‒, IDIb., 7;55/74;. ;;4 Ahhear kn< Fjzkjb/Iycbknsfk/Ijbbaniardar, GIDI-Fjmmantgr, 9004, § 95?, YcNr. 7,Xamcdjmk mkSkSaiaikS .




905

cgdkrgvaig hxjvabksg, rjmabkh gr grks `dgsgsxvksaibgcdgnfuSvnkbk~, rjmbks mkmgrS grsaijis `dr\njigza cgmygraiubkfgvXkrk~ ;;5 (gsaS hxjvabaigc kSvbaig, mgdgbkSgc, \gYbk cg fgtg)cg rjmbks Ykraiubaigh gr gYamgtaig 410 avrjs. ;;;

Xamcdjm, gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 951-a `g~pgrgdrgoXk mkSkSaiubk `dgnsxvgvaiubk mjwasrkdaig~ gsgxubkg7889-a `g~ pgrgdrgoXk. as njrmg amsdgvsaig darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 917-a KK 9 pgrgdrgos cg mkuSkSais, rjm hxjvabksmfurngbjiks (ksava rjdjrh mfurngbjiks mhcabjiks) xgrlaiksgngzYguraig mgXkngh uncg mjxcas, Su kdk gm ufgngsfnabksYkraiubaigs dgcggTgriais. 7000

1. nkvSaiksg cg qjnairkvk uobaiaiks arSjibkjig

sgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiks jikaqtk gnu qjnaig Xak\baig kyjsgrg mxjbjc hgbfa gYaiubk nkvSk gn qjnairkvk uobaig, grgmacmgSk naiksmkark fjmiknghkg. 7007 mgdgbkSgc, sgwgrmj 7009 grks u\rgvk

cg mj\rgvk nkvSaiks, gsava qjnairkvk uobaiaiks arSjibkjig. kdk,rjdjrh arSk mSbkgnk (`jrdgnkzghkubk arSkgnjig~ 7008), Xak\baigkyjs hgbfa uobaiks jikaqtk.

gmgsSgn, mxacvabjigXkg mksgYaik, rjm nkvSaiksg cg qjnairkvkuobaiaiks arSjibkjig Xak\baig kyjs vgbcaiubaikSk, mgdrgm grgsgnkvSj uobaiks sgdgnk. mgSza sgnkvSj uobaiaik grsaijis grgarSjibkjigXk, grgmac SkSjaub abamantza arSmgnaSksgdgncgmjufkcaibgc. as kmkS gkxsnaig, rjm, qjnaiks arSjibkjigcgYkgraiks mkuxacgvgc, hgbfaubk nkvSk Su uobaig gr fgrdgvsSvksaigs, kyjs cgmjufkcaiabk uobaiks jikaqtk. 7003

;;5 „ daoòebsmgÚkda Ikncund ‒.;;; Ahhearkn< Fjzkjb/Iycbknsfk/Ijbbaniardar,GIDI-Fjmmantgr, 9004, § 95?, YcNr. 7. 7000 kx., mgS Xjrks, gsaSk njrmks guhkbaibjiks frktkfubk XaogsaikS Cgnzbkn< Fjzkjb/Iycbknsfk/Ijbbaniardar,GIDI-Fjmmantgr, 9004, § 7889g, YcNr. 7.7007 Xagc., mgS Xjrks, catgburk kstjrkubk aqsfurskS, Dkarfa, CautsheasPrkvgtrahet, Ignc KK, 7;01, § 703, 3; oo.7009 sgqgrSvabjXk `sgwgrmjs~ hnaiks dgmjyanaigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS Xagc.TaTabgXvkbk , sgnkvSj sgmgrSgbk, XacgraikSsgmgrSbairkvk fvbavg, 900?,34. 7008 kx., mgdgbkSgc, Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 90, YcNr. 53 o.(„jrdgnksgtjrkshea akneakt ‒). 7003 Xagc. Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § 784, 3196 Carniurd, Pgncaftan, Ignc K, 7< Gbbdamaknar Seakb, 7;00, § ?5, 71?6Dkarfa, Cautsheas Prkvgtrahet, IgncKK, 7;01, § 703, 11 o.6Sgngmacrjva sgmgrSgbXk, mgdgbkSgc< MònheanarFjmmantgr/ Ejbhe, 900?, § ;0, YcNr. 8, 39 oo.6 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003,§ 90, YcNr. 84 o.




90;

sgkntarasjg, rjm nkcarbgncabk fgnjnmcaiabk qjnaiks qvaXgwasrkdais gsava `sgjlgxj nkvSais~, rjdjrh `nkvSSgarSjibkjigs~. far\jc, nkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsksma-8<1 K muxbks Sgngxmgc, `sgjlgxjg sghxjvraiabXksgyjoghxjvraij sgdngc, cafjrghkgc gn gvalgc dgmjyanaiubkmj\rgvk nkvSaik, dgmjngfbkskg wkdnaiksg Su xabjvnaiksnkmuXaiks fjbaqhkg, gsava sgmahnkarj cg kstjrkubkYkraiubaiks jikaqtaik.~ 7001

gm dzkS xcaig `sgjlgxj nkvSaiks~, rjdjrh nkvSSgarSjibkjiks, qjnaigc gYkgraig. hxgckg, gsava Xasg\baiabkghgbfaubk uobaiksg Su urSkarSjiks sgdngc `qjnaiksarSjibkjiks~, 700? gnu nkvSaiksg cg qjnairkvk uobaiaiksfjmiknghkks gYkgraig. gYnkXnubk, mhcabjiks mkuxacgvgc,nkcarbgncaiXk sgfgnjnmcaibj cjnaza gr dgnxjrhkabcg, 7004 Sumhg gYkgraiubkg sxvg fjntknanturavrjpubksgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdaiks msdgvsgc.

ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 57?-a muxbk gwasrkdais

nkvSSg arSjibkjigs.7005

as njrmg uXvais `sgarSjcgnkXnubaiks~ 700; mj\rgv nkvSaiza rjdjrh arSkgnk uobaiks,ksa hgbfaub mgSdgnza cgmjufkcaiabk uobaiaiks grsaijigs.

sxvg sgmgrSbairkv skstamaiXkh, xXkrgc sgSgngcjsgfgnjnmcaibj mjwasrkdaiks grgrsaijiks mkuxacgvgc,ogrSjc grks dgvrhabaiubk vgbcaiubaikSk uobaiksjikaqtgc nkvSSg arSjibkjiks gYkgraig. as ngwkbjirkvHvaubaikSk sgmgrSbkS cgmfvkcraiubk tancanhkksdgdr\abaigc Xak\baig HgkSvgbjs. mgdgbkSgc, darmgnubsgmgrSgbXk, nkvSaiks sgarSj mkznkcgn Su cgnkXnubaikcgndgmjmckngra, arS mSbkgnjigc gnu nkvSSg arSjibkjigcdgnkxkbaijcg cg, iunairkvkg, cYasgh Xasg\baiabkgsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiks sgdgnk kyjs sgpgtgr\bjsmzkSavk, ikibkjSafg, hxvrks ogrg gn sgqjnbks ljdk. 7070

7001 „ Knijacab ks eat daeaab vgn tjt euksrggc an tjt stjooarknd an mauikbarknd vgn aan wjnkndckananca rjaranca zgfan, mat uktzjncarknd vgn ijafarklan an varzgmabkndan vgn vjjrwarpanvgn funst, watanshegp jo dashekacfunckda ggrc.‒ 700? „gbdamaaneakc vgn djacaran‒.7004 Mknhfa, Aknoòerund kn cgs nkacarbãnckshea Yahet, 9009, § ?, 10, YcNr. 701.7005 „Qnkvarsgbktà ck mjikbk‒.700; „castkngzkjna unktgrkg‒.7070 kx. Dkarfa, Cautsheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc KK, 7;01, § 703, 3; o.




970

?. nkvSksg cg qjnairkvk uobaiks ngwkbk cg sgfuSvnaiabk

nkvSk, kmks mkuxacgvgc, mgrtkvkg Su ngwgrmjaik, arS mSbkgnjigcdgnkxkbaig. 7077 mgsza (mks yvabg ngwkbza) Xasg\baiabkg grsaijicasmxjbjc arSkgnk vgbcaiubaikSk Su sgnkvSj uobaig. hxgckg,rgmcankma pkrs Xak\baig eqjncas nkvSza uobaig arSjibkvgc,mgdrgm as gr dgmjkwvavs Xasgigmksk uobaiks cgngwavraigs. pkraikarSjibkvgc, arSkgnk naiks ojrmkraikS, dgngdaian gm nkvSks iacs.

nkvSksg Su qjnairkvk uobaiks ngwkbk cgmjufkcaiabsgmgrSbairkv mnkXvnabjigs k\ans mksk dgmjhgbfavaiks XamSxvavgXk,gnu rjcasgh kdk kqhavg cgmjufkcaiabk uobaiks jikaqtgc.iunairkvkg, as Xasg\baiabkg mxjbjc dgyjogc nkvSSgn Suqjnairkv uobaigsSgn mkmgrSaikS. gsaS XamSxvavgXk sguigrkgdgmjyjogck (grggrsaikSk Xamgcdanabk) ngwkbks Xasgxai(mgdgbkSgc, gvtjmgnqgnks sarkubk wgrmjaiks \rgvg, sgiurgvk cgg.X.), rjmabkh cgmjufkcaibgc gYqmgckg cg dgmjyjoks Xamcad fvbgv

Xasg\baiabkg mksk cgnkXnubaiksgmair dgmjyanaig. 7079 sgqgrSvabjXk darmgnubk sgmgrSbks skvrhks msdgvsgccgmfvkcraiubkg nkvSks grsaikSk Xamgcdanabk ngwkbksg 7078 cgsgfuSvnaibks 7073 sgfgnjnmcaibj dgmklvng.

`grsaikSk Xamgcdanabk ngwkbk~ grks ks, rgh \krkSgcknkvSksgdgn `dgnuyjoabkg~ cg mgsSgn arS mSbkgnjigc gYkqmaig. ssf-ks 710-a K muxbk gsaSgc mkkHnavs `ngwkbs, rjmbks dgmjhgbfavaighXau\baiabkg mSbkgnk nkvSks gn gm ngwkbks dgngcduraiks gncgmgSk cgnkXnubaiks mjspjiks dgraXa.~ Xasgigmksgc, mgs gr gqvscgmjufkcaiab nkvSgc HgmjygbkiaiksgSvks guhkbaiabk Svksaiaikcg yjvabSvks nkvSks ngwkbgc rHaig.

7077 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, Mònheanar Fjmmantgr/ Ejbhe, 900?, § ;0, YcNr. 73.7079 Xagc. Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 90, YcNr. 35 o.7078 Xamgcdanabk Su grsaikSk Xamgcdanabk ngwkbks mjwasrkdaigsSgncgfgvXkraikS kx., mgdgbkSgc, darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk ‘ „wasantbkhea Iastgnctakb ‒ ‘ darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ;8-a cg ;3-a pgrgdrgoaik 6Xvakhgrkub sgmgrSgbXk ‘ „ Iastgnctakb ‒ ‘ Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks?39-a muxbk. 7073 sgfuSvnaibks mjwasrkdaigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx., mgdgbkSgc< darmgnubsgmgrSgbXk ‘ „ \uiaeÿr ‒ ‘ darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ;4-a pgrgdrgok 6gvstrkub cg Xvakhgrkub sgmgrSgbXk ‘ „ \udaeÿr ‒ ‘ gvstrkks zjdgcksgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 9;3-a pgrgdrgok cg Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks?33-a cg ?31-a muxbaik. gmgsSgn, gm ufgngsfnab `mj\vabaiub~ tarmknSgn(„ \udaeÿr ‒) cg mks mnkXvnabjigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx., mgdgbkSgc, Ahhear kn< Fjzkjb/Iycbknsfk/Ijbbaniardar, GIDI-Fjmmantgr, 9004, § 9;3, YcNr. 76 gsava Fjzkjb/Tabsar/Fbatačfg, Iòrdarbkheas Yahet K, 900?, 934.




977

`grsaikSk Xamgcdanabk ngwkbk~ hgbfa uobaiks jikaqtkXak\baig kyjs `mxjbjc fgnjnkS dgSvgbkswknaiubXamSxvavaiXk~. mgdgbkSgc, ssf-ks 905-a muxbkS gYkgraiubkgknckvkcugburk sgfuSraiks uobaiks sgdngc ikng cg`grgsghxjvraiabk ogrSjik~. gmgsSgn, ksknk rHaikgn mkwksngfvaSks grsaikS Xamgcdanab ngwkbgc cg, Xasgigmksgc, mgSzasgfuSraiks uobaiks dgcghamg ragburgc dubksxmjissgfuSraiks uobaiks dgcghamgs Xasgigmks mkwks ngfvaSsg Sumks ngwkbza. 7071

dgrcg gmksg, dgsgSvgbkswknaiabkg, rjm, ssf-ks 983-a KKmuxbks Sgngxmgc, sxvg pkrks mkwks ngfvaSza gYngdjiksuobaiks sgou\vabza gXanaiubk ngdaijig kqnaig grg mkwksngfvaSks, grgmac gYngdjiks uobaiks grsaikSk Xamgcdanabkngwkbk.

ssf-ks 717-a K muxbks Sgngxmgc, `sgfuSvnaiabk grks mj\rgvk nkvSk,rjmabkh Sumhg gr grks mSgvgrk nkvSks Xamgcdanabk ngwkbk,

mgdrgm dgnfuSvnkbkg mSgvgrk nkvSks sgmsgxurksgSvks,cgfgvXkraiubkg mgsSgn sgarSj sgmaurnaj cgnkXnubaikS, rksdgmjh kdk skvrhjirkv fgvXkrXkg mSgvgr nkvSSgn cg,cgmfvkcraiubk Xaxacubaiks Sgngxmgc, kSvbaig sgfuSvnaibgc.~

Xasgigmksgc, sgfuSvnaiabk cgmjufkcaiabk mj\rgvk nkvSkg cg,iunairkvkg, Xak\baig kyjs hgbfa uobaiks jikaqtk. Sumhg, gmgvacrjs, `sgfuSvnaibks~ hnaiks ojrmkraiks sgmgrSbairkvkmnkXvnabjig swjrac ksgg, rjm naiksmkark dgnfgrdvg, mkmgrSubkXasgigmks qjnaigza, rjdjrh wask, mjkhgvs mks sgfuSvnaiabsgh. 707? as dgmjmckngrajis afjnjmkfurk mkznkcgn ‘ sgfuSvnaibks grsk\krkSgck nkvSks `sgmsgxurXk~ vbkncaig cg xabs uwyjis gmufgngsfnabks ounqhkks ragbkzaigs (`sgmaurnaj cgnkXnubaigs~).mgdgbkSgc, Suncgh mjmgvgbk qgrxnks ngdaijiks fgrfgskssgfuSvnaiabk var kqnaig wgrmjaiksgSvks dgnfuSvnkbk mgnqgng-cgngcdgraik, vkngkcgn ksknk Xak\baig dgxcnan grg fgrfgsks, grgmacmxjbjc mjqmack qgrxnks sgfuSvnaiabk. gmgva crjs, mSgvgrk nkvSks

7071 darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk 7;17 wbks 71 mgrtks fgnjnkS ‘ `ikngzasgfuSraiksg cg dr\abvgckgnk hxjvraiks uobaiks Xasgxai~ ( Dasatz òiar cgsTjenundsakdantum unc cgs Cguarwjenrahet) ‘ gYkgraiub kqng cgmjufkcaiabksgfuSraiks uobaig sgxbks hgbfaub ngwkbza, gnu ikngza. Xasgigmksgc,iknks masgfuSraais gqvS mkwks ngfvaSk, Xanjiks dgra fgrfgsk cg sgarSjcgnkXnubaiks mjwyjikbjiaik sgarSj, xjbj SgvkgnSk ikng knckvkcugbursgfuSraigXk. 707? Xagc.< Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § 738, 3?96Sgngmacrjva sgmgrSgbXk< Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 90, YcNr.?86 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § ;4, YcNr. 7.




979

mjwyjiks cgsrubaigmca cg wgrmjaiks cgwyaigmca XanjigXkdgnSgvsaiubk sxvg nkvSk Xasg\baiabkg dgnxkbub kqnas sgfuSvnai-bgc (sgwgrmjsgSvks dgnfuSvnkb gdurks ngdaijigXk dgnSgvsaiubkdgcggcdkbaigck Yumabk 7074).7075

gmgsSgn, ssf-ks 717-a K muxbks caoknkhkks mkuxacgvgc, grgrks guhkbaiabk, `sgfuSvnaiabs~ eqjncas nkvSSgn `skvrhjirkvkfgvXkrk~ 707;, uXugbj okzkfurk cgfgvXkraiks SvgbsgzrkskS. 7090 dgcgmwyvatkg ks, rjm kdk `dgnfuSvnkbkg mSgvgrk nkvSkssgmsgxurksgSvks~. sgarSj sgmgrSgbXk grsaiubk Xaxacubaig, rjmsgfuSvnaiabk ufva uncg amsgxuraijcas \krkSgc nkvSs, 7097 mjdvkgnaikS Xakhvgbg `mk\Yvnksg~ 7099 Su mkfuSvnaiks guhkbai-bjikS. far\jc, dgcgmwyvatkg nkvSks `mSgvgrk nkvSksgSvks~mkfuSvnaiks ogqtk 7098 cg grg ks, ufva kyj Su grg kdk ragburgcdgmjyanaiubk mgsSgn urSkarSfgvXkrXk. 7093

mnkXvnabjvgnk frktarkumkg `cgmfvkcraiubk Xaxacubaig~ 7091.nkvSk sgmgrSbairkv urSkarSjiaiXk uncg kSvbaijcassgfuSvnaibgc. mgdgbkSgc, iknks sgfuSvnaiabk gr grks gvalk,

mgdrgm Xasg\baiabkg kyjs HgmjntgLaiubk sgmzgraubj gn dgSijiksskstamg. 709? gmgsSgn, sgfuSvnaibks Xasgxai sguigrk cgsgXvaikgnkvSais Xjrks arSdvgrk kargrqkubk cgqvamcaigraiks grsaijiksgs.mgdgbkSgc, cgngsg cg Hgndgbs Xjrks grharSk gr mkkHnavg majrkssgfuSvnaibgc. 7094

nkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-8<3 muxbk gsavagwasrkdais nkvSks Xamgcdanab ngwkbs. Xasgigmksk caiubaiksXknggrsk gsgxubkg ssf-ks 710-a muxbXk. Sumhg gm XamSxvavgXkssf-ks gvtjraimg darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ;8-a muxbkssktyvgsktyvkSk dgcmjtgng mjgxcknas cg tarmknk`Xamgcdanabk ngwkbk~ 7095 darmgnubk fjcaqsks Xasgigmks

7074 IDE, NLT, 7;?;, 8?.7075 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § ;4, YcNr. 1.707; „ Yãumbkheas _areãbtnks‒. 7090 Xagc.< Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § 738, 3?86 Bgranz/Tjbo ,GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 90, YcNr. ?36 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005,§ ;4, YcNr. 5.7097 Xagc. Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § 738, 3?8.7099 „Tkcmund ‒ , „castkngzkjna‒.7098 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 574-a muxbk.7093 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § ;4, YcNr. ?.7091 „_arfaersgnsheguund ‒. 709? Xagc. Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § ;4, YcNr. ;, 77.7094 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 90, YcNr. ?4.7095 „iastgnccaab ‒.




978

muxbXk gsgxubk `grsaikSk Xamgcdanabk ngwkbkS~ 709; Hggnghvbas. iunairkvkg, sktyvg `grsaikSks~ cgmgtaikS grXacks rgkma grsaikSk hvbkbaig Xamgcdanabk Su grsaikSkXamgcdanabk ngwkbks XknggrsXk.

gvstrkubk sgmgrSgbk mklngvs `cgmjufkcaiab~ cg`cgmjfkcaiub~ `Xamgcdanab ngwkbs~. 7080 cgmjufkcaiabkXamgcdanabk ngwkbk, sgmgrSbairkvk SvgbsgzrkskS,ckcwkbgc sgfuSvnaibks kcanturgc dgnkxkbaig. mgszahXasg\baiabkg grsaijicas hgbfa uobaig. 7087 SumhgsgfuSvnaibksdgn dgnsxvgvcaig kmkS, rjm kdk nkvSksXamgcdanab ngwkbgc kqhavg, xjbj sgfuSvnaiabk mxjbjcsgarSj mkznkS, cg grg okzkfurgc, grks nkvSSgncgfgvXkraiubk. cgmjfkcaiubk nkvSk gr Xak\baig kyjs hgbfauobaiks jikaqtk. 7089

4. qjnaiks hnaigsSgn cgfgvXkraiubk sxvg skstamurk hnaiaik

qjnaiks skstamur hnaigsSgn urSkarSfgvXkrXk mkzgnXawjnkbkgsgrdaibksg cg xgrlaiks hnaiaiks gngbkzk. Sgvks mxrkv, sgrdaiabkmjkhgvs ngyjoksg cg upkrgtasjiks qvafgtadjrkais. SkSjaubkmgSdgnk far\jsgmgrSbairkv urSkarSjiaiXk mnkXvnabjvgnkounqhkkS grks gYTurvkbk.

4.7 sgrdaiabk, ngyjok cg upkrgtasjig

sgrdaiabk ngyjoksg cg upkrgtasjiks dgmgarSkgnaiabk skstamurkhnaigg. Xasgigmksgc, mksk Xknggrsks dgnsgzYvrg swjracXamgcdanabk abamantaiks maXvajikS grks Xasg\baiabk.

ngyjokg ks dgmjyjogck nkvSk, rjmabkh Sgvcgpkrvabgc\krkSgck nkvSks ngwkbkg, mgdrgm gqvs cgmjufkcaiab nkvSgcqhavksgSvks guhkbaiabk Svksaiaik. 7088 iunairkvkg, dgmjyjoksXamcad kdk kqhavg cgmjufkcaiab nkvSgc. mkuxacgvgc gmksg, ngyjozauobaiaiks wgrmjXjiks SvgbsgzrkskS, mjqmac sgmgrSbairkvraLkms dgngpkrjiais uXugbjc \krkSgck nkvSks mkmgrS mjqmack

709; „wasantbkhea Iastgnctakb ‒. 7080 „ sabistãnckda unc unsgbistãnckda Iastgnctakba‒.7087 Ahhear kn< Fjzkjb/Iycbknsfk/Ijbbaniardar,GIDI-Fjmmantgr, 9004, § 9;3, YcNr. 1 oo.6

Fjzkjb/Tabsar/Fbatačfg, Iòrdarbkheas Yahet K, 900?, 935.7089 Ahhear kn< Fjzkjb/Iycbknsfk/Ijbbaniardar,GIDI-Fjmmantgr, 9004, § 9;3, YcNr. 56

Fjzkjb/Tabsar/Fbatačfg, Iòrdarbkheas Yahet K, 900?, 934 o.7088 ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 590-a KK 9 muxbkS uXugbjc grksdgSvgbkswknaiubk, rjm ngyjoks `dgnfgrdvg Xak\baig rjdjrh mjmgvgbXkmj\rgvk nkvSksg~ ( „...ckspjrra ck assk hjma ck hjsg mjikba outurg‒).




973

sgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjig. 7083 far\jc, Su mxgraSg XaSgnxmaikcgnsxvg rgm gr dgmjmckngrajis, \krkSgck nkvSks mkmgrS mjqmackuobaig gvtjmgturgc vrhabcaig mks ngyjozah.

ngyjogc dgnkxkbaig gsava ks uobairkvk Su `sgmjqgbgqj~ngyjok, rjmabsgh knckvkck kYais hgbfaubk sgmgrSbairkvkurSkarSjiks sgou\vabza Su Xasgigmksk uobaikcgn dgmjmckngra.

Xasgigmksgc, ngyjokg ks `Xamjsgvgbk, ngmgtk gn upkrgtasjig~,rjmabsgh nkvSk gn qjnairkvk uobaig k\bavg grsaikSgc mksksuistgnhkks Xamhkraiks dgraXa. 7081

sgqgrSvabjXk fgnjnmcaiabk ssf-ks 713-a K muxbXk`Xamjsgvbks~, `ngmgtksg~ cg ùpkrgtasjiks~ mkYaigs nkvSks ngyjogcmkkHnavs, xjbj ssf-ks 713-a KK muxbkS uobaiks ngyjogc mkskdgmjyanaiks Xacadgc mkYaiub `Xamjsgvgbsg~ cg ùpkrgtasjigs~gsgxabais. dgnsxvgvaig nkvSksg cg uobaiks ngyjos Xjrks swjracnkvSks ngmgtXk vbkncaig. as bjdkfurkg, vkngkcgn mgsXk swjrac ksngyjok kdubksxmaig, rjmabsgh nkvSk k\bavg, rjdjrh wask,gcgmkgnks Hgravks dgraXa.

sgyurgcYaij mjwasrkdaigg aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks813-a cg Xamcdjm muxbaiXk. 813-a muxbk mkuSkSais, rjmmasgfuSras afuSvnks iunairkvk, dgmjmuXgvaiubk cgsgmjqgbgqj (uobairkvk) ngyjok. 708?

mjmcavnj muxbk ngyjoks SkSjaub sgxas catgburgcdgnmgrtgvs< iunairkvkg mkwksg cg hxjvabks ngyjok,rjmabsgh ksknk Hgravks dgraXa k\bavkgn. gmgsSgn, hxjvabksngyjokg rjdjrh ngXkark (mgdgbkSgc, xij), ksa prjcuqtk(mgdgbkSgc, r\a)6 dgmjmuXgvaiubkg fubtkvkraiksg cg XrjmksXacadgc mkYaiubk mkwks ngyjok6 uobairkv ngyjosdgnafuSvnaig qkrgvnjiks, klgrksg cg sxvg msdgvskxabXafrubaiks sgou\vabza mkYaiubk Xamjsgvgbk.

ktgbkks sgmgrSgbXkh dgmklnubkg ìunairkvk~ cg`sgmjqgbgqj~ ngyjok. dgmklvnks frktarkumkh SkSqmkskcanturkg. hxgckg, kmks dgSvgbkswknaikS, rjm ktgbkurksgmgrSgbk `dgmjmuXgvaiub ngyjos~ hgbfa fgtadjrkgc grdgmjyjos cg mgs, àspgnurk dgdaikS~, iunairkvk ngyjoksfgtadjrkgs mkgfuSvnais. 7084

7083 Xagc. Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § 733, 3?3 oo.7081 kx. Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § 733, 3??.708? „ Partanahan gb prjpkatgrkj< (7) Bjs orutjs ngturgbas. (9) Bjs orutjs kncustrkgbas. (8) Bjs orutjs hkvkbas.‒ 7084 „ oruttk ngturgbk‒ cg „ oruttk hkvkbk‒, kx. ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 590-amuxbk.




97?

4.9 xgrlaik

qjnaigs, sgrdaibks dgrcg, Xak\baig ufgvXkrcaijcas dgrfvaubkxgrlaik. pkrk vgbcaiubkg, mgdgbkSgc, ktvkrSjs km qjnaigsSgncgfgvXkraiubk xgrlaik, rjmbks masgfuSrahgg, gn rjmbkSgh kdksgrdaibjis. xgrlaik mksk jcanjiks Xasgigmksgc gmhkraisqjnaikcgn mkYaiub sgrdaiabs.

darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk dgngsxvgvaian xgrlaiks jrfgtadjrkgs, rjmbaikh arSmgnaSksdgn kmklnaig, mgS Xjrks,dgmjyanaiubk tarmknjbjdkks SvgbsgzrkskSgh<

pkrvab mgSdgns dgnafuSvnaig, mgdgbkSgc, darmgnkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 708-a pgrgdrgokS dgSvgbkswknaiubksglgrjsgmgrSbairkvk Su far\jsgmgrSbairkvk vgbcaiuba-iaiks Xasgsrubaibgc radubgrubgc dgcgsgxcabkxgrlaik 703? (mkwks gn gvtjmgnqgnks dgcgsgxgck, sgcgzYvavj

pramkg cg g.X)6majra lduoXk mjkgzraig, mgdgbkSgc, darmgnkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 91?-a pgrgdrgokS dgSvgbkswknaiubk ksxgrlaik, rjmbaikh vbkncaig dgwaub yvabgngkr mgtarkgburcg grgmgtarkgbur cgngxgrlXk, mgS Xjrks, mjmsgxuraigXk,kqnaig as okzkfurk Su djnairkvk Xrjmg. 7034

sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjigXk cgmfvkcraiubkg `xgrlaiks~ hnaigcg kdk arSdvgrjvngc dgmjkyanaig. mgdgbkSgc, ssf-ks 8;8-a `g~muxbks Sgngxmgc, fracktjrks mkar vgcks dgcghkbaiksgs `kdkvgbcaiubkg gungzYgurjs mjvgbas sgdnks Xangxvks dgmj wgrmjXj-ikbk zacmatk xgrlaik~6 ssf-ks 834-a `a~ muxbk xabXafrubaiksstgncgrtubk pkrjiaiks igSkbjigsSgn mkmgrSaikS kyanais orgzgs<`...dgwaubk xgrlaiks Xausgigmjc mgYgbk gngzYguraig~6 ssf-ks 184-aKK muxbkS, `...cgmqkrgvaiabs Xau\bkg SvkSjn gYmjoxvrgs kdkVngfbk] cg mjkSxjvjs xgrlaiks gngzYguraig~6 ssf-ks 874-a KKKmuxbks Xasgigmksgc, wkngsgxabXafrubaij urSkarSjigXk cgrYvavguobaigmjskbs xcks majra mxgras, `mjkSxjvjs km xgrlaiksgngzYguraig, rjbaikh mgn dgswkg xabXafrubaiks cgsgcaigc...~6ssf-ks 855-a muxbk sguirjis sgsgmgrSbj xgrlaiks Xasgxai.

703? „ Bgstan‒.7034 „ Guowancundan‒.




974

5. `sgnkvSj uobaiaik~

gisjbuturk uobaig gnu `sgnkvSj uobaig~ mkmgrSubkg cg mksdgndgmjmckngra `sgnkvSj mjSxjvng~ dgnxjrhkabaigckg naiksmkarkpkrks mkmgrS. 7035 yvabg `sgnkvSj uobaig~ gisjbuturkg cg yvabgmgSdgnk qjnaigza knckvkcks \gbguobaiks, igtjnjiks ojrmksdgmjmxgtvabkg. 703;

tarmknk `sgnkvSj uobaig~ XasgngrHunaiabkg, grsaikSgc,kstjrkubk trgckhkks dgSvgbkswknaikS. 7010 kdk dgsgmklnkgrabgtkurk `qjnairkvk uobaiks~ hnaiksdgn, rjmabkhqjnaigza gisjbuturk uobaiks wgrmjXjiks (rjdjrh wask,vgbcaiubaikSsgmgrSbairkvk) sgou\vbks, gnu `fguzgs~,gYsgnkXngvgc uncg kqnas dgmjyanaiubk. 7017 Xasgigmksgc,qjnaigza knckvkcksgSvks sgsurvabk afjnjmkfurk XacadkscgcdjmksgSvks Sgvcgpkrvabgc guhkbaiabkg knckvkcks mkar

rabgtkurk, qjnairkvk uobaiks mjpjvaig. qjnaigza knckvkcksigtjnjiksg Su \gbguobaiks wgrmjXjig gisjbuturk`sgnkvSj uobaiks~ mjpjvaiksgSvks guhkbaiab `sgnkvSjdgrkdaigs~ ufgvXkrcaig. gm ufgngsfnabks sgou\vabzaXa\ankbk `sgnkvSj uobaig~ dgmjxgtgvs pkrks \gbguobaiks(igtjnjiks) gisjbutur uobaigs Xasgigmks qjnaigza. 7019

7035 kx. Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § ?3 KK, 8?5.703; Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, Dkarfa, Cautsheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc KK, 7;01, 7.7010 kx. nkcarbgncaiks sgmgrSgbXk gngbjdkur prjibamgsSgn cgfgvXkraikSzamjS, 55;-a sq. `sgnkvSj uobaiks~ qgrSub kurkckub bktargturgXk

dgmjyanaigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx., mgdgbkSgc< Tgnturkg , ssf-ks fjmantgrk,wkdnk KKK, 9007, 916zjk\a , qgrSubk sgnkvSj sgmgrSgbk, 9008, 3 cgXamcdjmnk6 TaTabgXvkbk , sgnkvSj sgmgrSgbk, XacgraikSsgmgrSbairkvkfvbavg, 900?, 7? cg Xamcdjmnk.7017 gm uobaiaiks dgmjsgxgtgvgc fjntknanturavrjpub sgmgrSbairkvwasrkdaiXk xXkrgc dgmjkyanaig tarmknaik< `pkrgck~ ( „kn parsjngm‒ , „crjkt parsjnnab ‒) cg rabgtkurk ( „rabgtkva Yaheta‒). Xagc. _gn Arp, Hjmpgrgtkva PrjpartyBgw, kn< Yakmgnn/\kmmarmgnn (acs.), Sea Jxojrc Egncijjf jo Hjmpgrgtkva Bgw, 900?, 7014.7019 hgbfaub XamSxvavgXk grsaijis vgbcaiubaikSk cg sgnkvSj uobaiaiksdgmklvnks prjibamaik, rjcasgh vgbcaiubaikS urSkarSjigXk hgbfaubkuobaig `sgnkvSj~ uobaiksgSvks cgmgxgskgSaiab abamantais Xakhgvs.sxvgcgsxvg mjhubjikS gYnkXnubks dgmjvbknaigg, mgdgbkSgc< sglgrjraastrXk cgradkstrkraiubk upkrgtask Xasykcvks gn dgmjsykcvks uobaig,ssf-ks 1?5-a muxbkS dgSvgbkswknaiubk dgmqkrgvaibks dkrgvnjiks uobaigcgmqkrgvaibks nkvSaiza, cgmqkrgvaibks mkar qkrgvnjiks xabXafrubaikspkrjiaiks mjqmacaiks XangrHunaig gxgbk masgfuSrks mkmgrS ssf-ks 149-amuxbks ssf-ks 749-a muxbks dgmjngfbksSgn mkmgrSaiks dgSvgbkswknaikS).




975

as mkcdjmg sgfuSraiks uobaiks dgcghamks 7018 Xasgigmksk skstamks dgmjmxgtvabkg. sgqgrSvabjXk,fjntknanturk avrjpks grgarSk sxvg sgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdks(mgdgbkSgc nkcarbgncaiksg 7013 cg gvstrkks 7011) msdgvsgc,mjqmacais fguzgburk skstamg. Xasgigmksgc, kmklnaig uobaiksdgcghamks sgou\vabk (`fguzg~) cg nkvSks dgcghamg SusgnkvSj dgrkdaig 701?. gmgsSgn, fguzgburk skstamks pkrjiaiXksgnkvSj dgrkdaiks ngmcvkbjig uXugbjc grks cgmjfkcaiubkmksk sgou\vbks ngmcvkbjigza. 7014

dgmklvnks prknhkpk gYkgraiubkg darmgnkkssgmgrSgbXkh, Sumhg ugrk kSqvg `fguzgs~ 7015 guhkbaibjigzacg Hgmjygbkicg gistrgqhkks prknhkpk. gm prknhkpks Sgngxmgc,mgvgbcaiubaiabk cg `dgnfgrdvks~ 701; (sgnkvSj) dgrkdaiaikarSmgnaSksgdgn cgmjufkcaibgc, `gistrgqtubgc~ dgnkxkbaig.Xasgigmksgc, mgvgbcaiubaiabk dgrkdaiks igSkbjigzadgvbangs gr gxcans dgnfgrdvks dgrkdaiks ngmcvkbjigza. 70?0 gmgsSgn, gm ufgngsfnabXk mjkgzraig sgnkvSj uobaiks

kx. sgnkvSj mjSxjvnaiza vgbcaiubaikSk mjSxjvnaiks dgvbangsSgncgfgvXkraikS Tjbo , Iastãnckdfakt unc Tgncab km Xgheanrahet, NLT, 7;54, 9?34, 9?17 o.7018 kx. sgfuSraiks uobaiks sgwyks (pkrvabgc, „jrkdknãr ‒) cg dgcghamkS(ngwgrmjai, „carkvgtkv‒) Xa\angsSgn cgfgvXkraikS, mgdgbkSgc< Puhetg, Pgncaftan,7544, § 34, 48, § 734, 990 oo.6gsava Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 73,YcNr. 91 oo.7013 kx. nkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 8<53-a K muxbk< ` _jjr jvarcrghetvgn aan djac wjrct varakst aan bavarknd frghetans dabckda tktab, varrkhet cjjr eam cka iavjadc ksjvar eat djac ta iashekffan. ~ 7011 kx. gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 850-a pgrgdrgok ( „Jena Sktabunc jena rahetbkhea Arwariundsgft fgnn fakn Akdantum arbgndt warcan‒), Xagc. gsava< Ahhear kn< Fjzkjb/Iycbknsfk/Ijbbaniardar, GIDI-Fjmmantgr, 9004, § 850, YcNr. 7 oo.6 Fjzkjb/Tabsar/Fbatačfg, Iòrdarbkheas Yahet K, 900?, 870 o.701? Xagc. Crjinkd, Srgnsoar jo Prjparty, kn< Egrtfgmp/Eassabknf/Ejnckus/Ljustrg/cu Parrjn/_abcmgn (acs.), Sjwgrcs g Aurjpagn Hkvkb Hjca, 9003, 483 at saq.7014 `qgrSubk sgmgrSbks grHavgnSgn~ cgfgvXkraikS kx. cgnabkg , dgmklvnksprknhkpk Huqaiks xabXafrubaiks mgdgbkSza, qsm, 9005 (spahkgburkdgmjhamg), 39 cg Xamcdjmnk. 7015 „hgusg‒. 701; „_aroòdund ‒. 70?0 gistrgqhkks prknhkpks mkuxacgvgc, sgnkvSj uobaiks wgrmjXjiksvgbcaiubaikS uobaigza cgmjfkcaiubaiks dgmjngfbks XamSxvavaiSgncgfgvXkraikS (dkrgvnjig, kpjSafg, wkngswgrk Hgngwark) kx. Tjbo , Iastãnckdfaktunc Tgncab km Xgheanrahet, NLT, 7;54, 9?34, 9?17.




97;

naiksmkark sgxahvbkbaig, gnu< wgrmjXjig, dgcghamg,Xknggrsjirkvk Xahvbg cg Xawyvatg. 70?7

gmks sgpkrkspkrjc, mgdgbkSgc, sgorgndaSXkcgmfvkcrcg sgfuSraiks dgcghamks fjnsansugburk prknhkpk.sgnkvSj uobaiks Xahvbg Xarwymubkg mksk sgou\vbksdgnmsgzYvrab dgrkdaigsSgn arS dgnuyjoab mSbkgnjigc. 70?9

gmgsSgn, SkSjaubk sgnkvSj uobaiks sgxa zustgc dgnksgzYvraigfgnjnkS, 70?8 cg mxjbjc fgnjnkS dgSvgbkswknaiub ogrdbaiXkaqvamcaigraig knckvkcks naiks dgmjvbanks sgou\vabza dgnsgzYvrgs.Xasgigmksgc, urSkarSjiks mxgraaik var cggcdanan fgnjnksdgndgnsxvgvaiub sgnkvSj uobaiais. 70?3

sgnkvSj (dgnfgrdvks) dgrkdaig, 70?1 vgbcaiubaikSkdgrkdaiksgdgn dgnsxvgvaikS, kmpargtkubgc cgcdankbkg. kdk grksnaig, mkmgrSubk sgnkvSj uobaiks wgrmjXjigza, Xahvbgza,Xawyvatgsg Su sxvksSvks dgcghamgza (cgSmjigza), 70?? dgmjvbankbkfgnjnkS kmpargtkubgc dgnsgzYvrubk ojrmkS.

sgnkvSj uobaiaik kyjog XauzYucgv cg XazYucub sgnkvSjuobaiaigc. XauzYucgvk sgnkvSj uobaigg sgfuSraig, 70?4 yvabg sxvgXazYucubkg masgfuSrasSgn mkmgrSaikS. mxjbjc sgfuSraiks

70?7 kx., mgdgbkSgc< Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, Òiaribkhf vjr § 703, YcNr.7; oo.6 Pgbgnct/Igssanda, IDI, 9005, Aknbaktund vjr § 513, YcNr. 70, 786 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS casIòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 98, YcNr. ?8 oo., 45 oo.70?9 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, Crjinkd, Srgnsoar jo Prjparty, kn< Egrtfgmp/Eassabknf/Ejnckus/ Ljustrg/cu Parrjn/_abcmgn(acs.), Sjwgrcs g Aurjpagn Hkvkb Hjca, 9003, 49? at saq.70?8 „numarus hbgusus‒-ks prknhkpk. Xagc. gm prknhkpks mnkXvnabjigsSgncgfgvXkraikS< Marrkbb/Xmkte, Jptkmgb Xtgncgrckzgtkjn kn tea Bgw jo Prjparty< Sea NumarusHbgususPrknhkpba, [gba Bgw Ljurngb, 9000-9007 (770), 7, ? at saq.6

gsava gm stgtkgzadgmjxmguraig< Egnsmgnn/Frggfmgn, Prjparty, Hjntrght, gnc _arkokhgtkjn< Sea NumarusHbgususPrjibam gnc tea Ckvkskikbkty jo Ykdets, Ljurngb jo Badgb Xtuckas, 9009 (87), 848, 843 atsaq. 70?3 Xagc. XacgraikSsgmgrSbairkvk mkmjxkbvksgSvks, mgdgbkSgc, _gn Arp,Hjmpgrgtkva Prjparty Bgw, kn< Yakmgnn/\kmmarmgnn (acs.), Sea Jxojrc Egncijjf joHjmpgrgtkva Bgw, 900?, 7018.70?1 sgnkvSj Su dgnfgrdvks dgrkdaiks tarmknSgn cgfgvXkraikS Xagc.cgnabkg , dgmklvnks prknhkpk Huqaiks xabXafrubaiks mgdgbkSza, qsm, 9005(spahkgburk dgmjhamg), 88. 70?? Xagc. Pgbgnct/Igssanda, IDI, 9005, Aknbaktund vjr § 513, YcNr. 70.70?4 qgrSub sgmgrSgbXk sgfuSraiks uobaiks hnaigsSgn cg gm knstktutksmjwasrkdaigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx.< zjk\a , sgfuSraiks hnaig qgrSubsgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsXk, qsm, 7;;5 (7), 9-8, 54 cg Xamcdjmnk6 Tgnturkg , u\rgvknkvSaiks sgfuSraig, 9007, 3; cg Xamcdjmnk6 zjk\a , qgrSubk sgnkvSjsgmgrSgbk, 9008, 50 cg Xamcdjmnk6 TaTabgXvkbk , sgnkvSj sgmgrSgbk,XacgraikSsgmgrSbairkvk fvbavg, 900?, ;4 cg Xamcdjmnk.




990

uobaikS mjkpjvais knckvkck qjnaigza `srub igtjnjigs~. 70?5 XazYucubk sgnkvSj uobaig sgfuSraiks uobaiks Xknggrsksmxjbjc fjnfratubk mjhubjiks gmsgxvabkg, Sumhg gm ogrdbaiXkkdk, Sgvks mxrkv, zYucgvs masgfuSras Sgvksk uobaiaiksragbkzaigXk. 70?;

5.7 sgfuSraiks uobaig

sgfuSraig qjnaigza `srubk igtjnjiks~ dgmjmxgtvabk gisjbuturkuobaigg. 7040 masgfuSra uobaigmjskbkg, mjaqhas qjnaigs SgvkskXaxacubaiksgmair. gmgsSgn, kdk gm qjnaiks iacs dgngdais mgszamasgma pkraiks zamjqmacaiks dgmjrkhxvks SvgbsgzrkskSgh. 7047

iunairkvkg, masgfuSrks XauzYucgvk mjqmacaiks SgvksuobaigSgvks sgfuSraigsSgn mkmgrSaikS kzYucaig km mjhubjikS, rgmjhubjikSgh as guhkbaiabkg sxvg masgfuSraSg qjnaigzazamjqmacaiksdgn Sgvks Xafgvaiks SvgbsgzrkskS. wknggYmcadXamSxvavgXk masgfuSra XakTraig sxvg masgfuSrks kntarasaiks

soarjXk cg cgupkrkspkrcaig gngbjdkur, rjdjrh wask, XauzYucgvsgfuSraiks uobaigs.Xasgigmksgc, mxacvabjigXk mkkYaig Sgngzjmkaraiks

prknhkpk, 7049 rgh dgmjrkhxgvs masgfuSrks mkar sxvg masgfuSrksuobaiaiks grgSgngzjmkar XazYucvgs. gmgva crjs, masgfuSrasafksraig a.w. Smanks vgbcaiubaig. mgdgbkSgc, masgfuSram uncg

70?5 „akna tjtgba Mghet , rarum cjmknkum‒, kx. Puhetg, Pgncaftan, 7544, § 737, 970 o.70?; sgfuSraiks uobaiksg cg XazYucubk sgnkvSj uobaiaiks urSkarSmk-mgrSaigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx., mgdgbkSgc, _gn Arp, Hjmpgrgtkva Prjparty Bgw, kn< Yakmgnn/\kmmarmgnn (acs.), Sea Jxojrc Egncijjf jo Hjmpgrgtkva Bgw, 900?, 701?.7040 Puhetg, Pgncaftan, 7544, § 737, 970 o.6 § 733, 97? o.7047 ma-75 sgufunks ?0-kgn wbaiXk kndbksXk dgmgrSub caigtaiXk mfgokjckfvaSaig sgfuSraiks uobaiks oanjmank knckvkcks mkYmg grsaiubnaiksmkar sgdgnza. ibaqstjunk sgfuSraiks uobaigza sguirksgs `dgrasgmygrjs sgdnaiza~ grsaiubk knckvkcks uobaiksg Su igtjnjiksgisjbutur xgskgSza mkuSkSais ( „…tegt sjba gnc caspjtkh cjmknkjn wekhe jna mgnhbgkms gnc axarhksas jvar tea axtarngb teknds jo tea wjrbc, kn tjtgb axhbuskjn jo tea rkdet jo gnyjtear knckvkcugb kn tea unkvarsa‒). gm mjsgzraigs grgngfbaik pgSjskS axmguraigfamcank (Hgmcan)<ks, rgh knckvkcks sgfuSraigg, grks gisjbuturgc mksk cggrgvks gqvs uobaig, mkkYjs mksdgn rgkma mksk Sgnxmjiks dgraXa(‒…wegtavar ks g mgn‛s jwn ks gisjbutaby eks jwn6 nj mgn egte g rkdet tj tgfa kt orjm ekmwktejut eks hjnsant, aktear axprassac iy ekmsabo jr raprasantgtkva6 wejavar gttampts tj cj kt,gttampts gn knlury, wej avar cjas kt hjmmkts g rjiiary.‒).jrkva hktkraiubkg < Gtkyge,

Sea Yksa gnc Ogbb jo Oraacjm jo Hjntrght, 7;4;, 54. 7049 kx. darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk Sgngzjmkaraiks prknhkpks masgfuSrks`sjhkgbur vgbcaiubaigsSgn~ ( „Xjzkgbpobkhetkdfakt ‒) cgfgvXkraiks Svgbsgz-rkskS Tjbo , Iastãnckdfakt unc Tgncab km Xgheanrahet, NLT, 7;54, 9?34 o.




997

kSmknjs cksfjmojrtk, rjmabkh mgs aqmnaig sxvg pkrks mkar SgvksksgfuSraikS sgrdaibjiks dgmj (mgdgbkSgc, mtvark gn xmgurk sxvgpkrks mkwks ngfvaSza mkmckngra sggmXanaibj sgmuXgjaiks dgmj).Sgngzjmkaraiks prknhkpks mjqmacaiks ogrdbaik gm XamSxvavgXkhuhvbabkg< knckvkcmg uncg dgkSvgbkswknjs sxvg knckvkckskntarasaik km mjhubjikS, rg mjhubjikSgh as gr kwvavs SgvksksgfuSgrk kntarasaiks grgSgngzjmkar XazYucvgs. 7048

ssf-ks 740-a K muxbk sgfuSraiks uobaigs catgburgcgradubkrais< `masgfuSras Xau\bkg, fgnjnksmkark gnsxvgdvgrk, far\jc, sgxabXafrubaij XaijTvks ogrdbaiXkSgvksuobgc objicas cg sgrdaibjicas qjnaikS (nkvSkS),gr cguXvgs sxvg pkrSg mkar gm qjnaikS sgrdaibjig,dgnfgrdjs kdk, Sufk gmkS gr kbgxaig mazjibaiks gn sxvgmasgma pkrSg uobaiaik, gncg, Su as mjqmacaig grwgrmjgcdans uobaiks ijrjtgc dgmjyanaigs.~

masgfuSrks uobaig, fgnjnksmkark cg sgxabXafrubaij

ijTvks ogrdbaiXk (hxgckg, gsaSks grsaijiks XamSxvavgXk)Sgvksuobgc dgngdjs Sgvksk sgfuSraig, bjdkfurkg. gmgsSgn,ssf-ks 740-a K muxbks dgnmgrtaiksgs `fgnjnksmkark cgsgxabXafrubaij ijTvks~ dgSvgbkswknaiks wkngpkrjigXasgigmksgc uncg dgvrhabcas gm qjnaikS sgrdaibjiksgdgnsxvg pkraiks dgmjrkhxvgza. iunairkvkg, masgfuSra varXazYucgvs sxvg pkrks Sgvksk sgfuSraikS sgrdaibjigs kmogrdbaiXk, rjmbaikh mgs Sgvgc dgnusgzYvrg. sgdubksxmjg,rjm ssf-ks 749-a muxbks Xasgigmksgc, `masgfuSras Xau\bkgmobjiabs mjsSxjvjs nkvSks ufgn cgirunaig, dgrcg kmXamSxvavaiksg, rjhg mobjiabs eqjncg gm nkvSks objiksuobaig.~ gm mgdgbkSkcgn ngSabkg, rjm far\j sgmgrSgbXkgrsaiubk yvabgza \bkark mjSxjvngh fk, rjdjrkh grksmasgfuSrks mkar Sgvksk sgfuSraiks ufgn cgirunaiksmjSxjvng, aqvamcaigraig sgxabXafrubaij ijTvkcgndgmjmckngra XazYucvgs.

`fgnjnksmkark cg sgxabXafrubaij ijTvks~ cgSqmgdgsgSvgbkswknaiabkg sgfuSraiks dgnfgrdvks XamSxvavgXkh.

7048 kx. ssf-ks 741-a K muxbk, rjmbks Sgngxmgcgh< `masgfuSras gr Xau\bkggfr\gbjs mazjiabk ngfvaSkcgn Sgvks ngfvaSza dgzks, jrSqbks, sunks,Tvgrtbks, fvgmbks, xmgurks, skSijs, ryavaiks gn sxvg msdgvs mjvbangSgzamjqmacaignk, Sufk ksknk xabs gr uXbkgn masgfuSras Sgvksk ngfvaSkSsgrdaibjigXk, gn umnkXvnabjc xabyjoan mks uobaigs.~ Xagc. gsava ssf-ks741-a KK muxbk, rjmabXkh cgsgXvaigc hxgccaig grsaikSk zamjqmacaigh,rgh dgmjwvaubkg `Hvaubairkvk sgrdaibjikS~ cg mksk gYfvaSg grXak\baig gsaS XamSxvavaiXk Hvaubairkv dgmjyanaiubk sgXugbaiaikS.




998

5.9 mobjiabjig

mobjiabjig 7045 grks sgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdks mkar gYkgraiubkògqtjirkvk~ \gbguobaig Su ìgtjnjig~ qjnaigza, rjdjrh wask,nkvSza. 704;

Xasg\baiabkg qjnairkvk uobaiks mobjiabjigh. gsaSXamSxvavgXk ogqtjirkvk igtjnjig vbkncaig uobaikSsgrdaibjikS, mksk dgnxjrhkabaikS 7050.

ssf-ks 711-a K muxbXk fgnjnmcaiabk mkuSkSais, rjm`mobjiabjig wgrmjkXjig nkvSza ogqtjirkvk igtjnjiks naikSkmjpjvaikS.~ gmkS knckvkcks mobjiabgc gYkgraiksSvksguhkbaiabkg naiks fjmpjnantk. mobjiabs uncg eqjncas nkvSksobjiks naig. gmks sgpkrkspkrjc, gr grks guhkbaiabk, rjm pkrseqjncas nkvSks objiks uobaigmjskbaig.

mobjiabjig grks qjnaigza sgfuSraiks uobaiks wgrmjXjikswkngpkrjig. mgdgbkSgc, ssf-ks 7?1-a muxbks Xasgigmksgc, mj\rgv

nkvSaiza 1 wbks, xjbj ssf-ks 7?4-a muxbks Sgngxmgc, u\rgvnkvSaiza 71 wbks dgnmgvbjigXk objiks XamSxvavgXk pkrkmjkpjvais sgfuSraiks uobaigs. 7057 gmgsSgn, pkrs uncg eqjncas naig

‘ objicas nkvSs `rjdjrh sgfuSgrs~.gm SvgbsgzrkskS, mgdgbkSgc, mj\rgv nkvSaiza sgfuSraiks

uobaiks dgcghamksgs ssf-ks 75?-a KK muxbk sgfmgrksgc mkkHnavs grgmxjbjc pkrcgpkr, grgmac gsava `sgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjikssgou\vabza~ grgpkrcgpkr mobjiabjigsgh.

Xasgigmksgc, pkrcgpkrk mobjiabjig nkvSks uXugbjòbjigXk~ vbkncaig, xjbj grgpkrcgpkrk dgmjmckngrajissgfuSraiks uobaikcgn mgXkn, rjcasgh nkvSk sxvg pkrks pkrcgpkr

7045 qgrSub sgmgrSgbXk mobjiabjiks hnaiks HgmjygbkiaigsSgncgfgvXkraikS kx. zjk\a , qgrSubk sgnkvSj sgmgrSgbk, 9008, 11 cgXamcdjmnk. 704; Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk Pgbgnct/Igssanda, IDI, 9005,Òiaribkhf vjr § 513, YcNr. 7.7050 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 879-a (8) cg878-a pgrgdrgoaik6 gsava Ahhear kn< Fjzkjb/Iycbknsfk/Ijbbaniardar,GIDI-Fjmmantgr,9004, § 878, YcNr. 7 o. darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk hgbfaubk uobaiksmobjiabjiks Xasg\baibjigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx. Pgbgnct/Igssanda, IDI,9005, Òiaribkhf vjr § 513, YcNr. 3. uobaiaiza mobjiabjiks gYkgraikskstjrkubk mkmjxkbvksgSvks kx. Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart,7;51, § ?4 KK, 84?.7057 ssf-ks 7?4-a muxbk u\rgv nkvSza xgncgzmubjikS sgfuSraiks uobaiksXa\angs ufgvXkrais cgmgtaikS wkngpkrjigs ‘ sglgrj raastrXk 71 wbksdgnmgvbjigXk masgfuSrac radkstrghkks ogqts.




993

mobjiabjigXk kmyjoaig. 7059 gmgsSgn, mobjiabjiksSvksmnkXvnabjvgnkg qjnaigza zamjqmacaiks, mgsza igtjnjiksdgnxjrhkabaiks Xasg\baibjig. Xasgigmksgc, cgsgXvaikg, qjnaigzaigtjnjig mobjiabs cgqvamcaigraiubk gcgmkgnaiks 7058 maXvajikSghxjrhkabcaijcas.

dgrcg gmksg, mobjiabjiks mnkXvnabjig vbkncaig rjdjrhsgmgrSbairkvgc grsaikSk dgramjaiaiks cgcdanks xabXawyjigXk(mgdgbkSgc, ssf-ks 715-a K muxbk mobjiabjiks XamSxvavgXkgygbkiais masgfuSrac yjonks prazumohkgs), ksa pkrks fjnfratubkmjSxjvnks uobaikS gYTurvgXk (mgdgbkSgc, ssf-ks 7?0-a muxbkswkngpkrjiaiks dgSvgbkswknaikS, mobjiabs gqvs gxgbkmobjiabksdgn nkvSks ufgn cgirunaiks mjSxjvng, xjbj ssf-ks 7?7-amuxbks Sgngxmgc, mobjiabjigXk xabks XaXbks gYfvaSksg cgzkgnks gngzYguraiks mjSxjvnaik).

mobjiabjiks sgmgrSbairkvk mnkXvnabjig gr grksarSdvgrjvngc wgrmjcdankbk fjntknanturk avrjpks

fjckokfghkaiXk<sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsk mobjiabjigsmxjbjc xgncgzmubjikS sgfuSraiks uobaiks mjpjvaiksSvgbsgzrkskS kSvgbkswknais. 7053

rjmgnubk sgmgrSbks skvrhaXk catgburkmjwasrkdaiks mgdgbkSkg aspgnaSks fjckokfghkg. 7051 aspgnaSkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 380-a muxbk dgngsxvgvais iunairkv cgsgmjqgbgqj(sgmgrSbairkv) mobjiabjigs. iunairkvkmobjiabjiksgdgn dgnsxvgvaikS, sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbairkvmobjiabjigs nkvSks objigsg Su uobaikS sgrdaibjigsSgnarSgc, uncg gxgskgSaicas mobjiabks dgnzrgxvg (naig),objicas mgs, rjdjrh Sgvksgs. 705?

mjmcavnj muxbaiXk aspgnabk fgnjnmcaiabk gwasrkdaismobjiabjiks sgxaais. far\jc, kdk mklngvs< pkrcgpkr cggrgpkrcgpkr mobjiabjigs (Xasgigmksk tarmknks dgmjyanaiks

7059 kx. ssf-ks 711-a KKK muxbk. Xagc. darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 5?5-apgrgdrgok. 7058 gsaSgc HgkSvbaig, mgdgbkSgc, mobjiabks naiksmkark SgngmXrjmabk,gnu pkrk, rjmabsgh kdk kyanais Sgvksk vgbcaiubaiaiks XasgsrubaibgcSu kntarasaiks dgnsgxjrhkabaibgc (Xagc. gsava ssf-ks 8;?-a muxbk).7053 kx. Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § ?5 KKK, 84; o.7051 kx. aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 380-a-3??-a muxbaik. 705? „ Pjsaskøn ngturgb as bg tananhkg ca ung hjsg j ab cksoruta cas un carahej pjr ung parsjng. Pjsaskøn hkvkb as asg mksmg tananhkg j cksoruta unkcjs g bg kntanhkøn ca egiar bg hjsg j carahejhjmj suyjs. ‒




991

dgraXa), 7054 sgfuSgrk cg sxvksk nkvSks objigs, 7055 `faSkb-sknckskar~ 705; cg `grgfaSkbsknckskar~ 70;0 mobjiab(jig)s. 70;7

mobjiabjiks mjpjvaig, aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 385-a muxbks Xasgigmksgc, xcaig ogqtjirkvkcguobaiksgs, km ogqtks dgSvgbkswknaikS, rjm as nkvSaik gnuobaiaik knckvkcks naigs amjrHkbaig. 70;9 gbtarngtkvkssgxkS mobjiabjiks mjpjvaig Xasg\baiabkg knckvkcksmjqmacaikSg cg fgnjnkS dgSvgbkswknaiubk wkngpkrjiaikscghvkS, rjmbaikh gsaSk uobaiks mjpjvaiksSvks grkgndgSvgbkswknaiubnk. 70;8

gngbjdkurgc ckck yurgcYaig aSmjig mobjiabjiksmjwasrkdaigs darmgnubk sgmgrSbks skvrhks, far\jc,gvstrkks, darmgnkksg cg Xvakhgrkks fjckokfghkaiXk. 70;3

gmgsSgn, gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 80;-apgrgdrgoXk tarmknjbjdkurgcgh kmklnaig `mobjiabjig~,rjmbks crjsgh pkrk nkvSs rjdjrh Sgvksgs objis 70;1 cg`mobjiabjig~, rjmbks crjsgh mgs gsaSk naig gr gqvs. 70;?

gmkS vbkncaig dgrfvaubk msdgvsaig aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 380-a muxbkS dgSvgbkswknaiub iunairkvk cgsgmjqgbgqj(sgmgrSbairkvk) mobjiabjiks dgmklvngsSgn.

gsaSk dgmklvng sgmgrSbairkvk XacadaiksSvgbsgzrkskS grggrsaikSkg. Su fgnjnmcaiabs surs,dgrfvaubk sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadk cgufgvXkrjs nkvSks,`rjdjrh Sgvksks~, objiks naiks grsaijigs, gmksSvks`mobjiabjiks~ dgnsxvgvaiubk tarmknks XamuXgvaig gr grkssgvgbcaiubj.

gsaSk tarmknjbjdkurk dgmklvnks guhkbaibjig grgrks dgzkgraiubk grh darmgnubk cg XvakhgrkubksgmgrSbks mkar. darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 513-a K

7054 kx. aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 387-a muxbk.7055 kx. aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 389-a muxbk. 705; iuang oa.70;0 mgbg oa.70;7 kx. aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 388-a cg Xamcdjmk muxbaik. 70;9 „ Bg pjsaskøn sa gcqukara pjr bg jhupghkøn mgtarkgb ca bg hjsg j carahej pjsaícj, j pjr abeahej ca quacgr ëstjs sulatjs g bg ghhkøn ca nuastrg vjbuntgc...‒ 70;8 „j pjr bjs ghtjs prjpkjs y ojrmgbkcgcas badgbas astgibahkcgs pgrg gcqukrkr tgb carahej.‒ 70;3 kx. gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 80;-a-819-a cg darmgnkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 513-a-549-a pgrgdrgoaik, gsava Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks ;7;-a-;37-a muxbaik. 70;1 „ Iasktzar ‒ („ Egt car Knegiar aknar Xghea can Tkbban, ska gbs cka saknkda zu iaegbtan, sj kst arker Iasktzar .‒),kx. gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 80;-a (9) pgrgdrgok. 70;? „ Knegiar ‒ („Tar akna Xghea kn saknar Mghet jcar Dawgersgma egt, eakÚt ker Knegiar .‒),kx.gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 80;-a (7) pgrgdrgok.




99?

pgrgdrgoXk mkSkSaiubkg, rjm `nkvSks mobjiabjigwgrmjkXjig nkvSza ogqtjirkvk igtjnjiks mjpjvaikS.~ 70;4 gngbjdkurgc, Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ;7;-a Kmuxbks Xasgigmksgc, `mobjiabkg ks, vksgh gqvs nkvSzaogqtjirkvk igtjnjig.~ 70;5

5.8 XazYucubk sgnkvSj uobaiaik

ssf-ks 718-a KK muxbks Xasgigmksgc, XazYucubk (sgnkvSj) uobaig`ngwgrmjaikg km uorj ogrSj uobaikcgn, rjmabkh cgtvkrSubkggm XazYucubk uobaikS~. 70;; sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjigXk gsaSgcuXugbjc dgnkxkbaig gYngdjig (988-a-937-a muxbaik), uzuoruqtk(939-a-93?-a muxbaik) cg sarvktutk (934-a-918-a muxbaik). 7700

gYngdjig grks sxvks sgfuSraigXk myjo mkwks ngfvaSza gn mksXkdnkS (`qvaX~) ngdaijiks qjnks uobaig, rjmabkh mjkhgvs mkskdgnfgrdvks uobaigs, gnu dgsxvksaigsg cg mamfvkcrajikS dgcghamgs.gm uobaiks mjqmacaig XazYucubkg dgrfvaubk, grg umatas 3;-

wbkgnk, vgckS. 7707 uzuoruqtk sxvksk sgfuSraikS sgrdaibjiks uobaiggdgnfgrdvks uobaiks dgraXa. Xasgigmksgc, Xau\baiabkg sxvgpkrksgSvks sgfuSraiks uobaiks dgcghamg gn nkvSks kpjSafkScgtvkrSvg. masgfuSrks Sgnxmjigg sgTkrj gsaS nkvSza qkrgvnjiksgSu klgrks xabXafrubaiaiks cgcaiks XamSxvavgXk. 7709

sarvktutk sxvksk sgfuSraikS sgrdaibjiks XazYucubksgnkvSj uobaigg. masgfuSra kzYucaig, sxvg pkrks sgsgrdaibjckSmknjs Sgvks sgfuSraigza sxvksk zamjqmacaig, gn Sgvgc XakfgvjsSgvk dgrfvaubk qmacaiks dgnxjrhkabaiksgdgn. 7708

gm uobaiaiks wgrmjXjig, sxvg sgnkvSj uobaiks wgrmjXjiksmsdgvsgc, sgTkrjais sgou\vabs ‘ `fguzgs~ cg `sgnkvSj dgrkdaigs~Su uobaiks radkstrghkgs sglgrj raastrXk.

70;4 „ Car Iasktz aknar Xghea wkrc curhe cka Arbgndund car tgtsãhebkhean Dawgbt òiar cka Xgheaarwjrian. ‒ 70;5 „Tar cka tgtsãhebkhea Dawgbt òiar akna Xghea egt, kst ker Iasktzar.‒ 70;; Xagc. nkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-8<5 muxbk< „ Aan iaparft rahetks aan rahet cgt ks godabakc ukt aan maar jmvgttanc rahet, eatwabf mat eat iaparfta rahet ksiazwggrc.‒ 7700 XazYucubk sgnkvSj uobaiaiks dgnvkSgraiks kstjrkubk mkmjxkbvk-

sgSvks kx. Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 43 K, 303 oo.7707 Xagc. ssf-ks 988-a muxbk. 7709 Xagc. ssf-ks 939-a muxbk. 7708 Xagc. ssf-ks 934-a muxbk.




994

gngbjdkurk mkcdjmg vrhabcaig qjnaiks mjSxjvnksuzrunvabyjoks sgXugbaigc dgmjyanaigza. 7703 gisjbuturkuobaiks wgrmjXjiks sgou\vbks dgnmsgzYvrabk dgrkdaiksdgrcg, mobjiabjikSk dkrgvnjiks XamSxvavgXk guhkbaiabkgnkvSks mjdkrgvnks gn mxgraSg mkar dgnsgzYvrubk masgmapkrks mobjiabjigXk dgcghamg, 7701 xjbj radkstrkraiubkdkrgvnjiksg 770? cg kpjSafks XamSxvavgXk ‘ Xasgigmkskuobaiks radkstrghkg sglgrj raastrXk. 7704

mjSxjvnks uzrunvabyjoks gisjbuturk uobaiguzrunvabyjokbk mjSxjvnks cgfmgyjokbaiks uobaigsgnkTais mjdkrgvnas gn, Xasgigmksgc, kpjSafgrs, yvabg sxvgfracktjrSgn XacgraikS. gmgsSgn, as uobaig gqhasjrubkg.kdk Xau\baiabkg grsaijicas km uobaiksg Su mjSxjvnksdgraXa, rjmbks Xasrubaigsgh ks uzrunvabyjos. 7705

;. sglgrj qjnaig

sglgrj qjnaig amsgxuraig knckvkcSg sgarSj faSkbcYajigs cg,rjdjrh wask, kmyjoaig mgS sgarSj `sgfuSraigXk~. mgSzavrhabcaig knckvkcSg sgarSj naig. 770; Xasg\baiabkg mkHnaub kqnas,rjm gsaSk qjnaig sgxabmwkojs, SvkSmmgrSvab arSaubs gnafbaskgs sgmgrSgvgc gqvs dgcghamubk sglgrj mkznaiksdgnsgxjrhkabaibgc. iunairkvkg, knckvkck kngrHunais gsaSk qjnaiks`cgnkXnubaiksgmair~ dgmjyanaiks uobaigs, rgh Xasgigmksk sglgrj

7703 mjSxjvnks uzrunvabyjoks sgXugbaigc qjnaiks dgmjyanaiks kstjrkubkmkmjxkbvg kx. Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 4; K, 373 oo.7701 kx. ssf-ks 914-a muxbk. Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 7901-a, 790?-a pgrgdrgoaik, ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 945?-amuxbk, nkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 8<98?-a cg sgorgndaSkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 9047-a, 904?-a muxbaik.770? kx. Crjinkd, Xahurkty Ykdets kn Mjvgibas, kn< Egrtfgmp/Eassabknf/Ejnckus/Ljustrg/cu Parrjn/_abcmgn (acs.), Sjwgrcs g Aurjpagn Hkvkb Hjca, 9003, 437 at saq., mgS XjrksXasg\bj sgarSjavrjpubk mjcabks gngbkzkSg cg radkstrghkksmjSxjvnks frktkfkS. 7704 kx. ssf-ks 915-a, 91;-a cg 95?-a muxbaik. 7705 Xagc. nkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-8<4 cg ?<739-a muxbaik.ma-8<4 muxbks Xasgigmksgc, mjSxjvnks uzrunvabyjoks sgXugbaiaik(kpjSafg cg dkrgvnjig) dgnkxkbaig `cgmjfkcaiubk uobaiks~ ( goegnfabklf

rahet ) fgtadjrkgXk, xjbj ?<739-a muxbXk dgmjkyanaig tarmknk `Sgnmxbaik(gqhasjrubk) uobaig~ ( navanrahet ). iunairkvkg, dgmklvng grggrsaikSkg, Sugr dgnsxvgvcaig Xasgigmksk sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaik.770; Xagc. Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § 73?, 3?5.




995

mkznks dgnxjrhkabaikcgn dgmjmckngrajis. 7770 knckvkcSg sgarSj cg,Xasgigmksgc, upkrgtask sglgrj kntaraskcgn dgmjmckngra, sglgrjqjnaikS sgrdaibjigza grsaijis Sgngzjmkark XazYucvaik. 7777

`sglgrj qjnaiks~ mkmgrS dgmjyanaiubk tarmknaiksg Sumkcdjmaiks mrgvgboarjvnaiks mkuxacgvgc, 7779 gm skfaSasSgncgfgvXkraiubk \krkSgck prjibamg uhvbabkg<

‘ km XamSxvavgXk, Su xcaig mksk qjnaigc gYkgraig,mgsza XauzYucgvgc var kmjqmacais far\j sgmgrSbks ksaSkknstktutaik, rjdjrkhgg, mgdgbkSgc, sgfuSraig. kdk varcgaqvamcaigraig gsava dkrgvnjigsg Su kpjSafkS cgtvkrSvgs.Xasgigmksgc, cdaig `qjnaiks~ spahkgburk fgtadjrkksojrmkraiks guhkbaibjig, rjmabzah `sgnkvSj uobaiaik~grsaikSgc mjckokhkraiubk sgxkS uncg vrhabcaijcas6 7778

‘ km XamSxvavgXk, Su `sglgrj qjnaig~ HgkSvbaiggrgirunvgungrkgn (irunvkcgn gmjYaiub) qjnaigc Sujikaqtgc, 7773 mjxcaig zjdkarS mgSdgnza dgrkdaiks cgcaiks

kdnjrkraig, mgdgbkSgc, qkrgvnjiksg cg mjmsgxuraiksxabXafrubaiaiks6 ‘ gngbjdkurk Xacadk cgcdaig mgXkngh, Su gsaSk

`skfaSa~ sgarSjc gr HgkSvbaig qjnaigc Su jikaqtgc. gsaSk

7770 Xagc.< Dkarfa, Cautsheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc KK, 7;01, § 709, 90, 93 o. („ suilaftkva Yahet guoSakbngema gm Damakndairguhe‒)6 Sgngmacrjva sgmgrSgbXk Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/ Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, Òiaribkhf vjr § ;0, YcNr. 79, 73.7777 kx., mgdgbkSgc< Carniurd, Pgncaftan, Ignc K, 7< Gbbdamaknar Seakb, 7;00, § ?;, 7?3 o.6 Sgngmacrjva darmgnkks sgmgrSgbSgn cgfgvXkraikS Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/ Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, Òiaribkhf vjr § ;0, YcNr. 4 oo., 736 gvstrkks sgmgrSgbSgn

cgfgvXkraikS kx. gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 954-a cg 955-apgrgdrgoaik6 Xagc. gsava Ahhear kn< Fjzkjb/Iycbknsfk/Ijbbaniardar,GIDI-Fjmmantgr,9004, §§ 954-955, YcNr. 7 oo.6 Fjzkjb/Tabsar/Fbatačfg, Iòrdarbkheas Yahet K, 900?, 9386ktgbkks sgmgrSgbXk kx. ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 599-a cg 598-amuxbaik. 7779 kx. qgrSub sgmgrSgbXk `sglgrj nkvSaiks~ XknggrsSgn cgfgvXkraikS<Tgnturkg , u\rgvk nkvSaiks sgfuSraig, 9007, 985 cg Xamcdjmnk6 zjk\a ,qgrSubk sgnkvSj sgmgrSgbk, 9008, 95 cg Xamcdjmnk6 gsava Igrnawktz/ Farasabkcza, Cka Antwkhfbund cas Yahetssystams Dajrdkans sakt 7;;4, kn< Cka wkhetkdstanDasatzdaiundsgfta kn can Bãncarn Jst- unc Xòcjstaurjpgs, Mjngtseaota oòr JstaurjpãksheasYahet, 9000, 700 („ÿooantbkhean Dòtar ‒). 7778 Xagc.< Dkarfa, Cautsheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc KK, 7;01, § 709, 7; oo.6 Carniurd, Pgncaftan,Ignc K, 7< Gbbdamaknar Seakb, 7;00, § 47, 7?5 o.6Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets,Ignc K, 7554, § 734, 341 oo.6Sgngmacrjva sgmgrSgbXk Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar ,IDI, 9005, Òiaribkhf vjr § ;0, YcNr. 79 oo.7773 Xagc. Carniurd, Pgncaftan, Ignc K, 7< Gbbdamaknar Seakb, 7;00, § ?;,7?8 oo. („ras axtrghjmmarhkum‒),§ 47, 7?8 oo. („ÿooantbkhea Xghean, ras puibkhga‒).




99;

mkcdjmg sgiuScaig kmkS, rjm Xasg\baiabkg, XasgigmkskskfaSa sgzjdgcjaiks gn sgxabmwkojs uzangask cgnkXnubaiksgtrkiutgc HgkSvgbjs. 7771

gm mkcdjmaikcgn unkvarsgburgc mjqmac ojrmubgcgrharSk gr dgmjcdaig. hgbfaubk skfaSkcgn dgmjmckngra,mkzgnXawjnkbkg mgsza mjrdaiubk wasaiks ojrmkraig cg,iunairkvkg, Xasg\baiabkg sgrdaibjiks sxvgcgsxvg ojrmkssglgrjsgmgrSbairkvk mjwasrkdaig. as gr dgmjrkhxgvszjdkarS mgSdgnza far\jsgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiaikswgrmjXjigsgh (mgdgbkSgc, hkxaskmgdrks qkrgvnjigsgqjrwkbj wvaubaiks dgsgmgrSgvgc).

sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjigXk dgsgSvgbkswknaiabkgssf-ks 734-a muxbXk dgfaSaiubk cgSqmg< `qjnaig~ grks ks,rksk `objig, sgrdaibjig cg dgnfgrdvg Xau\bkgS okzkfurcg kurkckub pkrais..., Sufk as gfr\gbubk gr grks fgnjnkSgn gr awknggYmcadaig znajirkv njrmais~. `sglgrj qjnaiks~XamSxvavgXk Xasg\baiabkg km cgsfvnks dgfaSaigh, rjm

ojrmgburk SvgbsgzrkskS `qjnaiks~ nkXnaiks grsaijiksmkuxacgvgc (mgtarkgburk gn grgmgtarkgburk, hgbfaubXamSxvavgXk gsava qjnairkvk Ykraiubaiks mqjna), mksk`qjnaigc~ gYkgraig sgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdksgSvksmkuYaiabkg, fjnstktuhkurk ogsaubjiaikcgn dgmjmckngra.`sglgrj qjnaig~ `fgnjnkS cgcdankbk waskS, irunvkcgn...gmjYaiub~, gn spahkgbur sgmgrSbairkv raLkmscgqvamcaigraiub skfaSac Xak\baig dgnkxkbaijcas.

dgsgmklnkg `sglgrj qjnaig~, gnu qjnaigc gYkgraiubk skfaSa,rjmabzah Xasg\baiabkg dgvrhabcas sgfuSraiks uobaig, cgskfaSa, rjmabkh Sgvksk grskcgn dgmjmckngra var HgkSvbaigqjnaigc cg, Xasgigmksgc, mgsza uobaiaiks grsaijig Xau\baiabkg.gm ufgngsfnabs lar fkcav rjmks sgmgrSgbXk sgmgrSbkgngcdgnafuSvnaijcg gtmjsoarubk egark, Sgvksuogbk cknaig cg zYvg. 777? gsaSk skfaSa iunairkvgc gr aqvamcaigraig gcgmkgnks mkar

7771 fabarksg cg karkndks mkar `sglgrj qjnaigza~ `sgfuSraiks grgrsa-ijiks Sajrkks~ ( „Seajrka car Akdantumsbjskdfakt ‒) cgmfvkcraiks mhcabjigsSgncgfgvXkraikS Xagc.< Dkarfa, Cautsheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc KK, 7;01, § 709, 98, On. 79.777? kx. Carniurd, Pgncaftan, Ignc K, 7< Gbbdamaknar Seakb, 7;00, § ?;,7?3 („Damakndut Gbbar,

hjmmunkg jmnkum‒), mgS Xjrks mkSkSaikS, rjm rjmks sgmgrSgbXkSgvcgpkrvabgc zYvks sgngpkrjsgh sgarSj skfaSks hnaiks fgtadjrkgXkdgnkxkbgvcnan cg mxjbjc mjdvkgnaikS gYkgras `sglgrj nkvSgc~. kdkgsava mkuSkSais, rjm as mkcdjmg dgkzkgrg sgarSj sgmgrSgbmgh.




980

cguobaigs cg, Xasgigmksgc, sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbairkv mjwasrk-daigs. 7774

`sglgrj skfaSa~ kmklnaig `qjnaiks~ hnaiksdgn cg,Xasgigmksgc, sglgrj qjnaiksdgn. qjnaigc gYkgraiks wkngpkrjig grksgcgmkgnks naigs cgqvamcaigraiks Xasg\baibjig.

rjmks sgmgrSgbXk mkkHnajcg, rjm zjdkarSk nkvSk `YvSkssgmgrSgbs~ 7775 aqvamcaigraijcg. Xasgigmksgc, grsaijicg gsaSknkvSaiks fbgskokfghkaik. carniurdk dgmjyjos `masgfuSrksmkar YvSgairkjiksgcmk mk\Yvnkb jikaqtais~, 777; `dgrcg-hvbkbSg subais mkfuSvnaiub cgfr\gbvks gcdkbaisg~ 7790 cg`YvSks dgnsgfuSraiubk cghvks qvaX myjo~ sgdnais, 7797 mgdgbkSgc, qgbgqks facbaisg cg fgrkiTaais. 7799

gm mkcdjmgm cg Xasgigmksmg fbgskokfghkgm ufva sgarSjsgmgrSgbXk dgnkhgcg mjckokhkraig. mgSza gYkgras afbaskks,`sgafbaskj cg pjbktkfurk dgarSkgnaiaiksg~ 7798 cg hgbfaubkknckvkcaiks sgfuSraiks uobaig, km XazYucvaiks dgSvgbks-

wknaikS, rgh dgmjmckngrajis gm sgdnaiks spahkgburkcgnkXnubaikcgn. 7793

sglgrj qjnaig ‘ sglgrj dzaik, xkcaik, grxaik, mckngraaik, zYvkssgngpkrj, sgsgxbaaik, hkxaskmgdraaik cg g.X. ‘ Xasg\baiabkgkmyjoaijcas far\j, rjdjrh wask, sglgrj sgmgrSbks kurkckubkpkrks, sgfuSraigXk. gsaS qjnaigza sgfuSraiks uobaiks XknggrskmgSk sglgrj mkznkS kzYucaig (gr aqvamcaigraig dgsxvksaigs,grgcgnkXnubaiksgmair dgmjyanaigs cg g.X.). 7791

7774 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, Òiaribkhf vjr § ;0, YcNr. 5 oo.7775 „ras ckvknk lurks‒.777; „ Cka car Djtteakt vjn keram Akdanteòmar cackhkrtan Jilafta, ras sghrga‒. 7790 „can Xaaban car _arstjrianan òiarbgssana Iadrãinksstãtta, ras rabkdkjsga‒. 7797 „untar can iasjncaran Xheutz car Dÿttar, ras sgnhtga‒. 7799 Carniurd, Pgncaftan, Ignc K, 7< Gbbdamaknar Seakb, 7;00, § 40, 7?1 o . 7798 „fkrhean- unc pjbktkshea Damaknca‒.7793 Carniurd, Pgncaftan, Ignc K, 7< Gbbdamaknar Seakb, 7;00, § 40, 7?? o .6 Tkncsheakc ,Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § 734, 34? o.7791 Xagc. Dkarfa, Cautsheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc KK, 7;01, § 709, 7; oo.6 Carniurd, Pgncaftan,Ignc K, 7< Gbbdamaknar Seakb, 7;00, § 47, 7?5 o.6Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets,Ignc K, 7554, § 73?, 349 oo.6Sgngmacrjva sgmgrSgbXk< Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar ,IDI, 9005, Òiaribkhf vjr § ;0, YcNr. 796 Pgbgnct/Igssanda, IDI, 9005, Òiaribkhf vjr § ;08,YcNr. 95 oo.




987

aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 885-a muxbk uXugbjcmkuSkSais, rjm qjnaig Xasg\baiabkg kmyjoaijcas sgarSj\gbguobaigXk gn far\j sgfuSraigXk. 779?

sgarSj \gbguobaigXk kmyjoaig aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 88;-a K muxbks Xasgigmksgc, sgarSj cgnkXnubaiksskfaSa, 7794 rjdjraikhgg< dzaik, grxaik, mckngraaik, cknaiaik,pjrtaik cg xkcaik, rjmbaikh sgxabmwkojs mkar grksgdaiubk, gsava sgngpkrj, ngvmksgcdjmk cg sxvg msdgvsk.

mgSdgn dgnsxvgvaikS, 88;-a KK muxbk hgbfa fgtadjrkgcdgmjyjos sgxabmwkoj dgmdaibjigXk grsaiub 7795 sglgrjdgmjyanaiks qgbgqaiks dgbgvnais, hkxaskmgdraaisg cgsgxabmwkojs cghvks mkznkS gdaiub sxvg ngdaijiais, gsavamgYgrjais, rjmabSg mkfuSvnaig (`fjnhaskg~) gr dgnxjrhk-abaiubg.

gmgsSgn, 830-a muxbks Xasgigmksgc, sgxabmwkojsdgmdaibjigXk grsaiubk yvabg sxvg qjnaig, rjmabSgcgnkXnubaigh gr amSxvavg zamjS mjyvgnkb muxbaiXk

mkSkSaiub mkznais, gtgrais far\j sgfuSraiks sgxas.779;

K_. mjqmacaig

knckvkcks mjqmacaiks Sgvksuobaig mkmgrSubkg mksk kntarasaikscgfmgyjokbaigza. gmgsSgn, sxvg knckvkcaiks gngbjdkurk uobaigijTgvs mgs Sgvksk naiks ragbkzaigXk km mjhubjikS, rghguhkbaiabkg mxgraSg kntarasaiks sgmgrSbkgnk cgigbgnsaiksSvks.

`gcgmkgnk dgra sgmygrjs hantrXk kmyjoaig cg mksSvks mksk gmdgramjhvks umnkXvnabjvgnask abamantk grks Xaxaig mgSSgnVgcgmkgnaiSgn], rjmbaikh SgvkgnSk iunaikSg cg cgnkXnubaikS mkskSgngswjrnk grkgn.~ 7780 SgngswjrSg mkar SgvkgnSk kntarasaiksragbkzaiks sgmgrSbairkvk iarfatkg `naiks dgmjvbang~. 7787 kdksgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks dghxgcaigg cg km XamSxvavgXk, Su gmXacadks cgcdjmksgSvks sgTkrjg sxvgSg Sgngqmacaig ‘ fjnfratuburSkarSjigXk gm knckvkcaiks HgrSvks knstrumantk.

779? „ Bjs ikanas sjn ca cjmknj püibkhj j ca prjpkacgc prkvgcg.‒ 7794 „ Bjs castkngcjs gb usj püibkhj‒. 7795 „ Bjs qua partanahan prkvgtkvgmanta gb Astgcj‒. 779; „Sjcjs bjs camçs ikanas pgrtanahkantas gb Astgcj, an qua nj hjnhurrgn bgs hkrhumstgnhkgsaxprasgcgs an ab grtíhubj gntarkjr, tkanan ab hgrçhtar ca prjpkacgc prkvgcg.‒ 7780 „ Car Manshe staet knmkttan car ãuÚaran Tabt, unc cgs wkhetkdsta Abamant kn ckasar saknarQmdaiund kst kem cka Iaròerund mkt canan, cka kem dbakhe sknc curhe kera Ngtur unc Iastkmmund .‒Xgvkdny, Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc K, 7530, § 19, 887.7787 kx., mgdgbkSgc, Drjtkus, Ca kura iabbk gh pghks, 7?91, kn<vjn Fkrhemgnn (Ersd.), CrakIòhear òiar cgs Yahet cas Frkadas unc Orkacans, 75?;, KK, UK, K, 854 oo.




989

Xasgigmksgc, skstamurk hnaig `mjqmacaig~ dgmjxgtubaigs cgXamcdjm cgfjnfrataigs naiks dgmjvbanksg Su dgrkdaiks hnaiaiXkpjvais. 7789 gmgsSgn, grsaijis ksaSk mjqmacaigh, rjmabsghsgmgrSbairkvk Xacadk mjeyvaig mjqmacaiks dgnmxjrhkabaiabkpkrks naiks mkuxacgvgc (mgdgbkSgc, cabkqtk).

7. `naiks dgmjvbanksg~ cg `dgrkdaiks~ hnaiaik

naiks dgmjvbanks 7788 knstktutk sgqgrSvabjXk 7;;4 wbks raojrmksXacadgc cgmfvkcraiubk arS-arSk umnkXvnabjvgnask skgxbag. ssf-ksK wkdnks KK fgrk cgsgSguraiubkg rjdjrh `dgrkdaignk~, Sumhg mkshgbfaub caiubaigXk xXkrgc kxmgraig gsava hnaig `naiksdgmjvbang~.

fkSxvgs ‘ sgTkrjg Su grg dgrkdaiks hnaiks dvarckS naiksdgmjvbanks knstktutks grsaijig ‘ dgnsxvgvaiubgc dgahgpgsuxk dgrkdaigSg Xasgxai darmgnubk cg, grsaikSgc mks

sgou\vabza XamuXgvaiubk, sgiTjurk cjqtrknks mkar. 7783 darmgnub bktargturgXk hnaig `naiks dgmjvbanks~mnkXvnabjigs xacgvan knckvkcks naiks ojrmkraigsSgncgfgvXkraiubk hgbfaubk prjibamks ufaS dgcgTrgXk. 7781

gmks sgpkrkspkrjc, sgiTjurmg cjqtrkngm ugrk Sqvgnaiks dgmjvbanks hnaiks dgmjyanaigza cg fgnjnmcaibjigXkh,Xasgigmksk sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaiks dgmjsgxgtgvgc,dgmjkyanaijcg ksaSk orgzaik, rjdjraikhgg, mgdgbkSgc<`mjqmacaig, mkmgrSubk sgmjqgbgqj uobaigSg cgmjvgbajigSg wgrmjXjiks, Xahvbks gn mjspjiksgSvks~, 778? gn`...pkrks mjqmacaig gmLYgvnais mks naigs, cgcjs dgrkdaig~ 7784.7785

sgiTjurk sgmgrSbksSvks cgmgxgskgSaiabk naiksdgmjmxgtvabk `mjqmacaiks~ nghvbgc, ssf-Xk uXugbjccgmfvkcrcg hnaig `naiks dgmjvbang~. 778; ssf-ks 10-a muxbk

7789 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 7?46 Xagc.< Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 74, YcNr. 7416 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, Òiaribkhf vjr § 703, YcNr. 9.7788 „cahbgrgtkj vjbuntgtks‒. 7783 kx. darmgnubk sgmgrSbks dgvbangsSgn cgfgvXkraikS, mgdgbkSgc, \wakdart/Fÿtz, Aknoòerund kn cka Yahetsvardbakheund K, 7;53, § 93 (KKK), 817 oo.7781 kx., mgdgbkSgc, Obuma, GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets KK, 7;41, § 9 (8), 95.778? kx. sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks fjcaqsks 37-a K muxbk. 7784 kx. sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks fjcaqsks 39-a KKK muxbk.7785 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 749.778; ssf-ks 10-a muxbXk mnkXvnabjvgnk Xknggrsjirkvk hvbkbaiaikSggdgcmjtgnkbk sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks fjcaqsks 37-amuxbks caiubaig.




988

dgnmgrtgvs, rjm `dgrkdaig grks hgbmxrkvk, jrmxrkvk gnmrgvgbmxrkvk naiks dgmjvbang...~. Xasgigmksgc, naiksdgmjvbang dgrkdaiks knstktutks guhkbaiabk fjmpjnantk cg,rjdjrh wask, mksk sknjnkmkg. 7730

7.7 mj\Yvraig `dgrkdaiks~ Xasgxai

mj\Yvraig `dgrkdaiks~ Xasgxai mTkcrjc grks cgfgvXkraiubkpgncaqturk sgmgrSbks Hgmjygbkiaigsg cg dgnvkSgraigsSgn.pgncaqturk skstamksgSvks cgmgxgskgSaiabk `zjdgck ngwkbks~ 7737 sgou\vabs qmnks swjrac mj\Yvraig `dgrkdaiks~ Xasgxai. 7739 kdkdarmgnabk mahnkaraiks mkar ma-75 sgufunaXk XamuXgvcg cgfbgskfurk sgxa sgvknks `cYavgncabk rjmks sgmgrSbks skstamks~KKK wkdnXk7738 Xak\kng. 7733

sgvknk sgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiks wgrmjXjigs, Xahvbgsgcg Xawyvatgs `kurkckub ogqtais~ 7731 ufgvXkrais. 773? gsaS ogqtaiskdk yjos `mjngwkbaSg Sgvksuogb mjqmacaiaigc~ 7734 cg `XamSxvavkS

dgramjaiaigc~ 7735.773;

7730 kx. darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk< Mjtkva zu cam Antwuroa aknas Iòrdarbkhean Dasatziuheasoòr cgs Cautshea Yakhe, Ic. 7, 7555, 79?6 Mudcgn (Ersd.), Cka dasgmmtan Mgtarkgbkan zumIòrdarbkhean Dasatziuhe oòr cgs Cautshea Yakhe, Ic. 7, 75;;, 397 („ Cka GuscròhfaTkbbansarfbãrund unc Yahetsdasheãot sknc car Yadab nghe gbs dbakheiacautanc dairguhet.‒).Xagc.< vjn Suer , GS KK (7), 7;75, § ?7 K, 8;;6Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet, Ic. 9, 7;.Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 33 KK, 94?6 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 99, YcNr. 86 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 97, YcNr. 939 oo.6 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005,Òiaribkhf vjr § 703, YcNr. 96 Aknoòerund vjr § 77?, YcNr. 7.kx. qgrSub kurkckubbktargturgXk, mgdgbkSgc< zjk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, 7??6dgnsxvgvaiubk mjsgzraikS< Tgnturkg, Xasgvgbk sgqgrSvabjs sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbks zjdgc ngwkbXk, 7;;4, 880. 7737 kx. `zjdgck ngwkbks~ mkzgnXawjnkbjigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS, mgdgbkSgc< Ijaemar , Aknoòerund kn cgs iòrdarbkhea Yahet, 7;?1, 48 oo. (mgs afuSvnks hnjikbkorgzg `orHxkbaikcgn dgmjtgnkbk~ ( „vjr cka Fbgmmar dazjdana‒) zjdgckngwkbk )6 Tkaghfar , Prkvgtrahetsdashekheta car Nauzakt, 7;?4, 35? oo.XamcdjmkmkSkSaiaikS 6 \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 77 KK, 733 oo.6 Mackhus, GS casIDI, 900?, § 1, YcNr. 87 oo.7739 Xagc. frktkfubk pjzkhkkS \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 77 KK, 733 o.7738 Xgvkdny, Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc KKK, 7530.7733 kx.< Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 9 (3), 95 oo.6Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart,7;51, § 33 KK, 94? o..7731 „ lurkstkshea Segtsghean‒.773? Xgvkdny, Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc KKK, 7530, § 703, 8 oo.7734 „ orakan Egncbundan cas Iatakbkdtan‒.7735 „ zuoãbbkda Qmstãnca‒. 773; Xgvkdny, Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc KKK, 7530, § 703, 1 o.




983

`mjngwkbaSg Sgvksuogb mjqmacaiais~ sgvknk `naiksdgmjvbangc gn dgrkdaigc~ 7710 mjkxsankais. gmgsSgn, `Sgvksu-ogbk mjqmacaiks~ sgxac, mgdrgm grg naiks dgmjvbangc,dgnkxkbgvs kdk ksaS mjqmacaigs, rjmabXkh pkrks naig grgrks mkmgrSubk sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks cgcdjmgza 7717.

`XamSxvavkS dgramjaiais~ sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaikpkrks mjqmacaiks dgraXa, mksk naiksgdgn cgmjufkcaibgcmjeyvaig, mgS Xjrks sxvg pkrks mjqmacaiks Xacadgc. 7719

hnaig `dgrkdaig~ 7718 ngwgrmjaikg uorj zjdgck hnaiksgdgn ‘ `gcgmkgnks mjqmacaig~ 7713. mks dgmjsgxgtgvgc kurkckub bktarg-turgXk Sgvcgpkrvabgc cgmfvkcrcg tarmknaik< `sgmgrSbairkvkmjqmacaiaik~ 7711 cg `sgmgrSbairkvk dgrkdaiaik~ 771?.7714 Sgngcrjubgcmjxcg iunaikSk sgmgrSbks sfjbks wgrmjmgcdanbaiks mkarHgmjygbkiaiubk `naiks dgmjvbanks~ 7715 hnaiks kntadrghkg far\jsgmgrSbks skstamgXk. 771;

pruskks zjdgc sgmgrSgbXk 74;3 wabs gr mjmxcgrg

`dgrkdaiks~ hnaiks sgfgnjnmcaibj mjwasrkdaig. sgmgdkarjc, naiksdgmjvbangs 7?; pgrgdrgoks mjmhvabk Sgvk aSmjig cg, gmgsSgn,`naiks dgmjvbang~ dgnmgrtaiubkg rjdjrh `dghxgcaig kmksg, rghdgmhxgcaibks dgnzrgxvkS uncg mjxcas, gn gr uncg mjxcas~. 77?0

7710 „Tkbbansarfbãrundan jcar Yahetsdasheãota‒.7717 Xgvkdny, Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc KKK, 7530, § 703, 1 o.(„...unmkttabigr darkhetat guo gncara, nkhetlurkstkshea \wahfa, sj cgss cka lurkstkshea Tkrfund antwacar gbsuntardajrcnat km Iawustsakn zuròhftrktt, jcar antshekacan nkhet dawjbbt wkrc .‒). 7719 Xgvkdny, Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc KKK, 7530, § 703, 1.7718 „ Yahetsdasheãot ‒. 7713 „manshebkhea Egncbund ‒. 7711 „ghtus lurkckhk‒. Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, Ejbbgnc , Sea Abamants jo Lurksprucanha, 7;93, 774at saq.771? „nadjtkg lurkckhg‒.7714 kstjrkubk dgnvkSgraiks catgburk gngbkzk kx. Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 9 (3),95 oo.7715 „cahbgrgtkj vjbuntgtks‒. kx. Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet K, Ãbtaras Damaknas Yahet,7;51, § 89 KKK, 759 o.Xagc. iunaikSk sgmgrSbks sfjbgsg cg pgncaqtursgmgrSgbXk naiks ojrmkraiks dgnsxvgvaiub mjcabaiSgn cgfgvXkraikS,mgdgbkSgc< Xhemkcbkn, Cka iakcan _artrgdsmjcabba cas aurjpãkshean \kvkbrahets, kn< \kmmarmgnn/Fnòtab/Maknhfa, (Ersd.), Yahetsdashekheta unc Prkvgtrahetscjdmgtkf, 7;;;,75; oo.771; Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 33 K, 941 o.77?0 „akna ÃuÚarund cassan, wgs nghe car Giskhet cas Arfbãrancan dasheaean jcar nkhet dasheaean sjbb ‒, kx. Gbbdamaknas Bgncrahet oòr cka Prausskshean Xtggtan, K, 3, § 7,hktkraiubkg< Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 7 (3), 80.




981

`dgrkdaiks~ hnaiks sgfgnjnmcaibj mjwasrkdaiks mgdgbkSkg75?8 wbks sgqsjnkks sgmaojs sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 77?7 55-apgrgdrgok< `Su mjqmacaiksgs naig mkmgrSubkg kmgza, rjmfgnjnaiSgn XasgigmksjikS cgmygrcas, Xawycas gn XakhvgbjssgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjig, mgXkn as mjqmacaig dgrkdaigg.~ 77?9 sgqsjnkabk fgnjnmcaiabk dgrkdaiks mjwasrkdaiksgs jr abamantzagmgxvkbais yurgcYaigs< knckvkcks naiks sgou\vabza wgrmgrSubkmjqmacaig mkmgrSubkg sgmgrSbairkvgc grsaikS Xacadza cg asyjvabkva XasgigmksjigXkg fgnjnmcaibjigsSgn. 77?8

`dgrkdaiks~ Xasgxai mj\YvraiksgSvks dgnsgfuSraiubkmnkXvnabjig darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks mkYaigs eqjncg.mkuxacgvgc kmksg, rjm darmgnabmg fgnjnmcaiabmg uXugbjcfjcaqsks taqstXk gr mjgxckng dgrkdaiks hnaiks dgnmgrtaig, mgsXkmjkgzraig< `far\j naiks dgmjvbang, mkmgrSubk sgmgrSbairkvkXacadks dgmjwvavksgfan, rjmabkh sgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdksXasgigmksgc kmktjm cdaig, rjm sgsurvabkg...~ 77?3 gmgsSgn,dgnsgfuSraiubk yurgcYaig cgaSmj dgrkdaiaiks dgmklvngs sxvg

mjqmacaiaiksdgn, rjmbaisgh sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadk kmks mkuxacgvgcmjeyvaigS, uncg Su grg kdk mjqmacaiks dgnmxjrhkabaiabs(mgdgbkSgc, cabkqtk). 77?1 gsaSk mjqmacaiaiks mkmgrSgh gr grksdgmjrkhxubk dgrkdaiks Xasgxai dgSvgbkswknaiubk caiubaiaiksdgvrhabaig, 77?? Sumhg gmks mkzgnXawjnkbjig yjvab hgbfaubXamSxvavgXk uncg Xamjwmcas. 77?4

`dgrkdaiks~ Xasgxai mj\Yvraig gksgxg XacgraikS gxgbfjckokfghkaiXkh, mgdgbkSgc, ktgbkks, pjrtudgbkksg cg nkcar-

77?7 Iòrdarbkheas Dasatziuhe oòr cgs Fÿnkdrakhe Xghesan. 77?9 „Daet iak aknar Egncbund car Tkbba cgrguo, kn Òiaraknstkmmund mkt can Dasatzan akn Yahetsvareãbtnks zu iadròncan, guozueaian jcar zu ãncarn, sj kst cka Egncbund akn Yahetsdasheãot .‒,hktkraiubkg< Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 9 (3), 80.77?8 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 7?;. Xagc. gsava Ejbbgnc , Sea Abamants joLurksprucanha, 7;93, 775 at saq.77?3 „...akna Prkvgtwkbbansarfbãrund, darkhetat guo cka Earvjrirkndund aknas rahetbkhean Arojbds,wabhear (car) nghe car Yahetsjrcnund caswadan akntrktt, wakb ar dawjbbt kst.‒,kx. Mjtkva zucam Antwuroa aknas Iòrdarbkhean Dasatziuheas oòr cgs Cautshea Yakhe, Ic. 7, 7555, 79?6 Mudcgn (Ersd.), Cka dasgmmtan Mgtarkgbkan zum Iòrdarbkhean Dasatziuhe oòr cgs CautsheaYakhe, Ic. 7, 75;;, 397.77?1 „... staean Egncbundan dadanòiar, gn wabhea Yahetswkrfundan skhe gnshebkaÚan, oòr caran Akntrktt nghe car Yahetsjrcnund dbakhedòbtkd kst, ji ckasabian (ska) vjn can Egncabncan dawjbbtjcar nkhet dawjbbt sknc.‒,kx. Mjtkva zu cam Antwuroa aknas Iòrdarbkhean Dasatziuheas oòr cgsCautshea Yakhe, Ic. 7, 7555, 7946 Mudcgn (Ersd.), Cka dasgmmtan Mgtarkgbkan zum

Iòrdarbkhean Dasatziuhe oòr cgs Cautshea Yakhe, Ic. 7, 75;;, 397.Xagc. gsava Xgvkdny,Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc KKK, 7530, § 703, 1 oo.77?? Xagc. ssf-ks 89?-a muxbk. 77?4 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 7?;6 Xagc. Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § ; (7), 704.




98?

bgncaiks fgnjnmcaibjiaiXk, dgnsxvgvaikS a.w. \vabk, sgorgndaSksgcg gvstrkks fjckokfghkaiksdgn. 77?5 kdk gYkgraiubkg sgiTjSg cgXamcad pjstsgiTjur cjqtrkngsg cg fgnjnmcaibjigXk. 77?;

Sgngmacrjva sgmgrSgbXk cgmfvkcraiubk dgrkdaiks hnaignaiks dgmjvbanks hnaiksdgn dgnuyjoabkg. 7740 mgdgbkSgc,nkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 8<88-a muxbks Sgngxmgc,dgrkdaig grks sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks cgcdjmksgfan mkmgr-Subk naig, rjmabkh dgmjkxgtaig dgmjvbanks maXvajikS. 7747

darmgnkks cjqtrkngsg cg sgsgmgrSbj prgqtkfgXkHgmjygbkiaiubkg arSdvgrjvgnk mkcdjmg<

`dgrkdaig naiks dgmjvbangg. naig vbkncaig, rgSgcgcdas sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadk, cg sgmgrSbairkvk skstamguXvais gYnkXnubk sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks cgcdjmgs kmcangc,rgmcangcgh kdk dgrkdaiks gvtjrksgSvks grks sgsurvabk~6 7749

`dgrkdaiks grsk dgmjkxgtaig sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadksdgmjwvavksgfan mkmgrSub naigXk...~6 7748

`naiks dgmjvbang, darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqskszjdgck ngwkbks caiubaiaiks Sgngxmgc, grks dgmjxgtvgnaiksg, 7743 rjmabkh uXugbjc mkmgrSubkg sgmgrSbairkvk

77?5 kx.< Tkaghfar , Prkvgtrahetsdashekheta car Nauzakt, 7;?4, 338 o.6 \wakdart/Fÿtz,Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 77 KKK, 73? o.77?; sgiTjSg sgmgrSbksg cg pjstsgiTjurk sgmgrSbks \krkSgcktancanhkaiks mkmjxkbvg kx., mgdgbkSgc< \wakdart/Fÿtz, Aknoòerund kn ckaYahetsvardbakheund K, 7;53, § 93 (KKK), 817 oo.6 Pjshe , Drunczòda oramcar Prkvgtrahetssystama,7;;1, 749 oo.7740 darmgnub sgmgrSgbSgn cgfgvXkraikS Xagc.< Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 9 (8), 91 oo.6gsava kx. Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 97, YcNr. 939.7747 „ Aan rahetsegncabknd varakst aan jp aan rahetsdavjbd darkheta wkb cka zkhe cjjr aanvarfbgrknd eaaot dajpaniggrc.‒ 7749 „ Cgs Yahetsdasheãot kst Tkbbansarfbãrund. As wkrc car Tkbba arfbãrt, cgss akna rahetbkheaTkrfund akntratan sjbba, unc cka Yahetsjrcnund bãsst ckasa rahetbkhea Tkrfund caswadanakntratan, wakb ska vjn cam Qreaiar cas Yahetsdasheãotas dawjbbt kst .‒kx . Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhecas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § ?;, 75? o . 7748 „ Cgs Tasan cas Yahetsdasheãots wkrc cgrkn daouncan, cgss akn guo cka Earvjrirkndundrahetbkhear Tkrfundan darkhetatar Tkbba skhe iatãtkdt …‒,kx. Mjtkva zu cam Antwuroa aknasIòrdarbkhean Dasatziuheas oòr cgs Cautshea Yakhe, Ic. 7, 7555, 79?6 Mudcgn (Ersd.), Ckadasgmmtan Mgtarkgbkan zum Iòrdarbkhean Dasatziuhe oòr cgs Cautshea Yakhe, Ic. 7, 75;;, 397.Xagc. `mjtkvaiXk~ dgmjyanaiub tarmknjbjdkgsSgn cgfgvXkraikS< Farasabkcza,GS cas \DI, 9001, 743 o.7743 Xagc. gsava vjn Suer , GS KK (7), 7;75, § 10 K, 738 o.,rjmabkh dgrkdaiksXamgcdanab abamantaiza mslabjiksgs gqhants sgmgrSbairkv XacadzamkmgrSub `naiks dghxgcaigza~ ( „TkbbansãuÚarund ‒) gfaSais („akna TkbbansãuÚarundaknar Prkvgtparsjn, darkhetat guo akna rahetbkhea Tkrfund (Iadròncund, Guoeaiund jcar




984

Xacadks cgcdjmksgfan6 kdk gvbans sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadkscgcdjmks naigs, gnu naigs, mkmgrSubs far\j sgmgrSbairkvkurSkarSjiks cgmygraiks, Xknggrsjirkvk Xahvbks gnXawyvatksgfan~. 7741

7.9 naiks dgmjvbanks suikaqturk cg jikaqturk fjmpjnantaik

`naiks dgmjvbang~ grks fjnfratubk sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadkscgcdjmksgfan mkmgrSubk 774? suikaqturk naiks jikaqturgcXahnjigck dghxgcaig. 7744

qgrSub angXk naiks dgmjvbanks as Sgvksaiuraig fgrdgcgksgxaig. `naig~ Xkngdgnk, suikaqturk fjmpjnantkg. kdk mkmgrSubkgsgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks cgcdjmgza. `dgmjvbang~ gm naiks jikaqturkdghxgcaigg km sgxkS, rjm dgsgdaik, gYqmgck kyjs gcrasgtks mkar. 7745

sgvknk dgnsgfuSraiub mnkXvnabjigs swjrac suikaqturfjmpjnants ‘ naiks grsaijigs gnkTaicg. mks mkar

Hgmjygbkiaiubk `naiks Sajrkg~ 774; swjrac naigs mjkgzraicg`arSgcarS mnkXvnabjvngc cg ngmcvkbgc~. gmgsSgn, naig Sumksk ojrmkraig `Xkcg, uxkbgvk prjhaskg~, rjmabkh uncgdghxgccas, dgmjvbkncas, rgSg knckvkcks naig sxvgSg mkardgxcas Xahnjigck. 7750 Xasgigmksgc, knckvkckcs TaXmgrktk

Ãncarund aknas Yahetsvareãbtnkssas jcar Yahets).‒) cg gm urSkarSfgvXkrXk grkyanais hnaig `naiks dgmjvbangs~ ( „Tkbbansarfbãrund ‒). 7741 „ Cka Tkbbansarfbãrund km Xknna car _jrsherkotan cas Gbbdamaknan Sakbs cas IDI kst cka ÃuÚarund aknas Tkbbans, car unmkttabigr guo cka Eariakoòerund aknar Yahetswkrfund darkhetatkst6 ska irkndt aknan Yahetsojbdawkbban zum Guscruhf, cgs eakÚt aknan Tkbban, car guo cka

Iadròncund, knegbtbkhea Ãncarund jcar Iaanckdund aknas prkvgtan Yahetsvareãbtnkssas gizkabt ‒,IDE, NLT, 9007, 95;, 9;0.774? naig uncg kyjs sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks cgcdjmgza `mkmgrSubk~.dgrkdaiks hnaiksSvks gr grks grsaikSk, rjcks dgmjkwvavs, gn sgarSjcdgmjkwvavs Su grg kdk Xasgigmks Xacadais. kx., mgdgbkSgc, Tkncsheakc ,Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § ?;, 75;.7744 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< Drjtkus, Ca kura iabbk gh pghks, 7?91, kn<vjn Fkrhemgnn (Ersd.),Crak Iòhear òiar cgs Yahet cas Frkadas unc Orkacans, 75?;, KK, UK, K, 855 o.6 Mjtkva zu camAntwuroa aknas Iòrdarbkhean Dasatziuheas oòr cgs Cautshea Yakhe, Ic. 7, 7555, 79?6 Mudcgn(Ersd.), Cka dasgmmtan Mgtarkgbkan zum Iòrdarbkhean Dasatziuhe oòr cgs Cautshea Yakhe, Ic.7, 75;;, 3976 vjn Suer , GS KK (7), 7;75, § 10 K, 733 oo.6Sgngmacrjva bktargturgXk

Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, Aknoòerund vjr § 77?, YcNr. 7 oo.6 gsava IDE, NLT 9007, 95;, 9;0. 7745 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 74?.774; „Tkbbansteajrka‒.7750 „ Cann akdantbkhe muss car Tkbba gn skhe gbs cgs aknzkd Tkhetkda unc Tkrfsgma dacghetwarcan, unc nur wakb ar akn knnaras, unskhetigras Arakdnkss kst, iacòroan wkr aknas \akheans,




985

naiks ojrmkraiks mkmjxkbvksgs kdk mklngvs `dgmkznub cgdgumkzngv dgmjvbangs naiks dgraXa~ 7757 cg prjibamaiksdgcgwyvatksgs upkrgtasjigs `naiks~ fjmpjnants, mksTaXmgrktaigsg Su ngmcvkbjigs gnkTais. 7759

dgmjvbanks mnkXvnabjiks wgrmjHang grsaikSgcvkncXgkcks cgmsgxuraigc Xak\baig HgkSvgbjs. 7758 kdk Sgvksmkcdjmgs Xamcadk caiubaikS gygbkiais< `Su knckvkckgmijis, rjm mgs surs, kvgrgucaig, rjm mgs TaXmgrktgc surs,Su sgpkrkspkrj jikaqturgc Xahnjigck dgramjaiaikcgn grdgmjmckngrajis.~ 7753 Xasgigmksgc, vkncXgkck gxcans `naiksSajrkks~ sgvknksaubk xacvks mnkXvnabjvgn mjckokhkraigs.suikaqtur `naiks~ fjmpjnantSgn arSgc mxacvabjigXk mkkYaig`jikaqturgc Xahnjigck dgramjaiaik~.

mjdvkgnaikS `dgmjvbanks Sajrkks~ 7751 gvtjraimgdgnsgfuSraiubk mnkXvnabjig fjntrgeantks ncjiks cghvgsmkgnkTas cg gqhantk `dgmjvbanks~ fjmpjnantza dgcgktgnas. gmSajrkksgSvks cgmgxgskgSaiabk mkcdjmg fgrdgc Hgns Xamcad

ojrmubkraigXk< gr mkkYaig mxacvabjigXk pkrks mtfkhaig,rjm mgs sgSgngcj naig gr eqjncg, Su mgn Sgvksk naiksgrsaijiks dgradgnk dgmjxgtubaig dgmjkwvkg ksa, rjmurSkarSjiks majra mxgram faSkbsknckskargc krwmung, cgeqjncg sgou\vabk arwmung, rjm kdk uobaiaikS gYkTurvg. 775?

wjrgn ar vjn gncaran arfgnnt warcan fÿnna, unc ckasas \akhean, wjcurhe skhe car Tkbbajooanigrt, kst aian cka Arfbãrund.‒, Xgvkdny, Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc KKK,7530, § 783, 915.7757 „giskhetbkhea unc ungiskhetbkhea Arfbãrund jena Tkbban‒, Xgvkdny, Xystam cas eautkdanrÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc KKK, 7530, § 783, 91;. 7759 Xgvkdny, Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc KKK, 7530, § 783, 914 oo.7758

dgmjvbanks mnkXvnabjig drjhkussgh eqjncg dghnjikaraiubk , mgdrgmmgs, `Xkngdgnk naiksg~ cg dgmjvbanks (`dgradnubk gqtks~) fjmpjnantaiksdgmklvnks mkuxacgvgc, gr mkuYkg dgcgwyvatkbaig rjmabkma mgSdgnksSvksupkrgtasjiks mknkTaiks Xasgxai. kx. Drjtkus, Ca kura iabbk gh pghks, 7?91, kn<vjn Fkrhemgnn (Ersd.), Crak Iòhear òiar cgs Yahet cas Frkadas unc Orkacans, 75?;, KK, UK, K, 855oo.6 KK, UK, UU, 301.7753 „Tann lamgnc sgdt< khe wkbb, sj wkrc sj bgnda gndanjmman, cgss ar wkrfbkhe wjbba, iks gusjilahtkv arfannigran Segtsghean sakn Nkhetwjbban cgrdategn kst.‒, Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhe casPgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § 41, 975 oo.6 knsi. On. 7 sjwka 7g.7751 „ Arfbãrundsteajrka‒.775? „Tar iakm Hjntrgekaran kn aknar kem zuzuraheancan Taksa cka ãuÚara Arsheaknund saknasTkbbans earvjrruot, sj cgÚ car kem Dadanòiarstaeanca ijng okca Yaheta cgrgus arbgndt zuegian dbguit unc dbguian cgro, wkrc mkt saknar Iaeguptund, cgÚ kem kn Tkrfbkhefakt carantspraheanca Tkbba daoaebt egia, dgr nkhet daeÿrt.‒, kx.< Iãer, Òiar Krrundan km Hjntrgekran,kn<Dariar/Learknd (Ersd.), Lgeriòhear oòr cka Cjdmgtkf cas eautkdan rÿmkshean unc cautsheanPrkvgtrahets, Lang, 7541, 73, 307,hktkraiubkg< Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;.Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 33 KKK, 944.




98;

`mjqmacaiks Sajrkg~ 7754 naiks dgmjvbanks grss naiksgcg dgmjvbanks urSkarSqmacaigXk xacgvs. gm mkcdjmksSgngxmgc, dgmjxgtubaigs sgmgrSbairkv Xacadza mkmgrSubknaig mxjbjc dgmjvbangXk pjvais. Xasgigmksgc, Xau\baiabkgsguigrk naigza, rjdjrh sgmgrSbairkv fgtadjrkgza, mkskdgmjvbanksgdgn cgmjufkcaibgc. 7755

naig, rjmabkh dgmjvbankbk gr grks, gr wgrmjXjis sgmgrSbairkvXacadais. gm ngwkbXk `mjqmacaiks Sajrkg~, hxgckg, dgsgzkgraiabkg.Sumhg, rjcasgh knckvkck dgmjxgtgvs Sgvksk ragburk naiksgdgndgnsxvgvaiub naigs, guhkbaiabkg mksk TaXmgrktk naiksmxacvabjigXk mkYaig. grgarSk igSkbjiksg Su sghkbjjikssgou\vabk swjrac naiksg cg mksk dgmjxgtvks dgnsxvgvaikcgndgmjmckngrajis. Xasgigmksgc, naiks fjmpjnantks dgmklvngdgmjvbanks fjmpjnantksdgn cYasgh kngrHunais mnkXvnabjigs.gmgsSgn, sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaiks SvgbsgzrkskS mnkXvnabjvgnkgnaiks ojrmkraiks sxvgcgsxvg atgpksg Su sgxks gngbkzk.

arSmgnaSksdgn kmklnaig< `mjqmacaiks naig~,775;

`dgmjvbanks naig~77;0

cg ̀ sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks cgcdjmks naig~ 77;7.`mjqmacaiks naig~ grks naiks ojrmkraiksg cg, Xasgigmksgc,

naiks dgmjvbanks sgvgbcaiubj fjmpjnantk. 77;9 Su gr grsaijismjqmacaiks naig, gnu Xamgcdanbjiks suikaqturk fjmpjnantk, varkgrsaiais naiks dgmjvbang. mjqmacaiks naig gr grsaijis,mgdgbkSgc, raobaqsurk mj\rgjiks, \kbXk sguirks, ekpnjzurmcdjmgrajigXk mjqmacaiks gn `gisjbuturk okzkfurkzamjqmacaiks~ 77;8 XamSxvavgXk.77;3 gmgsSgn, gisjbuturk okzkfurkzamjqmacaiksgs pkrks mjqmacaiks naiks ojrmkraig var mjxcaig,vkngkcgn ragburgc mks nghvbgc sxvg pkrk mjqmacais. mgdgbkSgc,rjcasgh knckvkcs uXugbjc gm mjqmacaigza mkmgrSubk okzkfurkzamjqmacaikS xabs gwarknaian gn Sgvs gqnavknaian.

`dgmjvbanks naig~ sgmgrSbairkvgc grsaikSk naiksojrmkraiksg cg mksk dghnjikaraiubk dgmjxgtvks survkbkg,

7754 „Dabtundsteajrka‒. 7755 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 93, YcNr. 9; oo.,XamcdjmkmkSkSaiaikS .775; „ Egncbundswkbba‒. 77;0 „ Arfbãrundswkbba (Arfbãrundsiawusstsakn)‒. 77;7 „Dasheãotswkbba (Yahetsojbdawkbba)‒. 77;9 Xagc. Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 30, YcNr. ?01 oo.77;8 „vks gisjbutg‒.77;3 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, Aknoòerund vjr § 77?, YcNr. 7?6 Mackhus, GScas IDI, 900?, § 30, YcNr. ?0?.




930

`dgmjvbanks hnjikaraigg~ 77;1.77;? Xasgigmksgc, kmks mkuxacgvgc, rjmpkrs Xak\baig eqjncas `mjqmacaiks naig~, gr grks dgmjrkhxubk,kdk dgnsxvgvcaijcas `dgmjvbanks naiksgdgn~, mgdgbkSgc< xabksgwavg guqhkjnks crjs sxvg pkrks cgsg\gxaibgc, mksgbjhk igrgSksxabmjwarks vgrguckS XafvaSks ojrmubgrks xabmjwarg cg g.X. 77;4 `naiks Sajrkksgdgn~ dgnsxvgvaikS, Sgngmacrjva sgmgrSgbXk gYgrmkkHnavg `dgmjvbanks naig~ naiks dgmjvbanks ngmcvkbjikswkngpkrjigc. 77;5 as kmkS gkxsnaig, rjm dgmjxgtvks sgxksg Su xarxksXarHavksgs knckvkcksgSvks mknkTaiubk Sgvksuobaig gmgvcrjubgcmgs dgrfvaub pgsuxksmdaibjigs gfksrais. kdk gtgrais `dgmjvbanksrksfs~ 77;; km XamSxvavgXk, Su mks mkar XarHaubk sgxkS dgmjxgtubknaig, jikaqturk dgnmgrtaiks mkxacvkS, dgnsxvgvcaig mksk TaXmgrktknaiksgdgn. Xasgigmksgc, mgs aqnaig Xahkbaiks uobaig, mgdrgmcgafksraig pgsuxksmdaibjig naiks gcrasgtksgSvks mkyanaiubkzkgnksg Su cgngxgrlaiks dgmj. 7900

grsaikSgc gngbjdkur Xacads kwvavs `sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadkscgcdjmks naiks~ grqjng. as ks XamSxvavgg, rjcasgh pkrs gr surs

fjnfratubk Xacadks cgcdjmg, Sumhg hnjikargc dgmjxgtgvs (sxvg)sgmgrSbairkv Xacadza mkmgrSub naigs, gnu gqvs `dgmjvbanks naig~.kdk gm crjs vgrgucjis sxvg sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks cgcdjmgs,vkcra as mksk naiks dgmjvbangs jikaqturgc, dgnmgrtaikcgndgmjmckngra, mjeyvaig.

7.8 hnaig `naiks dgmjvbanks~ mjwasrkdaig sgqgrSvabjsfgnjnmcaibjigXk

sgqgrSvabjXk fgnjnmcaiabk dgrkdaiksg cg naiks dgmjvbankshnaiais, rjdjrh wask, arSk cg kmgva mnkXvnabjikS kyanais.fjnfratubk caiubaiks XamuXgvaiksgs hnaig `naiks dgmjvbangs~upkrgtasjig ankTaig km XamSxvavaiXk, rjcasgh mgs hgbfaubk

77;1 „ Arfbãrundsiawusstsakn‒.77;? Xagc. vjn Suer , GS KK (7), 7;75, § ?7 K, 3036Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;.Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 33 KK, 9446 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, Aknoòerund vjr§ 77?, YcNr. 74.77;4 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, Aknoòerund vjr § 77?, YcNr. 74,XamcdjmkmkSkSaiaikS .77;5 vjn Suer , GS KK (7), 7;75, § ?7 K, 3036`dgmjxgtvks hnjikaraiks~ mnkXvnabjiksXacgraikSsgmgrSbairkvk mkmjxkbvksgSvks kx. Ygnkark, Aurjpãksheas Jibkdgtkj-nanrahet, 9008, 3; oo.77;; „ Arfbãrundsrkskfj‒ , Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, Aknoòerund vjr § 77?,YcNr. 74.7900 kx., mgdgbkSgc, ssf-ks 4;-a KK muxbk.




937

qmacaiks cgxgskgSaiksg Su qhavks wasks skhxgcksSvks gqvsmnkXvnabjig (mgdgbkSgc, ssf-ks 17-a cg 19-a muxbaik).

gmgsSgn, jrmxrkvk gn mrgvgbmxrkvk dgrkdaiks cgcaiksgSvksjrk gn matk pkrks arSkgnk naiks ojrmkraig cg mksk sgSgngcjdgmjxgtvgg guhkbaiabk cg mxjbjc arSk pkrks naiks dgmjvbankSvar cgcdaig sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadk. 7907 Xasgigmksgc, fgnjnmcaiabkkSvgbkswknais dgrkdaigXk mjngwkba SkSjaubk pkrks naiksojrmkraiks mjwasrkdaigs arSmgnaSksgdgn cgmjufkcaibgc(mgdgbkSgc, wasais joartksg cg gqhaptks Xasgxai 7909).

gmgsSgn, ssf-ks 10-a muxbXk mjhamubk dgrkdaiks hnaigcgzustaigs sgTkrjais. mksk ojrmubkraikcgn dgmjmckngra,gnu sktyvgsktyvkSk dgnmgrtaiks XamSxvavgXk, gr uncgxcaijcas dgrkdaiksg cg naiks dgmjvbanks hnaiaiks arSkmnkXvnabjikS dgmjyanaig, far\jc, dgrkdaigc uncgdgnkxkbaijcas grg yvabg naiks dgmjvbang, grgmac mxjbjcksaSk, rjmabkh mkmgrSubkg sgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiks

wgrmjXjiks, Xahvbks gn Xawyvatksgfan. gsaSk dgnmgrtaiksXamSxvavgXk bjdkfurgc uncg grsaijicas ksaSk naiksdgmjvbangh, rjmbks mkzgnkh gr kqnaig sgmgrSbairkvkXacadks cgcdjmg. gmkS naiks dgmjvbanks hnaigs fgnjnmcaiabkwggrSmavcg kurkckub-taqnkfur mnkXvnabjigs. kdksgmgrSbairkvgc mxjbjc mgXkn dgxcaijcg grsaikSk, SumkmgrSubk kqnaijcg sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks cgcdjmksgfan. 7908

gsaSk Xacadk gr grks dgsgzkgraiabk. fgnjnmcaibksnaig kyj, `naiks dgmjvbang~ dgmjayanaikng grg zjdgck, gmsktyvaiks anjirkvk mnkXvnabjikS, grgmac gm hnaigsSgncgafgvXkraikng sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaik. mksk mkzgnk kyjsgmgrSbairkv-taqnkfurk hnaiks ojrmkraig. Xasgigmksgc, ssf-ks 10-a muxbk sxvg fjntknanturavrjpub fjckokfghkaiXk gmhnaiksgSvks mknkTaiubk mnkXvnabjiks dgSvgbkswknaikS uncgdgnkmgrtjs.

fgnjnmcaiabk hnaig `dgrkdaiks~ dgnmgrtaiksgs ssf-ks10-a muxbXk kyanais tarmkn `naiks dgmjvbangs~ kq, sgcgh kdkragburgc mxjbjc suikaqtur fjmpjnants, `naigs~,dubksxmjis. hnaig `naiks dgmjvbang~ Sgvks SgvXk ufvagarSkgnais kurkckubk Xacadks dgmjwvavks naigs rjdjrh

7907 Xagc. darmgnub sgmgrSgbSgn cgfgvXkraikS Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 97,YcNr. 938.7909 kx. ssf-ks 89;-a cg Xamcdjmk muxbaik. 7908 kx. gsaSk dgnmgrtaiks gbtarngtkvaik< zjk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K,7;;;, 7?46 Tgnturkg , Xasgvgbk sgqgrSvabjs sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks zjdgcngwkbXk, 7;;4, 879.




939

suikaqtur, oskqkfur dgramjaigsg cg gm (kurkckubk Xacadksdgmjwvavks) naiks jikaqtur dghxgcaigs. 7903 Xasgigmksgc,dgrkdaiks hnaiks dgnmgrtaiksgs dgsgSvgbkswknaiabkg, rjm`dgrkdaig grks hgbmxrkvk, jrmxrkvk gn mrgvgbmxrkvk naiksdgmjvbang~, yjvabdvgrk cgmgtaikSk cgSqmks dgraXa.

hxgckg, rjcasgh fgnjnmcaiabmg dgrkdaiksdgnmgrtaiksgs dgmjkyang hnaig `naiks dgmjvbang~, mgnSgvksSgvgc mkuSkSg km dgramjaigza, rjm naig (cg grg naiksdgmjvbang) uncg kyjs mkmgrSubk kurkckubk Xacadkscgcdjmksgfan. Xasgigmksgc, gmks cgmgtaikS xgzdgsmg,sgfgnjnmcaibj taqnkfks SvgbsgzrkskS, xgrvazk cg,sktyvgsktyvkSk dgnmgrtaiks XamSxvavgXk, `naiks dgmjvbanks~knstktutks mnkXvnabjiks cgfnknaigg.

nkXgncjibkvkg, rjm sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbks fjcaqsks 37-a K muxbsg cg, ckcwkbgc,pjstsgiTjurk sgxabmwkojaiks fjcaqsaiXk 7901 yurgcYaigdgmgxvkbaiubkg mjqmacaigza, rjmabkh mkmgrSubkg sgmgrS-

bairkvk Xacadks cgcdjmksgfan (`uobaigSg gn mjvgbajigSg~Su sgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiks wgrmjXjiks, Xahvbks gnXawyvatksgfan). gm XamSxvavgXkh `naiks dgmjvbang~, rjmabsghdubksxmjis gYnkXnubk mjqmacaig, rjdjrh wask,Xasg\baiabkg dgdaiub kqnas dgrkdaiks hnaiks kcanturgc. 790? Sgvksk Sajrkks Hgmjygbkiaiksgs `naiks dgmjvbangc~ sgvknkh swjrac gsaS mjqmacaiais mjkgzraicg.

9. naiks dgmjvbanks ngmcvkbjiks wkngpkrjiaik

naiks dgmjvbanks ngmcvkbjiks wkngpkrjigg mksk Xamgcdanbjiks 7904 grsaijig, gnu sgmgrSbairkv Xacadza mkmgrSubk naiks ojrmkraiksgcg mksk sgSgngcjc dgmjxgtvks prjhasks cgsrubaig.

`naiks dgmjvbankS~ sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks cgcdjmksgSvksXak\baig sgfmgrksk kyjs `mjngwkbks hgbmxrkvk naig~ 7905 (mgdgbk-Sgc, gncar\k), gn guhkbaiabk dgxcas `mjngwkbaSg dgarSkgnaiubk

7903 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, Aknoòerund vjr § 77?,YcNr. 7 oo. 7901 kx., mgdgbkSgc, rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 718-a cgsjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 95;-a muxbaik. dgmjngfbkskggzarigklgnks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 893-a K muxbk, rjmabkhsgqgrSvabjs fjcaqsks Xasgigmksgc XamuXgvcg. 790? Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 748 o.7904 Xamgcdanbjig grks naiks dgmjvbanks suikaqturk cg jikaqturk fjmpj-nantaiks arSjibkjig. Xagc. gsava zamjS, 984.7905 „aknsaktkdar Tkbba cas Iatakbkdtan‒.




938

naig~790; (xabXafrubaig). 7970 gm SvgbsgzrkskS dgsgmklnkg SkSjaubkmgSdgnks mkmgrS mjqmack ngmcvkbjiks wkngpkrjiaik.

dgrcg gmksg, guhkbaiabkg hgbmxrkvk naiks dgmjvbanksXamcdjmk ckoaranhkghkg kmks mkxacvkS, ngmcvkbkg kdkdgmjvbanksSgngva Su naiks dgmjvbanks gcrasgtSgn mksvbksmjmantkcgn.

hgbmxrkv naiks dgmjvbangs sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaikmjeyvaig sxvg pkrSg Sgngqmacaiks mkuxacgvgc. hgbfaubXamSxvavgXk gr grks guhkbaiabk sxvg pkrSg Suncghknojrmkraig. mgdgbkSgc, gncar\k hgbmxrkvk naiksdgmjvbangg, rjmabkh ngmcvkbjiksgSvks gr sgTkrjais kmpkrksg Su pkrSg knojrmkraigs, rjmabSg mkmgrSgh cdaigmksdgn dgmjmckngra sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadk.

xabXafrubaiks mjXbgh hgbmxrkvk naiks dgmjvbangg,mgdrgm Xasgigmksk sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks cgcdjmksgSvksguhkbaiabkg xabXafrubaiks majra mxgrks knojrmkraig

pkrks naiks Xasgxai. Xasgigmksgc, gsaSk naiks dgmjvbang uncgmkuvkcas gcrasgts.jrmxrkvk cg mrgvgbmxrkvk naiks dgmjvbanks

XamSxvavgXk, iunairkvkg, sgTkrjg rgmcankma pkrks Sgngqmacaig,mgSk dgarSkgnaiubk naig. gYnkXnubk Xasg\baiabkg mxjbjcmgXkn, Su urSkarSjiks SkSjaubk mxgrks naiks dgmjvbangmkuvg gcrasgts, gnu majra mxgras.

Xasgigmksgc, dgsgmklnkg mkYaigsgvgbcaiubj (mkYaigguhkbaiabk) cggrgmkYaigsgvgbcaiubj (grgmkYaigguhkbaiabk) naiks dgmjvbanksngmcvkbjig. grgmkYaigsgvgbcaiubj naiks dgmjvbang ngmcvkbkgmksk `dghxgcaiksSgngva~, gnu rjcasgh cgsrubaiubkg suikaqturknaiks ojrmkraiksg cg mksk jikaqturgc Xahnjigcgc dgmjxgtvksprjhask. mkYaigsgvgbcaiubj naiks dgmjvbang ngmcvkbkg `mksvbks~mjmantkcgn, rjcasgh gcrasgts grsaiubk dgramjaiaiks (mgdgbkSgc,sgojstj fgvXkrks ounqhkjnkraiks, sgmuXgj sggSaiks) dgSvgbks-wknaikS, gqvs mksk Xknggrsks dghnjiks Xasg\baibjig. gmgsSgn,mnkXvnabjig grg gqvs, dgahnjig Su grg kdk mgs ragburgc. 7977

790; „òiaraknstkmmancar Tkbba cas Iatakbkdtan‒. 7970 Xgvkdny, Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc KKK, 7530, § 703, ? o.6Tkncsheakc ,Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § ?;, 75; o.7977 IGD, NLT, 7;53, 7?17.




933

9.7 naiks dghxgcaig

naiks `dghxgcaig~ 7979 knckvkcks naiks dgmjvbanks ngmcvkbjiksgSvksmgsza cgmjfkcaiubk guhkbaiabk wkngpkrjiaiks Xasrubaigg.gYnkXnubk dubksxmjis knckvkcks mkar sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadkscgcdjmgza mkmgrSubk naiks km sgxkS dgmjxgtvgs, rjm mks`sgijbjjigza~ aTvk gYgr cgrHas. 7978

grgmkYaigsgvgbcaiubj naiks dgmjvbanks crjs guhkbaiabkgnaiks dgmjvbanks ojrmkraiks prjhasks cgsrubaig. zapkrk naiksdgmjvbanks crjs sgfmgrkskg, pkrmg dgmjSqvgs Sgvksk naig, xjbjwarkbjikSk naiks dgmjvbanksgs sgTkrjg warkbjikSk cjfumantkssrubyjokbk XamuXgvaig cg mksk xabmjwarg. 7973

mkYaigsgvgbcaiubj naiks dgmjvbang `dghxgcaiubkg~,rjcasgh dgmjmvbanmg kdk gcrasgtksfan mkmgrSg ksa, rjm mksk`sgijbjjig~ aTvs gYgr kwvavs cg, Hvaubairkv, sgvgrgucjggcrasgtks mkar mksk mkYaig. 7971 hxgckg, gsaSk naiks dgmjvbang

dghxgcaiksSgngva gr grks ngmcvkbk. mgs uncg cgamgtjsgcrasgtgmca mksvbks fjmpjnantk. warkbjikSk naiks dgmjvbanksgsguhkbaiabkg, `naiks dgmjvbang irunvgXk mjxvcas dgmjmvbanksnaikS~ 797?, rjmabsgh `Xaa\bj avgrgucg cg mkgHnkg, rjm kdk Vmksknaiks dgmjvbang] mkgYwavs gcrasgtgmca~ 7974.7975 Xasgigmksgc,mkYaigsgvgbcaiubj naiks dgmjvbanksgs gr grks sgfmgrkskwarkbjikSk cjfumantks srubyjokbk XamuXgvaig cg xabmjwarg.mnkXvnabjvgnkg, naiks dgmjmvbans eqjncas Xasg\baibjig, Sgvgcdgcgwyvktjs, mkmgrSjs Su grg, rg sgxkS cg rjcks, Sgvksk naiksdgmjvbang Xasgigmksk gcrasgtksfan. 797;

Xasgigmksgc, Su naig knckvkcks \gbguobaiks soarjs mksksurvkbks dgraXa cgtjvais, kdk var kqnaig `dgmjvbankbk~, grgmacXakqmnaig mxjbjc `dghxgcaiks kbuzkg~, gnu mjxcaig `mjHvanaikSk

7979 „ Gidgia‒. 7978 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 73 (7), 9916 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas IòrdarbkheanYahets, 9003, § 9?, YcNr. 96 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 99, YcNr. 9?86 Pgbgnct/ Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 780, YcNr. 36 gsava pjrtudgbkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 993-a K 9 muxbk. 7973 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 99, YcNr. 9?3.7971 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 9?, YcNr. 96 Mackhus, GS cas IDI,900?, § 99, YcNr. 9?1.797? „cka Tkbbansarfbãrund mkt cam Tkbban cas Arfbãrancan kn can _arfaer dabgndt ‒. 7974 „cgmkt rahenan fjnnta unc darahenat egt, ska warca can Arfbãrundsdadnar arrakhean‒. 7975 IDE, NLT 7;4;, 9089, 9088.797; Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 74;. Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar ,IDI, 9005, § 780, YcNr. 3.




931

dghxgcaig~. 7990 kmks mkuxacgvgc, rjm as kbuzkg naiks dgmhxgcaibksmkar grks dgmjwvaubk, gnu mksk \gbguobaiks soarjcgnmjmckngrajis cg, rjdjrh wask, mgn Sgvgc uncg gdjs pgsuxkdgmjmckngra Xacadaiza, Xau\baiabkg, `grgdghxgcaiub~ naigsgcrasgtSgn `mksvbks~ XamSxvavgXk mjeyvas sgmgrSbairkvkXacadaik. 7997

grsaijis dgnsxvgvaiubk mjsgzraigh, rjmbks Sgngxmgcgh,gsaSk dghxgcaig naiks dgmjvbanks ngmcvkbjigs uncgkwvavcas cg dgmhxgcaiabs uncg ankTaijcas Xahkbaiksuobaig. 7999 Xasgigmksgc, gm crjs faSkbsknckskargc mjqmacgcrasgts aqnaig km zkgnks gngzYguraiks mjSxjvnks uobaig,rjmabkh mgs mkgcdaig naiks dgmjvbanks ngmcvkbjiks mkmgrSSgvksk ncjikcgn dgmjmckngra. 7998

sxvg pjzkhkks Sgngxmgc, dgcgmwyvatk uncg kyjs ks, Surgmcangc mku\Yvks irgbk `dgmhxgcaiabs~ mksk \gbguobaikssoarjXk grsaiubk dgramjaiaikcgn dgmjmckngra `dghxgcaiks

kbuzkks~ XaqmngXk.7993

km XamSxvavgXk, Su mgs gr mku\Yvksirgbk, naiks dgmjvbang gr HgkSvbaig ngmcvkbgc cg,Xasgigmksgc, guhkbaiabk gr kqnaig Xahkbaig. gm mjsgzraiksSgngxmgcgh naiks dgmjvbanks gcrasgts ankTaig Sgvkskncjiks Xacadgc wgrmjXjikbk zkgnks gngzYguraiks uobaiggngbjdkkS. 7991

`dghxgcaiks kbuzkks~ prjibamks cg\bavksgs mxgraSg kntarasaikssgmgrSbkgnk cgigbgnsaig mjkSxjvs naiks dgmjmvbanksg cggcrasgtks Sgngigr cghvgs. Xasgigmksgc, naiks dgmjmvbanmg Sgvgcuncg dgcgwyvktjs Sgvksk naiks dgmjvbanks ojrmkraiksSvksguhkbaiabk ijbj catgbk< dgghxgcais Su grg naiks dgmjvbangs,rg sgxkS cg rjcks. km XamSxvavgXk, rjcasgh knckvkcs Sgvksk naiksdgmjvbanks ngmcvkbjiksgSvks guhkbaiabk ijbj ngiklk grdgcgucdgms, gnu aTvk grsaijis mks `sgijbjjigza~ cg mgs grXau\bkg cguXvgs, rjm Sgvksk grdgmjvbankbk naig gcrasgtgmca

7990 „akn Xheakn car Gidgia‒,Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< vjn Suer , GS KK (7), 7;75, § ?7 K, 3096 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 99, YcNr. 9??.7997 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 74;.7999 Xagc. Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 98 (7), 33; o.6 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 99, YcNr. 9??.7998 gsaSk mjSxjvng darmgnkgXk dgmjmckngrajis sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 799-a

pgrgdrgokcgn, xjbj sgqgrSvabjXk ssf-ks 4;-a KK muxbkcgn. 7993 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 9?, YcNr. 4Xamcdjmk mkSkSaiaikS(On. 70). 7991 kx., mgdgbkSgc, Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 9?, YcNr. 4.




93?

mkgYwavs, gr Xak\baig mgs grdghxgcaiubk naiks ngmcvkbjigmkawarjs.

gmgva crjs, dgsgSvgbkswknaiabkg gm `mjHvanaikSk~ naiksdgmjvbanks gcrasgtks kntarasaik. Xasgigmksgc, Su mgs dgmjmvbanksirgbkS mkgcdaig zkgnk, kdk uobaigmjskbk uncg kyjs, mjkSxjvjs`ncjiks zkgnks~ gngzYguraig, mgdgbkSgc, ssf-ks 4;-a KK muxbksgngbjdkkS gn wkngsgxabXafrubaij vgbcaiubaiks cgrYvavks dgmjssf-ks 874-a KK, 87?-a KK cg 8;3-a K muxbaiks urSkarSfgvXkrXkdgmjyanaikS. 799?

9.9 naiks mksvbg

mkYaigsgvgbcaiubj naiks dgmjvbanks XamSxvavgXk gr grkssgfmgrksk mksk dghxgcaig. gsaSk naiks dgmjvbang ngmcvkbkg`mksvbks~ mjmantkcgn, rjcasgh gcrasgts gqvs mksk Xknggrsksdghnjiks ragburk Xasg\baibjig. 7994

sgqgrSvabjXk fgnjnmcaiabk, darmgnubk sgmgrSbks msdgvsgc,

amxrjig `mkYaiks Sajrkgs~ 7995.799; sxvg pjstsgiTjurmg sgxabmwk-ojaimg ugrk Sqvas naiks dgmjvbanks hnaiks cgmfvkcraigza cg,Xasgigmksgc, ngmcvkbjiks pkrjigc mksvbks knstktutks mjwasrk-daigza. dgmjngfbkskg gzarigklgnks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 891-a muxbk, rjmabXkh ssf-ks 17-a muxbk, sgSgurksHgSvbkS, ogqtjirkvgc uhvbabgc kqng dgcgtgnkbk.

ssf-ks 17-a muxbk cgsgSguraiubkg rjdjrh `hgbmxrkvk naiksdgmjvbanks ngmcvkbjig~ cg gmkS grgswjrgc grksxgzdgsmubk mksvbks mnkXvnabjig mxjbjc hgbmxrkvk naiksdgmjvbanksgSvks. 7980 naiks dgmjvbanks mksvbks knstktutk

799? Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 750.7994 kx., mgdgbkSgc< zjk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, 740 6 gsava Hjknd ,Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 33 _, 94;6 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS casIòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 9?, YcNr. 77 oo.6 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 99, YcNr. 9?5oo.6 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 780, YcNr. 9 oo.7995 „ Ampogndsteajrka‒. 799; darmgnabk fgnjnmcaibks wkngXa grsaiubk (mkYaigsgvgbcaiubj) naiksdgmjvbanks ngmcvkbjiks dgnsxvgvaiub SajrkaiSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx.< Obuma,GS KK, 7;41, § 73 (7), 993 o.6 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 99, YcNr. 9?5 oo.6Xagc. zjk\a ,ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, 740.7980 sgpkrkspkrj gzrSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx. Tgnturkg, Xasgvgbk sgqgrSvabjssgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks zjdgc ngwkbXk, 7;;4, 875, sgcgh gvtjrk asasxaigobumas km pgsgLs, rjmabXkh as ufgngsfnabk iunairkvgc mkkHnavs, rjmnaiksmkark naiks dgmjvbang vkYghks mkmgrS uncg kqnas dgmjSqmubk cggsfvnks, rjm, mkYaigsgvgbcaiubjjiks SvgbsgzrkskS, dgnsxvgvaig mxjbjchgbmxrkv dgrkdaiaiXk k\ans mnkXvnabjigs ( Obuma, GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets KK,




934

grgngfbai mnkXvnabjvgnkg jrmxrkv cg mrgvgbmxrkv naiksdgmjvbangsg Su dgrkdaiaiXk. Xasgigmksgc, fgnjnmcaiabssgSgurXk uncg mkaSkSaikng `mkYaigsgvgbcaiubj~ (`mkYaig-guhkbaiabk~) naiks dgmjvbanks ngmcvkbjigza, gnu swjracgm muxbkS uXugbjc mjwasrkdaiub dgramjaigza (`naiksdgmjvbang, rjmabkh mjkSxjvs majra mxgrks mkar mksmkYaigs...~).7987

ssf-ks 17-a K muxbk XamuXgvaiubkg dsf-ks 780-a K 7pgrgdrgoza cgyrcnjikS. gmgsSgn, fgnjnmcaibks sgvgrgucjmkzgnkg gm njrmgXk mjhamubk ojrmubkraiks cgzustaig. mgnsrubkgc sgmgrSbkgngc Sqvg ugrk dsf-ks 780-a K 7 pgrgdrgoXkgrgSgnmyjo pkrza dgfaSaiub gqhantza (`rjcasgh kdk mksgryjonksgs dgmjkSqmks~). ks, naiks dgmjvbang dgmjxgtubkgSgnmyjok Su grgSgnmyjok pkrks mkmgrS, dgvbangs gr gxcansmksvbks knstktutks Xknggrsza. mkYaigsgvgbcaiubj naiksdgmjvbang Sgngirgc mjkSxjvs majra mxgrks mkar mks mkYaigs,kmks mkuxacgvgc, Sgnmyjokg Su grgSgnmyjok mksk gcrasgtk. 7989

arSmgnaSksgdgn dgnsxvgvcaig mxjbjc mksvbks crjsmxacvabjigXk mksgYaik guhkbaiabk pkrjiaik, rjmbaikhdgnpkrjiaiubkg naiks dghxgcaigsg cg majra mxgrks mkar mksmkYaigs Xjrks grsaiubk crjks mjngfvaSkS. 7988

ssf-ks 17-a K muxbks Xknggrsks swjrgc dgdaigs muxbksmhcgrk sgSgurk cg `mksvbks~ knstktutks dgmjmxgtvabkspahkgburk tarmknks grgrsaijig grSubais. sgsurvabkg`mksvbks~ hnaiks ojrmkraig cg gm knstktutks grsks,mgdgbkSgc, Xamcadk ojrmubkraikS dgcmjhamg< mkYaigsgvgb-caiubj naiks dgmjvbang ngmcvkbkg km mjmantkcgn, rjcasghkdk mjxvcaig mkmYaiks \gbguobaiks soarjXk 7983 cg mgs,Hvaubairkv, mksk Xknggrsks dghnjiks ragburk Xasg\baibjiggqvs.7981

7;41, § 77 (3), 78;). Xagc. gsava vjn Suer , GS KK (7), 7;75, § ?7 KKK, 394 oo., rjmabkhojrmubkraig `mkmgrSubguhkbaiabs~ („rkhetundsiacòrotkd ‒) uorj zustgcmkkHnavs.7987 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 750.7989 kx. darmgnub bktargturgXk< Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 9?,YcNr. 776 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 780, YcNr. 78 o.7988 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 757. kx. darmgnub bktargturgXk Bgranz/Tjbo,GScas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 9?, YcNr. 77.7983 darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk kxmgraig „\gbguobaiks soarj‒ („mghetiarakhe‒) gn

„dgnfgrdvks \gbguobaig‒ („_aroòdundsdawgbt ‒). Xagc. zjk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk,wkdnk K, 7;;;, 747, rjmabkh gsava kyanais sktyvg „\gbguobaigs‒. 7981 Xagc.< zjk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, 17-a muxbk, 7476 darmgnubsgmgrSgbXk< IDE, NLT, 7;?1, ;?1, ;??6 IDE, NLT, 7;4;, 9089, 9088 cg oacargburk




935

Xasgigmksgc, guhkbaiabkg jrk wkngpkrjiks cgmSxvavg< naiksdgmjvbang mksk dgmjmxgtvabks \gbguobaiks soarjcgn dgcgcksmkmYaiks \gbguobaiks soarjXk, mgdgbkSgc, warkbk kmyjoaiggcrasgtks joksXk (sgojstj yuSXk) cg mgs gqvs mksk Xknggrsksdghnjiks ragburk Xasg\baibjig, mgdgbkSgc, sgmuXgj sggSaik grcgmSgvraiubg.

gsaSk mjwasrkdaikS xcaig naiks dgmjvbanks dgcghamgsSgncgfgvXkraiubk rksfks Sgngirgc dgngwkbaig naiks dgmjmvbansg cgmks mkmYais Xjrks< naiks dgmjmvbank dgnsgzYvrgvs dgcghamks sgxasgcg sgXugbaigs cg mgsva gwavs rksfk, rjm mksk naiks dgmjvbang grgn cgdvkgnaikS mkuvg gcrasgts6 mkmYais fk gwavs rksfk, rjm kdkmksk dgvbanks soarjXk mjxvacrkbk naiks dgmjvbanks Xknggrssragburgc gr gn cgdvkgnaikS dgahnjig. 798?

9.8 naiks dgmjSxjvg

darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 780-a K 9 pgrgdrgoks msdgvsgc, ssf-

ks 17-a KK muxbkS wasrkdcaig naiks dgmjvbanks `dgmjSxjvg~. kdknaiks dgmjvbanks gcrasgtSgn mksvbkS dgmjwvaubk sgmgrSbairkvkXacadks Sgvkcgn ghkbaiks Xasg\baibjigg.

qgrSub sgmgrSgbXk XasgmuXgvaiabkg naiks dgmjvbanks`dgmjSxjvks~ gcafvgturk hnaig, rjmbks dgraXah iuncjvgnkggm knstktutks mjmwasrkdaiabk ssf-ks 17-a KK muxbks grsk.ksaSk orgzks dgmjyanaigm, rjdjrkhgg< `...Su majra mxgrawkngswgr gn mgXknva dgnghxgcais ugrs~, wgrmjXvgdgurfvavbjig, naiks dgmjvbanks dgmjSxjvks dgmhxgcaibksgcg mksk gcrasgtks urSkarSmkmgrSaiks SvgbsgzrkskS. 7984 gmcaiubaiks ojrmubkraiksgs fgnjnmcaiabk gqhants mkmYaiksSvgbsgwkarza gfaSais cg Xasgigmks caiubaigs mksk pjzkhk-kcgn gwasrkdais (dgnsxvgvaikS kmgva muxbks K ngwkbksdgn).

Xrjmks sgsgmgrSbjs dgcgwyvatkbaignk (Antsheakcundan cas Iuncasgriaktsdarkhets,IGD), NLT, 7;53, 7?176 gsava Bgranz/Tjbo,GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 9?, YcNr.97.798? Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 759. kx. gsava< \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?,§ 9? K_, 81?6 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 9?, YcNr. 99 o.7984 naiks dgmjvbanks dgmjSxjvgsSgn cgfgvXkraiub iuncjvgnaigs hxgcyjosssf-ks 17-a KK muxbks fjmantgrk< `mgrSgbkg, naiks dgmjvbanks gcrasgtgmcamksvbks ogqtk mgs ngmcvkbjigs gnkTais, mgdrgm as gr nkXngvs kmgs, rjmgcrasgtk vgbcaiubkg mkkYjs kdk. majra mxgras... Xau\bkg naiks dgmjvbangkurkckubk \gbks grmqjnac gqhkjs, Su kdk wkngswgr, gn mgXknvadgnghxgcais ugrs. gngbjdkurk uobaig uncg eqjncas wkngcgcaiksXamSgvgzaiabsgh.~, zjk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, 749.




93;

Xasgigmksk ojrmubkraig ‘ `naiks dgmjvbang gr HgkSvbaigngmcvkbgc, Su majra mxgra wkngswgr gn mgXknva dgnghxgcaisugrs~ ‘ dgsgdaik xcaig fgnjnmcaibks `Xairunaiubkpjzkhkks (Svgbsgwkarks)~ dgSvgbkswknaikS.

Xasgigmksgc, fgnjnmcaiabs dgmkznubk eqjncg, ssf-ks17-a KK muxbkS mjawasrkdaikng swjrac dsf-ks 780-a K 9pgrgdrgokS dgSvgbkswknaiubk naiks dgmjvbanks dgmjSxjvksuobaig. Xasgigmksgc, naiks dgmjmvbank uobaigmjskbkg,\gbgcgfgrdubk dgxgcjs dghxgcaiubk, mgdrgm gcrasgtgmcagrmksubk naiks dgmjvbang, majra, hgbmxrkvk, mkYaigsgvgbca-iubj naiks dgmjvbankS. 7985

guhkbaiabkg, rjm naiks dgmjvbanks dgmjSxjvg gcrasgts pkrvabknaiks dgmjvbanks mksvbgmca gn mgsSgn arSgc mkuvkcas. gYnkXnubXamSxvavgXk gr grsaijis gcrasgtks cghvks Ykrsk kntarask,rjmbks Xasgigmksgcgh mjxcaijcg naiks dgmjmvbanks XaijTvg mksmkar dgmjvbankbk naikS. 798;

gmgsSgn, dgcgmwyvatkg pkrvabk cg majra (dgmjSxjvks) naiksdgmjvbanks mksvbks cg grg ragburgc mgSk Xknggrsks dghnjiksmjmantk.7930 Xasgigmksgc, pkrvabk naiks dgmjvbangsSgn arSgcmksubk dgmjSxjvg mgXkngh ngmcvkbkg, Su naiks dgmjvbanksgcrasgtk lar pkrvabk naiks dgmjvbangs dgahnjig cg, pkrkqkS,cgdvkgnaikS mksubk dgmjSxjvg mgXkngh gr grks dgsgSvgbkswk-naiabk, rjcasgh naiks dgmjvbanks gcrasgtk mgs dgahnjig SvkSpkrvabk naiks dgmjvbanks dghnjigmca. 7937

9.3 naiks dgmjvbangza dgrcghvgbaiksg cg qmacungrkgnjikscgfgrdvks zamjqmacaig

naiks dgmjvbanks ngmcvkbjigsSgn urSkarSfgvXkrXk dgsggngbk-zaiabkg naiks dghxgcaiks Xamcad naiks dgmjmvbank pkrks dgrcghvg-baiksg cg qmacungrkgnjiks cgfgrdvks XamSxvavaik.

7985 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 758.798; kx. darmgnub kurkckub bktargturgXk< Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas IòrdarbkheanYahets, 9003, § 9?, YcNr. 3; o.6 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 98, YcNr. 9;4 oo.6 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 780, YcNr. 77.7930 Xagc . IDE, NLT, 7;41, 859, 853.7937 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 758. kx. darmgnub bktargturgXk< Bgranz/Tjbo , GS

cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 9?, YcNr. 106 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 98, YcNr. 8006 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 780, YcNr. 77 Xamcdjmk mkSkSaiaikS.Xagc. gsava Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks (Jibkdgtkjnanrahet ) ma-;muxbk.




910

grgmkYaigsgvgbcaiubj naiks dgmjvbang dghxgcaiksSgngvangmcvkbkg cg, Xasgigmksgc, mks ngmcvkbjigza zadgvbangs vargoarkmjgxcans. mkYaigsgvgbcaiubj naiks dgmjvbanks ngmcvkbjiksgSvksmksvbks knstktutks guhkbaibjig fk wgrmjXjis gbigSjigs,dghxgcaigsg cg mksvbgmca parkjcXk dgrfvaubmg dgramjaiaimg mksngmcvkbjigza zadgvbang mjgxcknjs. gsaSk dgramjaigg naiksdgmjvbanks dgmjSxjvg. mgS gr dgnafuSvnaig, darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 780-a KK pgrgdrgoks dgvbankS, ssf-ks 17-a KKK muxbkSuXugbjc dgSvgbkswknaiubk naiks dgmjmvbank pkrks dgrcghvgbaigcg qmacungrkgnjiks cgfgrdvg. 7939 as kmkS gkxsnaig, rjm naiksdgmjvbanks ojrmkraiks prjhask cgsrubaiubkg. km mjmantXk,rjcasgh pkrmg dgghxgcg Sgvksk naig, ks, Xasgigmksgc, hjhxgbk kyjSu qmacungrkgnk cg gmktjm mks naigXk aTvks Xatgnks sgou\vabk grgrsaijis.

ssf-ks 17-a KKK muxbk sgSgngcj dgnmgrtaigs sgTkrjais.fgnjnmcaiabmg darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 780-a KK

pgrgdrgoks rahaohkg naktrgburk ojrmubkraiks dgmjya-naikS mjgxckng (`Xak\baig dgvbang gr mjgxcknjs~) cg gmkSaTvks qvaX cggyang mgsXk dgSvgbkswknaiubk sgmgrSbairkvkXacadk. sktyvg `Xak\baig~ fgnjnks taqstXk zjdgcgcgrgsgsurvabk, xjbj gm fjnfratub XamSxvavgXk Xasgigmkskdgnmgrtaiks dgraXa dgudaigrkg. kdk tjvais kmks vgrgucksgbigSjigsgh, rjm naiks dgmjmvbank pkrks dgrcghvgbaigs gnqmacungrkgnjiks cgfgrdvgs rgkma mnkXvnabjig eqjncas ufvadgmjvbankbk naiks ngmcvkbjigza. as, iunairkvkg, wgrmjuc-danabkg. sgSgngcjc dghxgcaiubk naiks ngmcvkbjigzaXak\baig zadgvbang mjgxcknjs mxjbjc naiks dgmjmvbanksmkar mksmg dgmjSxjvgm. as fk, hxgckg, dgrcghvbkbksXamSxvavgXk Xau\baiabkg, xjbj qmacungrkgnjiks cgfgrdvksXamSxvavgXk gsaSk naiks dgmjvbang gr grks ngmcvkbk.Xasgigmksgc, mkzgnXawjnkbkg, ojrmubkraig `Xak\baigdgvbang gr mjgxcknjs~ Xakhvgbjs Su dgnkmgrtjs, rjdjrh`dgvbangs gr gxcans~. 7938

7939 kx. gsava Xhebahetrkam/Xherjatarkn<Xhebahetrkam/Xhewanzar(Ersd.), Fjmmantgr zumAkneaktbkhean QN-Fguorahet, 9005, Grt. 71, YcNr. 4,mkSkSaikS, rjm sgqjnbkssgarSgXjrksj ngsykcjiks xabXafrubaigSg Xasgxai fjnvanhkks XamuXgva-iks stgckgza ugryjokb kqng wkngcgcaig fjnvanhkks taqstXk darmgnkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 780-a KK pgrgdrgoks gngbjdkurk caiubaiksdgSvgbkswknaiks Xasgxai. sgfkSxks kstjrkubk dgnvkSgraiksg cgXacgraikSsgmgrSbairkvk mkmjxkbvg kx.< Ygnkark, Aurjpãksheas Jibkdgtkjnanrahet,9008, 705 oo.7938 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 758 o.




917

8. naiks dgmjvbanks dgnmgrtaig

naiks dgmjvbanks dgnmgrtaigXk `sktyvgsktyvkSk~ mnkXvnabjiksmkYmg ragburk mnkXvnabjiks cgngxvg kdubksxmaig. sgvknkmkuSkSais, rjm dgnmgrtaiks mkzgnkg, `mfvcgr gsjaiXk Hgcaiubkhjhxgbk gzrk fvbgv gYcdas Hvans wgrmjsgxvgXk~. 7933 kdk grmklngvs orgzgs mksk gvtjrksgdgn cg mxacvabjigXk kYais kmdgramjaiaisgh, rjmbaiXkh mjxcg naiks dgmjvbang. 7931

Xasgigmksgc, mnkXvnabjvgnkg kmks dgSvgbkswknaig, Su vkngrks naiks dgmjmvbank cg Su rg dgramjaiais Xaa\bj, dgvbangmjaxckng mks mkar Xasgigmksk orgzks ojrmkraigza. cgsgcdankg ks,Su rg mnkXvnabjig Xaa\bj mkankTaikng naiks dgmjmvbans hgbfaubksktyvksg Su orgzksSvks fjnfratub vkSgraigXk, gnu rjdjrmatyvabais Su wars kdk, rg tarmknjbjdkgs kyanais, rg sgxksdgngSbaig gqvs mkYaiubk cg rjdjr oskqkfur mcdjmgrajigXkXak\baijcg yjokbkyj ks naiks dgmjvbanks mjmantXk.

km dgramjaiaiks dgSvgbkswknaig, rjmbaiXkh mjxcg naiksdgmjvbang, bjdkfurgc kmkS grks dgnpkrjiaiubk, rjm naiksdgmjvbanks dgnmgrtaiksgs mxacvabjigXk uncg kqnas mkYaiubkyvabgoark ks, rgsgh kSvgbkswknaicg Sgvgc naiks dgmjmvbank cgrgh zadgvbangs gxcancg mksk naiks ojrmkraigza.

dgrcg gmksg, mkYaigsgvgbcaiubj naiks dgmjvbanksXamSxvavgXk mkzgnXawjnkbkg gcrasgtks Svgbsgwkarks dgSvgbks-wknaig, gnu ‘ rjdjr gYkqvgmcg Su uncg gYaqvg dghxgcaiubk naigmkmYais. sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks dgmjwvavksSvks mnkXvnabjvgnkg grgmxjbjc dgmhxgcaibks naiks zustgc cgcdang, grgmac naiks kmXknggrsks dgnsgzYvrg, rjmabkh gcrasgtksgSvks Xahnjigckgmksvbks mjmantXk.

8.7 dgnmgrtaiks zjdgck prknhkpk< TaXmgrktk naiks mkmgrSaiggcrasgtks SvgbsgwkarSgn

sktyvksg Su orgzks `sktyvgsktyvkSk~ mnkXvnabjiks mkYmggrsaiubk TaXmgrktk mnkXvnabjiks cgcdangza gmgxvkbaisyurgcYaigs ssf-ks 19-a muxbk< `...naig uncg cgcdkncas djnkvrubkdgnslks Xacadgc, cg grg mgrtjjcan dgmjSqmks sktyvgsktyvkSk

7933 „...can kn cam tjtan Iuhestgian nkacardabadtan baianckdan Dacgnfan vjr unsarar Iatrghetund wkacar antstaean zu bgssan‒,Xgvkdny, Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, IgncKKK, 7530, § 787, 9336Xgvkdny, Cgs Jibkdgtkjnanrahet gbs Seakb cas eautkdan Yÿmkshean Yahets,Ignc KK, 7518, § 47, 75;.7931 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 7516 Obuma, GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets KK, 7;41, § 7?(7), 9;7 o.




919

gzrkcgn.~ kdk grsaikSgc darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 788-apgrgdrgoks ojrmubkraigs ayrcnjig, Sumhg gm (sktyvgsktyvkSkmnkXvnabjiks) ngwkbXk dgsgSvgbkswknaiabkg dgrfvaubk msdgvsaig,mgdgbkSgc, sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 771?-a, ktgbkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 78?9-a cg aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks7957-a muxbaiSgn, gsava gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ;73-apgrgdrgoSgn. 793?

ssf-ks 19-a muxbks ojrmubkraikcgn dgmjmckngra, Xak\baigXakqmngs XSgiaTckbaig, rjm dgnmgrtaiksgs dgnsgfuSraiubkmnkXvnabjig `naiks~ fjmpjnants ankTaig cg gr xcaig naiksdgmjvbanks gcrasgtks ncjiks sgSgngcjc cghvg. 7934 hxgckg,dgnmgrtaiks Xacadgc Xasg\baiabkg cgcdkncas knckvkcks naig,rjmabkh dgnsxvgvcaig mksSvks mkmYaiks mkar jikaqturgcmknkTaiubk mnkXvnabjiksgdgn. Xasgigmksgc, prjibamg wgrmjkXjigmkYaigsgvgbcaiubj naiks dgmjvbanks crjs, rjcasgh naiksdgmjvbanks gcrasgtk faSkbsknckskargc mkkHnavs gm jikaqturgcXasg\bj dgnmgrtaigs dgmjmvbanks TaXmgrkt naigc. hxgckg,

gcrasgtk vgbcaiubkg, mxacvabjigXk mkkYjs dgmjmvbanksTaXmgrktk naig, gnu, Sgvks mxrkv, dggfaSjs yvabgoark TaXmgrktknaiks cgsgcdangc. km XamSxvavgXk, Su, gsaSk mkcdjmks mkuxacgvgc,mkmYaiks mkar cgcdankbk `TaXmgrktk naig~ dgnsxvgvcaigdgmjmvbanks naiksgdgn, kdk cghubk uncg kqnas.

Xasgigmksgc, ssf-ks 19-a muxbk, darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 788-a pgrgdrgoks msdgvsgc, 7935 mjrdaiubkg grgmkYaigsgvgb-caiubj naiks dgmjvbangs, rjmabXkh gr cdgs gcrasgtks ncjikssgfkSxk. 793; mkYaigsgvgbcaiubj naiks dgmjvbangsSgn mkmgrSaikS fkkdk cgsgfjnfrataiabkg. 7910

dgnmgrtaiksgs suikaqturk naiks cgcdangs upkrkspkrcaig mkskjikaqturgc dgmjvbankbk mnkXvnabjig. 7917 hxgckg, `djnkvrubkdgnslks~ Xacadgc knckvkcks naiks cgcdang XakzYucaig km

793? gr grks dgmjrkhxubk, ssf-ks 19-a muxbs, Sgvks mxrkv, dgvbangmjaxckng gzarigklgnks raspuibkfks 893-a _ muxbks ojrmubkraigza. 7934 Xagc. darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk, mgdgbkSgc, Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 93,YcNr. 890.7935 Xagc.< \kmmarmgnn, Sea Bgw jo Jibkdgtkjns, Yjmgn Ojuncgtkjns jo tea HkvkbkgnSrgcktkjn, 7;;?, ?996 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 93, YcNr. 890.793; Xagc. darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk grsaiub msdgvs prjibamgsSgn cgfgvXk-raikS, mgdgbkSgc< Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 95, YcNr. 746 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 93, YcNr. 899 oo.7910 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 751.7917 „Tkrfbkhea Tkbba unc jilaftkva Arfbãrundsiacautund ‒, Xagc. Bgranz/Tjbo , GS casIòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 95, YcNr. 786 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 788,YcNr. 4.




918

ogrdbaiXk, rgh guhkbaiabkg sxvgSg kntarasaiks sgmgrSbkgnkcgigbgnsaiksgSvks. gmgsSgn, knckvkcks naiks dgmjvbangs sxvg pkrksmkmgrS sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaiks dgmjwvavg mxjbjc mgXkn cg kmogrdbaiXk Xaa\baig, Su mksk Xknggrsk gm ufgngsfnabksSvksXahnjigcgc grks dgmjSqmubk. xXkrgc knckvkcks mkar Xasgigmksknaiks grg mxjbjc Xahnjig (rjdjrh as hgbmxrkvkmkYaigsgvgbcaiubj naiks dgmjvbanks XamSxvavgXkg sgfmgrksk),grgmac mksk Sgngqmacaig, mgdgbkSgc, Xamxvacrk naiks dgmjvbanggguhkbaiabk. gm crjs mnkXvnabjvgnkg, Su rg XknggrskS dgkdjgcrasgtmg naiks dgmjvbang, vkngkcgn mgn swjrac gm Xknggrsza uncgdgnghxgcjs Su dgnghxgcg Sgnxmjig. 7919

mkYaigsgvgbcaiubj naiks dgmjvbanks dgnmgrtaiksgsXasg\baiabkg pgrgbabaiks dgvbaig mksvbks knstktutSgn.naiks dgmjvbanks mksvbksgs dgcgmwyvatk mnkXvnabjiggcrasgtks mkar mksk Xknggrsks dghnjiks Su dgdaiks ragburXasg\baibjigs ankTaig. gmgvcrjubgc, xcaig naiks

dgmjmvbanks ijTvg mksk naiks dgmjvbankS, rkSgh xcaiggcrasgtks ncjiks cghvg, naiks dgmjvbanks stgikburjiksmjSxjvnkcgn dgmjmckngra. 7918

hxgckg, naiks dgmjvbang ngmcvkbk xcaig km XknggrskS,rjmbkSgh kdk mkuvg gcrasgts, gnu ksa, rjdjrh as mgsjikaqturgc Xaa\bj dgadj. 7913 Xasgigmksgc,mkYaigsgvgbcaiubj naiks dgmjvbanks Xknggrsk naiksdgmjvbanks mksvbks mjmantXk grsaiubk XahnjigcjiksxgrksxkS ‘ mkmYaiks SvgbsgwkarkS Su `ejrkzjntkS~ 7911 ‘ dgnksgzYvraig. 791?

naiks dgmjvbanks gcrasgtk vgbcaiubkg, Xaahgcjs Xakhnjs naiksdgmjmvbanks TaXmgrktk naig, gnu kyjs dgnmgrtaiksgsfaSkbsknckskark 7914.7915 Xasgigmksgc, mgn km ogrdbaiXk, rgh mgs gruqmnks Xausgigmj cksfjmojrts, mxacvabjigXk uncg mkkYjs mksSvks

7919 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 75? o.7918 kx., mgdgbkSgc, Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 93, YcNr. 898.7913 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, Fÿtz, Kntarpratgtkjn jo Hjntrghts, kn< Egrtfgmp/Eassabknf/Ejnckus/ Ljustrg/cu Parrjn (acs.), Sjwgrcs g Aurjpagn Hkvkb Hjca, 7;;5, 947 at saq.7911 „ Ampoãndarejrkzjnt ‒.791? Xagc.< Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 95, YcNr. ?, 71 oo.6 Mackhus, GScas IDI, 900?, § 93, YcNr. 8986 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 788, YcNr. ;.7914 „ Gusbadundssjrdogbt ‒. 7915 Xagc.< Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 95, YcNr. 7?6 Mackhus, GS casIDI, 900?, § 93, YcNr. 898.




913

xabmksgwvcjmk knojrmghkg, dgkSvgbkswknjs grsaiubk dgramjaiaikcg Xaahgcjs cggcdknjs dgmjmvbanks TaXmgrktk naig. 791;

mxgraSg arSkgnk naiks grsaijiksgs TaXmgrktk naig mgXknghdgcgmwyvatkg, Su jikaqturgc dgudairgc gn grgzustgc grksdgmjvbankbk. 79?0 Xasgigmksgc, Xausgigmj sgxabwjcaiks dghnjikara-iubk Su dguhnjikaraiabk dgmjyanaig gr mkkYaig mxacvabjigXk. 79?7 dgcgmwyvatkg ks, rjm naiks dgmjvbanks gcrasgtmg Xakhnjs naiksdgmjmvbanks TaXmgrktk naig. 79?9 gmgsSgn, SgvksSgvgc iuncjvgnk naiksdgmjvbangh ngmcvkbkg, Su naiks dgmjvbanks mkmYaik Xa\bais mksk(dgmjmvbanks mkar mknkTaiubk) Xknggrsks Xahnjigs, Suncgh mksmkar XamSxvavkS dgdaiubk dgramjaiaiks dgmj. 79?8

gmks sgpkrkspkrjc, sgyurgcYaijg ssf-ks 18-a muxbksojrmubkraig. mgsXk mkSkSaiubkg, rjm `dgrkdaig gr grsaijis, Sugrh dgradnubk dgmjxgtvkcgn cg grh sxvg dgramjaiaikcgn grXak\baig zustgc cgcdkncas dgrkdaiks Xknggrsk.~ 79?3 gm njrmksmkzgnkg, dgnsgzYvrjs sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadk km XamSxvavgXk, Sudgnmgrtaiks maSjcaiks dgmjyanaiks Xamcadgh Xau\baiabkg

Xasgigmksk naiks dgmjvbanks Xknggrsks cgcdang.79?1

sgdubksxmjg, rjm, mgdgbkSgc, sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 771?-a, 79?? ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 78?9-a 79?4 cgaspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7957-a 79?5 muxbaiXk ‘ ssf-ks

791; Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 75?. Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< Bgranz/Tjbo , GS casIòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 95, YcNr. 7?6 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 788,YcNr. ;.79?0 kx., mgdgbkSgc< Obuma, GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets KK, 7;41, § 7? (7), 9;;6 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 788, YcNr. 56 gsava IDE, NLT 7;;?, 7?45,7?4;6 IDE, NLT 7;;5, 43?, 4346 IDE, NLT 9009, 7085.79?7 „ ogbsg camjnstrgtkj njn njhat ‒. kx.< Obuma, GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets KK, 7;41, § 7? (7),8076 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 788, YcNr. 56 Fÿtz, Kntarpratgtkjn joHjntrghts, kn< Egrtfgmp/Eassabknf/Ejnckus/Ljustrg/cu Parrjn(acs.), Sjwgrcs g Aurjpagn HkvkbHjca, 7;;5, 9?;. Xagc. gsava avrjpubk sgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSbks prknhk-paiks 1<707-a K muxbk. 79?9 Xagc. IDE, NLT 7;53, 497.79?8 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 75? o. Xagc.< vjn Suer , GS KK (7), 7;75, § ?7 KK, 37? (On.;9)6 Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 7? (7), 807.79?3 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 795;-a muxbk. 79?1 Xagc. zjk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, 741 cg Xamcdjmk, rjmabkhgm njrmgs `ckck pravanhkubk ounqhkks~ mgtgraibgc gYkqvgms cg mkkHnavs,rjm `kdk ogqtjirkvgc gvgbcaiubais dgrkdaiks mjngwkbaais, naigdgmjgvbknjn fgnjnkS cgcdankbk wasaiks cghvkS.~ 79?? „bg hjmmuna kntantkjn cas pgrtkas hjntrghtgntas‒. 79?4 „bg hjmuna kntanzkjna cabba pgrtk‒.79?5 „bg kntanhkøn avkcanta ca bjs hjntrgtgntas‒.




911

19-a muxbksg cg darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 788-apgrgdrgoksgdgn dgnsxvgvaikS ‘ mxgraSg sgarSj naikscgcdangzag sguigrk. gngbjdkurk mkcdjmgg gvstrkks zjdgcksgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ;73-a pgrgdrgoXkh, Sumhg mgsXk,mxgraSg sgarSj naiks pgrgbaburgc, xgzdgsmubkg mjqmackHvaubaiaiks dgSvgbkswknaiks guhkbaibjig. 79?; XvakhgrkksvgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks (sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks _ngwkbk) 7940 ma-75 K muxbXkh sguigrkg `urSkarSmogrgvTaXmgrkt naigza~. 7947 Xasgigmksgc, yvabg gm fjckokfghkgXkuzrunvabyjokbkg dgmjmvbanks TaXmgrktk naiks mkYmggcrasgtks mkar Xahnjikbk Xknggrsks dgSvgbkswknaig cg,Xasgigmksgc, mxgraSg kntarasaiks gcafvgturk cgigbgnsaig.

dgsgSvgbkswknaiabkg gsava sgqjnbks sgarSgXjrksjngsykcjiks fjnvanhkks ma-5 muxbks caiubaig, rjmabkhsgarSgXjrksj cjnaza dgnmgrtaigsSgn cgfgvXkraikSmkYwaubk fjnsansusks dgmjxgtubaigg. gsava sgyurgcYaijgunkokhkraiubk sgmgrSbairkvk raLkmks Xaqmngza mkmgrSubk

avrjpubk sgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSbks prknhkpaiks 1<707-a cgXamcdjmk muxbaik. gm njrmaikcgn dgmjmckngra, mxgrksdgnhxgcaiaik cg sxvg mjqmacaiaik uncg dgnkmgrtjs mksk naiksXasgigmksgc, Su as naig hnjikbk kyj, gn gr Xak\baijcg grshjcnjcg majra mxgras. 7949 wknggYmcad XamSxvavgXkmxacvabjigXk mkkYaig naiks jikaqturk Xahnjigcjig, 7948 rksdgnsgzYvrksgsgh dgsgSvgbkswknaiabkg fjnfratubXamSxvavgsSgn cgfgvXkraiubk yvabg grsaikSk dgramjaig, mgSXjrks mxgraSg mjbgpgrgfaig, mxgraais Xjrks Hgmjygbk-

79?; „ Iak Gusbadund vjn _artãdan kst nkhet gn cam iuhestãibkhean Xknna cas Guscruhfs zu

egotan, sjncarn cka Giskhet car Pgrtakan zu arojrshean unc car _artrgd sj zu varstaean, wka ascar Òiund cas racbkhean _arfaers antsprkhet.‒ 7940 Iuncasdasatz iatraooanc cka Ardãnzund cas Xhewakzarkshean \kvkbdasatziuheas (OònotarSakb< Jibkdgtkjnanrahet) vjm 80. Mãrz 7;77, kn< Gmtbkhea Xgmmbund car Iuncasdasatza NO 94(7;77), 874.7947 „òiaraknstkmmanca wkrfbkhea Tkbba‒6 Xagc. avrjpubk sgxabXafrubaijsgmgrSbks prknhkpaiks 1<707-a K muxbk ( „hjmmjn kntantkjn jo tea pgrtkas‒). 7949 „... stgtamants mgca iy gnc jtear hjncuht jo g pgrty gra tj ia kntarpratac ghhjrcknd tj ekskntant weara tea jtear pgrty fnaw jr hjubc njt egva iaan ungwgra wegt tegt kntant wgs‒, kx.sgqjnbks sgarSgXjrksj ngsykcjiks xabXafrubaigSg Xasgxai fjnvanhkksma-5 K muxbk6 Xagc. gsava avrjpubk sgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSbksprknhkpaiks 1<707-a KK muxbk. 7948 „...uncarstgncknd tegt g ragsjngiba parsjn jo tea sgma fknc gs tea jtear pgrty wjubc egvaegc kn sgma hkrhumstgnhas‒, kx. sgqjnbks sgarSgXjrksj ngsykcjiksxabXafrubaigSg Xasgxai fjnvanhkks ma-5 KK muxbk6 Xagc. gsava kcanturkcaiubaig avrjpubk sgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSbks prknhkpaiks 1<707-a KKKmuxbXk.




91?

iaiubk trgckhkaik, Hvaubaiaik cg mxgraSg naiksmkarkXamcdjmk mjqmacaig. 7943

Xasgigmksgc, ssf-ks 19-a muxbks caiubaig uncg dgnkmgrtjs`TaXmgrktk naiks~ sgsgrdaibjc, mgdrgm mkYaigsgvgbcaiubj naiksdgmjvbanks XamSxvavgXk guhkbaiabkg swjrac gcrasgtksSvgbsgwkarksg Su jikaqturk Xahnjigcjiks mxacvabjigXk mkYaig.gsaS XamSxvavgXk `djnkvrubk dgnslks Xacadgc~ uncg cgcdkncasmxgraSg dgarSkgnaiubk naig. 7941

8.9 dgnmgrtaiksgs sgxabm\Yvgnabj cgmgtaikSk prknhkpaik

sgmgrSbairkv wasrkdaiXk XamuXgvaiubkg dgnmgrtaiks cgmgtaikSkprknhkpaik. iavrk mgSdgnk lar fkcav rjmks sgmgrSbkcgn kYaissgSgvas. 794? swjrac rjmks sgmgrSbks gngbkzks sgou\vabza sgvknks mkar Hgmjygbkiaiubk rgmcankma frktarkumk cYasgh dgnsgfuSraiubgYnkXvngs kmsgxurais. mgdgbkSgc, kdk mkuSkSais, rjm sgaTvjjiksgs

naiks dgmjvbang ksa uncg dgnkmgrtjs, rjm mgqskmgburgcXasg\baiabk kyjs dgrkdaiks sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaiks XangrHunaig,gnu ksa, rjm mgn gr dgmjkwvkjs, mgdgbkSgc, igSkbjig gnXasgsrubaibgc Xau\baiabk vgbcaiubaiks cgwasaig. 7944 gngbjdkurgc, sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7714-a 7945,aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7953-a 794; cg ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 78?4-a 7950 muxbaiks Xasgigmksgc, hgbfaubk caiubaigsgaTvjjiksgs ksa uncg dgnkmgrtjs, rjm mgS dgrfvaubksgmgrSbairkvk Xacadk mjeyvaijcas cg grg ksa, SkSqjs mgSmnkXvnabjig gr eqjncaS. kcanturk mkcdjmg gsgxubkg gsava

7943 „ Kn catarmknknd tea kntant jo g pgrty jr tea uncarstgncknd g rasjngiba parsjn wjubc egvaegc, cua hjnskcargtkjn ks tj ia dkvan tj gbb rabavgnt hkrhumstgnhas jo tea hgsa knhbucknd tea

nadjtkgtkjns, gny prghtkhas wekhe tea pgrtkas egva astgibkseac iatwaan teamsabvas, usgdas gncgny suisaquant hjncuht jo tea pgrtkas‒, kx. sgqjnbks sgarSgXjrksj ngsykcjiksxabXafrubaigSg Xasgxai fjnvanhkks ma-5 KKK muxbk6 Xagc. gsava avrjpubksgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSbks prknhkpaiks 1<709-a muxbk. 7941 Xagc. Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 755.794? \kmmarmgnn, Sea Bgw jo Jibkdgtkjns, Yjmgn Ojuncgtkjns jo tea Hkvkbkgn Srgcktkjn, 7;;?,?97 at saq.7944 Xgvkdny, Cgs Jibkdgtkjnanrahet gbs Seakb cas eautkdan Yÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc KK, 7518,§ 47, 7;0.7945 „ Bjrsqu'una hbgusa ast sushaptkiba ca caux sans, jn cjkt pbutót b'antancra cgns habuk gvahbaquab abba paut gvjkr quabqua aooat, qua cgns ba sans gvah baquab abba n'an pjurrgkt prjcukraguhun.‒ 794; „Xk gbdung hbçusubg ca bjs hjntrgtjs gcmktkara ckvarsjs santkcjs, caiarç antancarsa an abmçs gcahugcj pgrg qua prjcuzhg aoahtj.‒ 7950 „Hjnsarvgzkjna cab hjntrgttj‒.




914

avrjpubk sgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSbks prknhkpaiks 1<70?-amuxbXk. 7957 as iunairkvkg. mxgraSg sgvgrgucj survkbk grks grgiuncjvgnaiks dgmjwvavg, igSkbk xabXafrubaiks cgcaig gnXasgsrubaibgc Xau\baiab vgbcaiubaigza XaSgnxmaig, grgmacsgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaiks dgmjmwvavk naiks ojrmkraig.

sgvknkm naiks dgmjvbanks dgnmgrtaiksgs dggmgxvkbgyurgcYaig naiks dgmjxgtvks gcdkbks 7959 mnkXvnabjigza. 7958 asmkcdjmg gsgxubkg sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 771;-a 7953 cgktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 78?;-a 7951 muxbaiXk, rjmabSgSgngxmgc, mxacvabjigXk uncg kqnas mkYaiubk xabXafrubaikscgcaiks gcdkbgs mjqmack zjdgck Hvaubaiaik, gnu XasgigmkskorgzaiksSvks xabXafrubaiks cgcaiks gcdkbgs mknkTaiubkmnkXvnabjig. Sgngmacrjva sgmgrSgbXk cdaig Xamcdjmkckoaranhkghkks guhkbaibjig< naiks dgmjvbanks dgnmgrtaiksgsdgSvgbkswknaiubk uncg kqnas mksk mkYaigsgvgbcaiubjjig cgdgcgmwyvatkg naiks dgmjvbanks mksvbks gcdkbgs mknkTaiubkmnkXvnabjig6 xjbj grgmkYaigsgvgbcaiubj naiks dgmjvbanks

XamSxvavgXk (gncar\k, qjnaigza uobaiks mktjvaig) mxjbjc naiksdgmjmvbanks TaXmgrktk naigg dgsgSvgbkswknaiabk cg, Xasgigmksgc,dghxgcaiks gcdkbgs mknkTaiubk mnkXvnabjig. gngbjdkurkcaiubaigg mjhamubk ssf-ks 884-a muxbXk, rjmbks sgSgngcjcdgnmgrtaiks XamSxvavgXk cgcdaig gcafvgturk Xacadk, far\jc<gqhaptgntks sghxjvraiabk gcdkbk uncg dgnkmgrtjs rjdjrh naiksgcrasgtks gcdkbsgmyjoabk.

sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7715-a 795? cg aspgnaSkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 795?-a 7954 muxbaik kSvgbkswknais xabXafru-baiks grskcgn dgmjmckngra dgnmgrtaigs cg upkrgtasjigs gnkTaishgbfaubk sktyvksg Su orgzks km mnkXvnabjigs, rjmabkh yvabgzauorj gxbjs grks xabXafrubaiks sgdgnSgn Su XknggrsSgn.gngbjdkurk caiubaig mjwasrkdaiubkg ssf-ks 885-a muxbXk,`xabXafrubaigXk urSkarSdgmjmrkhxvabk gn mrgvgbmnkXvnabjvgnkdgmjngSqvgmaiks crjs upkrgtasjig uncg mkankTjs km dgmjngSqvgms,rjmabkh yvabgza matgc Xaasgtyvksaig xabXafrubaiks Xknggrss.~

7957 „ Gn kntarpratgtkjn wekhe rancars tea tarms jo tea hjntrght bgwoub, jr aooahtkva, ks tj ia praoarrac tj jna wekhe wjubc njt.‒ 7959 „Xprghedairguhe cas Jrtas‒.7958 Xgvkdny, Cgs Jibkdgtkjnanrahet gbs Seakb cas eautkdan Yÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc KK, 7518,§ 47, 7;0.7953 „Ha quk ast gmikdu s'kntarpråta pgr ha quk ast c'usgda cgns ba pgys jû ba hjntrgt ast pgssë.‒ 7951 „ Prgtkhea danargbk kntarpratgtkva‒. 795? „ Bas tarmas sushaptkibas ca caux sans cjkvant ìtra prks cgns ba sans quk hjnvkant ba pbus à bgmgtkåra cu hjntrgt .‒ 7954 „ Bgs pgbgirgs qua puacgn tancar ckstkntgs ghaphkjnas sarçn antanckcgs an gquabbg qua sagmçs hjnojrma g bg ngturgbazg y jilatj cab hjntrgtj.‒




915

sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 77?7-a 7955, aspgnaSkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7951-a 795; cg ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks78?8-a79;0 muxbaikS hgbfaubk caiubaiks skstamurk,xabXafrubaiks sxvg caiubaiaiSgn urSkarSfgvXkrXk dgnmgrtaiksguhkbaibjigg xgzdgsmubk. avrjpubk sgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSbksprknhkpaiks 1<701-a muxbXk gngbjdkurgcgg mjwasrkdaiubk mSbkgnkxabXafrubaikcgn dgmjmckngra dgnmgrtaiks prknhkpk. 79;7

ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 78??-a muxbkfaSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpks Xasgigmksk dgnmgrtaiks mjSxjvngsgygbkiais. 79;9 dgrcg gmksg, darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 714-apgrgdrgok kSvgbkswknais xabXafrubaiks faSkbsknckskaraiksprknhkpks Xasgigmksgc dgnmgrtaigs, Hvaubaiaiks dgSvg-bkswknaikS. 79;8 gvstrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ;73-a cg 5?8-a KKpgrgdrgoaiXkh arSmgnaSSgn mTkcrj fgvXkrXk dgnkxkbaigdgnmgrtaig faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpksg cg HvaubaiaiksdgSvgbkswknaikS, gnu mxacvabjigXk mkkYaig `faSkbsknckskaraigzacgou\naiub irunvgXk mjqmack Hvaubaiaik~. 79;3 ssf-ks 885-a muxbXkh,

sgvgrgucjc darmgnkksg cg gvstrkks fgnjnmcaibjiks dgvbankS,`sgvgTrj Hvaubaiaik cg trgckhkaik~ mkHnaubkg xabXafrubaiksXknggrsks dgnsgzYvrks knstrumantgc. gmgsSgn, dgsgSvgbks-wknaiabkg, rjm ssf-ks 885-a muxbXk fgnjnmcaiabk sguirjis grgHvaubaigza, rjdjrh sgmgrSbks wygrjza (ssf-ks ma-9 K_ muxbksdgdaikS), grgmac kyanais dgnsxvgvaiub tarmknais ‘ `sgvgTrjHvaubaiaisg cg trgckhkais~. Xasgigmksgc, gm ufgngsfnabXkmjkgzraig mxgraais Xjrks Hgmjygbkiaiubk `sgvgTrj Hvaubaiaik cgtrgckhkaik~ cg grg Hvaubaiaik, rjmbaisgh mxgraaik khgvanrjdjrh mjqmac sgmgrSgbs. 79;1 iunairkvkg, Hvaubaig, rjdjrhmjqmack sgmgrSbks ngwkbk, SgvksSgvgc kmjqmacais cg mgsza

7955 „Sjutas bas hbgusas cas hjnvantkjns s'kntarpråtant bas unas pgr bas gutras, an cjnngnt àheghuna ba sans quk rësubta ca b'ghta antkar .‒ 795; „ Bgs hbçusubgs ca bjs hjntrgtjs caiarçn kntarpratgrsa bgs ungs pjr bgs jtrgs, gtrkiuyancj gbgs cucjsgs as santkcj qua rasubta cab hjnluntj ca tjcgs.‒ 79;0 „ Kntarpratgzkjna hjmpbasskvg cabba hbgusjba‒. 79;7 „Sarms gra tj ia kntarpratac kn tea bkdet jo tea wejba hjntrght kn wekhe teay gppagr.‒ 79;9 „ Kntarpratgzkjna ck iujng oaca‒. Xagc. gsava wkngsgxabXafrubaij urSkarSj-iaiks mkmgrS mjqmack ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7884-a muxbk(„Srgttgtkva a raspjnsgikbktç prahjntrgttugba‒). 79;8 „_artrãda sknc sj guszubadan, wka Srau unc Dbguian mkt Yòhfskhet guo cka _arfaerssktta asarojrcarn.‒ 79;3 „...cka km racbkhean _arfaer dabtanca Dawjeneaktan unc Dairãuhea6 Òiund cas racbkhean_arfaers .‒ 79;1 gvstrkksg cg darmgnkks sgmgrSgbXk HvaubaikSk sgmgrSbks `ogqtji-rkvk Hvaubaiaiksg~ Su `sgvgTrj Hvaubaiaiksg cg trgckhkaiksgdgn~dgmklvngsSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx. zamjS, 14.




91;

mkSkSaig ojrmubkraikS ‘ `Xak\baig mxacvabjigXk kqnasmkYaiubk~ ‘ gbjdkfurk kqnaijcg.

sgyurgcYaijg nkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ?<935-a Kmuxbks caiubaigh, rjmbks Sgngxmgcgh, xabXafrubaig wgrmjXjisgrg mxjbjc mxgraSg mkar XaSgnxmaiub, grgmac, xabXafrubaiksgrsks dgSvgbkswknaikS, uXugbjc fgnjnkcgn, Hvaubaikcgn gnfaSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpkcgn dgmjmckngra Xacadais. 79;?

gmgsSgn, aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7959-a muxbkScgfjnfrataiubkg, rjm mxgraSg naiks cgcdanksgs mxacvabjigXkuncg kqnas mkYaiubk mgSk qhavg rjdjrh xabXafrubaikscgcaigmca (`cgcaiks parkjcXk~), ksa mks Xamcdjm. 79;4 as catgbkxgzdgsmubkg avrjpubk sgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSbks prknhkpaiks1<709-a muxbXkh, rjmabkh Xakhgvs dgnmgrtaiksgsdgsgSvgbkswknaiab ̀ grsaikS dgramjaigSg~ 79;5 zjdgc HgmjngSvgbs.

sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 77?9-a 79;; cg ktgbkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7840-a muxbaiXk 7800 njrmks gvtjrkssgwknggYmcadj dgnmgrtaiks prknhkpkg Hgmjygbkiaiubk. 7807

mgdgbkSgc, xabXafrubaiks stgncgrtubk pkrjiaik dgnkmgrtaigXamSgvgzaibks sgzkgnjc. grsaikSgc kcanturk caiubaiggdgSvgbkswknaiubk aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7955-a muxbkS,rjmabkh fr\gbgvs iuncjvgnaiks dgmjmwvavk mxgrksgSvksupkrgtasjiks mkmham dgnmgrtaigs. 7809 gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks ;71-a pgrgdrgoXkh mjwasrkdaiubkg naiks dgmhxgcaibkssgzkgnjc dgnmgrtaiks prknhkpk `jrmxrkvgc mgvgbcaiubaiabxabXafrubaiaiXk~, mgXkn rjcasgh hgbmxrkvgc mgvgbcaiubaiabxabXafrubaiaiSgn mkmgrSaikS mjqmacais prazumohkg, rjm mjvgbamktvkrSg uorj msuiuqk vgbcaiubaig, vkcra m\kma. 7808

79;? „ Aan jvaraanfjmst eaaot nkat gbbaan ca cjjr pgrtklan jvaraandafjman rahetsdavjbdan, mggrjjf cka wabfa, nggr ca ggrc vgn ca jvaraanfjmst, ukt ca wat, ca dawjjnta jo ca aksan vgn

racabklfeakc an ikbbklfeakc vjjrtvbjakan.‒ 79;4 „ Pgrg luzdgr ca bg kntanhkø ca bg hjntrgtgntas, caiarç gtancarsa prknhkpgbmanta g bjs ghtjsca ëstjs, hjatçnajs y pjstarkjras gb hjntrgtj. ‒ Xagc. sgqjnbks sgarSgXjrksjngsykcjiks xabXafrubaigSg Xasgxai fjnvanhkks ma-5 KKK muxbks caiubaig. 79;5 „ Yabavgnt hkrhumstgnhas‒.79;; „ Cgns ba cjuta, bg hjnvantkjn s'kntarpråta hjntra habuk quk g stkpubë at an ogvaur ca habuk qukg hjntrghtë b'jibkdgtkjn.‒ 7800 „ Kntarpratgzkjna hjntrj b‛gutjra cabbg hbgusjbg ‒.7807 Xagc. njrmks gvtjrks sgwknggYmcadj dgnmgrtaiks prknhkpksHgmjygbkiaigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS \kmmarmgnn, Sea Bgw jo Jibkdgtkjns, YjmgnOjuncgtkjns jo tea Hkvkbkgn Srgcktkjn, 7;;?, ?8; at saq.7809 „ Bg kntarpratghkøn ca bgs hbçusubgs jshurgs ca un hjntrgtj nj caiarç ogvjrahar g bg pgrtaqua euikasa jhgskjngcj bg jshurkcgc.‒ 7808 „ Iak aknsaktkd varikncbkhean _artrãdan wkrc km \wakoab gndanjmman, cgÚ skhe car_arpobkhetata aear cka darkndara gbs cka shewarara Bgst guobadan wjbbta, iak zwaksaktkd




9?0

gmgsSgn, mgdgbkSgc, sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 77?9-amuxbks, aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7955-a muxbksg cg gvstrkkszjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ;71-a pgrgdrgoksgdgn dgnsxvgvaikS,ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7840-a muxbXk njrmks gvtjrkssgwknggYmcadj dgnmgrtaiks prknhkpks mjqmacaig cgfgvXkraiubkgxabXafrubaiks stgncgrtub pkrjiaiSgn. 7803 nkXgncjibkvkg, rjmavrjpubk sgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSbks prknhkpaiks 1<708-a muxbXkhgqhantk mxjbjc xabXafrubaiks stgncgrtub pkrjiaizagdgfaSaiubk. 7801 gm prknhkpks dgmjyanaiks swjrac as gbtarngtkvggksgxg ssf-ks 831-a muxbXk.

yurgcYaigs kmsgxurais ssf-ks 830-a muxbk, rjmabXkhXaraubk xabXafrubaiks dgnmgrtaiksgs mjqmack prknhkpkgmjhamubk. fgnjnmcaibks gzrkS, `Xaraubk xabXafrubaiksdgnmgrtaiksgs mxacvabjigXk mkkYaig njrmaik km xabXafrubaigSgXasgxai, rjmbaikh Xasrubaiks grsSgn yvabgza gxbjs cdgngn cgmgs Xaasgigmaikgn.~ as njrmg fgnjnks njrmaiks dgmjyanaiks arSdvgrkknstruqhkgg cg mkuSkSais, Su rg njrmaik dgvrhabcaig

fjnfratubk xabXafrubaiksg Su mksk hgbfaubk ngwkbks mkmgrS.kmks dgSvgbkswknaikS, rjm vgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSgbk ckcwkbgcckspjzkhkurkg, fgnjnks njrmaik km mjhubjikS dgmjkyanaig, rgogrdbaiXkh mgSk mjqmacaig mxgraaimg gr dgmjrkhxas uXugbjcsxvgdvgrk XaSgnxmaikS. Xasgigmksgc, Su mxgraSg mkar dgnsgzYvrubkurSkarSjiks XknggrsXk fgnjnmcaibjikS dgSvgbkswknaiubxabXafrubaigSg sxvgcgsxvg tkpksgSvks cgmgxgskgSaiabk caiuba-iaikg gsgxubk, dgcgmwyvatk mnkXvnabjig swjrac xabXafrubaiks gmabamantaiks dgmklvngcjigs ankTaig. km XamSxvavgXk, Su mgSkdgnhgbfavaig Xasg\baiabkg, dgmjkyanaig SkSjaubk ngwkbks mkmgrSmjqmack Xasgigmksk njrmaik. wknggYmcad XamSxvavgXk kmjqmacais kmxabXafrubaigsSgn fgvXkrXk mjwasrkdaiubk njrmaik, rjmabSgabamantaikh ̀ dgcgwjnks~. gYnkXnubk dgnksgzYvraig xabXafrubaiksXknggrsksgSvks cgmgxgskgSaiabk mjqmacaiks grskcgn dgmjmckngra,gnu kmks mkxacvkS, Su xabXafrubaiks rjmabk tkpks abamantaiksTgrijis mgsXk grsaiub sxvg abamantais. gm SvgbsgzrkskScgsgfjnfra-taiabkg ssf-ks 830-a muxbks caiubaig.

hxgckg, dgnmgrtaiks prknhkpaik gr grks Xasgsrubaibgcsgvgbcaiubj km dgdaikS, rjm gr XazYucjs mjsgmgrSbadgnmgrtaiks prjhasXk. ksknk mksSvks mxjbjc cgmxmgra knstruman-

varikncbkhean wkrc akna uncautbkhea ÃuÚarund zum Nghetakba caslankdan arfbãrt, car skhecarsabian iacknt egt.‒ Xagc. gsava gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 5?;-amuxbk. 7803 „hjnckzkjnk danargbk ck hjntrgttj j kn mjcubk j ojrmubgrk‒.7801 „Teara teara ks cjuit gijut tea magnknd jo g hjntrght tarm njt knckvkcugbby nadjtkgtac, gnkntarpratgtkjn jo tea tarm gdgknst tea pgrty wej suppbkac kt ks tj ia praoarrac.‒




9?7

taikg. Xasgigmksgc, kmks mkuxacgvgc, dgSvgbkswknaiubkg Su grgdgnmgrtaiks hgbfaubk prknhkpk sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjigXk,mjsgmgrSba uobaigmjskbkg, Sgvksk Xaxacubaiksgmair dgmjkyanjsgn gr dgmjkyanjs naiksmkark mgSdgnk. 780? mgdgbkSgc, darmgnubsgmgrSgbXk sgarSjc ugrk kSqvg dgnmgrtaiks fjnfratubkprknhkpaiks sgfgnjnmcaibj mjwasrkdaigza km grdumantkS, rjmmjsgmgrSbas gr asgTkrjaig bjdkfks swgvbaig. 7804 gsaSkXaxacubaiks grsaijiks mkuxacgvgc, dgnmgrtaiks arSdvgrjvgnkprknhkpaiks grsaijig mnkXvnabjvgnkg far\jsgmgrSbairkv skstamgXksgmgrSbairkvk skhxgcksgSvks.

3. igSkbjig cg ngmcvkbjiks Xamgoarxaiab dgramjaiaiSgncgfgvXkraiubk sxvg sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaik

knckvkcks mjqmacaiks Sgvksuobaig kzYucaig km mjhubjikS, rghguhkbaiabkg mksk gn sxvg pkrSg kntarasaiks dgnsgxjrhkabaibgc.mjqmacaiks ogrdbaiks gsaSk cgfjnfrataiks mkzgnkg grgsgmgrS-

bkgnk Xacadaiksgdgn hgbfaubk knckvkcksg cg, zjdgcgc,sgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdks cghvg.naiks dgmjvbanks ngmcvkbjigza sguirksgs sgvknk sgm

fjmpjnants dgmjyjos< naigs, mks dgmjvbangs cg mgSurSkarSXasgigmksjigs. 7805 gm sgmk abamantkcgn arS-arSks xgrvazkdgngpkrjiais naiks dgmjvbanks grgrsaijigs gn grgngmcvkbjigs,ngmcvkbjiks Xamgoarxaiabk dgramjaiks dgmj. mgdgbkSgc, Su naigjikaqturgc Xahnjigcgc dgmjvbankbk gr grks, ks sgmgrSbairkvgcgr grsaijis (Xasrubaiubk gr grks mksk ngmcvkbjiks wkngpkrjig),xjbj Su, mgdgbkSgc, mjHvanaikSkg gn mgrSbsgwknggYmcadj, naiksdgmjvbang grsaijis, mgdrgm gr grks ngmcvkbk.

ngmcvkbjiks Xamgoarxaiabkg ks dgramjaig, rjmabkh naiksdgmjvbanks dgradnubk dgmjxgtubaiks, mksk XamgcdanbjiksgrsaikSk abamantaiks grsaijiks mkuxacgvgc, dgvbangs gxcansdgrkdaiks ngmcvkbjigza. Xasgigmksgc, dgrkdaiks ngmcvkbjigsg Sugrgngmcvkbjigza sguigrk cgsgXvaikg mxjbjc mksk dgradnubk

780? Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, Fÿtz, Kntarpratgtkjn jo Hjntrghts, kn< Egrtfgmp/Eassabknf/Ejnckus/ Ljustrg/cu Parrjn (acs.), Sjwgrcs g Aurjpagn Hkvkb Hjca, 7;;5, 943.7804 kx.< Mudcgn (Ersd.), Cka dasgmmtan Mgtarkgbkan zum Iòrdarbkhean Dasatziuhe oòr cgsCautshea Yakhe, Ic. 7, 75;;, 38?, mkSkSaiubkg< Fÿtz, Kntarpratgtkjn jo Hjntrghts, kn< Egrtfgmp/Eassabknf/Ejnckus/Ljustrg/cu Parrjn (acs.), Sjwgrcs g Aurjpagn Hkvkb Hjca, 7;;5,943.7805 Xgvkdny, Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc KKK, 7530, § 773, ;;6gsava Xgvkdny,Cgs Jibkdgtkjnanrahet gbs Seakb cas eautkdan Yÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc KK, 7518, § 47, 754.




9?9

dgmjxgtubaiks grsaijiksgs, wknggYmcad XamSxvavgXk dgrkdaig grkgrsaiais. 780;

sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaiks dgmjwvavg Xak\baig mkuYaiabk kyjsdgrkdaiks Xknggrsks cguXvaibjiks, mksk cgcaiks dgramjaiaiks,naiks dgmjvbanks ojrmks, naiks ngfbksg gn mksk dgmjvbanksxgrvazks dgmj. gmgsSgn, as dgramjaiaik Xak\baig ufgvXkrcaijcaspkrjvnaiks mkar dghnjikaraiub mjqmacaigs, gn mksdgncgmjufkcaiabk kyjs, mgdgbkSgc, sgfuSgrk qhavks mgrSvksg cg mkskXacadks dggzraiks ungrks grqjnks dgmj. 7870 mkzazk mrgvgbmxrkvkg,Xacadk fk cgkyvgnaig sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks cgcdjmksgrgrsaijigza. 7877

ngmcvkbjiks Xamgoarxaiabk dgramjaiaiks grsaijikssgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaiks dgnsgzYvrgs gzrSg sxvgcgsxvgjigmjeyvg rjdjrh iunaikS sgmgrSgbXk, 7879 ksa sgarSj avrjpubsgmgrSgbXk. 7878 sgcgvj kyj ks, Su rgmcangc guhkbaiabkgsgmgrSbirkv Xacadgc igSkbjiks dgSvgbkswknaig, 7873 xjbj

igSkbjiks cgsgcdjmgc sgsgmgrSbjsgSvks mkmgrSvg.sgijbjjc cgmfvkcrcg dgmklvng fgnjnks sgou\vabzaigSkbjigsg 7871 cg dgigSkbaigs (sghkbjjigs) 787? Xjrks. 7874

swjrac as mkcdjmg kyj gsgxubk sgqgrSvabjs ssr-kssgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks fjcaqsXkh. mgsXk kmklnaijcg fgnjnkssgou\vabza igSkbk dgrkdaig 7875 ksaSk dgrkdaiksdgn, rjmbks

780; Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § 40, 7;9.7870 igSkbjiks sgou\vbaiks mkmjxkbvg darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk kx., mgdgbk-Sgc, Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 88, YcNr. 350 oo.6 orgndub sgmgrSgbSgncgfgvXkraikS Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, Tkncsheakc , \ur Baera cas Hjca Ngpjbajn vjn carQndòbtkdfakt car Yahetsdasheãota, 7534, 7 oo.7877 „ks jo nj aooaht ‒, „ast prkvë ca tjut aooat ‒. kx. avrjpubk sgxabXafrubaijsgmgrSbks prknhkpaiks 71<707-a muxbk ( Bgncj/Hbkva/Pròm/\kmmarmgnn(acs.), Prknhkpbas jo Aurjpagn Hjntrght Bgw, Pgrt KKK, 9008). 7879 kx., mgdgbkSgc, Drjtkus, Ca kura iabbk gh pghks, 7?91, kn<vjn Fkrhemgnn (Ersd.), CrakIòhear òiar cgs Yahet cas Frkadas unc Orkacans, 75?;, KK, UK, _KK, 8;?.7878 Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 5; KK, 33?.7873 kx. Drjtkus, Ca kura iabbk gh pghks, 7?91, kn<vjn Fkrhemgnn (Ersd.), Crak Iòhear òiar cgsYahet cas Frkadas unc Orkacans, 75?;, KK, UK, _KK, 8;?.7871 „ Nkhetkdfakt ‒ (gsava „ Nkhetkdfakt frgot Dasatzas‒), „nubbktë ca pbakn crjkt ‒. 787? „ Gnoahetigrfakt ‒, „gnnubgikbktë‒. 7874 tarmknjbjdkurk dgmklvnks prjibamgh sgarSjg rjdjrh sgarSjsgmgrSgbXk, ksa a.w. \vab fjckokfghkaiXk. Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< Hjknd ,

Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet K, Ãbtaras Damaknas Yahet, 7;51, § 59 K, 378 oo.6gsava Hjknd ,Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 5; KK, 33?.7875 kx., mgdgbkSgc, sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks fjcaqsks35-a cg Xamcdjmk muxbaik.




9?8

igSkbgc hnjig xcaijcg sgsgmgrSbjsSvks mkmgrSvkssgou\vabza. 787;

as mkcdjmg, sgvgrgucjc, orgndubk sgmgrSbksdgvbankSg cg rusubk sgmgrSbks dgvbkS cgmfvkcrcgsgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjigXk. gm vgrgucks arS-arSksgou\vabk igSkbjiks wkngpkrjigc swjrac sgsgmgrSbj-sgSvks sgrHabkS mkmgrSvks guhkbaibjiks dgnsgzYvrgg. larfkcav sgarSj avrjpub sgmgrSgbXk sgcgvjc mkHnaubksgfkSxk ‘ sgfmgrksk kyj sghkbj dgrkdaiks igSkbjiksgSvkshgbmxrkvk mkYaigsgvgbcaiubj naiks dgmjvbang Suguhkbaiabk kyj sgsgmgrSbjsSvks mkmgrSvg ‘ swjracorgndub sgmgrSgbXk dgcgwycg sgsgmgrSbjsgSvks mkmgrSvkssgvgbcaiubjjiks sgsgrdaibjc. 7890

dgrcg gmksg, dgmjkfvaSg naiks dgmjvbanks \gbgXkcgtjvaiksg cg Sgvks kntarasaiXk Xabgxubk pkrksgSvksfjmpansghkks sgxkS zkgnks gngzYguraiks mjSxjvnks mknkTaiksgbtarngtkvgh. 7897

ssf-Xk ngmcvkbjiks Xamgoarxaiabk dgramjaiaik skstamgtkzaiubkgmgSSgn cgfgvXkraiubk sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks SvgbsgzrkskS.igSkbjiks sgou\vbaiks dgnmsgzYvrabk njrmaik ssf-ks 13-a-1;-a KmuxbaiXkg mjwasrkdaiubk, xjbj sghkbjjiksg ssf-ks 49-a-5;-amuxbaiXk. dgrcg gmksg, ssf-ks ?8-a K cg 777-a K muxbaiXk uXugbjcgrks dgSvgbkswknaiubk maryavgc igSkbjiks mjmwasrkdaiabknjrmaik.

3.7 igSkbjig

igSkbk dgrkdaig var wgrmjXjis sgmgrSbairkv Xacadais mksk`grsaijiks~ varharS atgpza. dgrkdaig igSkbkg, xjbj Xacadk,rjmabkh mksdgn uncg dgmjmckngrajicas, kSvbaig grcgmcdgrgc. 7899

787; kx. sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks fjcaqsks 11-a K muxbk<`dgrkdaig, cgcaiubk grsaikSk mnkXvnabjiks mqjna hcjmkbaiks dgvbankS,hnjikbk kqnaig igSkbgc km mxgrks sgrHabkS, rjmabkh hcjmkbaiksdgvbankS mjqmacaicg.~ 7890 Xagc. Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 5; KK, 33?.kx. gsavasgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7774-a muxbk< „ Bg hjnvantkjn hjntrghtëa pgrarraur, vkjbanha ju cjb, n'ast pjknt nubba ca pbakn crjkt6 abba cjnna saubamant bkau à una ghtkjn annubbktë ju an rashkskjn…‒ 7897 kx. Drjtkus, Ca kura iabbk gh pghks, 7?91, kn<vjn Fkrhemgnn (Ersd.), Crak Iòhear òiar cgsYahet cas Frkadas unc Orkacans, 75?;, KK, UK, _KK, 8;?.7899 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § 59, 93?.




9?3

igSkbjig mjqmacais yvabgs mkmgrS cg gr sgTkrjais dgnxjrhka-baigs. 7898

gmgsSgn, igSkbjiksgs naiks dgmjvbanks grgngmcvkbjigsdgngpkrjiais Xamgcdanbjiks ksaSk grsaikSk cg dgmjuswjraiabkngfbk, rgh Xau\baiabs xcks sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks cgcdjmgs. 7893

ssf-ks 13-a-1;-a K muxbaiXk fgnjnmcaiabk sguirjis naiksdgmjvbanksg gn dgrkdaiks IigSkbjiks Xasgxai, Sumhg ssf-ks?7-a muxbXk kyanais gsava orgzgs ‘ ùhkbjc igSkbk (grgrg)dgrkdaig~. Su fgnjnmcaiabs gm caiubaikS dgrkdaiksigSkbjiksgdgn dgnsxvgvaiubk sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadkscgmfvkcraiks survkbk eqjncg, dgudaigrkg ssf-ks 13-a-1;-a KmuxbaiXk mkSkSaiubk igSkbjiks sgou\vbaiks sgmgrSbai-rkvk Xacadk.

sgiTjSg sgmgrSgbXk tarmknk ìgSkbk~ naiksmkarkngmcvkbjiks Xamgoarxaiabk dgramjaiks Xacadks mkmgrSdgmjkyanaijcg cg ksknk (Xacadaik) kmklnaijcg sgsgmgrSbj-

sgSvks mkmgrSvks guhkbaibjiks dgnsgzYvrkS gn uXugbjcfgnjnks sgou\vabza wgrmjXjigza mkSkSaikS. ssf-ks 13-a-1;-a KmuxbaiXk gsaSk cgfjnfrataig fgnjnmcaiabs gr dgufaSaikgcg orgzg ùhkbjc igSkbk (grgrg) dgrkdaig~ grharSkngmcvkbjiks Xamgoarxaiabk dgramjaiks mkmgrS grdgmjuyanaikg. Xasgigmksgc, Xau\baiabkg, as orgzg rgkmadgnsxvgvaiub sgmgrSbairkv Xacadza mkSkSaigc HgkSvgbjs.

ssf-ks ?7-a muxbXk fgnjnmcaiabmg ùhkbjc igSkbk(grgrg) dgrkdaig~ mjkxsankg igSkbjiks grsza sguirksgs cg,Xasgigmksgc, mksk gYwarkbjikS ojrmubkraigc uncgHgkSvgbjs. kdk mkuSkSais kmgza, rjm igSkbjig grksigSkbjig, gnu mgs gr sTkrcaig Xahkbaig (ùhkbjg~),sghkbj dgrkdaiksgdgn dgnsxvgvaikS, cg kdk gr uXvais naiksdgmjvbanks ngmcvkbjigs mksk dgmjvbanks grharS atgpza, gnunaiks dgmjvbang Su dgrkdaig sgmgrSbairkvgc gr grsaijis(`grgrgg~).

ssf-ks ?7-a K muxbk, gcafvgturgc dgnmgrtaiks XamSxvavgXk,mkuSkSais, rjm dgrkdaiks igSkbjig nkXngvs sgmgrSbairkvkXacadaiks grgrsaijigs, `mksk cgcaiks mjmantkcgn~. bjdkfurgc,vkngkcgn igSkbjig naiks dgmjvbanks dgmjuswjraiabk ngfbkS grksdgnpkrjiaiubk, ssf-ks ?7-a KK muxbks Sgngxmgc, `cgcgsturaig~

7898 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, vjn Suer , GS KK (7), 7;75, § 1? KKK, 959.7893 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 75;, 977.




9?1

dgrkdaiks xabgxbg cgcaigg. 7891 as kmgs nkXngvs, rjm igSkbkdgrkdaiks sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaiks XangrHunaig Xau\baiabkg cgnaiks dgmjvbang xabgxbg uncg mjxcas.

gmgsSgn, knckvkcks mjqmacaiks Sgvksuobaikcgn dgmjmckngra,naiks dgmjvbanks Xacadaiks igSkbgc dgmjhxcaig ufkcurask zjmggcg kdk mxjbjc mgXkn cdaig, Su ugbtarngtkvjg. 789? swjrac gmktjmsgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjikS dgSvgbkswknaiubkg rjdjrhfjnvarskks, ksa ngwkbjirkvk igSkbjiks knstktutk.

3.9 fjnvarskg

fjnvarskks mjmwasrkdaiabk ssf-ks ma-?0 muxbks Xasgigmksgc, `SuigSkbk dgrkdaig gfmgyjokbais sxvg dgrkdaiksgSvksdgSvgbkswknaiub mjSxjvnais, dgmjkyanaig as ufgngsfnabk, Sufkdgrkdaiks igSkbjiks Xatyjiksgs mxgraais surS mksk ngmcvkbjig.~as caiubaig, mgdgbkSgc, darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 730-apgrgdrgoksdgn, grsaikSgc, `mxgraaiza~ mkSkSaikSg cg gm mxgraSg

survkbks gwmyjXk mjxsankaikSg Su ogqtks grsaijiksfjnstgtghkkS dgnsxvgvcaig. 7894 Xasgigmksgc, ssf-ks ma-?0 muxbkscaiubaiks ‘ `mxgraais surS mksk ngmcvkbjig~ ‘ Sgvksaiuraig,darmgnubk prjtjtkpksdgn ‘ `mksk ngmcvkbjig sgsurvabk kqnaijcg~

‘ arSk mxrkv, hgbmxrkv naiks dgmjvbangza grdgvrhabaigsg cg,majra mxrkv, mxgraSg naiks ogqtjirkvgc grsaijigza gqhantkSvbkncaig.

\nabk gsgxsnabkg, Su rgtjm cgsTkrcg fgnjnmcaiabsfjnvarskks XazYucvg km dgrkdaiaikS, rjmbaiXkh `mxgraaiks~grsaijigg guhkbaiabk. gm mkcdjmkS, arSk XaxacvkS, ssf-ks ma-?0muxbk msdgvsaigs gvbans, mgdgbkSgc, ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 7393-a muxbSgn, rjmabXkh igSkbk xabXafrubaiksfjnvarskg wasrkdcaig. 7895 gmgsSgn, dgsgSvgbkswknaiabkg, rjmktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsXk gr grks zjdgck ngwkbk cgvgbcaiubaikS sgmgrSgbXk sgxabXafrubaij urSkarSjiksmjwasrkdaiksgs iunairkvkg ks, rjm fgnjnmcaiabk sguirjis

7891 gm njrmks prjtjtkpkg darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 737-a K pgrgdrgok(„Tkrc akn nkhetkdas Yahetsdasheãot vjn camlankdan, wabhear as vjrdanjmman egt, iastãtkdt, sjkst cka Iastãtkdund gbs arnauta _jrngema zu iaurtakban.‒). gngbjdkurk caiubaiggmjhamubk gzarigklgnks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 817-a K_muxbXk. 789? Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 977.7894 „ Ansprkhet akn nkhetkdas Yahetsdasheãot can Arojrcarnkssan aknas gncaran Yahetsdasheãots, sj dkbt cgs batztara, wann gnzunaeman kst, cgss cassan Dabtund iak Fanntnks car nkhetkdfakt dawjbbt sakn wòrca.‒ 7895 „Hjnvarskjna cab hjntrgttj nubbj‒.




9??

`mxgraaiza~. hxgckg, sgqgrSvabjs sgmgrSgbXk gngbjdkurk mkcdjmgdgrkdaiaiks mjmwasrkdaiab zjdgc ngwkbXk var HgkSvbaigwgrmgtaiubgc ‘ kdk sgfgnjnmcaibj taqnkfks xgrvazkg.

rgh Xaaxaig, ssf-ks ma-?0 muxbXk gsgxubk mxgraaikssurvkbks nghvbgc, fjnvarskksgs jikaqturk mkzgnXawjnkbjiksfrktarkumksgSvks upkrgtasjiks mknkTaigs, ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 7393-a muxbXkh darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 730-apgrgdrgoks kcanturk mkcdjmgg XarHaubk. gmgsSgn, cgmgtaikSfrktarkumgc wasrkdcaig mxgraSg mkar cgsgxubk mkzgnk, rjmbksdgSvgbkswknaigh dgngpkrjiais vgrgucs, rjm mxgraaisxabXafrubaiks ngmcvkbjig uncg uncjcaS. 789;

gm dgnsxvgvaiks mkuxacgvgc, ssf-ks ma-?0 muxbks ogrSjcdgnmgrtaiks mkzgnXawjnkbjig SvgbngSbkv vbkncaig igSkbkgncar\ks fjnvarskks mgdgbkSza. hxgckg, gncar\ksXamSxvavgXk mxgraaiza sguigrk Xau\baiabkg, vkngkcgn kdkhgbmxrkvk dgrkdaigg. Xau\baiabkg gsava, dgrcghvbkbs

`surcas~ mksk ngmcvkbjig, Sumhg, sgvgrgucjc, ancjmaijcg,hjhxbk rjm yjokbkyj. gmcangc, gr grsaijis sgSgngcjsgxks gncar\ksgSvks dgSvgbkswknaiubk ojrmkscguhvabgc 7880 cg, Xasgigmksgc, igSkbk gncar\ks fjnvarskksmkzgnXawjnkbjigXk aTvks Xatgnks sgou\vabk, Su kscggfmgyjokbais, mgdgbkSgc, `Xkngurubk~ gncar\ksngmcvkbjiks wkngpkrjiais, gnu kqnaig mjgncar\ks xabkScgwarkbk cg xabmjwarkbk. 7887 XacgraiksgSvks, ktgbkksfgnjnmcaibjig uXugbjc gwasrkdais `ogrubk~(`cgxurubk~ 7889) gncar\ks 7888 `sgfuSgrk xabkS cgwarkb~(`Xkngurub~) gncar\gc 7883 fjnvarskgs, Su Xasrubaiubkg gmufgngsfnabks ngmcvkbjiks wkngpkrjiaik. 7881

gncar\ks spahkokfkcgn dgmjmckngra, mgdgbkSgc,darmgnkks sgmgrSgbXk cgXvaiubkg gncar\ks `hjhxbaisXjrks cgcaiub dgrkdaigcgh~, mgdgbkSgc HuqaiksxabXafrubaigc, fjnvarskg. as dgmgrSbaiubkg, vkngkcgn

789; „...qugbjrg, gvutj rkdugrcj gbbj shjpj parsaquktj cgbba pgrtk, caiig rktanarsk hea assa bjgvraiiarj vjbuntj sa gvassarj hjnjshkutj bg nubbktà.‒ 7880 kx. ssf-ks 7814-a muxbk cg Xamcdjmnk. 7887 kx. ssf-ks 78?3-a muxbk. 7889 Xagc. ssf-ks 78?4-a muxbk. 7888 „tastgmantj sadratj‒. 7883 „jbjdrgoj‒. 7881 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ?04-a muxbk ( „ Kbtastgmantj sadratj, hea mgnhg ck qugbhea raquksktj suj prjprkj, eg aooattj hjma tastgmantjjbjdrgoj, qugbjrg ck quastj giikg k raquksktk.‒).




9?4

gncar\ks ngfbk, rjdjrh wask, pkrks dgrcghvgbaiks Xamcadvbkncaig cg ufva Xau\baiabkg dgrkdaiks xabgxbgcgcaig. 788?

Xasgigmksgc, gncar\ks XamSxvavgXk naiks dgmjmvbanksXacadaiks, Suncgh ngwkbjirkv, XangrHunaiks arSgcarSkXasg\baibjig mksk sgSgngcjc dgnmgrtaig gnu fjnvarskgg. asXasg\baiabkg ssf-ks ma-?0 muxbks, mksk prjtjtkpks ‘ darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 730-a pgrgdrgoks ‘ kcanturgc dgnmgrtaiks XamSxvavgXk. `mxgraais surS, mkskngmcvkbjig~ ksa uncg kqnas dgdaiubk, rjm Xak\baijcas,naiks dgmjmvbans, dgramjaigSg jikaqturk Xaogsaikssgou\vabza, mkawarjs `sgvgrgucj naig~, rjmabkh mgsaqnaijcg, Sgvcgpkrvabk naiks dgmjvbanks igSkbjiks Xasgxairjm shjcnjcg. 7884

darmgnkks sgmgrSgbXk fjnvarskg ogrSjc dgmjkyanaigsxvg hgbmxrkvk dgrkdaiaiks mkmgrSgh. mgdgbkSgc, igSkbkXahkbaiks fjnvarskg Xasg\baiabkg xabXafrubaiks mjXbgc

(Xahkbaiks sgou\vbks grgrsaijig Xahkbaiks ngmcvkbjiksXamgoarxaiabk dgramjaigg, mgdrgm Xasg\baiabkg knckvkcksnaiks xabXafrubaiks mjXbgc gn xabXafrubaikcgn dgsvbgcfjnvarskg)6 xjbj dgorSxkbaiks vgcks cguhvabk xabXafru-baiks mjXbks fjnvarskg cgsgXvaikg vgcks cgwasaikSmjXbgc (Xasgigmksk naiks dgmjvbang urSkarSjiks naiksmkarXamSxvavgXk cgsrubaiks survkbs uncg gmLYgvnaicas). 7885

hxgckg, fjnvarskks Xacadgc dgrkdaig mxjbjc mgXkn kqnaigngmcvkbk, Su ks, Sgvks mxrkv, cggfmgyjokbais ngmcvkbjikswkngpkrjiais. mgdgbkSgc, ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7393-amuxbXk uXugbjc xcaig `Xknggrsjirkvk cg ojrmgsSgncgfgvXkraiubk wkngpkrjiaiks~ 788; grsaijiks guhkbaibjigzamkSkSaig. as wkngpkrjig ssf-ks ma-?0 muxbks Xknggrskcgnghgrgjrgzrjvngc dgmjmckngrajis6 far\jc, `sxvg dgrkdaiksgSvks

788? kx., mgdgbkSgc< Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 8?, YcNr. 1956 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes,IDI, 9005, § 730, YcNr. ?, 70, Xamcdjmk mkSkSaiaikS .7884 Xagc. `sgvgrgucj naiks~ ( „eypjtatkshea Tkbba‒) dgmjyanaiks mkzgnXawjnkbj-igsSgn cgfgvXkraikS darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk, mgdgbkSgc< Bgranz/Tjbo , GS casIòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 33, YcNr. 416 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 8?, YcNr. 1906gsava Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005, § 730, YcNr. 5 („mutmgÚbkhea Tkbba‒).7885 kx., mgdgbkSgc< Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 33, YcNr. 486 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 8?, YcNr. 1936 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005, § 730, YcNr. ;.788; „raquksktk ck sjstgnzg a ck ojrmg‒.




9?5

dgSvgbkswknaiubk mjSxjvnks~ 7830 cgfmgyjokbaig dubksxmjisXasgigmksk dgrkdaiks ngmcvkbjiks wkngpkrjiaiks grsaijigsg cgngmcvkbjiks Xamgoarxaiabk dgramjaiaiks grgrsaijigs.

gmgsSgn, fjnvarskks Xacadgc cguXvaiabkg wgrmjkXvgs uorjogrSj sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadk, vkcra as Sgvcgpkrvabk, igSkbknaiks dgmjvbankS kyj dgSvgbkswknaiubk. mkuYaiabkg, mgdgbkSgc,xabXafrubaiks mjXbks gn xabXafrubaikcgn dgsvbks Xahkbaigcfjnvarskg. 7837

3.8 ngwkbjirkvk igSkbjig

ssf-ks ?9-a muxbkS mjwasrkdaiubkg `dgrkdaiks ngwkbks igSkbjig~.as ks XamSxvavgg, rjhg igSkbjiks sgou\vabk mkmgrSubkg naiksdgmjvbanks mxjbjc dgrfvaub ngwkbza. 7839 dgcgmwyvatkg ks, rjmigSkbk ngwkbks dgraXa dgrkdaigs Xaswavs ungrk, wgrmjXvgssgmgrSbairkvk Xacadk. gmgsSgn, as Xacadk kmcangc mnkXvnabjvgnkuncg kyjs, rjm mksk mkYwavg naiks dgmjmvbanksgSvks sgsurvabgc

HgkSvgbjs. Xasgigmksgc, sgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdkS ugryjokbkgnaiks dgmjvbanks Xacadaiks mxjbjc ks ngwkbk, rjmbksXangrHunaigh Xau\baiabkg dgmjuswjraiabk xgrvazks dgmj. 7838

ssf-ks ?9-a muxbXk gYnkXnubk Xamcad ojrmubkraigXkvbkncaig< `dgrkdaiks ngwkbks igSkbjig gr kwvavs mksk sxvgngwkbaiks igSkbjigs, Su sgvgrgucjg, rjm dgrkdaig cgkcaijcgmksk igSkbk ngwkbks dgraXah~. as caiubaig grsaikSgcsgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks 1;-a muxbksg cg pjstsgiTjur fjckokfghkaiXkgrsaiubk njrmaiks kcanturkg. 7833

gngbjdkurk `pjzktkurk ojrmubkraig~ dgSvgbkswknaiubkgXvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks ma-90 KK muxbXkh. 7831 gmks

7830 fgnjnmcaiabk gm XamSxvavgXkh srubgc kzkgrais darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 730-a pgrgdrgoks ojrmubkraigs ( „ Antsprkhet... can Arojrcarnkssan aknasgncaran Yahetsdasheãots‒). 7837 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005, § 730, YcNr. ?, Xamcdjmk mkSkSaiaikS .7839 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § 59, 919.7838 kx., mgdgbkSgc, vjn Suer , GS KK (7), 7;75, § 1? K_, 958 o.6Xagc. kndbksursgmgrSgbXk Gnsjn, Prknhkpbas jo tea Andbkse Bgw jo Hjntrght gnc jo Gdanhy kn kts Yabgtkjntj Hjntrght, 75;;, 979 ( „Teara yju hgnnjt savar tea kbbadgb orjm tea badgb pgrt jo g hjvangnt teahjntrght ks gbtjdatear vjkc, iut weara yju hgn savar team, weatear tea kbbadgbkty ia hragtac iy stgtuta jr hjmmjn bgw, yju ralaht tea igc pgrt gnc ratgkn tea djjc.‒) 7833 kx., mgdgbkSgc< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 750-a,sjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 87?-a cg gzarigklgnksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 819-a muxbaik. 7831 „ Iatrkoot giar car Mgndab ibjss aknzabna Sakba cas _artrgdas, sj sknc nur ckasa nkhetkd, sjigbc nkhet gnzunaeman kst, cgss ar jena can nkhetkdan Sakb òiaregupt nkhet dashebjssanwjrcan wãra.‒




9?;

sgpkrkspkrjc, mgdgbkSgc, darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 78;-apgrgdrgoXk fgnjnmcaiabk `nadgtkur ojrmubkraigs~ kyanais. gmufgngsfnabks Sgngxmgc, `dgrkdaiks ngwkbks igSkbjig kwvavsmSbkgnk dgrkdaiks igSkbjigs, Su gr grks sgvgrgucj, rjm kdkcgkcaijcg mksk igSkbk ngwkbks dgraXah.~ 783? ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 737;-a muxbk gwasrkdais `ngwkbjirkv igSkbjigs~.gmgsSgn, gm njrmks pkrvabk ngwkbkS kmklnaig xabXafrubaiks`ngwkbjirkvk igSkbjig~ 7834 cg `hgbfaubk caiubaiks igSk-bjig~ 7835. gm dgmklvngs grsaikSk sgmgrSbairkvk mnkXvnabjig grgqvs, vkngkcgn jrkva XamSxvavgXk ksknk kwvavs xabXafrubaiksigSkbjigs, `Su xabXafrubaiks mxgraaik gr cgcaicnan mgsXknggrsks km ngwkbks dgraXa, rjmabsgh igSkbjig axaig.~ 783; njrmks majra ngwkbkS fjnfratcaig, rjm `hgbfaubk caiubaiksigSkbjig gr kwvavs xabXafrubaiks igSkbjigs, Su igSkbkcaiubaiaik uXugbjc Hgnghvbcaig kmpargtkubk njrmaikS.~ 7810

cgijbjs, sgkntarasj mjwasrkdaigg ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 7390-a muxbXk. kdk ksaSk mrgvgbmxrkvk xabXafrubaiks

igSkbjigs gradubkrais, rjmabXkh SkSjaubk mxgrks XasrubaigsgarSj mkznks mkYwavgzag mkmgrSubk. gm njrmks Sgngxmgc, arS-arSk mxgrks sgxabXafrubaij ijTvksg Su vgbcaiubaiks igSkbjiggr kwvavs xabXafrubaiks igSkbjigs, dgrcg km XamSxvavksg, rjhg,dgramjaigSg dgSvgbkswknaikS, gm pkrks mjngwkbajig sgxabXafru-baij urSkarSjigXk grsaikSkg. 7817

3.3 sghkbjjig

ssf-ks 1;-a KK 7 muxbks Sgngxmgc, `sghkbj dgrkdaig igSkbkg mkskcgcaiks mjmantkcgn, Sufk kdk Xahkbaiub kqnaig.~ igSkbjiksgdgndgnsxvgvaikS, rgh fgnjnkS dgSvgbkswknaiub XamSxvavaiXkgvtjmgturgc cdaig cg gr sgTkrjais Xasgigmks Xacadza mkmgrSubgrgngkr cgmgtaikS mjqmacaigs (mgdgbkSgc, rgkma ojrmkS igSkbgc

783? „ Kst akn Sakb aknas Yahetsdasheãots nkhetkd, sj kst cgs dgnza Yahetsdasheãot nkhetkd, wannnkhet gnzunaeman kst, cgss as guhe jena can nkhetkdan Sakb vjrdanjmman sakn wòrca.‒ 7834 „nubbktà pgrzkgba‒. 7835 „nubbktà ck skndjba hbgusjba‒. 783; „ Bg nubbktà pgrzkgba ck un hjntrgttj j bg nubbktà ck skndjba hbgusjba kmpjrtg bg nubbktàcabb‛kntarj hjntrgttj, sa rasubtg hea k hjntrgantk njn bj gvraiiarj hjnhbusj sanzg quabbg pgrtacab suj hjntanutj hea å hjbpktg cgbbg nubbktà.‒ 7810 „ Bg nubbktà ck skndjba hbgusjba njn kmpjrtg bg nubbktà cab hjntrgttj, qugncj ba hbgusjba nubba sjnj hjnstktukta ck ckrkttj cg njrma kmpargtkvg.‒ 7817 „ Nak hjntrgttk hjn pkû ck cua pgrtk, kn huk ba prastgzkjnk ck hkgshung sjnj ckratta gbhjnsadukmantj ck ung shjpj hjmuna, bg nubbktà hea hjbpksha kb vknhjbj ck ung sjbg cabba pgrtknjn kmpjrtg nubbktà cab hjntrgttj, sgbvj hea bg pgrtahkpgzkjna ck assg caiig, sahjncj bahkrhjstgnza, hjnskcargrsk assanzkgba.‒




947

3.1 maryavgc igSkbjig

hgbfaubk naiks dgmjvbanks ngmcvkbjig cgmgtaikS fjmpjnantza ‘ mjwjnaigza 781; ‘ Xak\baig kyjs cgmjfkcaiubk. as ks XamSxvavgg,rjcasgh fgnjnmcaibjikS dgSvgbkswknaiubk ngmcvkbjikswkngpkrjig gr grks Xasrubaiubk, mgdrgm lar fkcav grsaijis mkskXasrubaiksg cg, Xasgigmksgc, naiks dgmjvbanksg Su dgrkdaiksngmcvkbjiks Xasg\baibjig.

mgdgbkSgc, XazYucubk qmacungrkgnjiks pkrks mkarcgcaiubk dgrkdaiks ngmcvkbjig ssf-ks ?8-a K muxbks sgou\vabzacgmjfkcaiubkg fgnjnkark wgrmjmgcdanbks Xamcdjm Sgnxmjigza, gnumjwjnaigza. dgrcg gmksg, ssf-ks 777-a K muxbkS dgSvgbkswknaiubkggngbjdkurk sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadk km dgrkdaiks XamSxvavgXk,rjmabsgh pkrk cais `wgrmjmgcdanbjikSk uobaigmjskbaiksdgraXa~. gm ojrmubkraigXk kdubksxmaig rjdjrh wgrmjmgcdan-bjikSk uobaigmjskbaiks dgraXa mjqmacaig, ksa wgrmjmgcdanbks

mkar grsaiubk wgrmjmgcdanbjikSk uobaigmjskbaiks ogrdbaiksdgcgmataig. gm sgxkS cgcaiubk dgrkdaig maryavgc igSkbkg cgmgrwmunaibks (wgrmjcdankbk pkrks) Xamcdjm Sgnxmjigza, gnumjwjnaigzag cgmjfkcaiubk.

mjwjnaigmca maryavgc igSkbk jrmxrkvk dgrkdaig gr grksngmcvkbk, mgdrgm kdk grh igSkbkg. as mcdjmgrajig XangrHuncaig kmcrjks dgnmgvbjigXk, sgngm grsaijis gsaSk naiks dgmjvbanksg Sudgrkdaiks ngmcvkbjiks Xamgoarxaiabk dgramjaiks gYmjoxvrksXgnsk cg as naiks dgmjvbanks gcrasgtks kntarasais gr gyanaisXausgigmj zkgns.

1. mgrSbsgwknggYmcadj naiks dgmjvbang

ssf-ks 13-a muxbks Sgngxmgc, `igSkbkg dgrkdaig, rjmabkh grYvavsfgnjnkS cgcdankb wassg cg gfr\gbvais, awknggYmcadaig sglgrjwasrkds gn znajiks njrmais.~ as njrmg, sgvgrgucjc, darmgnkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks zjdgc ngwkbXk mjwasrkdaiubk 783-a cg 785-aK pgrgdrgoaiks dgarSkgnaikSg cg rjmgnubk sgmgrSbksgSvkscgmgxgskgSaiabk fjmpjnantks ‘ `sglgrj wasrkdks~ ‘ cgmgtaikSkqng mkYaiubk. gmkS ssf-ks 13-a muxbk Xknggrsjirkvgc amsdgvsaigrjmgnubk sgmgrSbks skvrhaXk dgSvgbkswknaiub gngbjdkurcaiubaiais.

Xasgigmksgc, sgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdksgSvks ouncgmanturkogsaubjiaiks xabyjog sgqgrSvabjXk, ssf-ks 13-a muxbks

781; mjwjnaig wasrkdcaig ssf-ks ;;-a cg 707-a muxbaikS.




949

caiubaikcgn dgmjmckngra, sgm pkrjikS fgtadjrkgc Xak\baigcgkyjs< mjqmacaig, rjmabkh xabyjos `fgnjnkS cgcdankb wassg cggfr\gbvais~ (fgnjnsgwknggYmcadj, kdkva gfr\gbvks sgwknggYmcadjnaiks dgmjvbang)6 mjqmacaig, rjmabkh `awknggYmcadaig sglgrjwasrkds~ (sglgrj wasrkdks sgwknggYmcadj naiks dgmjvbang)6 cgmjqmacaig, rjmabkh xabyjos `znajiks njrmais~ (znajiks njrmaikssgwknggYmcadj naiks dgmjvbang).

grsaikSgc gngbjdkurk mjwasrkdaigg rjmgnubk sgmgrSbksskvrhks fjckokfghkaiXkh. gmgsSgn, mgdgbkSgc, sgorgndaSks,ktgbkksg cg aspgnaSks sgmgrSgbXk igSkbjiks assgou\vbaik vgbcaiubaiks sgou\vbks (`fguzgs~) Xasgxaimj\YvraigsSgn urSkarSfgvXkrXk dgnkxkbaig. 78?0 sgorgndaSkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7787-a, ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks7838-a cg aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7941-a muxbaikvgbcaiubaiksg Su xabXafrubaiks pkrjiks ngmcvkbjiksXamgoarxaiab dgramjaigc uXugbjc gsgxabaian mksk cgcaiks

`mgrSbsgwknggYmcadj sgou\vabs~.78?7

gmgsSgn, sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7788-amuxbks Sgngxmgc, `mgrSbsgwknggYmcadj sgou\vabs~ amygraigvgbcaiubaig, rjcasgh kdk fgnjnks, faSkbk znks gn sglgrjwasrkdks sgwknggYmcadjg. 78?9 gngbjdkurgc, ktgbkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7838-a muxbXk `mgrSbsgwknggYmcadjsgou\vbgc~ mkkHnavg kmpargtkubk njrmaiks, sglgrjwasrkdksg cg faSkbk znks sgwknggYmcadj sgou\vabk. 78?8 dgnsxvgvaiubk caiubaigg mjhamubk aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 7941-a (9) muxbXk, rjmabXkh `mgrSbsgwknggYmcadjsgou\vbgc~ uXugbjc grks mkSkSaiubk fgnjnksg cg znajikssgwknggYmcadjjig, 78?3 mgdrgm gr sgxabcaig sglgrj wasrkdksxabyjog.

78?0 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 95 K, 8416gsava Hjknd ,Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 5; KK, 3346sgorgndaSks sgmgrSgbXk`vgbcaiubaiks sgou\vbks~ („hgusa cas jibkdgtkjns‒) catgburk gngbkzk kx.<Tkncsheakc , \ur Baera cas Hjca Ngpjbajn vjn car Qndòbtkdfakt car Yahetsdasheãota, 7534,940 oo.78?7 „hgusa kbbkhkta‒, „hgusg kbbahktg‒, „hgusg kbíhktg‒. sgorgndaSks sgmgrSgbSgncgfgvXkraikS Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< Eòinar/Hjnstgntknashj, Aknoòerund kn cgsorgnzÿskshea Yahet, 9007, § 97, 7??6xjbj aspgnaSks sgmgrSgbSgn cgfgvXkraikS< Gcjmakt/Oròeiahf , Aknoòerund kn cgs spgnkshea Yahet, 9007, § 70, ?4.78?9 „ Bg hgusa ast kbbkhkta, qugnc abba ast prjekiëa pgr bg bjk, qugnc abba ast hjntrgkra gux ijnnasmjaurs ju à b'jrcra puibkh.‒ 78?8 „njrma kmpargtkva, gbb'jrckna puiibkhj, iujn hjstuma .‒ 78?3 „ As kbíhktg bg hgusg hugncj sa jpjna g bgs bayas j g bg mjrgb.‒




948

Xasgigmksgc, ssf-ks 13-a muxbks ssf-ks zjdgc ngwkbXk gsgxvkSvbkncaig msdgvsaig darmgnub sgmgrSgbSgn. gm dgramjaiaiksigSkbjiks zjdgc sgou\vbgc Hgmjygbkiaiks mkcdjmgs kzkgraianpjstsgiTjurk sgxabmwkojaiks fjckokfghkaikh. 78?1

gmks sgpkrkspkrjc, mgdgbkSgc, rjmgnubk sgmgrSbksskvrhasg cg gndbjgmarkfub sgmgrSgbXk mgrSbsgwknggYmcadjjiksmjwasrkdaig sgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSbks fuSvnkbaigg. 78?? gmkSgrsaikSgc grgoark khvbaig, vkngkcgn sgxabXafrubaijsgmgrSgbXk dgSvgbkswknaiubk caiubaiaik sxvg sgmgrSbairkvwasrkdaiXkh dgmjkyanaig zjdgcgc `sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbairkvurSkarSjiaiXk~, 78?4 mgS Xjrks naiks dgmjvbanks mkmgrS. 78?5

sgkntarasj mkcdjmgg avrjpubk sgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSbksprknhkpaiks 71<707-a muxbXk, rjmabkh mgrSbsgwknggYmca-djjiks mjwasrkdaigs ufgvXkrais zjdgcgc sgmgrSbairkvkwasrkdks `ouncgmanturk prknhkpaiks~ 78?; xabyjogs.

Xasgigmksgc, xabXafrubaiks grgngmcvkbjig avrjpubkfgvXkrks wavr sgxabmwkojSg fgnjnmcaibjigXk gsgxubogsaubjiaiSgn, `ouncgmantur prknhkpaiSgn~, wknggYmcadj-iksgs cdaig. 7840

avrjpubk sgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSbks prknhkpaiks71<709-a muxbk fk sgfkSxks uorj catgbur mjwasrkdaigsg cg

78?1 kx., mgdgbkSgc< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7??-a cgXamcdjmk, sjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 808-a cg Xamcdjmk,gsava gzarigklgnks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 884-a cg Xamcdjmkmuxbaik. 78?? \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 95 K, 8436Xagc., gsava, Gnsjn, Prknhkpbas jotea Andbkse Bgw jo Hjntrght gnc jo Gdanhy kn kts Yabgtkjn tj Hjntrght , 75;;, 75; oo.78?4 kx., mgdgbkSgc, Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-4 muxbk, rjmabkhuXugbjc mkuSkSais Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks njrmaiksdgvrhabaiks Xasg\baibjigs sxvg sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbairkvurSkarSjiaiza ( „gncaran zkvkbrahetbkhean _areãbtnkssa‒)6 Xagc. gsava ktgbkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7893-a muxbk, rjmabXkh dgSvgbkswknaiubkgsgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSbks njrmaiks dgvrhabaig `qjnairkvk Xknggrskshgbmxrkv sgmgrSbairkv mjqmacaiaiza~ ( „... par dbk gttk unkbgtargbk trg vkvk gvantkhjntanutj pgtrkmjnkgba‒), hxgckg, mgSk Sgvsaigcjiks XamSxvavgXk ( „kn qugntjhjmigtkikbk‒).78?5 kx. Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 7;76 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, \wakdart/Fÿtz,Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 95 K, 843,uXugbjc Xvakhgrkub cg ktgbkurmkcdjmgza mkSkSaikS. 78?; „ prknhkpbas rahjdnksac gs ouncgmantgb ‒. 7840 ̀G hjntrght ks jo nj aooaht tj tea axtant tegt kt ks hjntrgty tj prknhkpbas rahjdnksac gs ouncgmantgb kn tea bgws jo tea Mamiar Xtgtas jo tea Aurjpagn Qnkjn.‒




941

gr gxcanan6 7841 cg fgnjnaik, rjmbaikh gfr\gbvgs gcdanan XasgigmksksgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks dgSvgbkswknaiks dgraXa. 784?

dgrkdaiks ngmcvkbjigza zadgvbanks mjxcang Xau\bkg kmfgnjnks xabyjogs, rjmabkh sgmgrSbairkv Xacadgc uXugbjckSvgbkswknais dgrkdaiks igSkbjigs. wknggYmcad XamSxvavgXk,rjdjrh wask, varh km njrmks xabyjog, rjmabkh dgrkdaikscgcaiks XamSxvavgXk lgrkmgs kSvgbkswknais cg varh kmksg,rjmabkh sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaiks uXugbjc dgnsgzYvrks dgraXagcdans Xasgigmksk dgrkdaiks cgcaiks gfr\gbvgs, var dgmjkwvavs mksigSkbjigs. 7844

mxacvabjigXk uncg kqnas mkYaiubk gmfr\gbgvk njrmks grskcg mkzgnk. 7845 dgcgmwyvatkg ks, fgnjnk Xasgigmksk dgrkdaiks cgcaiksXamSxvavgXk uXugbjc kSvgbkswknais Su grg igSkbjigs, rjdjrhsgmgrSbairkv Xacads. 784;

jrmxrkvk gn mrgvgbmxrkvk naiks dgmjvbanks crjscgmgtaikSk knckfgtjrkg ks, mkmgrSubkg xabyjokbk fgnjnksgfr\gbvg arS-arSk Su yvabg xabXafrubaiks mxgrks mkmgrS.

mxjbjc dgmjngfbks XamSxvavgXk dgmjkwvavs dgrkdaiks igSkbjigsksaSk xabyjog, rjmabkh xjrhkabcaig mxjbjc arS-arSk mxgrksmkar. darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk gsaSk dgcgwyvatkbaiks cgsgiuSaiksgsmkaSkSaig, rjm fgnjnmcaibks mkzgnk jikaqturgc gr grks sxvgsgXugbaikS mkYwavgck cg sgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdk k\ubaiubkg,mxgraais ugrk uSxrgs sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks cgcdjmgza. gsaSkXamSxvavgg, mgdgbkSgc, mjmxmgraiabSg uobaiaiks cghvks mkznkSdgSvgbkswknaiubk gfr\gbvks xabyjog. 7850 gmks sgpkrkspkrjc, Sugfr\gbvg mjqmacais xabXafrubaiks jrkva mxgrks mkmgrS, dgrkdaig,rjdjrh wask, igSkbkg. 7857

7841 „badas mknus qugm paroahtga‒, kx., mgdgbkSgc< Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 74 (7), 8306Xagc., vjn Suer , GS KK (9), 7;75, § ?; KK, 36 gsava kndbksur sgmgrSgbXk kx.< Gnsjn, Prknhkpbas jo tea Andbkse Bgw jo Hjntrght gnc jo Gdanhy kn kts Yabgtkjn tj Hjntrght , 75;;, 7;0,973.784? „badas kmparoahtga‒, Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 74 (7), 830 o.7844 kx., mgdgbkSgc, darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk< IDE, NLT 7;53, 980, 987.7845 kx. darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk< IDE, NLT 7;40, ?0;, 4706 IDE, NLT 7;58, 70;6 IDE, NLT 7;53, 980, 987.784; kx., darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk< IDE, NLT 7;?5, 995?6 IDE, NLT 7;58, 70;6 IDE, NLT 7;53, 980, 987.7850 kx., darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk< IDE, NLT 7;?9, 970 o.6 IDE, NLT 7;?5, 995?6 IDE, NLT 7;40, ?0;, 4706 IDE, NLT 7;53, 980, 987.7857 kx. Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005, § 783, YcNr. 5, mgS Xjrks darmgnubsgmgrSgbXk mjqmac dgmjngfbksaiSgn cgfgvXkraikS.




94?

yurgcYaigs kmsxurais fgnjnsgwknggYmcadj dgrkdaiaiksmjwasrkdaig nkcarbgncaiks sgmgrSgbXk. nkcarbgncaikssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-8<30 KK muxbks Sgngxmgc, kmpargtkubknjrmks mjSxjvnks xabyjog kwvavs dgrkdaiks igSkbjigs, SuXasgigmksk caiubaig gr grks mkmgrSubk jrmxrkv dgrkdaigXkmxjbjc arS-arSk mxgrks cgsghgvgc. 7859 gm XamSxvavgXkdgrkdaig Xasg\baiabkg `mxjbjc dgigSkbcas~ 7858, gnuXahkbaiub kqnas km pkrks mkar, rjmbks cghvgsgh ksgxgvsfgnjnk mkzngc.

mxacvabjigXkg mksgYaik, rjm dgrkdaiks igSkbjig, Hvaubairkv,dgmjmckngrajis grg ssf-ks 13-a muxbkcgn, grgmac uXugbjcXasgigmksk spahkgburk njrmkcgn Su mksk sgSgngcjc dgnmgrta-ikcgn. 7853 Xak\baig Xakqmngs XSgiaTckbaig, rjm sgmgrSbairkvkXacadks cgcdjmgza ssf-ks 13-a muxbs gr Xau\bkg dgvbanks mjxcangcg gmktjm mksk grsaijiks mkzgnXawjnkbjig sgSujg. grhSukXvkgSgc mkkHnavan, rjm mgs mxjbjc cafbgrghkubk xgskgSk gqvs

cg varh dgnsgfuSraiubk pravanhkubk ounqhkks mgtgraibgcHgkSvbaig. 7851 gmks mkuxacgvgc, gsaSk zjdgck njrmaik sgiTjSg 785? cg

pjstsgiTjur 7854 sgmgrSbairkv wasrkdaiXk ogrSjc grksdgvrhabaiubk cg grh mgSk mnkXvnabjig cdaig aTvks qvaX. 7855

gsaSk zjdgck cgngwasks sgmgrSbairkvk mnkXvnabjigXak\baig cgufgvXkrcas grgfar\jsgmgrSbairkvk fgnjnks njrmkSdgSvgbkswknaiubk Xacadks far\jsgmgrSbairkv urSkarSjigzagsgxvgs. Xasgigmksgc, fgnjnks njrmg, rjmabkh sksxbkssgmgrS-bairkv gn gcmknkstrghkubsgmgrSbairkv sgnqhkgs gwasais cg,

7859

„Xtrklc mat aan cwkndanca watsiapgbknd bakct tjt nkatkdeakc vgn ca rahetsegncabknd, cjhe,knckan ca iapgbknd uktsbuktanc straft tar iashearmknd vgn ëën car pgrtklan ikl aan maarzklckdarahetsegncabknd...‒ 7858 „ sbahets tjt varnkatkdiggreakc ‒. 7853 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 38, YcNr. ?33 oo.6gsava Obuma, GSKK, 7;41, § 74 (9), 837 oo.7851 kx. darmgnub kurkckub bktargturgXk< Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 38,YcNr. ?3; oo.785? kx., mgdgbkSgc, sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks fjcaqsks35-a K muxbk. 7854 kx., mgdgbkSgc< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7?5-a,sjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 801-a cg gzarigklgnksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 885-a muxbaik. 7855 kx. qgrSub kurkckub bktargturgXk, mgdgbkSgc< zjk\a , ssf-ksfjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, 744 cg Xamcdjmnk6 gsava Tgnturkg, XasgvgbksgqgrSvabjs sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks zjdgc ngwkbXk, 7;;4, 81? cgXamcdjmnk.




944

ngfbai sgvgrgucjg, gmgvcrjubgc far\jsgmgrSbairkv XacadsghkSvgbkswknaicas, swjrac ssf-ks 13-a muxbSgn urSkarSfgvXkrXkdgmjyanaikS Xak\baig kqhas far\jsgmgrSbairkv urSkarSjigXksgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks dgmjmwvavgc. 785;

cgijbjs, ssf-ks 13-a muxbk, darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks783-a pgrgdrgoks, ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7375-a muxbksg cgnkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-8<30 KK muxbksgdgndgnsxvgvaikS, gr kSvgbkswknais cgSqmgs, rjm fgnjnsgwknggYmcadjdgrkdaig igSkbkg mgXkn, `Su fgnjnkcgn sxvg rgm grdgmjmckngrajis~. 78;0 gsaSk caiubaig dgrfvaubk mjckokhkraikSgsgxubk kyj sgiTjSg parkjcks sgmgrSgbXk 78;7 cg cYasghdgzkgraiubkg pjstsgiTjurk fjckokfghkaiks mkar. 78;9 gsaSk cgSqmksguhkbaibjig sgSujg, vkngkcgn, Su spahkgburk njrmkSdgSvgbkswknaiubkg sxvg sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadk, as Xacadk cgcdaigswjrac km spahkgburk njrmks upkrgtask dgmjyanaikcgndgmjmckngra. 78;8

1.9 sglgrj wasrkdks sgwknggYmcadj naiks dgmjvbang

sglgrj wasrkdks sgwknggYmcadjc Xasg\baiabkg HgkSvgbjsknckvkcks (`pkrgck cg afjnjmkfurk~) mjqmacaiks SgvksuobaiksgrgSgngzjmkark cg, Xasgigmksgc, sgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdksgSvksmkuYaiabk XazYucvg Su SvkSXazYucvg. 78;3 sgqgrSvabjXk `sglgrjwasrkdks~ xabyjogc mkkHnavg, mgdgbkSgc< `mxgraSg Sgvksuobaiks

785; Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 38, YcNr. ?3?6

Mgrfasknks/Bjrany/Cgnnamgnn, Sea Bgw jo Hjntrghts gnc Yastktutkjn< G Hjmpgrgtkva Kntrjcuhtkjn,7;;4, 745 at saq.78;0 „wann skhe nkhet gus cam Dasatz akn gncaras ardkit ‒6 „bg badda ckspjndg ckvarsgmanta‒,„aan an gncar vjjr zjvar nkat ukt ca straffknd vgn ca iapgbknd gncars vjjrtvbjakt ‒. 78;7 kx., mgdgbkSgc, sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks fjcaqsks35-a KK muxbk< `...Su fgnjnXk gr grks dgSvgbkswknaiubk dgrkdaiksigSkbjiks sxvg Xacadaik~. Xasgigmksgc, gm njrmgXk fgnjnmcaiabkyurgcYaigs gmgxvkbaicg grg zjdgcgc sxvg sgmgrSbairkv Xacadza, grgmac`igSkbjiks sxvg Xacadaiza~. gmdvgrgc, igSkbjiks XamSxvavgXk mxgravgbcaiubk kyj, ufgn cgairunaikng ks, rgh dgrkdaikS mkkYj cg gmksXau\baibjiksgs mjaxckng oubgck fjmpansghkg, Su fgnjnk grkSvgbkswknaicg igSkbjiks sxvg Xacadais. 78;9 kx., mgdgbkSgc< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7?5-a,sjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 801-a cg gzarigklgnksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 885-a muxbaik. 78;8 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 7;8 o.78;3 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 95 KKK, 844.




945

cgrYvavg~, `cgqjrwknaiks Sgvksuobaiks XazYucvg~ cg`sgfuSraiksg cg xabXafrubaiks sjhkgburk ounqhkks~ ugryjog. 78;1

hxgckg, naiksmkark as XamSxvavg \nabgc dgsgmklnkg fgnjnks,ksava rjdjrh znajiks, wknggYmcad mkmgrSubk mjqmacaiksgdgn. gmksguhkbaibjig ragburgc grh grsaijis. sglgrj wasrkdkmnkXvnabjvgnk knstktutkg sgarSgXjrksj far\j sgmgrSgbXk, 78;? sgcgh sxvg qvaynks sgmgrSbks dgmjyanaikS mkYaiubksgmgrSbairkvk Xacadk mjwmcaig mgrSbmsglubaiksdgnmxjrhkabaiabk sgxabmwkojs mkar gYkgraiub \krkSgcogsaubjiaiSgn Xasgigmksjiks SvgbsgzrkskS. hxgckg, as grdgmjrkhxgvs sxvgcgsxvg qvaynks sgmgrSbks dgmjyanaiks Xacadgcdgnsxvgvaiubk sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks cgcdjmgs. mnkXvnabjvgnkgmxjbjc ks, rjm sxvg qvaynks sgmgrSbkS mkYaiubk Xacadk gr uncgkyjs kmcangc mkuYaiabk, rjm xabyjs mgrSbmsglubaiks SugYsrubaiks dgnmxjrhkabaiabk sgxabmwkojs fjnstktuhkurkogsaubjiaik, gnu kwvavcas knckvkcks mjqmacaiks Sgvksuobaiksmjhamubk sgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdksSvks mkuYaiab XazYucvgs. 78;4

sgmjqgbgqj fgnjnmcaibjigXk sgarSgXjrksj far\jsgmgrSgbXk mjqmack knstktutks dgmjyanaig grgsgsurvabkgrjdjrh sgfgnjnmcaibj taqnkfks, ksa mjwasrkdaiks XknggrsksSvgbsgzrkskS. dgumgrSbaiabkg, ssf-ks 13-a muxbk gcdancasXaogsaiks ksaSsgva mgsXtgis XkcgsgmgrSbairkv urSkarSjiaiXk,rjdjrkh sglgrj wasrkdks knstktutks dgSvgbkswknaikS cdkncaigsgarSgXjrksj far\j sgmgrSgbXk. hxgckg, sgarSgXjrksj far\jsgmgrSgbXk mxacvabjigXk uncg kqnas mkYaiubk sxvg sgxabmwkojssuvaranubk uobaig, Sgvgc dgcgwyvktjs fjnfratubk mjqmacaikssgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaik. Xasgigmksgc, cgsgXvaikg, hgbfaubXamSxvavgXk sgqgrSvabjs sgxabmwkojm Su sgsgmgrSbjm ktvkrSjsSmanks uorj ogrSj vgbcaiubaig sxvg qvaynks sgmgrSbksdgmjyanaikS cgmcdgrk Xacadksg Su sxvg sgxabmwkojs sgsgmgrSbjsmkar mkYaiubk dgcgwyvatkbaiks gYsrubaiks fuSxkS, vkcra mgscgcdankbk gqvs gn cggcdancg Xkcg sgmgrSgbXk. 78;5

darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 785-a pgrgdrgoksSgvcgpkrvabk ojrmubkraikS (pkrvabk prjaqtks 70?-apgrgdrgok), rjmgnubk sgmgrSbks skvrhks msdgvsgc, igSkbgc

78;1 kx., mgdgbkSgc, zjk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, 74; cg Xamcdjmk. 78;? kx. `sgarSgXjrksj far\j sgmgrSbks Xasgxai~ fgnjnks ma-1 muxbk(sgqgrSvabjs raspuibkfg, 7;;5, #7976 pgrbgmantks uwyaignk, 7;;5, #7;-90). 78;4 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 7;4.78;5 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 7;46 Xagc. gsava< Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas IòrdarbkheanYahets, 9003, § 37, YcNr. 70.




94;

hxgccaijcg rjdjrh `faSkbk znks~ 78;; , ksa sglgrj wasrkdkssgwknggYmcadj dgrkdaiaik. 7300 majra prjaqtXk sglgrjwasrkdks uXugbj mjxsankaigza ugrk kSqvg km mjsgzraikS,rjm gm hnaigs gr gqvs cgmjufkcaiabk mnkXvnabjig cg, rjmsglgrj wasrkdks xabmyjok dgrkdaig, rjdjrh wask,sgmgrSbksg cg `faSkbk znks~ wknggYmcad mkmgrSubdgrkdaigc HgkSvbaijcg. 7307

gmgsSgn, mkkHnavg, rjm grsaikSk sxvgjigg `faSkb znasg~cg `znajirkjigs~ 7309 Xjrks. darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks785-a pgrgdrgoXk gqhantkraiubkg swjrac `faSkbk zna~ cgmksk `znajirkjikS~ Xahvbks wkngcgcaig ugryjokbkh fk kqngmajra fjmkskks mkar. 7308 darmgnub angXk sktyvg `zna~ 7303 dgmjkyanaig rjdjrh `zna-Hvaubaiks~ (gnu Hvaubaiks) ksaznajiks mnkXvnabjikS. Xasgigmksgc, sglgrj wasrkdksmkSkSaiks sgwknggYmcadj grdumantgc xcaig kmks dgmjyanaig,rjm `faSkbk znks~ hnaig mgs Sgvks SgvXk ufva mjkhgvs. 7301

dgrcg gmksg, Sgngmacrjva sgmgrSgbXk sglgrj

wasrkdks mkSkSaiks sgwknggYmcadj cgmgtaikS grdumantgcmksk sgarSgXjrksj far\j sgmgrSbksgcmk fuSvnkbaig kqhg.Xasgigmksgc, gm hnaiks XkcgsgmgrSbairkv igSkbjikSsgou\vbgc gYkgraig mkzgnXauwjnbgc mkkHnavg. 730?

78;; „ duta Xktta‒.7300 „ Akn Yahetsdasheãot, cassan Knegbt dadan cka dutan Xkttan jcar cka ÿooantbkhea JrcnundvarstÿÚt, kst nkhetkd ‒,hktkraiubkg< Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 75 (7), 8?3.7307

„akna skheara Qmdranzund oaeba unc cka dadan cka ÿooantbkhea Jrcnund varstjÚanca Yahetsdasheãota zumakst guhe gbs dadan cka Yahets- jcar Xkttbkhefaktsjrcnund darkhetata Yahetsdasheãota gnzusaean sakn wòrcan‒,Prjtjfjbba car Fjmmksskjn oòr cka zwakta Basund casAntwuros cas Iòrdarbkhean Dasatziuhes, Ghekbbas/Daiegrc/Xpgen (Iagri.), Ic. 7, 75;4, 9156 Mudcgn (Ersd.), Cka dasgmmtan Mgtarkgbkan zum Iòrdarbkhean Dasatziuhe oòr cgs CautsheaYakhe, Ic. 7, 75;;, 4916 Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 75 (7), 8?36Xagc. gsava Hjknd , AurjpãksheasPrkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 5; KK, 334,Xamcdjmk mkSkSaiaikS ma-1 sq .7309 „Xkttbkhefakt ‒.7308 Prjtjfjbba car Fjmmksskjn oòr cka zwakta Basund cas Antwuros cas IòrdarbkheanDasatziuhes, Ghekbbas/Daiegrc/Xpgen (Iagri.), Ic. 7, 75;4, 9156 Mudcgn (Ersd.), Ckadasgmmtan Mgtarkgbkan zum Iòrdarbkhean Dasatziuhe oòr cgs Cautshea Yakhe, Ic. 7, 75;;, 4916Xagc. gsava Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 75 (7), 8?1.7303 „Xktta‒.7301 Xagc.< Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 75 (7), 8?? o.6gsava Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005, § 785,YcNr. 8.730? kx., mgdgbkSgc< Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 3?, YcNr. ?586 gsava Bgranz/Tjbo , GScas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 37, YcNr. ;.




950

1.8 znajiks sgwknggYmcadj naiks dgmjvbang

ssf-ks 13-a muxbkS igSkbgc hxgccaig znajiks njrmaikssgwknggYmcadj dgrkdaig. 7304 gm sgxkS Xak\baig XakqmngsXSgiaTckbaig, rjm cdkncaig sgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdksg cgznajirkvk wasrkdks dgmklvng. 7305

sgkntarasjg darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 59?-a pgrgdrgoks `mjtkvaiXk~ dgfaSaiubk dgnmgrtaig,rjmabkh dgzkgraiubkg darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 785-apgrgdrgoks mkmgrSgh 730;< znajiks Su `faSkbk znks~ sgwknggYmcadjgmjqmacaig, rjmabkh `yvabg sgmgrSbkgngc cg faSkbdjnkvrubgcmjgzrjvnks waskaraiks Xadr\naigs awknggYmcadaig.~ 7370

darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk gSwbaubaiks dgnmgvbjigXk mjqmackas caiubaig grhSu kXvkgSgc dgfrktkfaiubkg rjdjrh`(waskaraiks) Xadr\naiks~ zacmatgc suikaqturk cg vkwrjojrmubkraiks, ksa `sgmgrSbkgngc cg faSkbdjnkvrubgc

mjgzrjvnaza~ mkSkSaiks dgmj. 7377 as caiubaig Sgvgc sgTkrjaiscgzustaigs cg, Xasgigmksgc, qgrSubk sgmgrSbksSvksghdgmjusgcadgrkg cgmgtaikSk Xknggrsjirkvk frktarkumaiksgrgrsaijiks dgmj. 7379

7304 kx., sxvg sgmgrSbairkv wasrkdaiXk `znajiks njrmaiks sgwknggYmcadj~(„hjntrg ijnjs mjras ‒ , „ dadan cka dutan Xkttan‒) mjqmacaiaiks, dgrkdaiaiksg SuxabXafrubaiaiks dgmjsgxgtgvgc dgmjyanaiub tarmknjbjdkgsSgncgfgvXkraikS, mgdgbkSgc< vjn Suer , GS KK (9), 7;75, § 40 K, 996 Obuma, GS KK, 7;41,§ 75 (7), 8?8 o.6 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 37, YcNr. 4 oo.7305 kx., sgmgrSbksg cg znajiks urSkarSmkmgrSaigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS,mgdgbkSgc, Xhenktzar , _ardbakheanca Yahetsbaera, 7;31, 944 oo.,dgnsgfuSraikS gmsgfkSxks mkmgrS sgiTjSg sgmgrSgbXk grsaiub mkcdjmgsSgn cgfgvXkraikS,kqva, 950.730; Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 75 (7), 8?3.7370 „cam Gnstgncdaoòeb gbbar ikbbkd unc darahet Canfancan wkcarsprkhet ‒, Mjtkva zu camAntwuroa aknas Iòrdarbkhean Dasatziuheas oòr cgs Cautshea Yakhe, Ic. 9, 7555, 4946 Mudcgn(Ersd.), Cka dasgmmtan Mgtarkgbkan zum Iòrdarbkhean Dasatziuhe oòr cgs Cautshea Yakhe,Ic. 9, 75;;, 30?. gvstrkub sgmgrSgbSgn cgfgvXkraikS Xagc< Ijbbaniardar kn< Fjzkjb/Iycbknsfk/Ijbbaniardar,GIDI-Fjmmantgr, 9004, § 54;, YcNr. 1 ( „ Yahetsdaoòeb car Yahetsdamakshegot ‒).7377 kx., mgdgbkSgc< Yòtears, Cka _arikncbkhefakt cas Qnvarikncbkhean, NLT, 7;;9, 54; o.6 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 3?, YcNr. ?596 gsava Xagc.< Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas

Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 37, YcNr. 46 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005, § 785, YcNr. 9.7379 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 7;16 Xagc. darmgnub sgmgrSgbSgncgfgvXkraikS, mgdgbkSgc< Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 37, YcNr.4 oo.6 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005, § 785, YcNr. 9.




957

gmgsSgn, \nabgc wgrmjsgcdankg grsaijicas znajiks njrmkcgnmjmckngra sgyjvabSgjc dgzkgraiubk qhavks wask, rjmabkhfgnjnmcaibjikcgn gr dgmjmckngrajis. 7378 uorj matgcdgsgzkgraiabkg Xaxacubaig, rjmbks Sgngxmgcgh znajiks njrmaizamkSkSaikS grg XaogsaikSk ejrkzjntks dgogrSjaig, grgmacuXugbjc sgmgrSbairkv skstamgXk grsaiub Xasgigmksogsaubjiaiza mkSkSaig xcaig. gm sgxkS fjnstktuhkkSdgmtfkhaiubk ogsaubjigSg skstamg zamjqmacais far\jsgmgrSgbza. 7373

?. naiks dgmjvbanks sgmgrSbairkv-taqnkfurk) ojrmg

ojrmg naiks dgmjvbanks dghxgcaiks sgXugbaigg. 7371 gmSvgbsgzrkskS, yjvab naiks dgmjvbangs gqvs Sgvksk dgradgnkdgmjxgtubaig ‘ ojrmg. 737? sgmgrSbairkv-taqnkfurk SvgbsgzrkskS,ojrmg naiks dgmjvbanks ngmcvkbjiks wkngpkrjigc mgXkn kqhavg, SufgnjnkS gn mxgraSg XaSgnxmaikS naiks dgmjvbanks fjnfratubk

dgradnubk dgmjxgtubaig mkkHnavg mksk grsaijiks cgmgcgsturaiabdgramjaigc. 7374 naiks dgmjvbanks ojrmks mjwasrkdaig sgqgrSvabjs

fgnjnmcaibjigXk dgrkdaiaiks Xasgxai mj\Yvraiks masgma SgvXkxjrhkabcaig. 7375 ssf-ks ?5-a (7) muxbks Sgngxmgc, `dgrkdaiks

7378 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 7;1.7373 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, darmgnub sgmgrSgbSgn cgfgvXkraikS Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes,IDI, 9005, § 785, YcNr. 3, Xamcdjmk mkSkSaiaikS 6 gvstrkub sgmgrSgbSgncgfgvXkraikS< Fjzkjb/Tabsar/Fbat ačfg, Iòrdarbkheas Yahet K, 900?, 74;6gsava Ijbbaniardar kn< Fjzkjb/Iycbknsfk/Ijbbaniardar,GIDI-Fjmmantgr, 9004, § 54;, YcNr. 1.7371 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< Drjtkus, Ca kura iabbk gh pghks, 7?91, kn<vjn Fkrhemgnn (Ersd.),Crak Iòhear òiar cgs Yahet cas Frkadas unc Orkacans, 75?;, KK, UK, UK, 8;;6Xgvkdny, Xystamcas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc KKK, 7530, § 780, 984.737? Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< vjn Suer , GS KK (7), 7;75, § ?8 K, 3;?6 Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 71 (K),933, gsava 93;6 qgrSub kurkckub bktargturgXk Tgnturkg, XasgvgbksgqgrSvabjs sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks zjdgc ngwkbXk, 7;;4, 83?. 7374 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 99?6 Xagc.< Xgvkdny, Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmksheanYahets, Ignc KKK, 7530, § 780, 985 (`ojrmks mgtgraiabk naiks dgmjvbanaikg ksknk,rjmabSg ngmcvkbjig dgnpkrjiaiubkg pjzktkurgc dgSvgbkswknaiubkmjqmacaiks cghvkS, rgh gm naiks arSgcarS dghxgcaigc mkkHnavg~, „ OÿrmbkheaTkbbansarfbãrundan sknc ckalankdan, caran Tkrfsgmfakt curhe cka Iajighetund aknar pjsktkvvjrdasherkaianan Egncbundswaksa iackndt kst, cka gbbakn gbs Guscruhf ckasas wkbbans dabtan sjbb...‒)6 kx. gsava< Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § 49, 7;5

(`sgSgngcj dgradnubk dgmjxgtubaig~, „cka daeÿrkda ãuÚara Iashegoaneakt ‒)6 vjnSuer , GS KK (7), 7;75, § ?8 K, 3;?.7375 \vab qgrSub sgmgrSgbXk sgvgbcaiubj ojrmks grsaijigsSgncgfgvXkraikS sgyurgcYaijg nkfjrwmkncks ma-77 sgufunks skdabk. kx.,




959

ngmcvkbjiksgSvks sgTkrjg fgnjnkS cgcdankbk ojrmks cghvg.~xjbj km XamSxvavgXk, Su Xasgigmksk dgrkdaiksSvks fgnjnkS grgrks dgnsgzYvrubk spahkgburk ojrmg, ssf-ks ?5-a (9) muxbkScafbgrkraiubkg mxgraSg uobaigmjskbaig ‘ `SvkSjn dgnsgzYvrjnkdk~. as ojrmubkraig uncg HgkSvgbjs ojrmks Sgvksuobaiksprknhkpks gYkgraigc. naiks dgmjvbang Xasg\baiabkg dgnxjrhk-abcas naiksmkark ojrmkS, Su sgpkrkspkrj gr dgmjmckngrajisuXugbjc fgnjnkcgn gn Sgvgc knckvkcks, Xasgigmksgc, knckvkcSgnaikcgn.

?.7 ojrmks mkmgrSaig naiks dgmjvbangsSgn

sgvgbcaiubj ojrmg, gm sktyvks sgmgrSbairkv-taqnkfurkdgdaikS, 737; naiks dgmjvbangs uncg eqjncas, rgSg mgn XasgigmksksgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaik dgmjkwvkjs. 7390 Su gr grks cghubkfgnjnkS dgSvgbkswknaiubk ojrmg, naiks dgmjvbang gr grsaijis.dgrkdaigXk uncg kyjs arSk, jrk gn rgmcankma pkrks naiks

dgmjvbang, gnu uncg mjxcas mgsXk mjngwkba mxgraSgdgarSkgnaiubk naiks fgnjnkS sgvgbcaiubjc mkHnaubk sgxkSojrmkraig. Xasgigmksk ojrmg uncg eqjncas SkSjaubk gm pkrksmkar dghxgcaiub naigs cg, Xasgigmksgc, bjdkfurkg, ojrmksmjSxjvnaik cgufgvXkrcas swjrac naiks dgmjvbangs cg grgdgrkdaigs. 7397

mkuxacgvgc gmksg, sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjigXk sguigrkgdgrkdaiks ojrmgza. Xak\baig Xakqmngs XSgiaTckbaig, rjmfgnjnmcaibks mkzgnk dgrkdaiks ojrmgXk, naiks dgmjvbanksojrmks dgrcg, mksk ngmcvkbjiks sxvg abamantaiksmjwasrkdaigh kyj. 7399 mgdgbkSgc, xjm gr Xak\baig dgrkdaiksojrmgs mkafuSvnaijcas sgfuSraiks uobaiks dgcghamksgsuobaiks sglgrj raastrXk radkstrghkg gn nkvSksdgcghamg,7398 gsava sglgrj uobaigmjskbaikS gYTurvkbk

lgvgxkXvkbk, qgrSubk sgmgrSbks kstjrkg, 7;95 (`Sxzubaignk~, tjmk _KK,7;53), 80; cg Xamcdjmk. 737; Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, vjn Suer , GS KK (7), 7;75, § ?8 K, 3;?.7390 kstjrkubk cg XacgraikSsgmgrSbairkvk mkmjxkbvg kx. Xhenktzar ,_ardbakheanca Yahetsbaera, 7;31, 9;? oo.67397 qgrSub kurkckub bktargturgXk Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< zjk\a , ssf-ksfjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, 978, rjmabkh ojrmks Xasgxai mslabjigs

mgrSaiubgc kwyais orgzkS, rjm< `dgrkdaiks ojrmg naiks dgmjvbanksojrmgg.~ 7399 Xagc. Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 71 (K), 935.7398 kx., mgdgbkSgc< ssf-ks 758-a K cg 75?-a muxbaik.




958

jrdgnjs naigrSvksg Su bkhanzkks dghamg 7393 Xasgigmkskdgrkdaiks cgsgcaigc: 7391

as cgmgtaikSk abamantaik fgnjnmcaiabmg, sgvgrgucjc,gr mkkHnkg sgvgbcaiubj ojrmks abamantaigc cg grdgkSvgbkswkng ojrmks sgxaaiks mjwasrkdaiksgs ssf-ks ?;-a cgXamcdjm muxbaiXk. Xasgigmksgc, mgdgbkSgc, u\rgv qjnaigzasgfuSraiks uobaiks dgcghamksgs sglgrj raastrXksgfuSraiks uobaiks radkstrghkks dgnuxjrhkabaibjig grkwvavs dgrkdaiks igSkbjigs ojrmks cguhvabjiks dgmj.gsaSk dgrkdaig HgkSvbaig grcgcaiubgc, gnu sgarSjc grkgrsaiais mksk ojrmkraiksg Su sgmgrSbairkvk XacadkscgcdjmksSvks guhkbaiabk fjmpjnantks Xausrubaibjiksdgmj.739?

dgnsxvgvaiubk mkcdjmgg pjstsgiTjurk sgxabmwkojaiksfjckokfghkaiXk. sgvgbcaiubj ojrmgsSgn urSkarSfgvXkrXkwasrkdcaig rjdjrh `dgrkdaigSg sgxabmwkoj radkstrg-hkg~7394 Su `dgrkdaikcgn dgmjmckngra uobaiaiks sgxabmwkoj

radkstrghkg~,7395

ksa sgxabmwkoj radkstrghkks dgnuxjrhk-abaibjiks dgmj dgrkdaiks igSkbjig. 739;

fgnjnmcaibjikS dgSvgbkswknaiubk ojrmks mkmgrS wgyanaiubkmjSxjvnaik axaig mxjbjc naiks dgmjvbangs. Xasgigmksgc, dgrkdaiksngmcvkbjiksgSvks guhkbaiabkg km ojrmks cghvg, rgh cgcdankbkgXasgigmksk naiks dgmjvbanksgSvks.

uorj matkh, sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjig khnjisXamSxvavais, rjcasgh ojrmks cghvg sgvgbcaiubjg dgrkdaigXkmjngwkba mxjbjc arSk pkrks naiks dgmjvbanksgSvks. mgdgbkSgc,ssf-ks 191-a KKK muxbkS njtgrkubk cgcgsturaig asgTkrjaig Huqaikscgpkraigs cg gr grks dgSvgbkswknaiubk sgvgbcaiubj ojrmgXamxvacrk naiks dgmjvbanksgSvks ‘ gqhaptksgSvks. dgrcg gmksg,ssf-ks 5;9-a K muxbkS dgSvgbkswknaiubkg `Sgvcaijiks ojrmg~. gmnjrmks Sgngxmgc, sgvgbcaiubj ojrmks dgnszYvrg ufgvXkrcaig

7393 kx., mgdgbkSgc< ssf-ks 91-a KKK cg 1;-a K muxbaik. 7391 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 9946 Xagc.< vjn Suer , GS KK (7), 7;75, § ?8 K, 3;; o.,Xamcdjmk mkSkSaiaikS6 gsava Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 71 (K), 935.739? darmgnub kurkckub bktargturgXk gngbjdkurk Xacadks gngbkzk kx.,mgdgbkSgc< vjn Suer , GS KK (7), 7;75, § ?8 K, 3;;6gsava Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 71 (K), 93;.7394 kx., mgdgbkSgc, rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7?3-a muxbk. 7395 kx., mgdgbkSgc, sjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 807-amuxbk. 739; kx., mgdgbkSgc< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7?1-a,sjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 809-a cg gzarigklgnksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 88?-a muxbaik.




953

Sgvcaiks naiks dgmjvbangs cg gr wasrkdcaig grgngkrk wkngpkrjigSgvcaijiks mkmYaik pkrks naiks dgmjvbanksgSvks.

Xasgigmksgc, mkzgnXawjnkbkg sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjigsgSu, zjdgcgc, sgmgrSgbXk swjrac naiks dgmjvbanks ojrmksXasgxai sguigrk. 7380

?.9 ojrmks Sgvksuobaiks gYkgraig

naiks dgmjvbanks ngmcvkbjiksgSvks Xak\baig guhkbaiabk kyjsmksk ojrmks cghvg, Su as grks fgnjnkS dgSvgbkswknaiubk gnmxgraSg mkar XaSgnxmaiubk. wknggYmcad XamSxvavgXk mjqmacaisojrmks Sgvksuobaiks prknhkpk. naig Xak\baig dgmjkxgtjs grgmxjbjc zapkrgc (sktyvkargc), grgmac mjqmacaikcgn gYqmgcgc(fjnfbucanturgc) dgmjmckngrajicas. 7387

Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks ma-77 K muxbsg 7389 cggvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 558-a (9) pgrgdrgoXk 7388 uXugbjc grks mkSkSaiubk, rjm xabXafrubaig mxjbjc mgXkn

sgTkrjais spahkgburk ojrmks cghvgs, rjcasgh as fgnjnkS grksdgSvgbkswknaiubk.gm fjckokfghkaiksdgn dgnsxvgvaikS, ssf-ks ?5-a muxbks

ojrmubkraig ngfbaigc mfgokjg cg mksdgn ojrmks SgvksuobaiksgYkgraig mxjbjc krkigc Su Xak\baig kqnas ngwgrmjaik.ojrmubkraig, rjmabkh mxgraais uobaigmjskbaigs gnkTais,`SvkSjn dgnsgzYvrjn kdk~, Su fgnjnkS sgvgbcaiubj ojrmkscghvg gr grks sgvgbcaiubj, uorj matgc dgrkdaiksmkark ojrmkscgsgXvaijiks gYkgraigg, vkcra uXugbjc ojrmks Sgvksuobaiksg.Xasgigmksgc, sgqgrSvabjs sgmgrSgbXk ojrmks SgvksuobaigfjnstktuhkkS dgnmtfkhaiubk pkrjvnaiks Sgvksuogbk dgnvkSgraiksuobaikcgn dgmjmckngra mjqmacaiks Sgvksuobaiksg cg ssf-Xkzjdgcgc gsgxubk Sgngmacrjva xacvks dgmjxgtubaigc uncgHgkSvgbjs. 7383

7380 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 995.7387 kx., mgdgbkSgc< Xgvkdny, Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc KKK, 7530, § 780,984 o.6Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § 49, 7;5 oo.7389 „_artrãda iacòroan zu kerar Dòbtkdfakt nur cgnn aknar iasjncaran Ojrm, wann cgs Dasatzakna sjbhea vjrsherakit.‒ 7388 „ Ckasa _arshekacaneakt car Ojrm mghet, guÚar can km Dasatza iastkmmtan Oãbban, kn Gnsaeund car _arikncbkhefakt faknan Qntarshekac.‒ 7383 kx., mgdgbkSgc, darmgnkks sgmgrSgbXk ojrmks Sgvksuobaiks gYkgraikssgsgrdaibjc mkYaiub dgcgwyvatkbaigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS< Obuma, GS KK, 7;41,§ 71 (K), 93?.




951

mkuxacgvgc kmksg, rjm sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbks fjcaqsks grgarSk muxbk cYavgncabkdgcmjsgxackcgngh prjdrasubgc Xak\baig HgkSvgbjs, kdksgvgbcaiubj ojrmks vrhab HgmjngSvgbsgh kSvgbkswknaicg.gmkS xXkr XamSxvavgXk `dgcgTgriaiubk cghvg~, uorj zustgcfk, mxgraSg Sgvksuobaiks grgsgsurvabk XazYucvgxjrhkabcaijcg.

mgdgbkSgc, sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbks fjcaqsks 39-a KK muxbXk mkSkSaiubk kyj, rjm`dgrkdaig, rjmbksSvksgh fgnjnkS gr grks cgwasaiubkdgnsgzYvrubk ojrmg, HgkSvbaig gdraSva cgcaiubgc, Supkrks mjqmacaig gmLYgvnais mks naigs cgcjs dgrkdaig.~grgngfbai sgkntarasjg sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbks fjcaqsks 31-a K muxbkS dgSvgbkswknaiubk`dgrkdaiks ojrmks cguhvabjiks Xacadaik~< `fgnjnkScgwasaiubk ojrmks cguhvabjig kwvavs dgrkdaiks igSkbjigsmxjbjc km XamSxvavgXk, rjhg gsaSk Xacadk pkrcgpkrgg

mkSkSaiubk fgnjnXk.~swjrac gsaSk prjdrasubk njrmaiks pgrgbaburgcgrsaijicg grgarSk XazYucvg, rjmbaikh, arSk XaxacvkS,ogrSj Sgvksuobaiks nkvabkraigs gxcancnan. mgdgbkSgc,sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks fjcaqsks 33-amuxbXk mjhamubk kyj warkbjikSk dgrkdaiks sgvgbca-iubjjig mxgrac `sgxabmwkoj, fjjparghkubk cg sxvgsgzjdgcjairkvk jrdgnkzghkaiks~ mjngwkbajiks XamSxvavgXk6gsava sgvgbcaiubj ojrmks cghvkS uncg cgcaiubkyj`mjqgbgqaSg dgrkdaignk urSkarSXjrks gs mgnaSza matkSgnxksg~. 7381 sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbksfjcaqsks 38-a muxbks Sgngxmgc, dgmjngfbksk kyj ksaSkdgrkdaig, rjmbks Xasrubaigh cguyjvnaibkv xcaijcg.

?.8 ojrmks dgnsgzYvrks mkzgnk

ojrmg gr grks SvkSmkzgnk, grgmac sxvgcgsxvg mkznks mkYwavkssgXugbaigg cg dgnpkrjiaiubkg gm mkznaikS. 738? grsaijis ojrmksmkznaiks Hgmjygbkiaiks grgarSk sgyurgcYaij mhcabjig, rjmabSgmnkXvnabjig swjrac hgbfaubk mkznks mkYwavksgs ojrmks cghvks

7381 warkbjikSk ojrmks sgvgbcaiubjjiks cgfgvXkraig dgrkdaikSdgSvgbkswknaiubk vgbcaiubaiks YkraiubaigsSgn mjwasrkdaiubk kyj

pruskksg cg sgorgndaSks fjckokfghkaiXkh. kx., mgdgbkSgc< vjn Suer , GS KK(7), 7;75, § ?8 K, 3;?6Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 54 KK, 3386gsava \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 94 KK, 8?8.738? Xagc. Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 71 (K), 931.




95?

guhkbaibjigs dgngpkrjiais, gn, pkrkqkS, mgHvanaiabkg kmksg, rjmojrmks cghvgza Xasg\baiabkg ugrk kSqvgs, Su gm mkznaiks mkYwavgknckvkcSg gn sgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdks mkar sxvgdvgrgcgh kqnaigXasg\baiabk.

mgdgbkSgc, darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk grsaiubk arS-arSkfbgskokfghkks Sgngxmgc, ojrmks mkznaikg< dgrkdaiks cgcaiksskhxgca, mksk Xknggrskks skhxgca, mtfkhaiks dgmgrtkvaig,skswrgoksdgn (dgcgTgriaiubgc swrgok mjqmacaiksgdgn) cghvg,masgma pkrSgSvks Xahnjigcjig, prjoaskubk rHavg, sgarSjkntarasaikcgn dgmjmckngra zacgmxacvabjig cgsgzjdgcjairkvk kntarasaikS dgnpkrjiaiubk xabXafrubaikscgcaiks dgrSubaig. 7384

arS-arS sxvg fbgskokfghkgXk mjyvgnkbkg dgorSxkba-iks, skhxgcks, mtfkhaiks, knojrmkraiksg cg rHavks ounqhkaik.gmgsSgn, mtfkhaiks ounqhkg, Sgvks mxrkv, cgyjokbkgkcantkokhkraiks, TaXmgrktaiksg cg ckoaranhkraiks

ounqhkaigc.7385

fkcav arSk fbgskokfghks Sgngxmgc, hgbfaubk ojrmksdgnsgzYvrgs Xak\baig eqjncas skhxgcksg cg mtfkhaiks,knojrmkraiksg cg sglgrjjiks, dgorSxkbaiksg cgskswrgoksdgn (dgcgTgriaiubgc swrgok mjqmacaiksgdgn)cghvks, rHavksg cg dgnmgrtaiks, gsava sglgrj fjntrjbksdgmgrtkvaiks ounqhkaik. 738;

gmgsSgn, mkkHnavg, rjm fgnjnkS dgSvgbkswknaiubkojrmg mksk XamuXgvaiks mkzgnSgn mkmgrSaikS cgmjufkcaiabkmnkXvnabjiks mqjnac Hgmjygbkicg cg ks mgXkngh uncg kqnascghubk, Su Xasgigmksk mkznks mkYwavg sxvg dzkSgh kqnaigXasg\baiabk. 7330 xjbj dgrkdaiksmkar ojrmgza ugrks Sqmg

7384 kx. Eabcrkhe, Cka Ojrm cas _artrgdas, GhP, 7;37 (734), ;7 oo. („ Gishebussfbgreakt ‒ ,„ Knegbtsfbgreakt ‒ , „ Iawaksskhearund ‒ , „Òiarakbundssheutz‒ , „ Arfannigrfakt oòr Crktta‒ ,„ oghemãnnkshea Iargtund ‒ , „Òiarwgheund km Xknna cas Damaknshegotskntarassas‒ ,„ Arshewarund cas _artrgdsshebussas km Kntarassa car Damaknshegot ‒)6mkSkSaiubkg< Obuma,GS KK, 7;41, § 71 (K), 931, On. 3.7385 kx. Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 791, YcNr. 9 oo. („Tgrnounftkjn, Fbgrstabbunds- unc Iawaksounftkjn (mkt Kcantktãts-, Aheteakts- unc _arkokfgtkjnsounftkjn), Knojrmgtkjnsounftkjn sjwka Iargtundsounftkjn‒). 738; kx. Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 94, YcNr. 3 oo. („ Fbgrstabbunds- unc Iawaksounftkjn‒ , „ Knojrmgtkjns- unc Puibkzktãtsounftkjn‒ , „Tgrn- unc Òiarakbundssheutz‒ ,„ Iargtunds- unc Iabaerundsounftkjn‒ , „ Arbakhetarund iaeÿrcbkhear Fjntrjbba‒). 7330 kx. Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 791, YcNr. 9 c.




954

dgnsgfuSraikS mgXkn mkkHnavg mkzgnXawjnkbgc, Su ojrmgsskhxgcks gn mtfkhaiks mkzgnk eqjncg. 7337

sgqgrSvabjs sgmgrSgbXkh mkzgnXawjnkbkg ojrmks mkznaikscgfgvXkraig ojrmkscguhvabjiks sgmgrSbairkv XacadaiSgn. grgrks sgsurvabk, yvabg ojrmkscguhvabk naiks dgmjvbang Sudgrkdaig gvtjmgturgc igSkbgc dgmjhxgccas. zjdgcgc, naiksmkarksgvgbcaiubj ojrmks cgcdang mxgraSg kntarasaikS grksdgnpkrjiaiubk cg amsgxuraig mgS mkar sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaiksdgmjmwvavk naiks ojrmkraiksg cg mksk gcafvgturgc dghxgcaiksmkzgns.

gqacgn dgmjmckngra, Su Xasgigmksk ojrmks cghvgurSkarSmogrgvk naiks skhxgcks gn XamcdjmXk mtfkhaiksuzrunvabyjoks mkznkS kqng dgnsgzYvrubk, grgoark gr uncggYucdas wkn naiks dgmjvbanks ngmcvkbjigs, mgdgbkSgc, kmXamSxvavgXk, rjcasgh mxgraais Xjrks gr grsaijis cgvg naiksdgmjvbanks Xknggrsks Xasgxai.

ojrmks dgnsgzYvrg Su dgorSxkbaiks gn dgcgTgriaiubgcswrgok mjqmacaiksgdgn mxgrks cghvks ounqhkks mgtgraiabkg, ks gruncg kqhas km pkrksgSvks sgrdaibks mjmtgnk dgrkdaiks igSkbjikssgou\vbgc, rjmbks cghvgsgh fgnjnk ksgxgvcg mkzngc. uorjbjdkfurk kqnaig, gsaS pkrs mkankTjs Xahkbaiks uobaig cg mkahasXasg\baibjig, Sgvgc dgcgwyvktjs, mksk cghvks mkznkSXamuXgvaiubk njrmg mgrSbgh uzrunvabyjos mks cghvgs, Su,uirgbjc, mjrkdk XamSxvavgg, rjcasgh fgnjnmcaibks naigcgsgzustaiabkg (Suncgh sgzjdgcjairkvk urSkarSjiaiksdgnvkSgraiks dgmj) mxgrks ragburgc grsaiub kntarasSgnXasgigmksjiks SvgbsgzrkskS.

grsaijis Xamxvacrk rksfkh ‘ bkiargburmg mkcdjmgm gruncg dgmjkwvkjs pkrks cghvks stgncrtks grggcafvgturk XazYucvg.Xasgigmksgc, mxjbjc mjsgmgrSbks Xaogsaigza gr uncg kyjscgmjfkcaiubk dgnsgzYvrubk ojrmks cghvks mkzgnXawjnkbjig.sgsurvabkg gcafvgturk sgfgnjnmcaibj mjwasrkdaiks Hgmjygbkiaig,rgh sgvgbcaiubj ojrmgs knckvkcks cghvks ragburknstrumantgc, cg grg mksk kntarasaiks ragbkzaiks igrkargc,dgcggqhavs. ojrmg mxjbjc km XamSxvavgXk cg km mjhubjikS uncgkyjs cgcdankbk, rjcasgh fgnjnmcaibks mkznks mkYwavg, gsaSk

7337 kx. Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 791, YcNr. 79. grsaikSgcdarmgnubk mkcdjmks dgvbankS sgqgrSvabjs kurkckub bktargturgXkXasgmHnavkg msdgvsk dgnmgrtaiks tancanhkaik< kx., mgdgbkSgc< zjk\a , ssf-ksfjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, 7;8 cg Xamcdjmk6 gsava Tgnturkg, XasgvgbksgqgrSvabjs sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks zjdgc ngwkbXk, 7;;4, 811.




955

mfghrk stgncgrtks cgwasaiks dgraXa, grgSgngzjmkar rksfs XakhgvsXasgigmksk ojrmks mkznks sxvgdvgrgc ragbkzaiks SvgbsgzrkskS.

Xasg\baiabkg, mjwasrkdaiks nkmuXgc avrjpubksgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSbks prknhkpaiks 71<709-a muxbXk,zjdgcgc, mgrSbsgwknggYmcadjjiks radubkraiksgs XarHaubkmkcdjmg kqnas dgmjyanaiubk. zamjS mjyvgnkbk mslabjiksdgSvgbkswknaikS, sgvgbcaiubj ojrmg uncg dgnksgzYvrjsmxjbjc km XamSxvavgXk, Su as fjnfratubk mkznksmkYwavksSvks guhkbaiabkg. Xasgigmksgc, Su ojrmks cgmcdanknjrmg uXugbjc mkuSkSais Xasgigmksk sgmgrSbairkvkXacadks cgcdjmgza, as Xacadk sgvgbcaiubj kqnaig rjdjrhmxgraaiksgSvks, ksa mjsgmgrSbksSvks.

Su Xasgigmksk Xacadk gr grks mkSkSaiubk,xabXafrubaig Xasg\baiabkg dgmjhxgccas< `srubk \gbksmqjnac~, `dgrfvaubk \gbks mqjnac~, `\gbks grmqjnac~, gn`mjckokhkraiks sgdgnk dgxcas~. 7339 Xasgigmksk dgcgwyvatkbaig

uncg kyjs gcafvgturk cg Sgngzjmkark xabyjokbk wasks Suojrmks mkzgnSgn. 7338 sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjigXk ijbj wbaiXk

sgvgbcaiubj ojrmks mkmgrS swjrac bkiargburk mkcdjmkscgmfvkcraiks tancanhkg kfvaSaig. gmks mgdgbkSkg rjdjrhssf-Xk u\rgv qjnaigza sgfuSraiks uobaiks dgcghamks mkmgrSnjtgrkubk cgmjwmaiks sgvgbcaiubjjiks dguqmaig, 7333 ksaXrjmks sgmgrSgbXk ojrmks Sgvksuobaiks prknhkpksgYkgraig. 7331

7339 kx. avrjpubk sgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSbks prknhkpaiks 71<709-a KK muxbk<„…tea hjntrght mgy ia cahbgrac tj egva oubb aooaht, tj egva sjma aooaht, tj egva nj aooaht, jr tjia suilaht tj mjckokhgtkjn.‒ 7338 kx. avrjpubk sgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSbks prknhkpaiks 71<709-a KKKmuxbk. 7333 kx. ssf-ks 758-a K cg 898-a muxbaik, 900? wbks 5 cafamirks fgnjnkS`sgqgrSvabjs sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsXk hvbkbaiaiksg cg cgmgtaiaiks XatgnksXasgxai~ dgnxjrhkabaiubk hvbkbaiaikS (sgqgrSvabjs sgfgnjnmcaibjmghna, 900?, #35, 897). 7331 kx. sgqgrSvabjs 900? wbks Xrjmks fjcaqsks ma-? K muxbk.sgfgnjnmcaibj taqnkfks SvgbsgzrkskS, as njrmg ‘ `XrjmkSkxabXafrubaig kcaig warkbjikSk gn zapkrk ojrmkS...~ ‘ mnkXvnabjvgncgxvawgs sgTkrjais.




95;

?.3 fgnjnmcaibjikS dgSvgbkswknaiubk `taqnkfurk~ ojrmks sgxaaik

ssf-ks ?;-a muxbkS mjwasrkdaiubkg `mgrtkvk warkbjikSk ojrmg~cg `sgnjtgrj waskS cgmjwmaig~. Xasgigmksgc, sgqgrSvabjsfgnjnmcaibjikS swjrac as ojrmaik dgnafuSvnaig fgnjnkSdgSvgbkswknaiub taqnkfur ojrmais. naiks dgmjvbang zapkrgc,fjnfbucanturgc Su cumkbkS aqhavg ojrmks SgvksuobaiksogrdbaiXk. 733?

gmks sgpkrkspkrjc, sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbks fjcaqsks 39-a K muxbXk dgnsgzYvrubk kyj, rjm`dgrkdaig cgkcaig zapkrgc gn warkbjikSk ojrmkS (mgrtkvkgn sgnjtgrj).~ 7334 gmgsSgn, sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbks fjcaqsks 38-a muxbkS cgfjnfrataiubk kyj, rjm,grsaikSgc, mxjbjc `dgrkdaig, rjmbks Xasrubaig mkskcgcaiksSgngva xcaig, Xak\baig cgkcjs zapkrgc...~ 7335

sgyurgcYaijg, rjm, spahkgburk mjwasrkdaiksmkuxacgvgc, fgnjnmcaiabk sgiTjSg cg pjstsgiTjurksgxabmwkojaiks fjckokfghkaiXk gr sguirjis `zapkrkojrmks~ Xasgxai, grgmac xgzdgsmkS gradubkrais dgrkdaiks`zapkrgc cgcaigs~. gmks sgpkrkspkrjc, `warkbjikS ojrmg~uXugbjc gm sgxabwjcaikS wasrkdcaig. Xasgigmksgc, sgiTjSgcg pjstsgiTjurk sgxabmwkojaiks fjckokfghkaiXkh grdgnkxkbaig dgrkdaiks zapkrgc cgcaig XasgigmksksgmgrSbairkv-taqnkfurk ojrmks mgtgraibgc.

`zapkrk ojrmg~ gr dgnafuSvnaig fgnjnkSdgSvgbkswknaiub ojrmgSg rkhxvs cg ssf gr kSvgbkswknaismks spahkgbur mjwasrkdaigs. mkuxacgvgc gmksg, sgiTjurkparkjcks fgnjnmcaibjigXk grsaiubk xacvg lar fkcavgxcans dgvbangs sgqgrSvabjXk fgnjnmcaibks mkar mkYaiubhgbfaub dgcgwyvatkbaigza, rgh dgrkdaiks zapkrgc cgcaiksXasg\baibjiks mjwasrkdaikS vbkncaig.

mgdgbkSgc, ssf-ks ?93-a (7) muxbXk mjxsankaiubkgsasxks xabXafrubaiks zapkrgc cgcaig. gsaSk caiubaiks

733? Xagc. Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § 49, 7;; o.7334 kx. grsaikSgc kcanturk caiubaiaik, mgdgbkSgc< rusaSks oacarghkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 715-a K, sjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks9;3-a K cg gzarigklgnks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 89;-a KKmuxbaiXk. 7335 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 71;-a,sjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 9;1-a K-KK cg gzarigklgnksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 880-a K 9 muxbaik.




9;0

XamuXgvaiks mkzgnXawjnkbjig sgSujg. Su fgnjnmcaiabs grsurcg sasxks xabXafrubaiks ngmcvkbjiks wkngpkrjigcwarkbjikSk ojrmks dgnsgzYvrg, zapkrgc cgcaiksXasg\baibjigza mkSkSaig srubkgc ugcdkbj cg zacmatkg.varh mjmcavnj wkngcgcaigXk mjhamubk dgnmgrtaig, rjmmxgraais gsaSk xabXafrubaiks warkbjikS cgcaighXau\bkgS, var xsnks fgnjnmcaibks mkzgns. mkS umatas, ssf-ks?93-a (8) muxbXk mkSkSaiubkg, rjm `zapkrk xabXafrubaikscrjs mksk ngmcvkbjig gr Xak\baig cgcdkncas mxjbjcmjwmaSg HvanaikS.~

?.1 warkbjikSk ojrmg

km XamSxvavgXk, Su fgnjnks mjSxjvngg xabXafrubaiks warkbjikSkojrmkS cgcaig, 733; mgXkn, ssf-ks ?;-a K muxbks Xasgigmksgc,`dgrkdaiks ngmcvkbjiksgSvks sgfmgrkskg dgrkdaiks mjngwkbamxgraSg xabmjwarg.~ gngbjdkurk mjSxjvngg, mgdgbkSgc,

Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks ma-78 K muxbXk, rjmbksSgngxmgc, xabXafrubaigs uncg gxbcas `yvabg km pkrks xabmjwarg,rjmbaisgh ks gvgbcaiubais.~ 7310

Xasgigmksgc, warkbjikSk naiks dgmjvbanksSvks knckvkckspkrgck xabmjwargg sgfmgrksk, gnu mgn xabk Sgvksk xabkS cgSgvksk sgxabkS uncg mjgwarjs. 7317 fgnjnmcaiabk gr kSvgbkswknaisgrgngkr cgmgtaikS pkrjigs. mgdgbkSgc, gr grks guhkbaiabk, rjmtaqstk uXugbjc xabmjmwarks mkar gn rgkma dgnsgfuSraiubkojrmkS kyjs Xacdankbk, 7319 gsava umnkXvnabjg taqstks Xacdanksang, xabmjwarks SgrkYksg cg gcdkbks mkSkSaig, mgsgbg, rjmabzahdgnSgvscaig, gn rjmbkSgh Xasrubcaig taqstk Su xabmjwarg. 7318

733; fgnjnmcaiabk ssf-ks ?;-a K muxbXk sguirjis `mgrtkvk warkbjikSkojrmks~ Xasgxai. as ojrmubkraig mj\vabcg Sgngmacrjva sgmgrSgbXkfbgskfur warkbjikS ojrmgsSgn XacgraikS uorj mgrtkvk ‘ `taqsturk~cg ̀ abaqtrjnubk~ ‘ ojrmks XamuXgvaiks dgmj. 7310 „...cka Qntarsherkotan gbbar Parsjnan trgdan, cka curhe ken varpobkhetat warcan sjbban.‒ 7317 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 9876 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< Tgnturkg , Xasgvgbksgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks zjdgc ngwkbXk, 7;;4, 83; cg Xamcdjmk6 zjk\a ,ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, 97? (`sgfuSgrk xabks mjwarg~)6 darmgnubbktargturgXk< vjn Suer , GS KK (7), 7;75, § ?8 _, 1786 Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 71 (KK), 9106 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 94, YcNr. 306 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?,§ 37, YcNr. ?756 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 79?, YcNr. 4.7319 Xagc. ssf-ks 78?3-a muxbk, rjmabkh kSvgbkswknais Xkngurubk gncar\ks

`Sgvksk xabkS~ cgwargs. 7318 kx., mgdgbkSgc, Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 79?, YcNr. 9,rjmabXkh xgzdgsmubkg wgrwarks dgndr\jigcgc XangrHunaiks guhkbai-bjig ( „cguaregot oastegbtan‒).




9;7

mxacvabjigXkg mksgYaik ssf-ks ?;-a KK muxbks mjSxjvng,rjmbks Xasgigmksgc, `maqgnkfurk sgXugbaikS xabmjwarks gYcdang,dgnmajraig gn gYiaTcvg~ mxjbjc dgmjngfbksks sgxkS grkscgXvaiubk. gsaS XamSxvavgc ssf-ks ?;-a KK muxbXk uXugbjc grksmkSkSaiubk xabmjwarg ogskgn qgYgbcaiza, `rjmabSg dgmjXvaighckck rgjcanjikS xcaig~. as njrmg grsaikSgc kmajrais XvakhgrkksvgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks ma-73 KK muxbks caiubaigs.fgnjnmcaibks mkzgnkg, dgmjrkhxjs warkbjikSk ojrmks cghvksmkznkS ogqskmkbasg Su sxvg msdgvsk `maqgnkfurk xabmjwarks~dgmjyanaig, vkngkcgn gm crjs gr grks sgfmgrksgc hxgck, Su vkngrks naiks dgmjmvbank.

warkbjikSk ojrmks skhxgcksg cg mtfkhaiks ounqhkkcgndgmjmckngra, xabks mjwarg uncg mjxcas km sgxabkS, rjmabkhknckvkcks vkngjigs Xauhcjmbgc wgrmjgHans. gmksgSvks sgfmgrkskgxabks mjwarg knckvkcks dvgrkS6 jrmgdk dvgrks XamSxvavgXk ‘ arS-arSk mgSdgnkS6 gn ragburgc dgmjyanaiubk sxvg sgxabkS,mgdgbkSgc osavcjnkmkS. 7313 Su fgnjnks mkznks mkYwavg ‘

xabmjmwark, gnu Xasgigmksk naiks dgmjmvbank, knckvkcks vkngjikskcantkokhkraig ‘ Xasg\baiabkg, cgsgXvaikg xabmjwarks sgxkSknkhkgbaiksg cg sxvg gYnkXvnaiks dgmjyanaig. mnkXvnabjvgnkggrsaijicas knckvkcks vkngjiks cgcdanks gcafvgturk sgXugbaig(mgdgbkSgc, hgbfaubk dvarcks pgrgokraiksgs gsaSk dgramjaiggtaqstks ijbjs xabmjwarg).

mgdgbkSgc, darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 79?-a Kpgrgdrgoks Sgngxmgc, cgsgXvaigc grks mkHnaubk`njtgrkubgc cgcgsturaiubk gYnkXvnks~ 7311 ‘ lvrks, xgzksgcg knkhkgbaiks ‘ dgmjyanaig. 731?

gngbjdkurgc, Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbksma-71 muxbks Sgngxmgc, cgXvaiubkg xabmjwarks`cgcgsturaiubk gYnkXvnkS~ 7314 Hgnghvbaig. gbtarngtkvgcdgnkxkbaig sglgrj cgmjwmaiks dgmjyanaig. 7315 dgrcg gmksg,

7313 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 9876 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< zjk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk,wkdnk K, 7;;;, 9746 darmgnub bktargturgXk< vjn Suer , GS KK (7), 7;75, § ?8 _, 173o.6 Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 71 (KK), 9186 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 94,YcNr. 8;6 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 37, YcNr. ?7;6 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI,9005, § 79?, YcNr. ;.7311 „mkttabs njtgrkabb iadbguikdtan Egnczakheans‒. 731? Xagc. Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 79?, YcNr. 70, rjmabkh gsaSgYnkXvnaigc ( „ Egnczakhean‒) swjrac lvraiks, xgzaiksg cg knkhkgbaiks(„ Frauza, Xtrkhea, Knktkgban‒) dgmjyanaigs mkkHnavs. 7314 „iadbguikdtas Egnczakhean‒. 7315 „ÿooantbkhea Iaurfuncund ‒.




9;9

Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks ma-73 K muxbXksguigrkg uskngSbj pkrks xabmjwarks cgcgsturaigza.gmgsSgn, sgvgbcaiubj wkngpkrjigg kmks mtfkhaiubaiksgrsaijig, rjm kdk xabmjwarksgs cjfumantks Xknggrsskhnjicg.

gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 55?-apgrgdrgokh kSvgbkswknais msdgvs mjwasrkdaigs< pkrksxabmjwargs, rjmabmgh gr khks, gn km mjmantXk gr Xau\bkgwarg, Xasg\baiabkg Hganghvbjs sgsgmgrSbj gn njtgrkubgccgcgsturaiubk gYnkXvng, rjmabkh rjdjrh uXugbjc naiksdgmjmvbanks, ksa mksk cgmxmgra mjwmaaiks mkar Xak\baig kqnasdgmjyanaiubk. 731;

gmgsSgn, dgsgSvgbkswknaiabkg Xasgigmksk ojrmks dgnmsgzYvrabknjrmks grsk cg mkzgnk. ks sgvgbcaiubj mknkmumk, rgzahfgnjnmcaiabmg naiks dgmjvbang warkbjikSk ojrmkS mjkSxjvg,srubgc uncg kyjs gsgxubk Xasgigmks cjfumantXk. mgsXk uncg

gksgxjs gsava yvabg ks cgmgtaikSk XaSgnxmaig, rjmabSghXasgigmksk fgnjnkS dgSvgbkswknaiubk mkznks ragbkzaigzadgvbanks mjxcang Xau\bkg.

naiks dgmjvbanks taqstk uncg qmnkcas arS mSbkgnjigs. 73?0 kmXamSxvavgXk, rjhg naiks dgmjvbang rgmcankma ngwkbksg Sucjfumantksdgn Xacdaig, uncg grsaijicas ksaSk dgramjaiaik, rghtaqstks arSkgnjigs ucgvjs xcks. gsaSkg, mgdgbkSgc, dvarcaiks,gizghaiksg Su caiubaiaiks Sgnmkmcavrubk numarghkg, taqstksarSdvgrjvgnk drgokfubk dgcgwyvatg, gsava taqstks hgbfaubkngwkbks Xknggrsjirkvk img Su urSkarSfgvXkrk. 73?7

ssf-ks 47-a muxbk kmajrais darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks79?-a KK 9 pgrgdrgoks caiubaigs cg sgfmgrksgc mkkHnavsxabXafrubaiks mxgrks xabmjwargs majra mxgrksgSvks dgnfuSvnkbadzampbgrza. as bjdkfurkg cg amsgxuraig dgrkdaiks cgcaiksskswrgoksg cg skmgrtkvks kntarass, gsava dgmgrSbaiubkg

731; „... ogbbs ska cas Xherakians unfunckd jcar wadan Dairaheans unoãekd sknc, curhe Iaksatzundkeras darkhetbkhe jcar njtgrkabb iadbguikdtan Egnczakheans jcar Iaksatzund cas Egnczakheansvjr zwak \audan, caran aknar can Ngman car Pgrtak untaroartkdt...‒ 73?0 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 9896 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< Tgnturkg , Xasgvgbksgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks zjdgc ngwkbXk, 7;;4, 8106 darmgnub bktargturgXk< Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 71 (KK), 9196 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 94, YcNr.886 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 37, YcNr. ?7?6 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005,§ 79?, YcNr. 3.73?7 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 989 o.6Xagc. darmgnub bktargturgXk< Obuma, GSKK, 7;41, § 71 (KK), 9196gsava Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 94, YcNr. 886 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 37, YcNr. ?7?6 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005,§ 79?, YcNr. 9, 3.




9;8

afjnjmkurjiks SvgbsgzrkskSgh. mgdgbkSgc, mxgraaikabaqtrjnubk ojrmkS gSgnxmaian taqsts, xabs gwaran majramxgrksgSvks dgnfuSvnkb adzampbgrs cg gdzgvnkgn. mgS grsTkrcaigS cgabjcjn, sgngm mgS mkar xabmjwarkbk cgxabXafrubaiks majra mxgrksgSvks dgdzgvnkbk cjfumantk gmufgngsfnabks xabmjwarkS ufgn cguiruncaigS.

hxgckg, as sqamg mjqmacais mgXkn, rjcasgh mxgraSg naiksdgmjvbang rgmcankma `arSk cg kmgva Xknggrsks~ cjfumantXkgksgxaig. sxvg XamSxvavgXk mgSk xabmjwarg arSsg cg kmgvacjfumantza uncg mjxcas. rjcasgh as fgnjnks mjSxjvngg,mnkXvnabjvgnkg grsaijicas mxgraSg arSkgnk naikscgmgcgsturaiabk, mknkmum, arSk warkbjikSk cjfumantk. asdarmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 79?-a KK 7 pgrgdrgoXk uXugbjcwasrkdcaig, mgdrgm gr kqng dgSvgbkswknaiubk ssf-ks 47-a muxbksXamuXgvaiksgs. Xasgigmksgc, ssf-ks 47-a muxbk yurgcYaigsgmgxvkbais dgmjngfbksza waskcgn, xjbj mksk gcafvgturkdgnmgrtaikS Xasg\baiabkg zjdgck wasks ojrmkraig< warkbjikSk

naiks dgmjvbang arS mSbkgnjigs uncg qmnkcas cg mgs xabs arSgcuncg gwarcnan mksk dgmjmvbank mxgraaik.sgkntarasj cgfjnfrataigg Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSk

sgmgrSbks ma-78 KK muxbXk. fgnjnmcaiabmg uXugbjc mkuSkSg, rjmwarkbjikSk ojrmg cghubkg warkbks gn sxvg warkbjikSkdzgvnkbks XamSxvavgXkh, Su mgs gxbgvs km pkrSg xabmjwarg,rjmbaikh Sgvs kvgbcaiubaian.

dgrcg gmksg, gYkgraiubkg, rjm xabmjwarg taqstks ijbjsuncg dgnSgvscas, ks taqsts skvrhjirkvgc uncg frgvcas,gsrubaicas 73?9.73?8

sgyurgcYaijg, rjm darmgnubk anksgdgn dgnsxvgvaikS, qgrSubangXk sktyvg `xabmjwarg~ Su `xabks mjwarg~ SgvksSgvgc grmkuSkSais, rjm kdk taqstks ijbjs uncg dgnbgdcas.darmgnub angXk `xabks mjwarks~ dgmjmxgtvabk tarmknkuXugbjc mkuSkSais, rjm ks `mkngwarkg~ Su `mjwarkbkg~taqstks `ijbjs~. 73?3 Xasgigmksgc, ks, rgh ksacgh bjdkfurkg

73?9 „rãumbkhe gishebkassan‒. 73?8 kx., mgdgbkSgc< Tgnturkg , Xasgvgbk sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks zjdgcngwkbXk, 7;;4, 8106 zjk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, 9746 darmgnubbktargturgXk< vjn Suer , GS KK (7), 7;75, § ?8 _, 171 o.6 Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 71 (KK),910 o.6 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 94, YcNr. 836 Mackhus, GS cas IDI,900?, § 37, YcNr. ?746 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 79?, YcNr. 1.73?3 „Qntarsherkot ‒.




9;1

Xacadaiks Xasgxai. 7347 sxvg XamSxvavgXk, hxgckg, naiks dgmjmvbanksgrHavgnzag cgmjfkcaiubk, Sgvcgpkrvabgc xabmjwarg dgfaScaig, Sumks zamjS taqstk dgnSgvscaig. 7349

Xasgigmksgc, swjrac dgorSxkbaiks ounqhkkcgn dgmjmckngra,mgdgbkSgc, darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk cguXvaibgc grks mkHnaubkrjdjrh abaqtrjnubk ojrmks, ksa Xauvsaiab cjfumantza`hgrkabk xabmjwarks~ dgmjyanaig sgmjmxmgraibj sasxks, 7348 mgSXjrks mksk spahkgburk sgxaaiks, 7343 gsava Sgvcaijiksg 7341 cgcgzYvavks hgbfaubk sgxks xabXafrubaiaiSgn 734? mkmgrSaikS. 7344 yvabg gm XamSxvavgXk sgvgrgucjg, rjm warkbjikSk ojrmksHgnghvbaig wknggYmcadjigXk mjvkcjcg ojrmks mkzgnSgn.

darmgnubk sgmgrSgbk gYkgrais gsava `taqstur ojrmgs~, 7345 rjmabkh sgarSjc gr kSvgbkswknais cjfumantza xabmjwarksdgfaSaigs. kdk fgnjnmcaibks mkar dgSvgbkswknaiubk yvabgza`mgrtkvk~ cg, gmgva crjs, mhkra cghvks mqjna ojrmgg. gm ojrmksmkmgrS mjqmack zjdgck mjSxjvnaik wasrkdcaig darmgnkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 79?-a `i~ pgrgdrgokS. gsaSk mjSxjvngg,

mgdgbkSgc, naiks dgmjvbanks taqstks gmsgxvabk cjfumantksgrsaijig, naiks dgmjmvbanksg cg taqstks cgsgsrubks mkSkSaig.dgmjmckngra kqkcgn, rjm mgsza warkbjikSk ojrmksgSvkscgmgxgskgSaiabk xabmjwarg gr faScaig, taqsturk ojrmkscjfumantk Xasg\baiabkg dgkdzgvnjs ogqsksg cg abaqtrjnubkojstks maXvajikSgh. 734;

7347 kx., mgdgbkSgc< vjn Suer , GS KK (7), 7;75, § ?8 _, 17? o.6 Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 71 (KK),913 o., 91?6 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 94, YcNr. 8? (mgS XjrksmkSkSaiaikS< IDE-Antsheakcundan kn \kvkbsghean, Ignc 789, 77;, 79?6 IDE, NLT, 7;;;,;10).7349 kx. vjn Suer , GS KK (7), 7;75, § ?8 _, 17?.7348 kx. darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 3;9-a pgrgdrgok. 7343 kx. darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-100 (sgmjmxmgraibj okngnsurkbkzkndk) cg 107-a (dgcgxcks dgnvgcaiks sgmjmxmgraibj dgrkdaig)pgrgdrgoaik. 7341 kx. darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 4??-a pgrgdrgok. 734? kx., mgdgbkSgc, darmgnkks cgzYvavks xabXafrubaiks Xasgxai fgnjnks(Dasatz òiar can _arskhearundsvartrgd, __D, 98.0;.9004, IDIb K, 9?87, zubatzt daãncart gm91.01.900;, IDIb K, 7709) 710-a KK 7 cg 74;-a KK 7 pgrgdrgoaik.7344 Xagc. Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 94, YcNr. 84.7345 „Saxtojrm‒.734; taqsturk ojrmks mnkXvnabjigsg cg mks mkmgrS wgyanaiub mjSxjv-naiSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx., mgdgbkSgc, Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005,§ 79? i, YcNr. 7 oo.




9;?

?.4 wgrmjmgcdanbks xabmjwarg

spahkgburk wasaik mjqmacais wgrmjmgcdanbks mkar xabmjwarksXamSxvavgXk. rjdjrh wask, mgn xabk uncg mjgwarjs SgvksksgxabkS, gnu dgmjkyanjs Sgvksk xabmjwarg. gmgsSgn, mksk sxvksksgxabkS mjqmacaiks Xahnjigcjig uzrunvabyjokbk uncg kyjsXasgigmksk cjfumantks XknggrskS gn xabmjwarks gcdkbgsdgfaSaiubk gYnkXvnkS. 7350

dgrcg gmksg, darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk gYkgraiubkgwgrmjmgcdanbks uobaigmjskbaig ‘ mjgwarjs xabk uXugbjcwgrmjcdankbk pkrks xabmjwarkS. 7357 gsaSk gbtarngtkvgsgqgrSvabjXk cguXvaibgc mkkHnavg, 7359 rgh ojrmks mkmgrSkstjrkubk mamfvkcrajikS dgnpkrjiaiubk mfghrk mkcdjmksdgmjvbknaigg. 7358

xabks mjwarksgs sxvg pkrks cgxmgraiks dgmjyanaiks pkrjiaikdgnksgzYvraig ssf-ks 40-a muxbXk. `warg-fkSxvks uhjckngrjiks,

okzkfurk ngfbks gn gvgcmyjojiks dgmj~ cgsgXvaikg, knckvkcmg`xabks mjwarg sxvgs mkgncjs.~ gm crjs guhkbaiab wkngpkrjigcmkHnaubkg `jokhkgburk cgmjwmaig~ cg mkzazks gYnkXvng, rksdgmjh pkrmg Sgvgc var mjgwarg xabk. 7353 gm mjwasrkdaikcgnXasg\baiabkg wgrmjaiub kqnas wgrmjmgcdanbks uobaigmjskbaig,mjgwarjs xabk uXugbjc wgrmjcdankbk pkrks xabmjwarkS,Suncgh ssf-ks 40-a muxbks cgmgtaikSk wkngpkrjiaiksdgSvgbkswknaikS. 7351

km XamSxvavgXk, Su gm njrmgXk mxjbjc xabks mjwargzawgrmjmgcdanbjikSk uobaigmjskbaiks mknkTaig uncgkdubksxmaijcas, hxgckg, as wgrmjmgcdanbjiks knstktutkscgfnknaig cg sgmgrSbairkv urSkarSjiaiXk usgrdaibj igrkarkkqnaijcg. dgrkdaiksmkark wgrmjmgcdanbjig cguXvaiabkgXakzYucjs mxjbjc km XamSxvavaikS, rjcasgh pkrs Sgvgc grXau\bkg xabks mjwarg `warg-fkSxvks uhjckngrjiks, okzkfurkngfbks gn gvgcmyjojiks dgmj~. rgtjm uncg XakzYucjs pkrk

7350 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 9896 kx. gsava< Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 71 (KK), 9196 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 79?, YcNr. 5.7357 kx., mgdgbkSgc< Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 71 (KK), 919 o.6 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas IòrdarbkheanYahets, 9003, § 94, YcNr. 8;6 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 79?, YcNr. 5.7359 kx., mgdgbkSgc< Tgnturkg , Xasgvgbk sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks zjdgcngwkbXk, 7;;4, 810. 7358 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 989.7353 as njrmg, grsaikSgc, sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbksfjcaqsks 33-a _ muxbXk grsaiub mjwasrkdaigs kmajrais. 7351 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 989.




9;4

warkbjikSk naiks dgmjvbanksgs mxjbjc gm XamSxvavaikS, gn rgtjmuncg kyjs sgvgbcaiubj km dgramjaiaiks mkSkSaig, rjmabSg dgmjh`dgrkdaiks cgmcaimg var Xa\bj dgrkdaigza xabks mjwarg~:

sgmgrSbairkvgc mnkXvnabjvgnkg mxjbjc ks, rjm Xasgigmksknaiks dgmjvbanks Xacadaiks gcrasgtk wgrmjcdankbk pkrkg. 735? Xasgigmksgc, mgs Xau\bkg, Sgvgc dgcgwyvktjs, pkrgcgc mjgwarsxabs, Su naiks dgmjvbangs mksk sgxabkS mjqmack wgrmjmgcdanbksxabmjwarg gn gm ufgngsfnabks mkar cgsmubk mkskva xabmjwargdggmygrais. mxjbjc dgmjngfbks XamSxvavaiXk Xak\baig kyjsmnkXvnabjvgnk uXugbjc wgrmjcdankbk pkrks mkar xabks mjwarg(mgdgbkSgc, qjrwknaiks XamSxvavgXk).

?.5 sglgrj cgcgsturaig cg njtgrkubk cgmjwmaig

sglgrj cgcgsturaigsg cg njtgrkub cgmjwmaigs Xjrks mfgokjdgmklvng sgiTjSg cg pjstsgiTjurk sgxabmwkojaiks sgmgrSbksSvksgr grks cgmgxgskgSaiabk. mkuxacgvgc gmksg, Xasgigmksk

fgnjnmcaibjiks gngbkzk gsaSk dgmklvnks dgfaSaiks Xasg\baibjigsk\bavg.

sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks fjcaqsks 34-amuxbXk fgnjnmcaiabk `sgnjtgrj waskS dgrkdaikscgcgsturaiks~ Xasgxai sguirjis, xjbj 33-a _ muxbXk ‘ pkrks xabmjwarks cgcgsturaigza hgbfaubk `jrdgnkzghkks~mkar.7354 mkuxacgvgc kmksg, rjm gsaS jrdgnkzghkgSg nusxkcgn,grsaikSgc, mxjbjc njtgrkusk Xak\baig HgkSvgbjs,Sgngmacrjva dgdaikS, sglgrj uobaigmjskbaiks mgtgraiabjrdgnjc, as njrmg mgknh Xak\baig sgiTjSg sgmgrSgbXkxabmjwarks sglgrj cgcgsturaiks knstktutks dgzkgraiksnkmuXgc kqnas mkHnaubk.

kcanturk mkcdjmg XaknkXnaig pjstsgiTjurksgxabmwkojaiks fjckokfghkaiXk. `dgrkdaiks sgnjtgrjcgmjwmaiks~ Xasgxai caiubaiaik mjhamubkg, mgdgbkSgc<rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7?8-a K, sjmxaSksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 9;;-a K cg gzarigklgnksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 883-a K muxbaiXk.

735? as Xacadk cgcdaig ssf-ks 703-a K muxbks Xasgigmksgc. 7354 fgnjnmcaiabk mkuSkSais, rjm `xabmjwarg uncg cggcgsturjs kmjrdgnkzghkgm, sgcgh muXgjis gn swgvbjis dgrkdaiks cgmcaik mjqgbgqa, gnsgikngj-sgaqspbugtghkj jrdgnkzghkgm, rjmabkh uzrunvabyjos km sgxbksaqspbugtghkgs, sgcgh kdk hxjvrjis, gn km stghkjngrubk sgmfurngbjcgwasaiubaiks gcmknkstrghkgm, sgcgh kdk sgmfurngbjc kmyjoaig, gncgsgnjtgrj jrdgnjm...~




9;5

xabmjwarks cgcgsturaiks gmsgxvabk njrmaik, sgqgrSvabjsssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks fjcaqsks 33-a _ muxbksgngbjdkurgc, wasrkdcaig rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 7?0-a KKK, sjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 9;?-a cg gzarigklgnks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 887-a muxbaiXk. 7355

ssf-ks ?;-a KKK muxbXk dgmjkyanaig tarmknk `sgnjtgrj waskScgmjwmaig~. gmgsSgn, fjnfratcaig, rjm `cgmjwmaig uncgdgngxjrhkabjs njtgrkusmg, mjsgmgrSbam gn fgnjnmcaibjikSdgSvgbkswknaiubmg sxvg pkrmg.~

gsaSk mjwasrkdaikS dgnksgzYvraig mxjbjc Xasgigmksksglgrj uobaigmjskbaikS gYTurvkb pkrSg wra, rjmabkh gr grksgmjmwurgvk. mksk Xavsaig njtgrkgtks Xasgxai fgnjnks 735; 39-a cgXamcdjmk muxbaikS xcaig. gngbjdkurk nusxg ssf-ks 781;-a muxbXkgncar\ks cgcgsturaigsSgn urSkarSfgvXkrXkh grks mjhamubk.

sgijbjjc, sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjikS dgnsgzYvrubk

pkrSg wra zacmatgc ogrSjcgh Xak\baig HgkSvgbjs. as sgiTjSgsgmgrSgbXk grsaiubk mkcdjmks dgvbankS Xak\baig gkxsngs,rjmbks arSdubnkh cYamca rHaikgn pjstsgiTjurksgxabmwkojaik. 73;0

nkXgncjibkvkg, rjm, mgdgbkSgc, darmgnubk sgmgrSgbksgpkrkspkrj mkmgrSubaikS dgnvkSgrcg cg dguqmcg 7;?; wbgmcanjtgrkubk cgmjwmaiks pgrgbaburgc mjqmack sgsgmgrSbjcgmjwmaig.73;7

ssf-ks ?;-a KKK muxbs, grsaikSgc, mkSkSaikSk njrmksounqhkks Xasrubaig Su Xau\bkg. kdk gr Xakhgvs grgngkrcgmgtaikS mjwasrkdaigs njtgrkubk cgmjwmaiks mkmgrS wgyanaiubkmjSxjvnaiksg Su sxvg dgramjaiaiks Xasgxai. catgburk mjwasrkdaiggm XamSxvavgXkh mjhamubkg njtgrkgtks Xasgxai fgnjnks 37-a cgXamcdjm muxbaiXk, ksava rjdjrh gncar\Sgn urSkarSfgvXkrXk ssf-ks 7814-a cg Xamcdjm muxbaiXk.

njtgrkgtks Xasgxai fgnjnkS fgnjnmcaiabk sglgrjcgcgsturaiksg cg njtgrkubk cgmjwmaiks uobaigmjskbaigsgnkTais rjdjrh njtgrkuss, 73;9 ksa `dgmdajiks (markks) tarktj- 7355 Xagc. Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 983 o.735; sgqgrSvabjs pgrbgmantks uwyaignk, 7;;?, #79. 73;0 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7?8-a K,sjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 9;;-a K cg gzarigklgnks

raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 883-a K muxbaik. 73;7 kx. `cgmjwmaiks Xasgxai fgnjnk~ ( Cgs Iaurfuncundsdasatz, IaurfD), 95.05.7;?;,IDIb K, 7178,mkSkSaiubkg< Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 37, YcNr. ?98.73;9 kx. njtgrkgtks Xasgxai fgnjnks 37-a muxbk.




9;;

rkubk jrdgnjs xabm\Yvgnabsg~ Su `rwmunaiubs~, 73;8 gdraSvasgfjnsubj cgwasaiubaiks Sgngmcaijiks pkrais. 73;3 Xasgigmksksgnjtgrj mjqmacaiaiks mjwasrkdaiksgs fgnjnmcaiabk kyanaisrjdjrh tarmkn cgcgsturaigs, ksa cgmjwmaigs.

mkzgnXawjnkbkg Hgmjygbkicas sgqgrSvabjs sgmgrSgbXkmfvaSrk dgmklvng sglgrj cgcgsturaigsg cg njtgrkub cgmjwmaigsXjrks. cgcgsturaiks uobaigmjskbaig Xasg\baiabkg cgufgvXkrcassglgrj uobaigmjskbaikS[gYTurvkb sxvgcgsxvg jrdgnjs cgXak\baig dgshcas fkcah mgS rkds, 73;1 mgXkn rjcasgh njtgrkubkcgmjwmaiks ounqhkg mxjbjc njtgrkuss uncg eqjncas.

cgcgsturaiksgs xcaig mxjbjc xabmjwarks ngmcvkbjiks(gvSanturjiks) cgcgsturaig, 73;? rgh Xasg\baiabkg dgnxjrhkabcasrjdjrh njtgrkusks, ksa `fgnjnkS dgSvgbkswknaiubk sxvg pkrks~mkar.

gmks sgpkrkspkrjc, naiks dgmjvbanks cgmjwmaiksgs njtgrkuskgmjwmais, rjm kdk Xasgigmks cjfumantXk mkSkSaiub pkrSgXasgigmksk naiks dgmjvbanks uXugbj mjwmag, gnu gxcans mksk

srubk Xknggrsks cgmjwmaigs.73;4

qgrSub kurkckub bktargturgXkxgzdgsmubkg, rjm njtgrkusmg naiks dgmjvbanks Xknggrsks mjqmacfgnjnmcaibjigsSgn Xasgigmksjig uncg cggmjwmjs. 73;5 gmkssgpkrkspkrjc, mgdgbkSgc, darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk njtgrkusks

73;8 kx. njtgrkgtks Xasgxai fgnjnks 39-a muxbk6 Xagc. gsava ssf-ks 7814-a KKmuxbk. 73;3 kx. njtgrkgtks Xasgxai fgnjnks 38-a muxbk. 73;1 njtgrkgtks Xasgxai fgnjnks 33-a muxbk gncar\ksg cg rwmunaiubaikssglgrj cgcgsturaiks uobaigmjskbaigs gnkTais pkrSg ogrSj spaqtrs,mgS Xjrks< sggvgcmyjojs, sxvg sgmfurngbj-prjokbgqtkfurk

cgwasaiubaiks, mjxuhaiubSg cg XazYucubk Xasg\baibjiks pkrSgSvksXaqmnkbk spahkgburk cgwasaiubaiaiks ckraqtjrsg cg mSgvgr aqkms6 damksfgpktgnsg cg sgegarj xjmgbcks maSgurs6 Sgvksuobaiks gYfvaSks gcdkbksuorjss. Xagc. gsava ssf-ks 781;-a muxbk 73;? kx., mgdgbkSgc< Tgnturkg , Xasgvgbk sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks zjdgcngwkbXk, 7;;4, 8186 zjk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, 9756 darmgnubbktargturgXk< Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 71 (KK), 9?06 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas IòrdarbkheanYahets, 9003, § 94, YcNr. 136 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 37, YcNr. ?976 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 79;, YcNr. 7.73;4 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 98?. Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< Tgnturkg , Xasgvgbksgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks zjdgc ngwkbXk, 7;;4, 819 cg Xamcdjmk6 zjk\a ,ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, 9756 darmgnub bktargturgXk< Obuma, GS KK,7;41, § 71 (KK), 91; o.6 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 94, YcNr. 1?6 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 37, YcNr. ?996 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005,§ 795, YcNr. 7.73;5 kx., mgdgbkSgc< Tgnturkg , Xasgvgbk sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks zjdgcngwkbXk, 7;;4, 8186 zjk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, 975.




800

mkmgrS grsaijis mjbjcknk, rjm kdk mxgraais mgSk naiksdgmjvbanks sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaiks Xasgxai knojrmghkgs,arSdvgr rHavgs mkshams. kdk vgbcaiubkg, kmgsgh fk mkgqhkjsyurgcYaig, rjm Sgvkcgn gkrkcjs naiks dgmjmvbanSg Xahcjmg,naiksmkark jrTjojig cg `grh dgmjuhcabk mjngwkbacgkHgdrjs~ 73;; .7100

nkXgncjibkvkg, rjm as xacvg ngwkbjirkv dgzkgraiubkhgrks sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjigXk. njtgrkgtks Xasgxaifgnjnks 37-a K_ muxbXk mkSkSaiubkg, rjm `sgnjtgrjmjqmacaiaiSgn cgfgvXkraikS njtgrkusk sgmgrSbairkvcgxmgraigs uwavs pkrais...~, xjbj njtgrkgtks Xasgxaifgnjnks 10-a muxbks Sgngxmgc, `njtgrkusk mjvgbag sgnjtgrjmjqmacaiks Xasrubaiksgs sgnjtgrj mjqmacaiks Xknggrsk cgsgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaik dgnumgrtjs km pkrais, rjmbaikhkSxjvan sgnjtgrj mjqmacaiks Xasrubaigs. gmgsSgn,njtgrkusk mjvgbag kzrunjs, rgSg gr Xakbgxjs km pkrSg

kntarasaik, rjmbaimgh fgnjnk gr khkgn cg sgTkrjaiansgmgrSbairkv cgxmgraigs.~gm njrmaikS dgSvgbkswknaiub `sgnjtgrj

mjqmacaiaiXk~ swjrac njtgrkubk cgmjwmaig uncgkdubksxmaijcas. `sgmgrSbairkvk cgxmgraiks dgwavg~,`sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaiks dgnmgrtaig~ Su `kntarasaiksXabgxvksdgn~ cghvg njtgrkubk cgmjwmaiks crjs grksXasg\baiabk cg, ngfbaigc sgvgrgucjg, ufgvXkrcaijcasxabmjwarks ngmcvkbjiks cgcgsturaigs.

cgijbjs, njtgrkubk cgmjwmaiks jrk sgxa Xak\baig dgkmklnjs<Sgngcrjubk cgmjwmaiks crjs xabXafrubaiks mxgraSg naiksdgmjvbang arScrjubgc mjwmcaig6 Sgnmkmcavrubk cgmjwmaiksgsXasg\baiabkg hgb-hgbfa cgmjwmcas, mgdgbkSgc, joartk cggqhaptk. 7107 gmgsSgn, Xasg\baiabkg, as mjqmacaiaik dgnxjrhkabcasrjdjrh arSk cg kmgva, ksa sxvgcgsxvg njtgrkusks mkar. 7109

73;; kx. cgmjwmaiks Xasgxai darmgnkks fgnjnks ma-74 K cg Xamcdjmk pgrgdrg-oaik6 Xagc.< Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 71 (KK), 9?06gsava Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas IòrdarbkheanYahets, 9003, § 94, YcNr. 1?.7100 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 98?.7107 Sgnmkmcavrubk cgmjwmaig ( „ sufzasskva Iaurfuncund ‒) mjwasrkdaiubkg, mgdg-bkSgc, darmgnkks sgmjqgbqj fjcaqsks 795-a pgrgdrgokS. 7109 kx. Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 98?6 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< vjn Suer , GS KK (7),7;75, § ?8 _K, 193 o.6 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 94, YcNr. 1;6 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 795, YcNr. 8.




807

?.; ojrmks cguhvabjiks sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadk igSkbjig

fgnjnkS gn xabXafrubaikS cgcdankbk `taqnkfurk~ ojrmkscguhvabjiks Xacadk ‘ igSkbjig ssf-ks 1;-a K muxbXk igSkbjikssxvg sgou\vbaiSgn urSkarSfgvXkrXkg dgSvgbkswknaiubk. arSkXaxacvkS, as caiubaig ckc msdgvsaigs gvbans darmgnkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 791-a pgrgdrgoSgn, rjmabXkh gsavabgfjnkurk cg fjnfratubk ojrmubkraigg mjhamubk.SvgbXksghamkg mnkXvnabjvgnk dgnsxvgvaigh ‘ darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 791-a (7) pgrgdrgoks caiubaig kmpargtkubkg mxjbjcfgnjnkS dgSvgbkswknaiub ojrmgsSgn mkmgrSaikS6 7108 xjbjdarmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 791-a (9) pgrgdrgokS igSkbjigdgrkdaiksmkark ojrmks cguhvabjiksgs mxjbjc prazumohkks sgxkSgrks Hgmjygbkiaiubk 7103.7101

sxvg pjstsgiTjurk sgxabmwkojaiks fjckokfghkaikkSvgbkswknaian ojrmks cguhvabjiks catgbur mjwasrkdaigs cg

Xasgigmks sgmgrSbairkv Xacadais ufgvXkraian rjdjrh `mgrtkvkwarkbjikSk ojrmks~, ksa njtgrkubk cgcgsturaiksg cgsgxabmwkoj radkstrghkks mjSxjvnaiks cguhvabjigs. gmgsSgn,mgSXk arSdvgrjvgnk mkcdjmgg fgnjnksmkark cg dgrkdaiksmkarkojrmks cguhvabjiks sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks SvgbsgzrkskS. 710?

ssf-ks 1;-a K muxbXk igSkbgc hxgccaig gsava `naigrSvksdgraXa cgcaiubk dgrkdaig, Su gm dgrkdaiksSvks sgTkrjgnaigrSvg.~ igSkbjiks sgou\vbgc naigrSvks grgrsaijiksmkSkSaig ojrmkscguhvabgc cgcaiub dgrkdaigsSgnurSkarSfgvXkrXk Xasgigmks dgnmgrtaigs sgTkrjais.

hxgckg, ssf-ks 1;-a K muxbXk gr grks sguigrknaigrSvgza ssf-ks ma-700 muxbks dgdaikS, vkngkcgn gsaSXamSxvavgXk dgrkdaig maryavgc igSkbgc uncgdgmjhxgcaiubkyj. Xasgigmksgc, gsaSk dgrkdaig igSkbk

7108 „ Akn Yahetsdasheãott, wabheas car curhe Dasatz vjrdasherkaianan Ojrm armgndabt, kstnkhetkd.‒ 7103 „ Car Mgndab car curhe Yahetsdasheãot iastkmmtan Ojrm egt km \wakoab dbakheogbbs Nkhetkdfakt zur Ojbda.‒ 7101 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 970.710? kx., mgdgbkSgc< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7?9-a cg7?1-a, sjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 9;5-a, ma-800 cg 808-a,gsava gzarigklgnks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 888-a, 881-a cgXamcdjmk muxbaik.




809

mxjbjc hgbmxrkvk dgrkdaiks XamSxvavgXk kqnaijcg. 7104 sxvgXamSxvavaiXk kdk cgmjfkcaiubk kqnaijcg XamcdjmSgnxmjigza, gnu mjwjnaigza, ssf-ks 707-a muxbks dgdaikS. 7105

sgvgrgucjc, fgnjnmcaiabk ssf-ks 1;-a K muxbXkXasgigmksk sglgrj uobaigmjskbaiks mqjna jrdgnjsnaigrSvgs Su bkhanzkgs dubksxmjis. swjrac gsaSksgvgbcaiubj naigrSvks dgraXa cgcaiubk dgrkdaig uncgHgkSvgbjs igSkbgc. 710; gmgsSgn, dgsgSvgbkswknaiabkg, rjmdgrkdaiks igSkbjiks sgou\vabk gm XamSxvavgXk uXugbjc kmfgnjnks mjSxjvnks cgrYvavg kqnaig, rjmabkh Xasgigmkskdgrkdaiks cgcaigs sgSgngcj naigrSvgs ufgvXkrais. as Xacadkbjdkfurgc dgmjmckngrajis kqkcgn, rjm dgrkdaig naigrSvgzacgmjfkcaiubk mxjbjc mgXkn kqnaig, Su as uXugbjcfjnfratubk fgnjnks mjSxjvnkcgn dgmjmckngrajis. 7170

gmgsSgn, mxacvabjigXkg mksgYaik ks, vrhabcaigXasgigmksk fgnjnks mjSxjvng xabXafrubaiks jrkva Sumxjbjc arS mxgraza. gsava dgsgSvgbkswknaiabkg, xjm gr

grks xabXafrubaiks arSk mxgra faSkbsknckskark majramxgrks mkar Xasgigmksk dgrkdaiks cgsgcaigc sgvgbcaiubjwkngpkrjiaiks Xasrubaiks mkmgrS. gm pkrjiaiks grsaijigmnkXvnabjvgnkg sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks cgcdjmksSvgbsgzrkskS, vkngkcgn a.w. Xkcg urSkarSjigXk XazYucvgvar kmjqmacais majra mxgrksg cg masgma pkraiks mkmgrS, cggrh Xasgigmksk dgrkdaig gr kqnaig igSkbk.

dgrcg gmksg, sgyurgcYaijg, rjm rjdjrh naigrSvks,ksa ojrmks cguhvabgc cgcaiubk dgrkdaig, gmgva crjs,fgnjnsgwknggYmcadj Su mgrSbsgwknggYmcadj dgrkdaig kqnaig.Xasgigmksgc, ssf-ks 1;-a K muxbkS dgSvgbkswknaiubksgou\vbaik swjrac mgrSbsgwknggYmcadj dgrkdaiksdgmjvbknaigc, gnu mks arS-arS sgxac uncg HgkSvgbjs.

ssf-ks 1;-a K muxbkS igSkbgc hxgccaig gsava xabXafrubaikSdgSvgbkswknaiubk ojrmks cguhvabgc cgcaiubk dgrkdaig. gmgsSgn,sgyurgcYaijg, rjm, wgyanaiubk mjSxjvnaiks SvgbsgzrkskS,fgnjnksmkar ojrmgsSgn dgrkdaiksmkark ojrmks dgkdkvaig gr grksdgmgrSbaiubk. dgrkdaiksmkark ojrmks cguhvabjiksgs naiksdgmjvbanks igSkbjiks mkzgnk mxgraSg mkarva cgwasaiubk

7104 ssf-ks ??-a muxbk mxjbjc XazYucubqmacungrkgnk pkrks mkarcgcaiubk hgbmxrkvk dgrkdaiks XamSxvavgXk kSvgbkswknais sgmgrSbairkvXacadgc igSkbjigs. 7105 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 970.710; Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< zjk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, 7;1. 7170 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 970.




808

SvkSXazYucvks cghvgg. mksk mnkXvnabjig gr Xak\baig kmgvaXaogsaikS fgtadjrkgXk mjaqhas, rjdjrkh fgnjnkS dgSvgbks-wknaiubk ojrmks hgbfaub XamSxvavgXkg mjwasrkdaiubk.mgdgbkSgc, mgs var aqnaig dgorSxkbaiksg Su rHavks fgnjnksmkarkojrmks kcanturk ounqhkg. as gsa rjm kyjs, Xasgigmksk dgrkdaiksmkmgrS sgvgbcaiubj ojrmg uXugbjc fgnjnmcaibjikS kqnaijcgdgSvgbkswknaiubk.

XacgraiksgSvks< gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 553-apgrgdrgoks Sgngxmgc, mxgraSg mkar XaSgnxmaiubk ojrmgmxjbjc prazumohkgs wgrmjXjis, `rjm mgS gm ojrmkscghvgmca gr surS Sgvks ijTvg~. 7177 gvstrkub sgmgrSgbXkdgrkdaiksmkar ojrmgs mhkra prgqtkfubk mnkXvnabjiksmqjnac km grdumantkS mkkHnavan, rjm gm XaSgnxmaiks XahvbgSu mksdgn dgcgxvavg mxgraais naiksmkar crjs Xau\bkgS. 7179

as pjzkhkg dgzkgraiubkg darmgnub sgmgrSgbXkh.gmgsSgn, mkSkSaiubkg, rjm gsaSk XaSgnxmaiks XahvbksSvks

mxgraais, rjdjrh wask, gr sTkrcaigS kmgva ojrmks cghvg,rjmabkh dgmjyanaiubkg Xasgigmksk XaSgnxmaiksgs. uorjmatkh, sgfmgrkskg Xasgigmksk naiks grsaijiks cgmgcgstu-raiabk Su dgmhxgcaiabk fjnfbucanturk mjqmacaigh. 7178

gngbjdkurk mkcdjmg dgzkgraiubkg ktgbkkssgmgrSgbXkh. ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7819-a muxbkgwasrkdais `naigyjobjikS ojrmgs~ 7173, rjmabkh mxgraaimgmjmgvgbk xabXafrubaiks cgcaiksSvks XagSgnxmas cgrjmabkh dgngpkrjiais prazuohkgs, rjm mxgraSg naiggxabXafrubaiks ngmcvkbjiks wkngpkrjigc swjrac gm ojrmkscghvg. 7171

as mkcdjmg gsgxubkg avrjpubk sgxabXafrubaijsgmgrSbks prknhkpaiks 9<70?-a K muxbXk. Xasgigmksgc,`warkbjikSk xabXafrubaiks caiubaig, rjmabkh mjkSxjvsnaiksmkark mjckokhkraiksg Su XaSgnxmaiks Xawyvatks

7177 „ Egian cka Pgrtakan oòr aknan _artrgd cka Gnwancund aknar iastkmmtan Ojrm vjriaegbtan, sj wkrc varmutat, cgÚ ska vjr Aroòbbund ckasar Ojrm nkhet daiuncan sakn wjbban.‒ 7179 kx., mgdgbkSgc, Iycbknsfk kn< Fjzkjb/Iycbknsfk/Ijbbaniardar,GIDI-Fjmmantgr, 9004,§ 553, YcNr. 9 o.6 gsaS Xasg\baibjigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS sgpkrkspkrjmjsgzraig kx.< Njtas tj Grt. 9<70?, kn< Bgncj/Iagba (acs.), Prknhkpbas jo Aurjpagn HjntrghtBgw, 9000, 71?.7178 kx., mgdgbkSgc< Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 94, YcNr. 53,Xamcdjmk mkSkSaiaikS6 gsava Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 38, YcNr. ?37 oo.7173 „ Ojrma hjnvanzkjngbk‒.7171 „Xa ba pgrtk egnnj hjnvanutj par kshrkttj ck gcjttgra ung catarmkngtg ojrmg par bg outurghjnhbuskjna ck un hjntrgttj, sk prasuma hea bg ojrmg skg stgtg vjbutg par bg vgbkcktà ck quastj.‒




803

warkbjikSk ojrmkS dgnxjrhkabaigs, wgrmjXjis mxjbjcprazumohkgs, rjm xabXafrubaiks Xahvbgsg gn XawyvatgzamkmgrSubk XaSgnxmaig gr grks sgmgrSbairkvgc mijTgvk, Sugr cgkcaig warkbjikS.~ 717? grgngfbai sgkntarasjcgfjnfrataigg avrjpubk sgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSbksprknhkpaiks 9<70?-a KK muxbXk, rjmbks Sgngxmgc, `mxgrksdgnhxgcaiaimg gn qhavgm Xak\baig dgngpkrjijs, rjm kdk varcgayrcnjig gsaS caiubaigs, Su majra mxgra sgou\vbkgngcancjijcg mgS.~ 7174 Xknggrsjirkvgc msdgvs caiubaiaiskSvgbkswknaian ùnkcrjgs~ sgarSgXjrksj sgvgTrjxabXafrubaigSg prknhkpaiks 9.7.75 7175 cg sgqjnbkssgarSgXjrksj ngsykcjiks xabXafrubaigSg Xasgxaifjnvanhkks 9;-a KK muxbaik. 717;

sgmgrSbairkvgc grggrsaikSkg, ojrmks cguhvabgcdgnxjrhkabaiubk mxgraSg naiks dgmjvbanks ngmcvkbjigcgufgvXkrcas dgrkdaiksmkar ojrmgza fjnfbucantur ugrs.

mnkXvnabjvgnkg ks, rjm mxgraSg naiks dgmjvbang ngmcvkbkg, ojrmkscguhvabjiks mkuxacgvgc. rgh Xaaxaig kmgs, Xamcdjmk XaSgnxmaiaiksmkmgrS \gbgXk cgrHaig mxgraSg mkar dgnsgzYvrubk ojrmg, Su kdk,mgSkva naikcgn dgmjmckngra, dguqmaiubgc uncg HgkSvgbjs (rghmxgraSg naiks dgmjvbanks dgnmgrtaikS uncg cgcdkncas), gr gxcansmxgraSg uobaiaiks dgnsgzYvrgza grsaikS dgvbangs. Su mxgraaik,mgS mkar XaSgnxmaiubk ojrmks mkuxacgvgc, sxvg sgxkS gxcanan

717? „ G hbgusa kn g wrkttan hjntrght raqukrknd gny mjckokhgtkjn jr ancknd iy gdraamant tj iamgca kn wrktknd astgibkseas jnby g prasumptkjn tegt gn gdraamant tj mjckoy jr anc tea hjntrghtks njt kntancac tj ia badgbby ikncknd unbass kt ks kn wrktknd.‒ 7174 „ G pgrty mgy iy kts stgtamants jr hjncuht ia prahbucac orjm gssartknd suhe g hbgusa tj teaaxtant tegt tea jtear pgrty egs ragsjngiby rabkac jn team.‒ 7175 ùnkcrjgs~ sgarSgXjrksj sgvgTrj xabXafrubaigSg prknhkpaiks 9.7.75(7) muxbXk, avrjpubk sgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSbks prknhkpaiks 9<70?-a Kmuxbksdgn dgnsxvgvaikS, uXugbjc gr grks sguigrk ojrmks cghvksprazumohkgza. kdk, arSk XaxacvkS, uorj kmpargtkubgc grksojrmubkraiubk. mkuxacgvgc gmksg, ùnkcrjgs~ sgarSgXjrksj sgvgTrjxabXafrubaigSg prknhkpaiks 9.7.75 (9) muxbk, avrjpubk sgxabXafrubaijsgmgrSbks prknhkpaiks 9<70?-a KK muxbks kcanturkg cg, Xasgigmksgc,sgijbjj Xacadks SvgbsgzrkskS, mgS Xjrks dgnsxvgvaig gr grsaijis.717; sgqjnbks sgarSgXjrksj ngsykcjiks xabXafrubaigSg Xasgxaifjnvanhkks 9;-a KK 7 muxbk gsava kmpargtkubgc grks ojrmubkraiubk,Sumhg 9;-a KK 9 muxbk grsaikSgc avrjpubk sgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSbksprknhkpaiks 9<70?-a KK muxbksg cg ùnkcrjgs~ sgarSgXjrksj sgvgTrjxabXafrubaigSg prknhkpaiks 9.7.75 (9) muxbks kcanturkg. grgrsaikSkdgnsxvgvaig kmkS vbkncaig, rjm fjnvanhkks taqstXk gqhantk mxjbjcmxgrks qhavgza ( „hjncuht ‒), cg grg dgnhxgcaiaiza ( „ stgtamants‒), faScaig.




801

urSkarSmogrgvk naiks ojrmkraigs, faSkbsknckskaraiksprknhkpkcgn dgmjmckngra, ksknk gsaSk naiks dgmjvbankS XaijTkbgcuncg HgkSvgbjn.

Xasgigmksgc, dgrkdaiksmkark ojrmks udubaiabyjoks naiguXugbjc mxgraSg mjqmacaikcgn dgmjmckngrajis cg gm naiksjikaqturk XahnjigcjikSg cg majra mxgrks cghvks Ykrsk ncjiksojrmkraikS fjnfratcaig.

4. naiks dghnjikaraiubk ngfbk

ngmcvkbjiks Xamgoarxaiabk arS-arSk dgramjaigg naiksdghnjikaraiubk ngfbk. gm crjs `dgmjvbankbk~ naig Xadnaiubgcdgnsxvgvcaig dgmjmvbanks TaXmgrktk naiksgdgn, gn kdk sgarSjc grgrsaijis.

naiks dghnjikaraiubk ngfbks mjwasrkdaig sgqgrSvabjsfgnjnmcaibjigXk mnkXvnabjvgnk SgvksaiuraiaikS xgskgScaig< arSkmxrkv, ssf-ks 1?-a K muxbXk mjHvanaikSk dgrkdaiks mjwasrkdaiksgs

fgnjnmcaiabmg grHavgnk sgiTjSg cg pjstsgiTjurkfjckokfghkaiksSvks cgmgxgskgSaiab zjdgc ojrmubkraigzaXagHarg.7190 gsaSk caiubaig grsaikSgc shcaig darmgnkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 774-a K pgrgdrgoks Xknggrss cg mjkhgvsdarmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 77?-a cg 775-a pgrgdrgoaikSdgSvgbkswknaiubk `ogrubk cgSqmksg~ 7197 cg `sarkjzubjiksngfbks~ 7199 mjwasrkdaigsgh, gnu naiks dghnjikaraiubk ngfbksyvabg XamSxvavgs6

majra mxrkv, fgnjnmcaiabmg mjgxckng ssf-ks 14-a muxbXk`grgsarkjzubgc dgmjvbankbk~ naiks cgmjufkcaibgc mjwasrkdaigcg gmkS sgSuj dgxgcg ssf-ks 1?-a K muxbks ogrSjc dgnmgrtaiksmkzgnXawjnkbjig. Xasgigmksgc, grsaijis gbtarngtkvg ‘ ssf-ks 1?-aK muxbk grsaikSgc darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks mkcdjmksdgSvgbkswknaikS dgnkmgrtjs cg mxjbjc mjHvanaikSk dgrkdaiksmjmwasrkdaibgc HgkSvgbjs. gmkS dgmgrSbaiubk kqnaiggrgsarkjzubgc cgcaiubk dgrkdaiks cgmjufkcaibgc mjwasrkdaig,

7190 kx.< sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 14-a K muxbk6 xjbjpjstsgiTjurk sgxabmwkojaiks mjwasrkdaiks SvgbsgzrkskS Xagc.,mgdgbkSgc< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 740-a K, sjmxaSksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 80?-a KK cg gzarigklgnks raspuibkfkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 830-a K muxbaik .7197 „Daeakmar _jriaegbt ‒. 7199 „ Mgndab car Arnstbkhefakt ‒.




80?

Sumhg, arSk XaxacvkS, Ykgc cgrHaig ògrubk cgSqmks~ mjwasrk-daigza 7198 ugrks Sqmks mkzazk.

4.7 mjHvanaikSk dgrkdaiks dgnmgrtaiks ̀ darmgnubk gbtarngtkvg~

ssf-ks 1?-a K muxbks Sgngxmgc, ìgSkbkg dgrkdaig, rjmabkhcgcaiubkg mxjbjc mjsgHvanaibgc, km dgnzrgxvks dgraXa, rjm mgsXasgigmksk kurkckubk Xacadaik mjeyvas~. gm njrmks prjtjtkpk,sgvgrgucjc, darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 774-a K pgrgdrgok uncgkyjs. gm caiubaiks Xasgigmksgc, `mkYaigsgvgbcaiubj naiksdgmjvbang, rjmabkh majra mxgrks SgnxmjikS mxjbjcmjsgHvanaibgc hxgccaig, igSkbkg~. 7193

darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 774-a K pgrgdrgoks gmojrmubkraikcgn qgrSub fgnjnmcaibjigXk uXugbjc gr kqngdgcmjtgnkbk mkSkSaig grh Xasgigmksk naiks dgmjvbanksmkYaigsgvgbcaiubjjigza cg grh naiks dgmjvbanks mkmYaiksSgnxmjigza.

gYnkXnubk ssf-ks XamuXgvaiks stgckgza mkYaiubkdgcgwyvatkbaig gr grks, vkngkcgn gngbjdkurk mkcdjmgsgiTjurk parkjcks fgnjnmcaibjigXkh kyj gsgxubk.mgdgbkSgc, sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 14-a KmuxbXk mkSkSaiubk kyj, rjm ìgSkbkg dgrkdaig cgcaiubkmxjbjc mjsgHvanaibgc ukmdgnzrgxvjc, rjm mgs kurkckubkXacadaik mjeyvas (mjHvanaikSk dgrkdaig).~ grsaikSgc kcanturkmjwasrkdaigg pjstsgiTjurk sgxabmwkojaiks fjckokfg-hkaiXk. 7191

grsaiubk dgnsxvgvaiks mkuxacgvgc, qgrSub kurkckubbktargturgXk ssf-ks 1?-a K muxbks Xknggrsk darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 774-a K pgrgdrgoks kcanturgc dgnkmgrtaig cg mkkHnavg,rjm mksk Xamgcdanbjiks sgvgbcaiubj abamantkg ùrSkarSXaSgn-

7198 darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk ògrubk cgSqmks~, rjdjrh igSkbjikssgou\vbks, mjwasrkdaigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx., mgdgbkSgc< vjn Suer , GS KK (7),7;75, § ?? K, 113 oo.6 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 81, YcNr. ? oo.6 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 30, YcNr. 1;7 oo.7193 „Tkrc akna Tkbbansarfbãrund, cka aknam gncaran dadanòiar gizudaian kst, mkt cassan Aknvarstãncnks nur zum Xheakn gidadaian, sj kst ska nkhetkd .‒ 7191 Xagc.< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 740-a K, sjmxaSksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 80?-a KK cg gzarigklgnks raspuibkfkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 830-a K muxbaik .




804

xmaig~ Su `mxgraSg XaSgnxmaig~. 719? gmgsSgn, xgzdgsmkS mkaSkSaigmkYaigsgvgbcaiubjjig, rjdjrh mjHvanaikS cgcaiubk dgrkdaiksfjnstruqhkks sgvgbcaiubj wkngpkrjig. 7194

hxgckg, gm dzkS sgqgrSvabjXk ssf-ks 1?-a K muxbksdarmgnub sgmgrSgbSgn mgqskmgburgc mkgxbjaiubk dgdaikscgmfvkcraiks mhcabjig XaknkXnaig. fgnjnmcaibks naigXasg\baiabkg, mgrSbgh yjokbkyj ksaSk dgrkdaiks igSkbjiksmjwasrkdaig, rjmabXkh mkYaigsgvgbcaiubj naiks dgmjvbang majramxgrks SgnxmjikS mxjbjc mjsgHvanaibgc hxgccaig,sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks cgcdjmgza mkmgrSubk naiks dgraXa.Xasgigmksgc, mxgraaik dgrkdaiks cgcaiks skmubghkgs 7195 gxcanan,mxjbjc kbuzkgs qmnkgn, mgsSgn cgfgvXkraiubk sgmgrSbairkvkXacadaiks cgcdjmks dgraXa. 719;[

mjHvanaikSk dgrkdaiks dgnmgrtaiks as gbtarngtkvg amygraiglar fkcav pgncaqtur sgmgrSgbXk cgmfvkcraiub mkcdjmgs,rjmbksSvksgh grsaikSgc mxgraSg arSjibkvk mjqmacaigg

cgmgxgskgSaiabk.7180

Sgvks mxrkv, mgn zadgvbang mjgxcknggvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsksg cg pruskks zjdgcksgmgrSbks 7187 Xasgigmksk njrmaiks dgnmgrtaigzah. 7189

Sgngmacrjva sgmgrSgbXk mjHvanaikSk dgrkdaiksdgnmgrtaiks as gbtarngtkvg uXugbjc darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 774-a K pgrgdrgoks Xknggrskcgn dgmjmckngrajis. mgsnaiks dghnjikaraiubk ngfbks zjdgck fjnstruqhkksdgn ksdgngsxvgvais, rjm mxgraaik arSjibkvgc mjqmacaian cg naiks

719? kx.< zjk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, 75?6 Tgnturkg, XasgvgbksgqgrSvabjs sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks zjdgc ngwkbXk, 7;;4, 8?1. 7194 kx. Tgnturkg, Xasgvgbk sgqgrSvabjs sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks zjdgcngwkbXk, 7;;4, 8??< `dgrkdaigSg mjHvanaikSjiks sgfkSxk Xak\baig cgcdasmxjbjc km dgrkdaigSg mkmgrS, rjmabSg ngmcvkbjig cgmjfkcaiubkg naiksdgmjvbanks mkYaigza dgrkdaiks majra mxgrks mkar.~ 7195 „ skmubgtkj‒. 719; kx., mgdgbkSgc< IDE, NLT 7;50, 7149, 7148 sjwka atwg vjn Suer , GS KK (7), 7;75,§ ?? KK, 114, Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 90 (9), 301.7180 kx., mgdgbkSgc< Xgvkdny, Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc KKK, 7530, § 783,91; oo.6 knsi. 9?7 o.6Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § 41, 975 oo.knsi. 997 o.7187 Carniurd , Baeriuhe cas Prausskshean Prkvgtrahets unc car Prkvgtrahetsnjrman cas Yakhes,Ignc K, 8. Guob., Egbba, 7557, § 703,mkSkSaiubkg< Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;.Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 5; _K, 319.7189 kx. Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 5; _K, 319.




805

dgmjvbanks Xknggrsks \krkSgc abamantgc gm dgmjvbankbknaiks grgrsaijigs gqhavan. 7188

4.9 mjHvanaikSk dgrkdaiks ogrSjc dgnmgrtaiks gbtarngtkvg

ssf-ks 1?-a K muxbks dgnmgrtaiks gbtarngtkvg Xasg\baiabkg kyjszjdgcgc ksaSk naiks dgmjvbanks igSkbgc dgmjhxgcaig, rjmbksdgmhxgcaiabsgh gr gqvs naig, mksk grgrsaiubk naiks mjHvanaikSdghxgcaigs mjeyvas sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaik. gsaSk dgnmgrtaiksXamSxvavgXk ssf-ks 1?-a K muxbk mjkhgvs km XamSxvavgsgh, rjcasghmkYaigsgvgbcaiubj naiks dgmjvbang majra mxgrks SgnxmjikSmjsgHvanaibgc hxgccaig, mgdrgm gr kzYucaig mxjbjc gmXamSxvavkS. kdk Xak\baig dgvrhabcas ksaS `mjHvanaikS~mkYaigsgvgbcaiubj naiks dgmjvbangzah, rjmbks crjsgh gr grksmajra mxgrks Sgnxmjig cg, gsava, hgbmxrkv grgmkYaigsgvgbcaiubjnaiks dgmjvbangzah. gm XamSxvavgXk ssf-ks 1?-a K muxbks dgmjyanaikswkngpkrjiaigc grh mkYaigsgvgbcaiubjjiksg cg, hxgckg, grh majra

mxgrks Sgnxmjiks dgSvgbkswknaig gYgr mjxcaig.gr grks dgmjrkhxubk, sgiTjSg fgnjnmcaibjigXk mjHvanaikSkdgrkdaiks mjwasrkdaiksgs darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 774-a KpgrgdrgokS dgSvgbkswknaiubk caiubaiks mjqmacaiks soarjsdgogrSjaig swjrac gm mkznkS Xadnaiubgc dgnxjrhkabaiubkyj.gmgsSgn, gsaSk dgnmgrtaiks XamSxvavgXk ssf-ks 1?-a K muxbkscaiubaig mjkhgvs darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 77?-a cg 775-apgrgdrgoaiks radubkraiks Xknggrssgh. `ogrubk cgSqmg~, ksavarjdjrh `sarkjzubjiks ngfbk~, sxvg grgoarkg, Su grg naiksdgmhxgcaibks ngmcvkbk naiks grgrsaijig, rjmabkh mkmgrSubkkqnaijcg sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks cgcdjmgza. ragburgc grsaikSgcgrgoark khvbaig< pkrk gvbans grgrsaiub naigs mjHvanaikS,grgsarkjzubgc, Su mgs gqvs ogrubk cgSqmg, rjm gr uncg, mks`dgmjvbankb~ grgrsaiub naigs mjeyvas Xasgigmksk sgmgrSbairkvkXacadaik.

mjHvanaikSk dgrkdaiks dgnmgrtaiks as gbtarngtkvggrsaikSgc gr awknggYmcadaig pgncaqtur sgmgrSgbXkcgmfvkcraiub zjdgc mkcdjmgs, Su mxacvabjigXk gr kqnaigmkYaiubk naiks dghnjikaraiubk ngfbks hgbfaubkdgmjvbknaiks cgfjnfrataig. 7183 gmgsSgn, gvstrkks zjdgcksgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 1?1-a pgrgdrgoXk mgmfvkcraibks naiks

7188 kx., mgdgbkSgc, Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 30, YcNr. 1;3 ( `grgngmcvkbjigdgrkdaiks Xknggrsgc kqhavg~, „ Nkhetdabtund wkrc zum Dasheãotsknegbt ‒). 7183 kx., mgdgbkSgc< Xgvkdny, Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc KKK, 7530, § 783,91; oo.6Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § 41, 975 oo.




80;

`dggzraig cg sarkjzubjig~, 7181 gsava 5?;-a pgrgdrgokSngmcvkbk Sgnxmjiks wkngpkrjigc `sarkjzubjiks~ 718? dgmjhxgcaig grgSu gr dgmjrkhxgvs, grgmac upkrgtasjigsghgnkTais ogrSjc dgnmgrtaiks gbtarngtkvgs. 7184

XacgraiksgSvks, sgorgndaSks sgmgrSgbXk mjHvanaikSkdgrkdaiks sgfkSxk xabXafrubaiks sgou\vabSgn (`fguzgsSgn~)urSkarSfgvXkrXk dgnkxkbaig. Xasgigmksgc, sgorgndaSkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7787-a muxbks igSkbjiks zjdgcksgou\vbkcgn 7185 dgmjmckngrajis mjHvanaikSk Su naiksdghnjikaraiubk ngfbkS cgcaiubk dgrkdaiks igSkbjig,xabXafrubaiks sgou\vbks `grgswjrgc~ 718; mkSkSaiksdgmj.7130 gqacgn dgmjmckngra, sgorgndaSks sgmgrSgbXk grgrsaijis Xamcdjmk cgfjnfrataiksg Su ckoaranhkghkksguhkbaibjig.

swjrac ssf-ks 1?-a K muxbks mjqmacaiks soarjs dgogrSjaikSXak\baig gkxsngs darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 77?-a pgrgdrgokS

mjwasrkdaiubk ogrubk cgSqmks arSdvgrk `kdnjrkraig~ sgiTjSgcg pjstsgiTjurk fjckokfghkaiks, mgS Xjrks ssf-ks mkar. sgiTjSgcg pjstsgiTjurk fjckokfghkaiks XamSxvavgXk kdkva vrhabcaigdarmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 775-a pgrgdrgokSg cg ssf-ks 14-amuxbkS mjwasrkdaiub ̀ sarkjzubjiks ngfbks~ mkmgrSgh. 7137

mkYaiks Sajrkks dgzkgraiks Xamcad grsaikSgc dgcgmwyvatkgnaiks dgmjvbanks jikaqturgc Xahnjigcjig. Xasgigmksgc, ssf-ks 1?-aK muxbk Xasg\baiabkg HgkSvgbjs igSkbjiks sgou\vbgc yvabg kmXamSxvavgXk, rjcasgh naiks dgmhxgcaiabs gr gqvs sgmgrSbairkvkXacadaiks cgcdjmgza mkmgrSubk naig cg as dgnmgrtaikSjikaqturgc Xahnjigcgc cgcdangckg.

7181 „Òiarbadund unc Arnst ‒. 718? „arsnstbkhe‒. 7184 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< Fjzkjb/Tabsar/Fbatačfg, Iòrdarbkheas Yahet K, 900?, 73?6gsava Ijbbaniardar kn< Fjzkjb/Iycbknsfk/Ijbbaniardar,GIDI-Fjmmantgr, 9004, § 5?;, YcNr. 3.7185 „ B'jibkdgtkjn sgns hgusa, ju sur una ogussa hgusa, ju sur una hgusa kbbkhkta, na paut gvjkrguhun aooat .‒ 718; „una ogussa hgusa.‒ 7130 kx. Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 5; _K, 319.7137 pjstsgiTjurk sgxabmwkojaiks fjckokfghkaikcgn gm SvgbsgzrkskSdgmjngfbkskg gsava gzarigklgnks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 837-amuxbk .




870

4.8 cgogrubk dgrkdaig

ssf-ks 1?-a KK muxbk kSvgbkswknais sgmgrSbairkv Xacadais kmXamSxvavgsSgn mkmgrSaikS, `Su mjsgHvanaibgc cgcaiubk dgrkdaikSmxgraais surS sxvg dgrkdaiks cgogrvg~. gm XamSxvavgXk mjHvanaikSkdgrkdaiks gcdkbs kfgvais ragburgc ks dgrkdaig, rjmbkscgogrvgsgh mxgraaik mkzngc ksgxgvan. as Xacadk bjdkfurkg.grgrsaiubk naiks gcdkbs kfgvais mxgraSg TaXmgrktk naig,mxgraaiks mkar ragburgc dgSvgbkswknaiubk XacadaikS. 7139 hxgckg,sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaik, Sgvks mxrkv, mxjbjc km XamSxvavgXkcgcdaig, Su as cgogrubk dgrkdaig cggfmgyjokbais Xasgigmksngmcvkbjiks wkngpkrjiais. 7138

mkuxacgvgc kmksg, rjm ssf-ks 1?-a KK muxbXk fgnjnmcaiabkSkSqjs sxvg ‘ `SvgbSmgqhurk~ ‘ dgrkdaiks mjwasrkdaiks kbuzkgsqmnks, mksk mnkXvnabjig grsaikSgc mxjbjc mjHvanaikSk dgrkdaiksarS-arSk dgmjvbknaiks sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaiks dgnsgzYvrgg. gm

SvgbsgzrkskS sgyurgcYaijg ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7373-amuxbk. kdk Sgvcgpkrvabgc mkuSkSais, rjm mjHvanaikSxabXafrubaigs sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaik gr mjeyvaig. 7133 Xamcdjmswjrac sxvg dgrkdaiks cgogrvks mkzgnsg Su cgogrubkxabXafrubaiks grsaijigza gmgxvkbais yurgcYaigs cg gfjnfratais,rjm mxgraais Xjrks kmjqmacais cgogrubk xabXafrubaig, SuXasrubaiubkg mksk ngmcvkbjiks Xknggrsjirkvk cg ojrmgburkmjSxjvnaik. 7131 as wasaik vrhabcaig gsava hgbmxrkv sgmgrSbairkvmjqmacaigza (dgrkdaigza), far\jc, hgbmxrkv mkYaigsgvgbcaiubjnaiks dgmjvbangza, rjmabkh, majra mxgrasSgn XaSgnxmaikS,mjsgHvanaibgc grks dghxgcaiubk. 713? Xasgigmksgc, hgbmxrkvk

7139 Xagc. sgqgrSvabjs uzangask sgsgmgrSbjs dgnHknaig #gs-5?8-7743-04,09.03.9005 (`uncg cgsturcaijcas... dgmjvbankbk naiks Sgvksaiuraiaik, rgh,upkrvabas yjvbksg, dgmjkxgtaig sxvg dgrkdaiks cgogrvks mkznksgrsaijigXk. as ks XamSxvavgg, rjcasgh mxgraais surS, mkgYwkjn sxvgXacads cg grg km Xacads, rgsgh k\bavg mgS mkar dgradnubgc dgmjxgtubknaig.~).7138 Xagc. sgqgrSvabjs uzangask sgsgmgrSbjs dgnHknaig #gs-5?8-7743-04,09.03.9005 (`...dgramjaiaik, rjmbaikh mkuSkSaian sxvg dgrkdaiks cgcaikssurvkbza cg gm cgogrubk dgrkdaiksgSvks guhkbaiabk yvabg wkngpk-rjiks grsaijigza.~). 7133 „ Kb hjntrgttj skmubgtj njn prjcuha aooattj trg ba pgrtk.‒, ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 7373-a K muxbk. 7131 „Xa bg pgrtk egnnj vjbutj hjnhbucara un hjntrgttj ckvarsj cg quabbj gppgranta, eg aooattj trgassa kb hjntrgttj cksskmubgtj, purheë na susskstgnj K raquksktk ck sjstgnzg a ck ojrmg.‒,ktgbkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7373-a KK muxbk. 713? kx. ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7373-a KKK muxbk.




877

mkYaigsgvgbcaiubj naiks dgmjvbanks XamSxvavgXkh Xasg\baiabkg,mksk gcdkbk naiks dgmjmvbanks ragburmg, cgogrubmg naigmcgkfgvjs.

ssf-ks 1?-a KK muxbks kcanturk mjwasrkdaig mjhamubkgrjdjrh sgiTjurk, 7134 ksa pjstsgiTjurk sgxabmwkojaiks 7135 fjckokfghkaiXk. ksknk Sgvks crjza, sgvgrgucjc, swjrac darmgnkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 774-a KK pgrgdrgoks dgvbankS XamuXgvcg cgmgs SkSqmks sktyvgsktyvkS kmajrais. dgmjngfbkskg mxjbjcmjHvanaikSk dgrkdaiks Xacadaiks mjwasrkdaiksgs tarmkn`SvgbSmgqhurk dgrkdaiks~ dgmjyanaig.

avrjpubk sgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSbks prknhkpaiks ?<708-amuxbXkh mjHvanaikSk 713; dgrkdaig Su xabXafrubaiggmjwasrkdaiubk. gm njrmgXk uXugbjc grks mkSkSaiubk, rjm`mxgraais Xjrks upkrgtasjig TaXmgrkt XaSgnxmaigsankTaig~.7110 as caiubaig ogrSj dgnmgrtaiks sgXugbaigsk\bavg. gmgsSgn, SvgbXksghamkg, rjm avrjpubk

sgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSbks prknhkpaiks ?<708-a muxbkmjHvanaikSk dgrkdaiks igSkbjiks Xasgxai gr Xakhgvs grgngkrmkSkSaigs. as gr grks XamSxvavkSk. gm njrmks mjwasrkdaiksgrskcgn cg mkznkcgn dgmjmckngra, gsaSk dgrkdaig mxjbjcmgXkn kqnaig igSkbk, Su ks mgrSbsgwknggYmcadjg. 7117 cgogrubk dgrkdaiks upkrgtask dgmjyanaig fk mxgraSg naiksgvtjnjmkkcgn dgmjmckngrajis cg mgs upkrgtasjig kmktjmankTaig, rjm mxgraSg mkar swjrac ks grks sgsurvabk. 7119

4.3 masgma pkrks cghvg

fjntknanturk avrjpks fjckokfghkaiks umrgvbasjigs garSkgnaissgarSj nkXgnk. ksknk gr kSvgbkswknaian masgma pkrks cghvgs,rjmabkh faSkbsknckskargc vgrgucjis, rjm mjHvanaikSkdgrkdaikcgn uobaiaik Xak\kng. igSkbjig gisjbuturkg cgmjHvanaikSk dgrkdaiks igSkbjiks Xacadaik gvtjmgturgc mjqmacais

7134 kx. sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 14-a KK muxbk.7135 kx.< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 740-a KK, sjmxaSksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 80?-a KK cg gzarigklgnks raspuibkfkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 830-a KK muxbaik .713; „Xkmubgtkjn‒. 7110 „gs iatwaan tea pgrtkas tea trua gdraamant pravgkbs.‒ 7117 Xagc. avrjpubk sgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSbks prknhkpaiks 71<707-a cg71<709-a muxbaik. 7119 Xagc. Hjmmants jo Grt. ?<708, kn< Bgncj/Iagba (acs.), Prknhkpbas jo Aurjpagn HjntrghtBgw, 9000, 80? at saq.




879

masgma pkrks mkmgrSgh. 7118 Xasgigmksgc, faSkbsknckskark masgmapkrks cghvg spahkgburk mjwasrkdaiks grgrsaijiks pkrjiaiXkfjnfratubk sgqmks vkSgraiks dgSvgbkswknaikS uncgdgnxjrhkabcas. masgma pkrks ncjig cghubk uncg kqnas cg,Xasgigmksgc, mgs zkgnks gngzYguraiks mjSxjvng mkankTjs,mgdgbkSgc, km XamSxvavgXk, Su mjHvanaikSk dgrkdaiks ngmcvkbjiksrwmankS mjqmacaig dgngxjrhkabg cg Xamcdjm, dgrkdaiks igSkbjiksdgmj, gmkS zkgnk mkgcdg. 7113

dgnsxvgvaiubk mkcdjmgg fjntknanturk avrjpks zjdkarS sxvgfjckokfghkgXk, rjmbaikh faSkbsknckskark masgma pkrks uobaiaikscghvgs gwasrkdaian. mgdgbkSgc, gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks ;7?-a KK pgrgdrgok mkuSkSais, rjm dgrkdaiksmjHvanaikSjig var HgkSvbaig km masgma pkrks mkmgrS mjqmacXasgdaiabgc, rjmabmgh `dgmjvbanks mkmgrS ncjikS uobaiaikXak\kng~.7111

gngbjdkurk caiubaig dgSvgbkswknaiubkg ktgbkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7371-a K muxbXk, rjmabkh dgmjrkhxgvs

xabXafrubaiks mxgraaiks, mgSk uobaigmjnghvbaaiks gn mjHvanaikSdgmsxvksaibks fracktjraiks mkar dgrkdaiks mjHvanaikSjiks kmmasgma pkrks mkmgrS dgmjyanaigs, rjmabmgh faSkbsknckskargcXak\kng uobaiaik mjHvanaikSk uobaiks mobjiabksdgn. 711? hxgckg,as gr gxcans dgvbangs mjHvanaikSjiks cgsgcdangc sgrHabkswgrcdangza. masgma pkrks cghvg gr nkXngvs zjdgcgc dgrkdaiksXacadaiks XangrHunaigs. mksk cghvg Xasg\baiabkg dgkdkvaiub kqnaszjdgcgc faSkbsknckskark Xam\anks knstktutSgn.

7118

kx., mgdgbkSgc< Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 90 (9), 370,mgS Xjrks mkSkSaikS, rjmdarmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks XamuXgvaiks stgckgza as sgfkSxk dgnslkssgdgnk kyj cg masgma pkrks cghvgza dgmkznubgc kSqvg ugrk . Xagc. gsava Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 774, YcNr. 4.7113 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, darmgnkks rgkxks sgsgmgrSbjs mkar gngbjdkurfjntaqstXk dgfaSaiubk dgnmgrtaig< „...mgn skhe aknam Crkttan dadanòiar lacanogbbscgnn nkhet guo cka Xkmubgtkjn iaruoan fgnn, wann ckasar Crktta km _artrguan guo cka Arnstbkhefakt cas Tkbbans, mkt wabheam cka Akndaeund aknas Yahetsdasheãots arfbãrt wjrcan kst, daegncabt egt unc nun cgcurhe iasheãckdt warcan sjbb, cgss car akna Sakb car (sheaknigran) Fjntrgeantan cka Xkmubgtkjn dabtanc mghet .‒, Gmtbkhea Xgmmbund car Yahetspraheund casYakhesdarkhets car Iuncasrapuibkf Cautshebgnc kn \kvkbsghean, Ignc 90, 88? oo., 830,hktkraiubkg< Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 90 (9), 370 o.7111 „car km _artrguan guo cka Arfbãrund Yaheta arwjrian egt ‒. 711? „ Bg skmubgzkjna njn puø assara jppjstg në cgbba pgrtk hjntrgantk, në cgdbk gvantk hgusg jcgk hracktjrk cab skmubgtj gbkangnta, gk tarzk hea kn iujng oaca egnnj ghqukstgtj ckrkttk cgbtktjbgra gppgranta...‒ kx. gsava ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7371-a KK cgXamcdjmk muxbaik.




878

sgsurvabkg, sgqgrSvabjs sgmgrSgbXkh XamuXgvcasmjHvanaikSk dgrkdaiks Xacadaiksdgn masgma pkrks cghvksstgncgrtk< 7114

masgma pkrks mkar uobaiaiks Xa\anks sgfkSxk faSkb-sknckskark Xam\anks fjnstruqhkks qvaX uncg mjaqhas. Xasgigmksgcuncg kqnas dgmjyanaiubk ssf-ks 751-a cg 754-a K muxbaik6

km pkrks cghvg, rjmabsgh zkgnk mkgcdg mjHvanaikSkdgrkdaiks ngmcvkbjiks rwmankS dgnxjrhkabaiubk mjqmacaiksXacadgc, uncg mjxcas mksSvks zkgnks gngzYguraiks mjSxjvnksmknkTaikS. gsaSk mjSxjvng Xasg\baiabkg, hgbfaub XamSxvavgXkdgmjmckngrajicas zkgnks gngzYguraiks mjmwasrkdaiabk zjdgcknjrmks ‘ ssf-ks 8;3-a muxbks, ‘ mgdgbkSgc, wkngsgxabXafrubaijvgbcaiubaiks mjmwasrkdaiabk ssf-ks 87?-a KK cg 874-a KK muxbaiSgngn faSkbsknckskaraiks vgbcaiubaiks dgnmsgzYvrab ssf-ks ma-5 KKKmuxbSgn urSkarSfgvXkrXk dgmjyanaikS. kdk gsava Xasg\baiabkg,uXugbjc cabkqturk qmacaiks mkmgrS mjqmack zjdgck mjSxjvnkssgou\vbkcgn, ssf-ks ;;9-a muxbkcgn, kqnas ngwgrmjaik.

gmgsSgn, gr grks mkzgnXawjnkbk masgma pkrSg cghvks zjdgckstgncgrtks XamuXgvaig, rjmbks Sgngxmgcgh Xasg\baiabk kqnaijcgmjHvanaikS cgcaiubk dgrkdaiks masgma pkrks sgsgrdaibjc vkSjmngmcvkbgc dgmjhxgcaig. 7115

4.1 ̀ ogrubk cgSqmg~

sgqgrSvabjs sgmgrSgbXk ssf-ks 1?-a K muxbks darmgnkkssgmgrSbks Xasgigmksk dgnmgrtaiks cgmfvkcraiks XamSxvavgXkhsgSujg darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 77?-a pgrgdrgokSdgSvgbkswknaiubk mjwasrkdaiks mkzgnXawjnkbjig. Xasgigmksgc, asnjrmg cgmjufkcaiab gngbkzs sgTkrjais. kdk `ogrubk cgSqmks~ jrcgmjufkcaiab fjnstruqhkgs gwasrkdais<

pkrvabk wkngcgcaiks Xasgigmksgc, naiks dgmjvbang gr grksigSkbk, Su dgmjmvbank ogrubgc vgrgucjicg, rjm mks mkardghxgcaiubk gr surcg. 711; gm mjwasrkdaiks grsk ngSabkg< Suknckvkcks naig km sgxkS grks dghxgcaiubk, rjm kdk jikaqturgcXahnjigcgc sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks cgcdjmgzag mkmgrSubk,

7114 fjntknanturk avrjpks sxvgcgsxvg sgmgrSbairkv skstamgXk Hgmjygbkia-iubk mkcdjmaiks mkmjxkbvg kx.< Njtas jo Grt. ?<708 kn< Bgncj/Iagba (acs.), Prknhkpbasjo Aurjpagn Hjntrght Bgw, 9000, 804.7115 Xagc. gsaS gbtarngtkvgsSgn cgfgvXkraikS, mgdgbkSgc< Bgranz/Tjbo , GS casIòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 81, YcNr. 956gsava Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 30, YcNr.1;5.711; „ Akna Tkbbansarfbãrund kst nkhet casegbi nkhetkd, wakb skhe car Arfbãranca knsdaeakmvjriaeãbt, cgs Arfbãrta nkhet zu wjbban.‒




873

Xau\baiabkg, Xasgigmksk Xacadks cgcdjmgs xabk dgmjmvbankssgpkrkspkrj dguhxgcaiabmg cgSqmgm XauXgbjs. 71?0 `ogrubk cgSqmgu\burkg naigyjobjikS dgmjvbankbks wkngXa.~ 71?7 Xasgigmksgc,darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 77?-a pgrgdrgoks pkrvabkwkngcgcaig SgvksSgvgc hxgcgc Xak\baig HgkSvgbjs cg grh uncgsgTkrjaicas mjwasrkdaigs6 71?9

majra wkngcgcaikS, igSkbgc hxgccaig mkYaigsgvgbcaiubjnaiks dgmjvbang km XamSxvavgXk, Su dgmjmvbanks ogrubk cgSqmggcrasgtksSvks hnjikbkg. 71?8 as caiubaigh gr sgTkrjais cgmgtaikSmjwasrkdaigs. mkYaigsgvgbcaiubj naiks dgmjvbanks gcrasgtk,Suncgh ssf-ks 19-a muxbkcgn dgmjmckngra, vgbcaiubkg,faSkbsknckskargc Xakhnjs naiks dgmjmvbanks TaXmgrktk naig, gnudggfaSjs yvabgoark dgmjmvbanks TaXmgrktk naiks cgsgcdangc. kmXamSxvavgXk, Su mgn khks ogrubk cgSqmks Xasgxai, hxgckg, grdguTkrcaig TaXmgrktk naiks Su naiks grgrsaijiks Xahnjig.Xasgigmksgc, ks var mkgnkTais grgrsaiub naigs sgmgrSbairkvmnkXvnabjigs 71?3 cg grh gsaSk naig HgkSvbaig ngmcvkbgc. 71?1

4.? naiks sarkjzubjiks ngfbks cgmjufkcaiabk mjwasrkdaig

sgiTjSg cg pjstsgiTjurk sgxabmwkojaiks fjckokfghkaiXkgrgsarkjzubgc dgmjvbankbk naiks radubkraiks mkmgrSdgnsxvgvaiubk mkcdjmg mjHvanaikSk dgrkdaiks dgnsxvgvaiubk, uorjogrSj, dgdaikS grks dgnpkrjiaiubk.

ssf-ks 1?-a K muxbks `dgogrSjaiubk mjqmacaiks soarjXk~,hxgckg, mjaqhajcg gsava ssf-ks 14-a muxbks caiubaiks Xknggrsk.Xak\baig, swjrac gmkS gkxsngs kmgva darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 775-a pgrgdrgokS mjwasrkdaiubk `sarkjzubjiks ngfbks~radubkraigza ugrks Sqmg sgiTjSg cg pjstsgiTjurksgxabmwkojaiks fjckokfghkaiXk. gm mxrkv dgmjngfbkskg swjracssf-ks 14-a cg gzarigklgnks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 837-a

71?0 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 90 (7), 3096 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar ,IDI, 9005, § 77?, YcNr. 76 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 81, YcNr. ?6 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 30, YcNr. 1;9.71?7 „ Car daeakma _jriaegbt kst jenmãhetkd dadanòiar cam wkbbantbkhe Arfbãrtan.‒, Obuma, GSKK, 7;41, § 90 (7), 309.71?9 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 9016 Xagc., gsava< Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 90 (7), 3096 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 77?, YcNr. 76 Bgranz/Tjbo , Gbbdamaknar Sakb casIòrdarbkhean Yahets, 5. Guob., 7;;4, § 81, YcNr. 16 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 30, YcNr.1;9.71?8 „ Cka Arfbãrund kst nkhetkd, wann ska aknam gncaran dadanòiar gizudaian kst unc ckasar can_jriaegbt fannt .‒ 71?3 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< vjn Suer , GS KK (7), 7;75, § ?? K, 111.71?1 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 901 o.




87?

hxgckg, Su grg ssf-ks 14-a K muxbks spahkgburk caiubaig,gcrasgtksgSvks jikaqturgc grgXahnjigck grgsarkjzubk naiksdghxgcaiks Xacadgc cgcaiubk dgrkdaig sghkbj kqnaijcg. 7140 bjdkfurgc gmkS gkxsnaig naiks mkmYaiksgSvks zkgnks gngzYguraiksmjSxjvnks mknkTaig, rgh ssf-ks 14-a KK muxbXkg mjwasrkdaiubk. gmcaiubaikS grsaikSgc XahcjmkS cgcaiubk dgrkdaiks crjsmjqmack ssf-ks 4;-a KK muxbks kcanturk Xacadkg dgSvgbkswknaiubk.Xasgigmksgc, fgnjnmcaiabk, grgsarkjzubgc cg XahcjmkSdgmjvbankbk naiks dgnsxvgvaiubk sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaiksmkuxacgvgc (igSkbjig cg sghkbjjig), naiks dgmjvbanksfaSkbsknckskar gcrasgts arSk cg kmgva cghvks knstrumantkS ‘ zkgnks gngzYguraiks mjSxjvnkS gYTurgvs.

gmgsSgn, naiks dgmjvbanks grgsarkjzubjig sgqgrSvabjXk,sgmwuxgrjc, dgkdkvaiubkg naiks `xumrjikS~ dgmjvbangsSgn. asahdarmgnubk sgmgrSbks dgvbankS gkxsnaig. umljiaskg, gsaSk njrmksgrsaijiks sgsgrdaibjc dgcgwyvatkbaiks mkYaiks XamSxvavgXkgrgsarkjzubjig uorj ogrSjc kqnas dgnmgrtaiubk. mgn

sgsurvabkg mjkhvgs yvabg ks XamSxvavg, rjcasgh `naiksdgmjmvbans~ mkgHnkg, rjm mks dghxgcaiubs sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaikgr uncg mjeyvas cg, gmgsSgn, vgrgucjis, rjm mksk as naiggcrasgtks mkar Xahnjikbk kqnaig. 7147 gm ojrmubkraigmXasg\baiabkg mjkhvgs gsava, mgdgbkSgc, dgirgzaiks gndubghruaiks Su `tfkvkbkS dgnpkrjiaiubk~ dghxgcaig 7149 ragburgc grgrsaiubk naiksg. 7148

ssf-ks 14-a KK muxbks Xasgigmksgc, naiks mkmYaisgungzYgurcaig mksk faSkbsknckskark ncjiks XacadgcwgrmjXjikbk zkgnk, `Sufk mgn gr khjcg cg grh Xak\baijcgshjcnjcg grgsarkjzubjiks Xasgxai.~

km XamSxvavgXk, Su sgqgrSvabjs sgmgrSgbXk ijbjmcadgzkgraiubk kqnaig darmgnkks fgnjnmcaibjigXk dgSvgbkswknaiubkmkcdjmg, ssf-ks 14-a muxbk, ssf-ks 1?-a muxbksgdgn dgnsxvgvaikS,Xasg\baiabkg dgmjyanaiub kqnas yvabg sgxks, mgS Xjrks,hgbmxrkvk grgmkYaigsgvgbcaiubj naiks dgmjvbanks mkmgrS. 7143

7140 Xagc. darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 775-a pgrgdrgoSgn cgfgvXkraikSgngbjdkurk xacvkS< vjn Suer , GS KK (7), 7;75, § ?? KKK, 1?4.7147 kx., mgdgbkSgc< Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 90 (8), 378.7149 „Xhemarzarfbãrund ‒.7148 darmgnkks sgmgrSgbSgn cgfgvXkraikS Xagc.< Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar ,IDI, 9005, § 775, YcNr. 9, Xamcdjmk mkSkSaiaikS6 `xumrjikS cgcaiubkdgrkdaiks~ fjnstruqhkks grsaikSgc dgogrSjaiks wknggYmcad< Mackhus, GScas IDI, 900?, § 30, YcNr. 1;?.7143 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, vjn Suer , GS KK (7), 7;75, § ?? KKK, 1?56gsava Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 775, YcNr. 7.




875

knckvkcks TaXmgrktk naiks ojrmkraiks mkmjxkbvksgs dgkmklng`dgmkznubk~ cg `dgumkzngvk dgmjvbang naiks dgraXa~ 7158 cg `naiks~fjmpjnantks upkrgtask mnkXvnabjig Su mksk jikaqturkXahnjigcjig kqhg grsaiubk prjibamaiks dgcgTrksknstrumantgc. 7153 sgvknks Xamcad sghkbjjiks sgou\vbaiks gngbkzkdgnuyjoabkg naiks dgmjvbanks knstktutksgdgn. 7151

gmgsSgn, gm sgou\vbaiks cgfgvXkraig naiks dgmjvbangsg SudgrkdaigsSgn, rjdjrh as ssf-Xk xcaig, sgmgrSbairkvk skstamksmkar pgncaqturk sgmgrSbks ogsaubjiaiks dgzkgraiks mfgokjmgHvanaiabkg. gmks sgpkrkspkrjc, mgdgbkSgc, gvstrkks zjdgcsgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsXk, Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikS sgmgrSgbXk,ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqssg cg nkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsXk wasrkdcaig `grgmijTgvk~, 715? Su `dgigSkbaigck~, 7154 xabXafrubaiaik cg, Xasgigmksgc, sghkbjjiks sgou\vbaiksgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSgbSgn urSkarSfgvXkrXk dgnkxkbaig. 7155

5.7 sgfgnjnmcaibj mjwasrkdaiks `qgrSubk~ gbtarngtkvg

ssf-ks dgrkdaiaiks Xasgxai mj\Yvraiks majSxa Sgvks pkrvabkqvaSgvk cgsgSguraiubkg< `XahcjmkS cgcaiubk dgrkdaignk~.fgnjnmcaiabk Sgvcgpkrvabgc zjdgcgc gygbkiais hantrgburcaiubaigs ‘ ssf-ks 49-a muxbks Sgngxmgc, sghkbjg dgrkdaig, 715; `Su naiks dgmjvbang mjxcg grsaikSk Xahcjmks sgou\vabza.~

Xasgigmksgc, sghkbjjiks wkngpkrjigg ks, rjm naiksdgmjvbangza dgvbang uncg mjaxckng Xahcjmgs, gnu uncg

8;1 oo., rjmabkh Xahcjmgs sgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSgbSgn urSkarSfgv-XkrXk ggngbkzais. 7158 „giskhetbkhea unc ungiskhetbkhea Arfbãrund jena Tkbban‒.7153 kx. Xgvkdny, Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc KKK, 7530, § 783, 914 oo., § 781,9?8 oo.6Xagc. gsava Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § 41, 975 oo.,knsi. 990 o.7151 kx., mgdgbkSgc, Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 99 (9), 330.715? kx., mgdgbkSgc, gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 547-a cgXamcdjmk pgrgdrgoaik, gsava Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks 98-acg Xamcdjmk muxbaik ( „Qnvarikncbkhefakt ‒). 7154 kx. ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7394-a cg Xamcdjmk muxbaik(„gnnubbgmantj‒), nkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ?<995-a cg Xamcdjmkmuxbaik ( „varnkatkdknd ‒).7155 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 931.715; fgnjnmcaibks mkar dgmjyanaiubk ojrmubkraig `dgrkdaig Xak\baigsghkbj dgxcas~ gr grks sgfmgrksgc zustk. sgvgrgucjc, fgnjnmcaiabkdubksxmjis, rjm `dgrkdaig sghkbjg~ cg mksk dgmjxgtvg uncjcg orgzkS ‘ `dgrkdaig Xak\baig Xahkbaiub kqnas~.




87;

grsaijicas mkzazjirkvk fgvXkrk pkrks `suikaqtur~ Xahcjmgsg cgmksk naiks dgmjvbangs Xjrks. 71;0 gmgsSgn, as Xahcjmg `jikaqturgc~`grsaikSgc~ uncg kyjs mkHnaubk . Xamcdjm fk, ssf-ks 48-a cgXamcdjmk muxbaikS xjrhkabcaig Xahkbaiks uobaiks wgrmjmXjik`grsaikSk Xahcjmks~ hgbfaubk sgxksg cg Xahkbaiks dgmjmrkhxgvk`grggrsaikSk Xahcjmaiks~ mjwasrkdaig.

gm mkcdjmgXk kfvaSaig Xvakhgrkabk fgnjnmcaibksg cg gsava,Su gr mkkYaig mxacvabjigXk Xahcjmks `Xahnjigcjiks~ 71;7 cgmgtaikSk fjmpjnantk, ktgbkabk fgnjnmcaibks mkcdjmg.Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks 98-a cg ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 7395-a muxbaiXkh wasrkdcaig zjdgcgc ojrmubkraiubkhantrgburk caiubaig, rjmabXkh xgzdgsmubkg Xahcjmks`grsaikSjiks~ 71;9 mnkXvnabjig. Xamcdjm Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSksgmgrSbks 93-a cg ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 739;-a muxbaiXkgrsaikSk Xahcjmaiks catgburk radubkraigg mjhamubk.

gmgsSgn, sgqgrSvabjXk fgnjnmcaiabk gr cgfmgyjokbcgXvakhgrkksg cg ktgbkks fgnjnmcaibjigXk grsaiubk mkcdjmks

dgzkgraikS cg mjmcavnj muxbaiXk dgngvrhj grsaikSk SugrggrsaikSk Xahcjmaiks mjwasrkdaig. radubkraiks Xknggrskckcwkbgc Xvakhgrkksg cg ktgbkks, XacgraikS mhkra mjhubjikS,gsava darmgnkks, gvstrkksg cg nkcarbgncaiks fgnjnmcaibjiaiXkmjwasrkdaiubk Xahcjmks sgxaaiks fjmpkbghkks XSgiaTckbaigstjvais.

ssf-ks caiubaiaisg cg gm sgxabmwkojaiks fgnjnmcaibjiaiXkgrsaiubk radubkraiks pgrgbabaik sqamgturgc Xamcadng-krgc Xak\baig kqnas wgrmjcdankbk<

‘ ssf-ks 48-a `g~ muxbk ‘ `pkrs surcg cgacj sxvgdgrkdaig cg grg ks, rjmabzacgh mgn dgmjSqvg Sgnxmjig~ ‘ amsdgvsaig, mgdgbkSgc< Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSksgmgrSbks 93-a K 7 muxbs, gsava ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 739;-a K muxbks pkrvab gbtarngtkvgs6

‘ ssf-ks 48-a `i~ muxbk ‘ `pkrk hcaig km dgrkdaiksXknggrsXk, rjmbks cgcaigh mgs surcg~ ‘ amsdgvsaig,mgdgbkSgc< darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 77;-a K pgrgdrgokspkrvab gbtarngtkvgs, gsava dgrfvaub msdgvsaigs gvbansgvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 547-a K pgrgdrgoSgn6

‘ ssf-ks 48-a `d~ muxbk ‘ `gr grsaijis dgramjaiaik,rjmabSgh mxgraaik, faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpkcgn

71;0 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, Drjtkus, Ca kura iabbk gh pghks, 7?91, kn<vjn Fkrhemgnn (Ersd.),Crak Iòhear òiar cgs Yahet cas Frkadas unc Orkacans, 75?;, KK, UK, _K, 8;?.71;7 „rkhjnjshkikba‒. 71;9 kx. Xasgigmksgc< „wasantbkhea‒ cg „assanzkgba‒.




890

dgmjmckngra, dgnkxkbgvan dgrkdaiks sgou\vbgc~ ‘ amsdgvsaig,mgdgbkSgc< Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks 93-a K 3cg nkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ?<995-a `d~ muxbais,gsava ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 739;-a K muxbks majragbtarngtkvgs6

‘ ssf-ks 43-a K muxbkS dgSvgbkswknaiubk`fjntrgeantks pkrjvnaigXk~, gnu pkrsg cg mks SvksaiaiXk,Xahcjmg mjwasrkdaiubkg, mgdgbkSgc< XvakhgrkksvgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks 93-a K 9 muxbks majragbtarngtkvgsg cg ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 739;-a KKKmuxbaiXk, gsava darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 77;-a KKpgrgdrgoks pkrvab gbtarngtkvgsg cg gvstrkks zjdgcksgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 548-a pgrgdrgoXk6

‘ ssf-ks 43-a KK muxbkS radubkraiubk `Xahcjmgsgdnks \krkSgc SvksaiaiXk~ mjwasrkdaiubkg, mgdgbkSgc<Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks 93-a K 9 muxbkspkrvab gbtarngtkvgXk, ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 739;-a

KK muxbsg cg darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 77;-a KKpgrgdrgoks majra gbtarngtkvgXk6 ‘ ssf-ks 41-a muxbXk gsgxubk `Xahcjmg uobaigXk~

mjwasrkdaiubkg, mgdgbkSgc, ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks739;-a K_ muxbXk6

‘ ssf-ks 4?-a muxbkS dgSvgbkswknaiubk `Xahcjmgdgrkdaiks mjtkvXk~ mjwasrkdaiubkg, mgdgbkSgc< XvakhgrkksvgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks 93-a KK muxbXk, sgyurgcYaijmkSkSaigs Xakhgvs gsava gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks ;07-a pgrgdrgok6

‘ ssf-ks 45-a muxbkS radubkraiubk `wvrkbmgnkXahcjmaik dgmjgndgrkXaiaiXk gn warkbjikSdgnxjrhkabaiub naiks dgmjvbangXk~ mjwasrkdaiubkg,mgdgbkSgc< Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks 93-a KKK cgktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7380-a muxbaiXk6

‘ ssf-ks ma-50 muxbXk gsgxubk `Xahcjmg XugmgvbksmkzazkS~ mjwasrkdaiubkg, mgdgbkSgc< XvakhgrkksvgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks 94-a muxbXk, ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 7388-a muxbks majra gbtarngtkvgsg cg darmgnkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 790-a pgrgdrgoXk.

sgmgdgbkSjc mkHnaubk caiubaiaiks ogrSj spaqtrks dgzkgraikssurvkbk sgqgrSvabjXk XahcjmkS dgmjvbankbk naiks mjwasrkdaiks

\krkSgck xgrvazks mkzazgc Xak\baig HgkSvgbjs. sxvgcgsxvgsgxabmwkojs fgnjnmcaibjikcgn arSk cg kmgva Xknggrsjirkvk




897

cgtvkrSvks ojrmubkraiaiks dgcmjtgng kwvavs cuibkraiais, rgh,hxgckg, grgarSk dgudairjiks wygrjg. 71;8 ssf-ks hgbfaubk njrmgcatgburgc uncg dggngbkzcas, rgSg Xasg\baiabk dgxcasmjwasrkdaiks grsks zustgc dgnsgzYvrg. gmgsSgn, mgS mkmjxkbvgswkn uswrais naiksmkark mgSdgnks mxacvabjigXk mkYaiks wkngpkrjiks

‘ Xahcjmks ̀ grsaikSjiks~ gngbkzk.

5.9 wkngpkrjig Xahcjmks ̀ grsaikSjig~

XahcjmkS dgmjvbankbk naiks Su cgcaiubk dgrkdaiks crjsXahkbaiks uobaiks mqjna pkrk yvabgza ngfbai cghvgs kmsgxurais,sghkbjjiks sxvg sgou\vbaiSgn XacgraikS. Xahcjmg Sgvgc naiksdgmjmvbanks \gbguobaiks soarjcgn mjmckngra Xahkbaikssgou\vabkg. Xasgigmksgc, bjdkfurkg, sgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdk gsaSkdgramjaiks dgmj Xahkbaiks cgmgtaikS pkrjigs, arSdvgr mfghrokbtrs gwasaicas. gmcangc, Xahkbaiks dgnxjrhkabaiks zjdgcwkngpkrjigc sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjikS cdkncaig Xahcjmks

grsaikSjig. 71;3

sgqgrSvabjs kurkckub bktargturgXk dgmjSqmubkgmjsgzraig, rjm grsaikSjiks dgnsgzYvrksgs dgsgSvgbks-wknaiabkg, `msdgvs vkSgraigXk rg zjmais mkkYaicgdjnkvrubk gcgmkgnk, gsava hcjmkbaigXk myjok pkrk,xabXafrubaiks cgcaiksgs mgS rjm shjcnjcgS sgqmksTaXmgrktk mcdjmgrajiks Xasgxai.~ Xasgigmksgc, Xahcjmg mgXknuncg HgkSvgbjs grsaikSgc, `Sufk pkrk gsaS vkSgraigXksgarSjc gr cgcaicg dgrkdaigs, gn cgcaicg mgs srubkgcdgnsxvgvaiubk pkrjiaikS...~ 71;1

gsaSk mkcdjmg Xasg\baiabkg, XknggrsXk XahcjmksmkmgrS mgrSbgh kyjs gcafvgturk, Sumhg kdk gr grkssgsurvabk fjnfratubjiks mgtgraiabk `dgmjvbanks Xahcj-mgsg~71;? cg, mgsSgn kcanturgc dgnsgxkbvab, `XugmgvbksmkzazkS Xahcjmks~ 71;4 XamSxvavgXk.71;5 Xasg\baiabkg, naiksdgmjvbang gr amygraijcas grgswjr wgrmjcdangs Su `sgqmks

71;8 kx. qvamjS, 894 cg Xamcdjmnk. 71;3 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 934.71;1 kx. zjk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, 993. 71;? „ Arfbãrundskrrtum‒. 71;4 „Òiarmkttbundskrrtum‒. 71;5 dgmjvbanks XahcjmgsSgn `Xugmgvbks mkzazkS~ Xahcjmks dgkdkvaiksXasgxai kx., mgdgbkSgc< Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 98 (9), 11?6 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS casIòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 8?, YcNr. 736 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 35, YcNr. 4346 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 77;, YcNr. 70.




899

vkSgraigs~, mgdrgm gr mjxcas mksk swjrk wgrmjcdanksXasgigmksgc dgmjvbang, 71;; gn kdk grgswjrgc kqnas dgcgha-mubk (`Xatyjiknaiubk~) 7?00.7?07

grsaikSkg Xahcjmg, rjcasgh dgmjvbanks sgou\vbgc grsaiubk,sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks cgcdjmgza mkmgrSubk naig jikqturgcXahnjigc dgmjvbangsSgn Su cgmcdgr sgmgrSbairkv XacadSgn ksaSsxvgjigs gvbans, 7?09 rjm, sgvgrgucjc, naiks dgmjmvbans gr uncgsurcas gsaSk naiks dgmjvbanks ngmcvkbjig. 7?08 knckvkcs, swjracmksk grgrsaiubk naiks jikaqturgc Xahnjigcgc dgmjvbanks dgmj,sgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdksdgn mknkTaiubk gqvs gsaSk naiksdgmjvbanks ngmcvkbjiks Sgvgc dgcgwyvatks Xasg\baibjig ‘ Xahkbaiks uobaig.

sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjigXk, Xahcjmks grsaikSjiksdgrcg, gr grks XamuXgvaiubk gsaSk naiks dgmjvbanks sghkbjjikscgmgtaikSk pkrjiaik. dgmjvbankbk naiks gcrasgtks kntarasaikscghvg dgnpkrjiaiubkg km ncjikS, rjmabkh mgs gqvs naiks

dgmjvbanks ngmcvkbjiks mkmgrS. Xasgigmksgc, mksk kntarasaiksudubaiabyjog cgsgXvaikg ksaSk dgramjaiaiksg Su wkngpkrjiaiksgrsaijiksgs, rjmbaikh gqgrwybais mks ncjigs naiks dgmjvbanksngmcvkbjiks mkmgrS. 7?03 mkzgnXawjnkbkg, sgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdkgcafvgturgc cg Sgngzjmkargc khgvcas rjdjrh naiks dgmjmvbanks,ksa gcrasgtks badktkmur kntarasais. gm SvgbsgzrkskS gr grkskntarasmjfbaiubk sxvg fjntknanturavrjpub fjckokfghkaiXkgrsaiubk mkcdjmks gngbkzk.

mgdgbkSgc, gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 547-a Kpgrgdrgoks Sgngxmgc, Xahcjmks dgmj Xahkbaig mxjbjc mgXkn grkscgsgXvaik, `Su Xahcjmg majra mxgrks mkar grks dgnpkrjiaiubk, 7?01 gn mgs kdk, dgramjaiaikcgn dgmjmckngra, hxgcgc uncg Xaahnj, gn,

71;; Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 77;-a K pgrgdrgoksmajra gbtarngtkvkS mjwasrkdaiubk `dgmjvbanks Xahcjmg~. kx. gsava< vjnSuer , GS KK (7), 7;75, § ?4, 140 oo.6 Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 98 (9), 110 oo.6 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS casIòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 8?, YcNr. 77 oo.6 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 35, YcNr. 43?6 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 77;, YcNr. 70.7?00 kx. ssf-ks ma-50 muxbk. 7?07 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 934.7?09 Xagc. sgvknks mkar Xahcjmks grsaikSjiks cgfgvXkraig `dgmjvbangsSgnnaiks dgraXa~ ( „ Arfbãrund jena Tkbban‒),Xgvkdny, Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets,Ignc KKK, 7530, § 783, 915, § 781, 9?8 oo.7?08 Xagc. Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 934 o.7?03 \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 87 K, 301 oo. sjwka § 87 _, 37; o.7?01 Xagc. grsaikSgc msdgvsk mkcdjmkS nkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks?<995-a K muxbk, dgnsgfuSraikS `g~ cg `i~ qvapunqtaik.




898

Su mksk dgmjmLYgvnaig crjubgc mjxcg.~ 7?0? gmgsSgn, sktyvg`crjubgc~ 7?04 dgmjyanaiubkg gcrasgtks mkar naiks dgmjvbanksngmcvkbjiks ncjikS dgnxjrhkabaiub mjqmacaigsSgn mkmgrSaikS.mgdgbkSgc, mnkXvnabjvgnkg ks, Su dgkYj pkrmg xgrlaikvgbcaiubaiks Xasgsrubaibgc. 7?05

ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7395-a muxbkS, cgmgtaikSwkngpkrjigc dgSvgbkswknaiubkg `Xahcjmks rabavgnturjig~ 7?0; .Xasgigmksgc, `Xahcjmg xabXafrubaiks dgigSkbaiks sgou\vabkmgXkn grks, Su ks grsaikSkg cg xabXafrubaiks majra mxgrksgSvksXahnjigck.~ 7?70 ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 739;-a muxbkkSvgbkswknais grsaikSk Xahcjmks sgxaaiks catgbur HgmjngS-vgbs, 7?77 rjmbkSgh fgnjnmcaiabk gr cgfmgyjokbcg. Xasgigmksgc,ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7387-a muxbkS fjnfratcaigcgmgtaikSk pkrjig cg dgnksgzYvraig, rjm `Xahcjmg HgkSvbaigXahnjigcgc, Su mgs XknggrsSgn, xabXafrubaiks dgramjaiaiSgn gnxabXafrubaiks mxgraaiks SvksaiaiSgn mkmgrSaikS XakhnjicgHvaubairkvk dubksxmkaraiks mqjna pkrk.~ 7?79 mgdgbkSgc, mxgtvrks

ygbik ngmuXavrks ngsykcjiks Xahkbaiks (`dgigSkbaiks~)mkzgnXawjnkbjig cgmjfkcaiubkg kmgza, Su rgmcangc Xahnjigckg

7?0? „... ogbbs car Krrtum curhe can gncaran vargnbgsst wgr, jcar ckasam gus can Qmstãncanjooanigr guoogbban mussta jcar njhe rahetzaktkd guodafbãrt wurca.‒ 7?04 „njhe rahetzaktkd ‒. 7?05 kx. \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 87 KK, 370,sgsgmgrSbj dgcgwyvatk-baigza Xamcdjmk mkSkSaikS .7?0; „ Ykbavgnzg cabb‛arrjra ‒. 7?70 „ B‛arrjra å hgusg ck gnnubbgmantj cab hjntrgttj qugncj å assanzkgba ac å rkhjnjshkikbacgbb‛gbtrj hjntrganta. ‒ 7?77 Xahcjmg grsaikSkg< 7) rjcasgh kdk xabXafrubaiks sgxas gn sgdgnsaxaig ( „qugncj hgca subbg ngturg j subb‛jddattj cab hjntrgttj ‒)6 9) rjcasgh kdkXasrubaiks sgdgns, gn mks ksaS Svksaigs axaig, rjmabkh sgarSjXaogsaikS gn dgramjaigSg dgSvgbkswknaikS Sgnxmjiks dghxgcaiksgSvksdgnmsgzYvrabkg ( „qugncj hgca subb‛kcantktà cabb‛jddattj cabbg prastgzkjna jvvarj sjprgung qugbktà cabbj stassj hea, sahjncj kb hjmuna gpprazzgmantj j kn rabgzkjna gbba hkrhjstgnza,cava rktanarsk catarmkngnta cab hjnsansj‒)6 8) rjcasgh kdk xabXamfvrabk pkrksvkngjigsg cg Svksaiais axaig, Su gm dgramjaigSgdgn arSk gn majraSgnxmjiksSvks grks dgnmsgzYvrabk ( „qugncj hgca subb‛kcantktà j subba qugbktà cabbg

parsjng cabb‛gbtrj hjntrganta, sampra hea b‛ung j ba gbtra skgnj stgta catarmkngntk cabhjnsansj‒)6 3) rjcasgh kdk uobaigXk Xahcjmks XamSxvavgXk xabXafrubaiksarSgcgrSk gn mSgvgrk sgou\vabk kyj ( „qugncj, trgttgncjsk ck arrjra ck ckrkttj, å stgtj bg radkjna unkhg j prknhkpgba cab hjntrgttj‒). 7?79 „ B‛arrjra sk hjnskcarg rkhjnjshkikba qugncj, kn rabgzkjna gb hjntanutj, gbba hkrhjstgnza cabhjntrgttj, jvvarj gbbg qugbktà cak hjntgantk, ung pjrsjng ck njrmgba ckbkdanzg gvraiia pjtutjrkbavgrbj.‒




893

skygbia Sgvgc dgmykcvabks mkar, rgh mxgtvrks XamSxvavgXkktgbkks sgsgmgrSbjm cgcgsturaiubgc mkkHnkg. 7?78

Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks 98-a muxbks Sgngxmgc,`xabXafrubaig gr grks mijTgvk mksSvks, vknh mksk cgcaiksgsgrsaikS XahcjmgXk kmyjoaijcg.~ 7?73 gmdvgrgc, Xvakhgrkabkfgnjnmcaiabkh fmgyjokbcaig Xahcjmks grsaikSjigza mkSkSaikS.

uorj Xjrs mkcks darmgnkks sgmgrSgbk. mgsXk gr grksdgzkgraiubk Xahcjmks sgou\vabza sghkbjjiks cgsgXvaijikscgfgvXkraig naiksmkar cgmgtaikS wkngpkrjigsSgn. mgdgbkSgc,XahkbaiksgSvks sgvgbcaiubj dgramjaigc Xahcjmks XahnjigcjiksdgnsgzYvrg fjcaqsks XammuXgvaiabk majra fjmkskks mkar`mkuYaibgc~ 7?71 HgkSvgbg cg ugryjokb kqng. 7?7? darmgnkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 77;-a K pgrgdrgokS Xahkbaiks wkngpkrjigcdgSvgbkswknaiubkg ks, rjm pkrs Xahcjmks dgmj Sgvksk naiksdgmjvbanks Xahkbaiks uobaig mgXkn ankTaig, `Su sgvgrgucjg, rjmkdk mgs dgramjaigSg hjcnksg cg vkSgraiks dggzraiubgc XaogsaiksXamSxvavgXk gr dgmjgvbancg.~ 7?74 gmdvgrk mjwasrkdaig Xak\baig

gkxsngs sghkbjjiksgs naiks fjmpjnantksSvks dgcgmwyvatkmnkXvnabjiks mknkTaiks survkbkS. dgrcg gmksg, darmgnkkssgmgrSgbXk Xahkbaiks gcrasgtks srubogsjvgnk cghvg uzrunvab-yjokbkg darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 799-a pgrgdrgokS.Xahkbaiks gcrasgts ankTaig ncjikS dgmjwvaubk zkgnksgngzYguraiks mjSxjvng, rgsgh, iunairkvkg, gr khnjis, mgdgbkSgc,gvstrkks sgmgrSgbk.

5.8 dgmjvbanks Xahcjmg

ssf-ks 48-a `g~ muxbks caiubaig ‘ `pkrs surcg cgacj sxvgdgrkdaig cg grg ks, rjmabzacgh mgn dgmjSqvg Sgnxmjig~ ‘ grsaikSgc kmajrais Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks 93-a K 7muxbks ojrmubkraigs. 7?75 dgnsxvgvaig vbkncaig ssf-ks 48-a `g~muxbXk tarmkn ̀ xabXafrubaiks~ nghvbgc ̀ dgrkdaiks~ dgmjyanaikS.

7?78 \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 87 KKK, 371,Xasgigmks sgsgmgrSbjdgcgwyvatkbaigza mkSkSaikS .7?73 „ Car _artrgd kst oòr canlankdan unvarikncbkhe, car skhe iakm Gishebuss kn aknamwasantbkhean Krrtum iaouncan egt.‒ 7?71 „ungnnaemigr ‒. 7?7? Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 99 (3), 335.7?74 „...wann gnzunaeman kst, cgss ar ska iak Fanntnks car Xghebgda unc varstãnckdar Tòrckdundcas Ogbbas nkhet gidadaian egian wòrca.‒ 7?75 „...car Krranca aknan gncaran _artrgd akndaean wjbbta gbs canlankdan, oòr can ar sakna \ustkmmund arfbãrt egt ‒.




891

sgyurgcYaijg gsava ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 739;-a Kmuxbks pkrvabk gbtarngtkvg, rjmbks Sgngxmgc, grsaikSkgxabXafrubaiks sgxaXk Xahcjmg. 7?7;

sgqgrSvabjs kurkckub bktargturgXk mkkHnavg, rjm ssf-ks48-a `g~ muxbk mxjbjc `dgrkdaiks sgxaXk Xahcjmgs~ 7?90 axaig. 7?97

kmks dgSvgbkswknaikS, rjm sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjigXkgr grks hgbfa mjwasrkdaiubk `dgmjvbanks Xahcjmg~, 7?99 rjdjrhgrsaikSk Xahcjmks sgxa, ssf-ks 48-a `g~ muxbks caiubaigsgsurvabkg dgvrhabcas gsava `wghcanks~ fbgskfur XamSxva-vaiza, 7?98 rgh arS XamSxvavgXk, Xasgigmksk cgsfvnks dgfaSaiksdgraXa, sgqgrSvabjs kurkckub bktargturgXkh Xasg\baibgcgrks mkHnaubk. 7?93

`wghcanks~ XamSxvavaikg naiks dgmjmvbanks ksaSk Xahcjmaik,rjcasgh pkrk dguhnjikaraiab Xahcjmgs uXvaismatyvabaiksgs, warksgs gn sxvg mjqmacaiksgs. mgdgbkSgc< mgsgqvs naig, Sqvgs gSk cg gmijis gss, uncg cgwarjs arSk

hkork Su sktyvg cg wars sxvgs, uncg Xamjxgzjs XafvaSksarSk njmark cg ragburgc Xamjxgzgvs majras, uncg dgcgshasmajra mxgras fjnfratubk nkvSk (mgS Xjrks, rjcasghdgrkdaiks cgcaigs crjXk amSxvavg mksk Xasrubaig) cgdgcgshams sxvg nkvSs cg g.X.

Xasgigmksgc, mkzgnXawjnkbkg, ssf-ks 48-a `g~ muxbks zjdgcgc`wghcanks~ yvabg XamSxvavgza dgvrhabaig.

hxgckg, Sgvksk zjdgck Xknggrskcgn dgmjmckngra, as njrmg,Xasg\baiabkg, Xahcjmks ogrSj spaqtrza dgvrhabaiubkyj cg

7?7; „qugncj hgca subbg ngturg... cab hjntrgttj‒. 7?90 „arrjr kn nadjtkj‒ („ Krrtum òiar cka Dasheãotsgrt ‒). 7?97 kx.< Tgnturkg , Xasgvgbk sgqgrSvabjs sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks zjdgcngwkbXk, 7;;4, 840 (`Xahcjmg dgrkdaiks tkpks grHavgXk~)6 zjk\a , ssf-ksfjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, 993 (`Xahcjmg dgrkdaiks sgmgrSbairkv xgskgSXk(tkpXk)~). 7?99 „ Arfbãrundskrrtum‒.7?98 „_arsprahean, _arsherakian, _ardrakoan‒. kx. darmgnub kurkckub bktargtu-rgXk< vjn Suer , GS KK (7), 7;75, § ?4, 140 o.6 Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 98 (9), 110 o.6 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 8?, YcNr. 77 oo.6 Mackhus, GS cas IDI,900?, § 35, YcNr. 43?6 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 77;, YcNr. 70.7?93 kx.< Tgnturkg , Xasgvgbk sgqgrSvabjs sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks zjdgcngwkbXk, 7;;4, 847 (`g~-s uncjcg `i~-sSvks aHuqaikng 10 bgrk. XahcjmkS

fjnvartXk Hgcj 700 bgrk). gngbjdkurk XamSxvavg dgnxkbubkg darmgnubsgmgrSgbXk swjrac `wghcanks~ (far\jc, „_ardrakoan‒) mgdgbkSgc< vjn Suer ,GS KK (7), 7;75, § ?4, 140, On. 78 (`g~-s surcg `i~-sSvks aHuqaikng 700 mgrfg.XahcjmkS fjnvartXk Hgcj 7000-mgrfkgnk fupkurg).




89?

arSdvgr zjdgck mjSxjvnks sgou\vbgc dgnxkbubkyj. naiksmkarkXahcjmkS cgcaiubk dgrkdaig grks `sxvg dgrkdaig cg grg ks,rjmabzacgh mgn dgmjSqvg Sgnxmjig~. wknggYmcad XamSxvavgXk,Xahcjmg gr kqnaig cg dgrkdaigh kqnaig ks, rjmabzah mgn dgmjSqvgSgnxmjig. gsaSk mkcdjmks sgwknggYmcadj grdumantk Sgvgc ssf-ksmjwasrkdaigg, vkngkcgn gm njrmks Xamcad grgarSk sxvg caiubaiggmjhamubk.

Xasgigmksgc, ssf-ks 48-a `g~ muxbks Xknggrsk, XamzYucgvkdgnmgrtaikS, Xak\baig cgyvgnkb kqnas dgmjvbanks Xahcjmks mkmgrSSu `wghcanks~ XamSxvavaiza dgvrhabaigmca. `sxvg dgrkdaig~ gmXamSxvavgXk uncg dgnkmgrtjs ksa, rjm mjkhvgs mxjbjc dgmjvbanksXahcjmaik. gmks cgsgiuSaig XknggrsXk XahcjmgsSgnurSkarSfgvXkrXk dgnmgrtaikS grks Xasg\baiabk, far\jc,XknggrsXk Xahcjmks crjs naiks dgmjvbanks dgnmgrtaiks Xacadgccdkncaig grg `sxvg~, grgmac swjrac `km~ dgrkdaiks cgcaiks naig,rjmbks Xknggrskh jikaqturgc Xahnjigcgc cdkncaig6 mxjbjcdgmjmvbank gqsjvs mgsXk sxvg gzrs (mnkXvnabjigs). 7?91

5.3 XknggrsXk mnkXvnabjigXk) Xahcjmks mjmwasrkdaiabk zjdgcknjrmg

ssf-ks 48-a `i~ muxbks caiubaikS ‘ `pkrk hcaig km dgrkdaiksXknggrsXk, rjmbks cgcaigh mgs surcg~, ‘ darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 77;-a K pgrgdrgoks pkrvabk gbtarngtkvks msdgvsgc, 7?9? Xknggrssg Su mnkXvnabjigXk Xahcjmg 7?94 radubkrcaig. gvstrkkszjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 547-a K pgrgdrgoXkh XknggrsXkXahcjmgg mjwasrkdaiubk, Sumhg gm njrmgXk uXugbj fgvXkrkgdgmjfvaSkbk dgrkdaiks sgdgnsg cg mks grsaikS SvksaigsSgn. 7?95

ssf-ks 48-a `i~ muxbk mjkhgvs zamjS dgnxkbub ssf-ks 48-a`g~ muxbks caiubaigsgh, mksk dgrkdaiks sgxaXk Xahcjmgcdgnmgrtaiks XamSxvavgXk. as kqkcgn dgmjmckngrajis, rjm XknggrsXkXahcjmks crjs naiks dgmjmvbank hcaig Sgvksk naiks dgmjvbanksgsdgmjyanaiubk sktyvksg Su orgzks jikaqtur mnkXvnabjigXk.Xasgigmksgc, XknggrsXk Xahcjmks tkpurk XamSxvavaik mjkhgvs lar

7?91 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 77;-a K pgrgdrgoksmajra gbtarngtkvg ( „akna Arfbãrund ckasas Knegbts òiaregupt nkhet gidaian wjbbta‒). 7?9? „Tar iak car Gidgia aknar Tkbbansarfbãrund òiar caran Knegbt km Krrtum wgr...‒ 7?94 „ Knegbtskrrtum‒. 7?95 „Tgr akn Sakb òiar can Knegbt car vjn kem gidadaianan jcar cam gncaran zudadangdanan Arfbãrund kn aknam Krrtum iaogndan, car cka Eguptsghea jcar akna wasantbkhea Iashegooaneaktcarsabian iatrkoot, wjrguo cka Giskhet vjrzòdbkhe darkhetat unc arfbãrt wurca, sj antstaet oòr kenfakna _arikncbkhefakt...‒Xagc. gsava gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 549-apgrgdrgok.




894

fkcav sgarSj avrjpub sgmgrSgbXk grsaiub `dgrkdaiks sgxaXkXahcjmgs~ 7?9;, `pkrXk Xahcjmgs~ 7?80 cg `dgrkdaiks sgdgnXkXahcjmgs~ 7?87.7?89

Xasg\baiabkg, fgnjnmcaibks mkzgnk kyj Xvakhgrkksg cgktgbkks fgnjnmcaibjigXk grsaiubk mkcdjmks dgzkgraikS ssf-XkSkSjaubk mgSdgnks cgmjufkcaiabk mjwasrkdaig. Sumhg gmXamSxvavgXk dgudaigrkg, Su rgtjm cgsTkrcg fgnjnmcaiabs ssf-ks48-a ì~ muxbks, gnu darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 77;-a Kpgrgdrgoks pkrvabk gbtarngtkvks, mjwasrkdaig. ragburgcgrsaijis skhxgcks Xatgnks guhkbaibjig. mgdgbkSgc, Su ugrkkSqmaig ssf-ks 48-a ì~ muxbza, grsaijis Sajrkubk gbtarngtkvg,XknggrsXk Xahcjmks hgbfaubk sgxks mjmwasrkdaibgc HgkSvgbjs<ssf-ks 48-a `g~ muxbk (`dgrkdaiks sgxaXk Xahcjmg~)6 ssf-ks 43-a Kmuxbk (`pkrXk Xahcjmg~, rgh ksacgh hgbfa muxbkS grksradubkraiubk)6 cg ssf-ks 43-a KK muxbk (gwasrkdais `sgdnksSvksaiaiXk Xahcjmgs~, 7?88 mgdrgm Xak\baig ogrSjc dgnkmgrtjs cgmjkhvgs ̀ dgrkdaiks sgdgnXk Xahcjmg~ 7?83).

sgqgrSvabjXk fgnjnmcaibks mkar dgmjwvaubk dgudairjig,sgvgrgucjc, kmkS grks dgnpkrjiaiubk, rjm ssf-ks 48-a `g~muxbk amygraig Xvakhgrkub cg ktgbkur sgmgrSgbs,rjmbaikh sghkbjjiks mjwasrkdaiksgs catgburkg cg,Xasgigmksgc, `xabXafrubaiks sgxaXk Xahcjmgs~ hgbfacaiubaikS gwasrkdais. 7?81 ssf-ks 48-a ì~ muxbk fk ayrcnjigdarmgnkksg cg gvstrkks fgnjnmcaibjiaiXk grsaiub uorjogrSj ojrmubkraigs, rjmbaiXkh, zjdgcgc, XknggrsXkXahcjmg grks radubkraiubk. 7?8?

Xacadgc, darmgnkksg cg gvstrkks fgnjnmcaibjiaiXkmjwasrkdaiubk zjdgck Xknggrsks njrmg mjkhgvs Xvakhgrkksgcg ktgbkks sgmgrSgbXk grsaiub uorj vkwrj mjwasrkdaikssoarjs mqjna caiubaigs ksa, rjdjrh XknggrsXk Xahcjmkssrubgc mjmwasrkdaiabk njrmg uncg mjkhgvcas XknggrsXk

7?9; „arrjr kn nadjtkj‒ („ Krrtum òiar cka Dasheãotsgrt ‒). 7?80 „arrjr kn parsjng‒ („ Krrtum òiar cka Parsjn izw. Kcantktãt cas Dasheãotsdadnars‒). 7?87 „arrjr kn jilahtj ‒ („ Krrtum òiar cka Kcantktãt cas Dasheãotsdadanstgncs‒).7?89 Xagc. Sgngmacrjva darmgnub kurkckub bktargturgXk< Bgranz/Tjbo , GScas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 8?, YcNr. 90 oo.6 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005,§ 77;, YcNr. 77 oo.7?88 „arrjr kn suistgntkg‒. 7?83 „arrjr kn jilahtj ‒. 7?81 kx.< Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks 93-a K 7 muxbk cg ktgbkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 739;-a K muxbks pkrvabk gbtarngtkvg. 7?8? kx.< darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 77;-a K pgrgdrgoks pkrvabkgbtarngtkvg cg gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 547-a K pgrgdrgok.




895

Xahcjmks hgbfaubk sgxks mjmwasrkdaiab caiubaiais.gmgsSgn, gYsgnkXngvkg, rjm grh darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks radubkraigg ijbjmca Sgnmkmcavrubk. fgnjnmca-iabmg, darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 77;-a K pgrgdrgokspkrvab gbtarngtkvgXk mjhamubk zjdgck caiubaiksmkuxacgvgc, mkzgnXawjnkbgc HgSvgbg, darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 77;-a KK pgrgdrgokS cgafjnfrataikng, rjm XknggrsXkXahcjmg mjkhgvs pkrsg cg sgdgnXk Xahcjmgsgh. 7?84

Sgvks mxrkv, Xvakhgrkksg cg ktgbkks sgmgrSgbXk grgrks darmgnkks, ksava rjdjrh gvstrkks fgnjnmcaibjiksmsdgvsk zjdgck caiubaig cg `xabXafrubaiks sgxaXkXahcjmks~ dgrcg, cgmjufkcaiabk njrmaik aSmjig, mgdgbkSgc<`xabXafrubaiks sgdgnXk Xahcjmgs~ 7?85 (ktgbkgXk gsava`Xasrubaiks sgdnks SvksaigXk Xahcjmgs~ 7?8;) cg`xabXamfvrab pkrsg cg mks SvksaiaiXk Xahcjmgs~. 7?30

Xasgigmksgc, Su ssf-ks 48-a `g~ muxbk `dgrkdaiks sgxaXk Xahcjmks~

mjmwasrkdaibgc HgkSvbaig, as mkcdjmg XasgigmksjigXk kqnaig gmnjrmks prjtjtkpaiXk (ktgbkksg cg Xvakhgrkks fgnjnmcaibjigXk)grsaiub mjwasrkdaigsSgn. ssf-ks 48-a `i~ muxbk fk XknggrsXkXahcjmks mjmwasrkdaiabk zjdgck njrmgg, rjmabkh HgrHjmjwasrkdaigs kSvgbkswknais dgrkdaiks sgxaXk Xahcjmks, pkrXkXahcjmksg cg dgrkdaiks sgdgnXk Xahcjmks SkSjaubk XamSxva-vksgSvks.

naiksmkar XamSxvavgXk, guhkbaiabkg, ssf-ks 48-a `g~ muxbk`dgmjvbanks Xahcjmks~ mkmgrS mjqmacgcgh kqnas mkHnaubk. sxvgXamSxvavgXk, `dgmjvbanks Xahcjmg~, uirgbjc, mjuwasrkdaiabk SugrgsgSgngcjc mjwasrkdaiubk rHaig (ssf-ks ma-50 muxbk gwasrkdais`Xugmgvbks mkzazkS Xahcjmgs~ 7?37, rgh dgmjvbanks Xahcjmks arS-arSk sgxag, mgdrgm gr mjkhgvs `wghcanks~ XamSxvavais).

7?84 „ Gbs Krrtum òiar can Knegbt car Arfbãrund dkbt guhe car Krrtum òiar sjbhea Akdanshegotancar Parsjn jcar car Xghea, cka km _arfaer gbs wasantbkhe gndasaean warcan‒. 7?85 kx.< Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks 93-a KK muxbks pkrvabkgbtargtkvg cg ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 739;-a KK muxbks pkrvabkgbtargtkvg. 7?8; kx. ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 739;-a KK muxbks majra gbtarngtkvg. 7?30 kx.< Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks 93-a KK muxbks majragbtarngtkvg cg ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 739;-a KKK muxbaik.7?37 „Òiarmkttbundskrrtum‒.




89;

5.1 pkrsg pkrks kcantjigsg) cg pkrks SvksaiaiXk Xahcjmg

ssf-ks 43-a K muxbks Sgngxmgc, `Xahcjmg fjntrgeantks pkrjvnaiksmkmgrS mxjbjc mgXkn kSvbaig grsaikSgc, rjcasgh SvkSjnfjntrgeantks pkrjvnaig gn mksk pkrgck Svksaiaiks dgSvgbkswknaigdgrkdaiks cgcaiks mSgvgrk sgou\vabkg.~ as njrmg gwasrkdaisfjntrgeantks vkngjigsg cg mks SvksaiaiXk Xahcjmgs. gmgsSgn, asojrmubkraig ogrSjc uncg dgnkmgrtjs, rgSg mjkhvgs naiksmkarkpkrk, gnu grgmxjbjc fjntrgeantk cg, gmgva crjs, dgmjyanaiubkqnas kurkckubk pkraiks mkmgrSgh.

ssf-ks 43-a K muxbks caiubaig SvgbXksgham msdgvsaigsgvbans ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 739;-a KKK muxbSgn, rjmbksSgngxmgc, grsaikSkg Xahcjmg, `rjcasgh kdk xabXamfvrabk pkrkskcantjigsg cg Svksaiais axaig, Su gm dgramjaigSgdgn arSk gnmajra SgnxmjiksSvks Vnaiks dgmjvbanksSvks] grks dgnmsgz-Yvrabk~ 7?39.7?38

gngbjdkurgc, ssf-ks 43-a K muxbXkh grsaikSgc mkkHnavgrjdjrh Xahcjmg xabXafrubaiks mxgrks vkngjigXk (`fjntrgeantkspkrjvnaig~) ksa mks SvksaiaiXk (`pkrgck Svksaiaik~), Su ksknk naiksdgmjvbanks sgou\vabk kyj. gsaSk mjwasrkdaikS qgrSubsgmgrSgbXk pkrks vkngjigs (kcantjigs) cg Svksaiais Xjrks 7?33 dgmklvng sgmgrSbairkvgc grggrsaikSk xcaig. 7?31

XacgraiksgSvks Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks 93-a K9 muxbks majra gbtarngtkvg, grsaikSgc, mxjbjc vkngjigXkXahcjmgs axaig, gnu grsaikSkg Xahcjmg, rjcasgh naig `sxvg pkrzakyj mkmgrSubk~. 7?3?

darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 77;-a KK pgrgdrgok XknggrsXkXahcjmgsSgn gSgngirais SvksaiaiXk Xahcjmgs. gmgsSgn, darmgnkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 77;-a KK pgrgdrgoks pkrvab gbtarngtkvgXk

7?39 „...qugncj hgca subb‛kcantktà j subba qugbktà cabbg parsjng cabb‛gbtrj hjntrganta, sampra heab‛ung j ba gbtra skgnj stgta catarmkngntk cab hjnsansj ‒. 7?38 Xagc. gsava sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7770-a KK muxbk< „ Abba n'ast pjknt una hgusa ca nubbktë bjrsqu'abba na tjmia qua sur bg parsjnna gvah bgquabba jn g kntantkjnca hjntrghtar, à mjkns qua bg hjnskcërgtkjn ca hatta parsjnna na sjkt bg hgusa prknhkpgba ca bghjnvantkjn.‒ 7?33 „ Kcantktãts- unc Akdanshegotskrrtum‒. 7?31 pkrks kcantjigsg cg Svksaiais Xjrks dgmklvngsSgn cgfgvXkraikSdarmgnub sgmgrSgbXk kx., mgdgbkSgc< Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 98 (9), 315 oo.6 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 8?, YcNr. 11 o.6 Mackhus, GS cas IDI,900?, § 35, YcNr. 4?8 oo.6 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 77;, YcNr. 78 unc98 oo.7?3? „guo akna gncara Parsjn darkhetat wgr ‒.




880

swjrac pkrks ksaSk Svksaiaiks dgSvgbkswknaiks mkzgnXawjnkbjigdgnksgzYvraig, rjmbaikh ̀ irunvgXk~ grsaikSgc dgnkxkbaig. 7?34

sgqgrSvabjsg cg darmgnkks fgnjnmcaibjiks Xasgigmkscaiubaiais Xjrks mnkXvnabjvgnk sxvgjig ufgvXkrcaig kmgs, rjmssf-ks 43-a K muxbXk gqhantk `fjntrgeantks pkrjvnaigsg Su pkrgcSvksaiaiza~, xjbj darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 77;-a KKpgrgdrgoks pkrvab gbtarngtkvgXk, zjdgcgc, naiksmkark `pkrksSvksaiaiza~ 7?35 faScaig. Xacadgc, ssf-ks 43-a K muxbks mjqmacaig,mksk sktyvgsktyvkSk Xknggrskcgn dgmjmckngra, kzYucaigfjntrgeantks mkmgrS dgvrhabaikS cg var mjkhgvs masgma pkrais,rjmabSg kcantjig Xak\baig dgrkdaiks cgcaiks sgou\vabkdgxcas. 7?3;

fkcav arSk sgyurgcYaij dgnsxvgvaig pkrks SvksaiaiksXaogsaiks frktarkumks dgnsgzYvrgg. darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 77;-a KK pgrgdrgoks pkrvab gbtarngtkvgXk sgmgrSbairkvkXacadksSvks mnkXvnabjvgnkg ks Svksaiaik, rjmbaikh jikaqturgc,`irunvgXk~, dgnkxkbaig grsaikSgc. 7?10 ssf-ks 43-a K muxbks Sgngxmgc,

as Svksaiaik Xak\baig suikaqturk frktarkumkS Xaogscas ‘ ksknkdgrkdaiks cgcaiks Su naiks dgmjvbanks sgou\vabk uncg kyjs. gmXamSxvavgXkh upkrgtasjig darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 77;-a KKpgrgdrgoks pkrvabk gbtarngtkvks Xasgigmks dgnmgrtaigs uncgmkankTjs. ssf-ks 43-a K muxbks caiubaigXk uncg kqnas ngdubksxmavkgrg yvabgngkrk sgou\vabk, rgmgh Xasg\baiabkg, mjtkvXkXahcjmgsSgn dgSgngiraig dgmjkwvkjs, grgmac mxjbjc ksaSk,rjmabkh jikaqturgcgh Xak\baijcg dgmxcgrkyj Xasgigmksk naiksojrmkraiks sgou\vabk.

gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 548-a pgrgdrgoXkhwasrkdcaig `pkrXk Xahcjmg, rjmbks mkmgrSgh xcaig cgpkraiksdgfaSaig Vnaiks dgmjvbang]~ 7?17 cg gmkS, grsaikSgc, fjntrgeantXkXahcjmks radubkraig. as njrmg gvstrkub sgmgrSgbXk mksksktyvgsktyvkSk mnkXvnabjiksgdgn dgnsxvgvaiubgc, mjwasrkdaiks

7?34 „ Akdanshegotan car Parsjn..., cka km _arfaer gbs wasantbkhe gndasaean warcan‒. 7?35 „ Akdanshegotan car Parsjn‒. 7?3; darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 77;-a KK pgrgdrgoXk `pkrgc~ mjkgzraigrjdjrh xabXafrubaiks mxgra, ksa naiksmkark sxvg pkrk, rjmabSgkcantjiks dgSvgbkswknaikSgh kcaig xabXafrubaig. kx., mgdgbkSgc< Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 8?, YcNr. 856 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?,§ 35, YcNr. 4496 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 77;, YcNr. 9?.7?10 „cka km _arfaer gbs wasantbkhe gndasaean warcan‒. 7?17 „ Krrtum kn car Parsjn caslankdan, wabheam akn _arsprahean damghet wjrcan kst ‒.




887

mkznkcgn dgmjmckngra dgnkmgrtaig cg mjkhgvs rjdjrh pkrkskcantjigs, ksa mks Svksaiais. 7?19

5.? dgrkdaiks sgdgnXk Xahcjmg cg sgdnks SvksaiaiXk Xahcjmg

dgrkdaiks sgdgnXk Xahcjmg 7?18 ufgvXkrcaig dgrkdaiks sgdnks rgjigs.grsaikSk Xahcjmks as sgxa ssf-Xk uXugbjc mjwasrkdaiubk grgrks, Sumhg Xasg\baiabkg, Xasgigmksk radubkraiks Xknggrskngwgrmjaik kqnas ssf-ks 43-a KK muxbkcgn.

ssf-ks 43-a KK muxbk axaig `sgdnks \krkSgc SvksaiaiXkXahcjmgs~, gnu yurgcYaig mgxvkbcaig sgdnks `SvksaiaiXk~Xahcjmgza 7?13. swjrac gm njrmks ogrSjc dgnmgrtaikS grksXasg\baiabk `dgrkdaiks sgdgnXk Xahcjmks~, gnu `sgdnks kcantjigXkXahcjmks~, sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaiks Hgmjygbkiaig. 7?11

ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 739;-a KK muxbks Sgngxmgc,Xahcjmg grsaikSkg, `rjcasgh kdk Xasrubaiks sgdnks kcantjigs gnmks ksaS Svksaigs axaig, rjmabkh sgarSj XaogsaikS gn

dgramjaigSg dgSvgbkswknaikS Sgnxmjiks dghxgcaiksgSvks VnaiksdgmjvbanksSvks] dgnmsgzYvrabkg~. 7?1? Xasgigmksgc, as njrmggwasrkdais jrkvas< dgrkdaiks sgdgnXk Xahcjmgsg cg sgdnksSvksaiaiXk Xahcjmgs. gmgsSgn, ksknk kcantur sgmgrSbairkvraLkmXkg mjqhaubk.

darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 77;-a KK pgrgdrgoks majragbtarngtkvgXkh XknggrsXk Xahcjmgc dgnkxkbaig sgdnks SvksaigXkksaSk Xahcjmg, rjmabkh ̀ irunvgXk~ grsaikSgc mkkHnavg. 7?14

gmgsSgn, sgyurgcYaijg ssf-ks 43-a KK muxbks ojrmubkraig,rjm `Xahcjmg sgdnks \krkSgc SvksaiaiXk mxjbjc mgXkn HgkSvbaiggrsaikSgc, Su mgS mnkXvnabjig gqvS sgdnks YkraiubaiksdgnsgzYvrksgSvks.~

mkzgnXawjnkbkg, darmgnkks sgsgmgrSbj prgqtkfgXkcgmfvkcraiubk mkcdjmks dgSvgbkswknaikS, sgdnks \krkSgcSvksaiaigc mkHnaub kqnas `yvabg ogqtjirkvk dgramjaig cg

7?19 kx., mgdgbkSgc, Ijbbaniardar kn< Fjzkjb/Iycbknsfk/Ijbbaniardar,GIDI-Fjmmantgr,9004, § 548, YcNr. 7 o.7?18 „arrjr kn jilahtj ‒. 7?13 „arrjr kn suistgntkg‒.7?11 Xagc. gsava sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7770-a K muxbk< „ B'arraurn'ast una hgusa ca nubbktë ca bg hjnvantkjn qua bjrsqu'abba tjmia sur bg suistgnha mìma ca bghejsa quk an ast b'jilat .‒ 7?1? „...qugncj hgca subb‛kcantktà cabb‛jddattj cabbg prastgzkjna jvvarj sjprg ung qugbktà cabbj stassj hea, sahjncj kb hjmuna gpprazzgmantj j kn rabgzkjna gbba hkrhjstgnza, cava rktanarskcatarmkngnta cab hjnsansj‒. 7?14 „ sjbhea Akdanshegotan... car Xghea, cka km _arfaer gbs wasantbkhe gndasaean warcan‒.




889

sgmgrSbairkvk (uobairkvk) urSkarSjig, rjmbaikh, mgSkxgskgSkcgn cg xgndr\bkvjikcgn dgmjmckngra, sgdnks mjxmgraigsgcg ogsza gxcanan dgvbangs~. 7?15

gmgsSgn, dgrkdaiks sgdnks `irunvksgSvks~ grsaikS SvksaiaigcXak\baig mkHnaub kqnas mksk `Ykraiubaiks dgnmsgzYvrabk~ 7?1; dgramjaiaik, rjdjrkh grks, mgdgbkSgc< gcdkbmcaigrajig, mgsgbg,wgrmjXjiksg Su cgmzgcaiks gcdkbk cg crj, irunvgungrkgnjig,gsava, mgdgbkSgc, mjSxjvnks XamSxvavgXk, Su rgmcangcvgcgmjsubkg kdk, mgdrgm grg mksk Ykraiubaig 7??0.7??7

ssf-ks 43-a KK muxbks ojrmubkraigXk, mgdgbkSgc, XvakhgrkksvgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks 93-a K 9 muxbks pkrvabkgbtarngtkvksg cg darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 77;-a KKpgrgdrgoks majra gbtarngtkvksgdgn dgnsxvgvaikS, sguigrkggrg `nkvSza~, grgmac `sgdgnsg~ Su mks Svksaigza. sgdgnXk`qjnaig~ kdubksxmaig, ‘ iunairkvkg, rjdjrh nkvSaik cgqjnairkvk uobaiaik, ksa mgSk arSjibkjig. 7??9

5.4 uobaigXk Xahcjmg

ssf-ks 43-a KK muxbkS dgSvgbkswknaiubk caiubaiks mkuxacgvgc,ssf-ks 41-a muxbk cgmjufkcaibgc gwasrkdais `Xahcjmgs uobaigXk~.as njrmg grsaikSgc kmajrais ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 739;-aK_ muxbks caiubaigs, rjmbks Sgngxmgc, Xahcjmg grsaikSkg,`rjcasgh kdk uobaigXk Xahcjmks XamSxvavgXk xabXafrubaiksarSgcarSk gn mSgvgrk sgou\vabk kyj~. 7??8

qgrSub kurkckub bktargturgXk dgmjSqmubkg mjsgzraig,rjm ssf-ks 41-a muxbXk `sgmgrSbairkv XacadaiXk Xahcjmg~ 7??3

7?15 „...gbba tgtsãhebkhean unc rahetbkhean _areãbtnkssa zu varstaean, cka knojbda kerar Iashegooaneakt unc Cguar guo cka Irguheigrfakt unc can Tart cas Dadanstgncas can Aknobussnaeman‒, Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 9186 Xagc. IDE, NLT 7;4;, 7?0, 7?7.7?1; „wartikbcanca Ogftjran‒. 7??0 „Tart ‒. 7??7 kx., mgdgbkSgc< Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 8?, YcNr. 30 o.6 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 77;, YcNr. 94.7??9 kx. darmgnub sgmgrSgbSgn cgfgvXkraikS, mgdgbkSgc< Bgranz/Tjbo , GS casIòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 8?, YcNr. 30 o.6 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 35, YcNr. 4476 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 77;, YcNr. 94.7??8 „...qugncj, trgttgncjsk ck arrjra ck ckrkttj, å stgtj bg radkjna unkhg j prknhkpgba cabhjntrgttj ‒. 7??3 darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk `sgmgrSbairkv XacadaiXk XahcjmgsSgn~( Yahetsojbdankrrtum) cgfgvXkraikS, kx., mgdgbkSgc< Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 98 (3), 3?1oo.6 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 8?, YcNr. 48 oo.6 Mackhus, GS cas IDI,900?, § 35, YcNr. 410 o.




888

kdubksxmaig. 7??1 as njrmg zacmatkg naiksmkar XamSxvavgXk, vkngkcgngr grks cgmgtaikSk radubkraiks Xknggrsks mqjna< Su uobaigXkXahcjmg dgnxkbub kqnaig rjdjrh Xahcjmg `sgdnks \krkSgcSvksaiaiXk~, mgs mjkhgvs ssf-ks 43-a KK muxbk6 km XamSxvavgXk, Sungvgrgucavk kqnaig, rjm fgnjnmcaibks naig `sgmgrSbairkvXacadaiXk Xahcjmks~ mjwasrkdaig kyj, gsaSk Xahcjmg grggrsaikSkgcg gr sgTkrjais mjwasrkdaigs grsaikSk XahcjmkS cgcaiubdgrkdaiaiSgn urSkarSfgvXkrXk. 7???

5.5 mjtkvXk Xahcjmg

mjtkvXk Xahcjmg gr grks Xahkbaiks sgou\vabk cg, rjdjrh wask,gr wasrkdcaig fjntknanturavrjpub fjckokfghkaiXk. gm Svgbsg-zrkskS dgmjngfbkskg Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks 93-a KKmuxbk, rjmabXkh uXugbjc grks mkSkSaiubk, rjm xabXafrubaiksmjtkvXk 7??4 Xahcjmg grggrsaikSkg. Xvakhgrkks fgnjnmcaibjiksmsdgvsgc, gsaSk grgorksmjmhamk njrmg dgSvgbkswknaiubkg ssf-ks

4?-a muxbXk. gmgsSgn, grgoark khvbaig kmks cgfjnfrataikSgh, rjm`Xahcjmg dgrkdaiks mjtkvXk~ Xak\baig grsaikSgc dgnkxkbaijcasmgXkn, `rjcasgh mjtkvk XaSgnxmaiks sgdgns wgrmjgcdancg~. kmXamSxvavgXk, Su mjtkvk XaSgnxmaiks sgdgnk xcaig, mgXkn kdk pkrjiggcg dgrkdaigh, Su naiks dgmjvbangh, pkrjikSkg. 7??5 Xasgigmksgc, kdkgr sgTkrjais cgmgtaikS mjwasrkdaigs, mkS umatas, sghkbjdgrkdaigsSgn fgvXkrXk.

gYnkXnubk Xacadk uXugbjc grks dgSvgbkswknaiubk,mgdgbkSgc, gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ;07-a (7)pgrgdrgoXk. mgsXk mjwasrkdaiubkg swjrac mxgraSg XaSgnxmaikspkrjigc mjtkvks dgSvgbkswknaig cg mkSkSaiubkg, rjm kdkdgnkxkbaig ksa, rjdjrh naiksmkark sxvg pkrjig. 7??;

7??1 kx.< zjk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, 987 (`dgrkdaiks sgmgrSbairkvXacadaiza~)6 Tgnturkg , Xasgvgbk sgqgrSvabjs sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbkszjdgc ngwkbXk, 7;;4, 8;0 (`dgrkdaiks uobairkv Xacadaiza~). 7??? Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 913.7??4 „ Iawaddrunc zum _artrgdsgishebussa‒. 7??5 kx.< Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 9136 gsava zjk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K,7;;;, 988. 7??; „ Egian cka Pgrtakan can Iawadundsdrunc jcar can Anczwahf kerar Aknwkbbkdundguscròhfbkhe zum Iackndund damghet, sj wkrc car Iawadundsdr jcar Anczwahf wka aknagncara Iackndund gndasaean.‒




883

5.; dgrkdaiks sgou\vabXk Xahcjmg

ssf-ks 48-a `d~ muxbks Sgngxmgc, grsaikS Xahcjmgc dgnkxkbaig kmdgramjaiaiks grgrsaijig, `rjmabSgh mxgraaik, faSkbsknckskaraiksprknhkpkcgn dgmjmckngra, dgnkxkbgvan dgrkdaiks sgou\vbgc~.nkXgncjibkvkg, rjm dgrkdaiks sgou\vbks grgrsaijig lar fkcavdrjhkusks mkar kqng dgnxkbubk XahcjmkS cgcaiub dgrkdaiaiSgnurSkarSfgvXkrXk, rjmabmgh gsaS sgou\vabza cgmygraiubkcgpkraig kurkckubk \gbks grmqjnac dgmjghxgcg `iunaikSksgmgrSbkcgn dgmjmckngra~. 7?40

ssf-ks 48-a `d~ muxbks caiubaig, grsaikSgc, XvakhgrkksvgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks 93-a K 3 muxbks kcanturkg. 7?47 Xvakhgrkks sgsgmgrSbj prgqtkfgXk mkkHnavg, rjm `grgswjrkwgrmjcdang sgvgbcaiubjg, dghnjikaraiubgc Su dguhnj-ikaraibgc, jrkva mxgras arSngkrgc eqjncas cg kdk jikaqturkdgnslkS xabXafrubaiks cgcaiks guhkbaiabk wkngpkrjig kyjs.~ 7?49

as mkcdjmg dgzkgraiubkg sgqgrSvabjs kurkckub bktarg-turgXkh. 7?48

`dgrkdaiks sgou\vbks~ hnaigs khnjis darmgnubksgmgrSgbkh. 7?43 gmgsSgn, kmklnaig sgwyksk `grgrsaijig~ 7?41 cgXamcdjmk `dguqmaig~ Su `Xahvbg~ 7?4?.7?44 dgrkdaiks sgou\vabkgrks `dgrkdaiks cgcaiks crjs SvgbsgHknj cg Xasg\bj

7?40 kx. Drjtkus, Ca kura iabbk gh pghks, 7?91, kn<vjn Fkrhemgnn (Ersd.), Crak Iòhear òiar cgsYahet cas Frkadas unc Orkacans, 75?;, KK, UK, _K, 8;1 o.,mgS Xjrks hkharjnks mgdgbkSks mjXvabkaikS< `rjcasgh pkrk Sgvks Xvkbs dgrcghvbkbgc

mkkHnavs cg gmks dgmj mamfvkcrac sxvgs gsgxabais.~ 7?47 „wann car Krrtum aknan iastkmmtan Xghevaregbt iatrgo, car vjm Krrancan nghe Srau uncDbguian km Dasheãotsvarfaer gbs akna njtwanckda Druncbgda cas _artrgdas iatrghetat wurca.‒ 7?49 „akna ogbshea _jrstabbund, cka njtwanckdarwaksa iakcan Pgrtakan iawusst jcar uniawusst damaknsgm unc iak jilaftkvar Iatrghetund akna unarbãssbkhea _jrgussatzund oòr can Gishebusscas _artrgdas dawasan kst .‒kx. IDA, 778 KK, 91, 946Xagc. gsava< IDA, 70; KK, 8996 IDA, 4;KK, 9496 IDA, 11 KK, 75;,hktkraiubkg< \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 87 KK,379.7?48 kx. Tgnturkg , Xasgvgbk sgqgrSvabjs sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks zjdgcngwkbXk, 7;;4, 847. 7?43 „Dasheãotsdruncbgda‒, kx. Jartmgnn , Cka Dasheãotsdruncbgda, akn nauar Yahetsiadrkoo,7;97, hktkraiubkg< Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 9? (9), 3;1.7?41 „(urspròndbkheas) Oaeban car Dasheãotsdruncbgda‒. 7?4? „(spãtaras) Tadogbb izw. Ãncarund car Dasheãotsdruncbgda‒.7?44 kx. darmgnub sgmgrSgbSgn cgfgvXkraikS, mgdgbkSgc< Obuma, GS KK, 7;41,§ 9? (9), 3;1 oo.6 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 85, YcNr. ; oo.6 Mackhus,GS cas IDI, 900?, § 18, YcNr. 51; oo.




881

mxgrks mkar mnkXvnabjvngc mkHnaubk cg dguprjtastaiabkmxgrks wgrmjcdang, gn rgmcankma mxgrks sgarSj wgrmjcdang,dgrfvaubk dgramjaiaiks grsaijiks gn cgcdjmks Xasgxai,rjmbaisgh amygraig dgrkdaiks cgcaiks naig.~ 7?45

nkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ?<995-a K `d~muxbks Sgngxmgc, Xahcjmks sgou\vabza cgcaiubkxabXafrubaig, rjmabkh dgramjaigSg Xasgxai `swjrkwgrmjcdanks~ 7?4; XamSxvavgXk gr cgkcaijcg, Xak\baigXahkbaiub kqnas Su `igSkbgc dgmjhxgccas~, rjcasghxabXafrubaiks majra mxgrah `kmgva grgswjrk wgrmjcda-nkcgn~7?50 dgmjmckngra mjqmacaicg.

ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 739;-a K muxbks majragbtarngtkvg Xahcjmks grsaikSjigs `xabXafrubaikssgdgnSgn~ 7?57 gfgvXkrais, rgh `Xahnjigcjiks~ cgmgtaikSkwkngpkrjiks dgSvgbkswknaikS, grsaikSgc gngbjdkursgmgrSbairkv Xacadgmca cgcks.

Xasgigmksgc, ssf-ks 48-a `d~ muxbks Sgngxmgc, dgcgmwyvatkg mxgraSgarSjibkvk Xahcjmg `dgrkdaiks sgou\vbks~ grsaijiks Sgjigza,rjmbks grgrsaijigh Xahkbaiks uobaiks ragbkzaiks msurvabkmxgrksSvks xabXafrubaiks XangrHunaigs mkuYaiabs xcks.dgcgmwyvatkg ks, rjm `dgrkdaiks sgou\vbks~ grgrsaijigmxgraaiksSvks naiks dgmjvbanks mjmantXk uhnjikg. gmgsSgn, asdgramjaiaik jikaqturgc gr grsaijis, Su mxjbjc mxgraSgSvkssuikaqturgc uhnjikg sgmgrSbairkv Xacadza dgvbangs gr gxcans.Xahcjmgs uSgngircaig grhjcng. 7?59

7?45 „...cka iakm Dasheãotsgishebuss zutgda tratanca unc vjm atwgkdan Dadnar kn kerar Iacautsgmfakt arfgnnta unc nkhet iagnstgncata _jrstabbund aknas Iatakbkdtan jcar cka damaknsgma _jrstabbund car maeraran Iatakbkdtan vjm Xakn jcar vjm Akntrktt dawkssarQmstãnca, guo caran Druncbgda car Dasheãotswkbba skhe guoigut .‒, kx. Jartmgnn , CkaDasheãotsdruncbgda, akn nauar Yahetsiadrkoo, 7;97, 84,hktkraiubkg< Obuma, GS KK, 7;41,§ 9? (9), 3;16 Xagc. gsava, mgdgbkSgc, Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 7;;4,§ 85, YcNr. ?, mgS Xjrks, sgsgmgrSbj prgqtkfgza mkSkSaiaikS .7?4; „ luksta vjjrstabbknd ‒. 7?50 „cazaboca jnluksta varjncarstabbknd ‒. 7?57 „ subb‛jddattj cab hjntrgttj ‒. 7?59 kx. sgqgrSvabjs uzangask sgsgmgrSbjs dgcgwyvatkbaignk sgmjqgbgqj,sgmawgrmaj cg dgfjtraiks sgqmaaiza, 9009, #5, ?1, 7804, 7897.




88?

5.70 dgcghamks Xahcjmg `Xahcjmg Xugmgvbks mkzazkS~

ssf-ks ma-50 muxbkS mjwasrkdaiubk dgcghamks Xahcjmg Su`Xahcjmg Xugmgvbks mkzazkS~, grsaikSgc, darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 790-a pgrgdrgoks, Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks94-a muxbksg cg ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7388-a muxbks majragbtarngtkvks kcanturkg. gmgsSgn, kmks mkuxacgvgc, rjm ssf-ks ma-50muxbXk zjdgcgc `Xugmgvbgc dgmjyanaiubk pkrks~ Xasgxai grkssguigrk (mgdgbkSgc, darmgnkksg cg ktgbkks fgnjnmcaibjigXkgrsaiubk Xasgigmksk cgfjnfrataiks dgraXa), gm njrmks mjqmacaigvrhabcaig naiksmkark kurkckubk pkrks, mgS Xjrks sglgrjcgwasaiubaiaiks mkmgrS.

Xasgigmksgc, `Xugmgvgbkg~ naiksmkark pkrk, rjmabkh naiksdgmjvbanks dgcgsghamgc dgmjkyanaig (mgS Xjrks sglgrj cgwasa-iubaig). hxgckg, as njrmg gr kmjqmacais wgrmjmgcdanbks mkmgrS,vkngkcgn kdk sgfuSgr naigs gvbans (Suncgh sxvksk sgxabkS) cg gr

dgcgshams sxvks naigs. 7?58 Xugmgvbks mkar dgmjwvaubk Xahcjmg grg mxjbjc mgXkngrks, rjcasgh naiks dgmjvbanks grgswjrk Xknggrsks dgcghamgxcaig, grgmac mgXkngh, rjcasgh swjrk Xknggrsks naiks dgmjvbanggrgswjr gcrasgts dgcgahamg. 7?53

gmgsSgn, sgqgrSvabjXk dgzkgraiubkg darmgnub kurkckubbktargturgXk dgmjSqmubk mjsgzraig, rjm dgcghamks Xahcjmkscrjs naiks dgmjvbang `XahcjmkS~, gnu dguhnjikaraibgc, uncgkqnas grgswjrgc dgcghamubk, xjbj Su as Xadnaiubgc mjxcaig,sgarSjc gr kgrsaiais naiks dgmjvbang. 7?51 mkuxacgvgc gmksg, gmXaxacubaikcgn dgmjmckngra, cgfjnfrataig gr kqng dgSvgbks-wknaiubk ssf-ks ma-50 muxbks ojrmubkraiks XarHavksgs. 7?5?

7?58 kx. Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 9116 gsava zjk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K,7;;;, 985 cg Xamcdjmk6 Xagc. darmgnub sgmgrSgbSgn cgfgvXkraikS, mgdgbk-Sgc< Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 8?, YcNr. 73 o.6 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/ Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 790, YcNr. 9.7?53 kx. Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 9116 gsava zjk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K,7;;;, 9856 Xagc. darmgnub sgmgrSgbSgn cgfgvXkraikS, mgdgbkSgc< Obuma, GSKK, 7;41, § 98 (8), 1146 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 790, YcNr. 8.7?51 kx. darmgnub sgmgrSgbSgn cgfgvXkraikS, mgdgbkSgc< Obuma, GS KK, 7;41,§ 98 (8), 11?6 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 8?, YcNr. 756 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 790, YcNr. 8 o.6Xagc. gsava zjk\a , ssf-ksfjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, 9856 sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks SvgbsgzrkskSdgnsxvgvaiub gzrSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx. Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 35, YcNr.435, Xamcdjmk mkSkSaiaikS. 7?5? Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 911.




884

gm XamSxvavgXk sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadk wgrmjmgcdanbjikSkuobaigmjskbaiks dgcgmataikS mjqmack wgrmjmgcdanbks XamSxvavkskcanturk uncg kyjs, gnu dgrkdaig maryavgc igSkbgc HgkSvgbjs.naiks dgmjmvbank krHavs mksk naiks dgcgmham pkrs, as ufgngsfnabkfk, naiks dgcghamks nghvbgc, sgfuSgr naigs gvbans, rgh grsaikSgcsxvg pkrks sgxabkS dgnxjrhkabaiubk `wgrmjmgcdanbks~mjqmacaigg, wgrmjmgcdanbjikSk uobaigmjskbaiks dgraXa Su mkskdgcgmataikS. Xasgigmksgc, Su naiks dgmjmvbank gr mjkwjnaisXadnaiubgc grgswjrgc dgcghamubk `Sgvksk naiks dgmjvbanks~Xknggrss, naiks dgcgmhamks pgsuxksmdaibjig cgcdaig ssf-ks 777-a Kmuxbks Sgngxmgc. 7?54

5.77 XahcjmkS dgmjvbankbk naiks Xahkbaiks XazYucvaik

XahcjmkS dgmjvbankbk naiks Xahkbaiks mkmgrS mjqmacaisfgnjnmcaibjikS dgSvgbkswknaiubk XazYucvaik. ssf-ks 44-a muxbksSgngxmgc, `XahcjmkS naiks dgmjvbang gr Xak\baig sghkbj dgxcas,

Su majra mxgra Sgngxmgg Xagsrubjs dgrkdaig km mxgrks survkbksSgngxmgc, rjmabsgh surs sghkbj dgxgcjs dgrkdaig.~hxgckg, gm caiubaigs gcafvgturk dgnmgrtaig sTkrcaig.

ojrmubkraig ‘ `gr Xak\baig sghkbj dgxcas~ ‘ uncg kqnasdgdaiubk rjdjrh ‘ `gr Xak\baig Xahkbaiub kqnas~. iunairkvkg,sghkbjjig cgcdaig mxjbjc Xahkbaiks sgou\vbks, far\jc,grsaikSk Xahcjmks grsaijiksgs cg mks cgcdjmgza mxgraaiszadgvbanks mjxcang gr Xau\bkgS, mkS umatas, naiks dgmjvbanksgcrasgts.

dgrcg gmksg, Xahkbaig, gnu hgbmxrkvk mkYaigsgvgbcaiubjnaiks dgmjvbang, mkmgrSubkg fjnfratubk Xacadks ‘ igSkbjiksdgmjwvavgza, kmcangc, rgmcangcgh TaXmgrkt naigsg cg cgmcdgrsgmgrSbairkv Xacads Xjrks grsaikSk sxvgjigg. Xasgigmksgc, Sunaiks dgmjvbanks gcrasgtk Sgngxmgg, sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadk cgcdasnaiks dgmjmvbanks TaXmgrktk naiks Xasgigmksgc, mxgraais Xjrksxcaig sgarSj naiks ojrmkraig. gm crjs, hxgckg, gYgr grsaijiskntarasSg fjnobkqtk cg, iunairkvkg, grh sgmgrSbks maXvajikSmksk mjwasrkdaiks guhkbaibjig. swjrac gmks Sqmg uncgfgnjnmcaiabs orgzkS ‘ `Su majra mxgra Sgngxmgg, Xagsrubjsdgrkdaig VXahkbaiks uobaiks mqjna] mxgrks survkbks Sgngxmgc~.`survkbXk~ swjrac TaXmgrktk, Xasgigmksk sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadkscgcdjmgza mkmgrSubk naig kdubksxmaig.

7?54 Xagc. Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 790, YcNr. 3, rjmabXkhcabkqturk mjSxjvnaiks cgsgXvaijigh dgnkxkbaig.




885

gngbjdkurk caiubaig dgSvgbkswknaiubkg XvakhgrkksvgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks 91-a KK cg ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 7389-a muxbaiXk.

nkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ?<980-a K muxbksSgngxmgc, pkrks `dgigSkbaiks mjSxjvng qgrwybcaig~ 7?55, Sumajra mxgra crjubgc XasSgvgzais xabXafrubaiksmjckokhkraigs, rkSgh gcafvgturgc gYmjkoxvraig zkgnk,rjmabkh pkrs xabXafrubaiks uhvbabgc cgtjvaiksXamSxvavgXk gcdaijcg.

dgrcg gmksg, Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks91-a K muxbXk Hgmjygbkiaiubkg Xahkbaiks dgnxjrhkabaiksmkmgrS mjqmack zjdgck prknhkpk cg cguXvaibgc mkkHnavgXahcjmgza gpabkraig, Su as faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpsawknggYmcadaig.7?5;

ssf-ks 45-a muxbkS fjnfratcaig, rjm `wvrkbmgnk XahcjmaikdgmjgndgrkXaiaiXk gn warkbjikS dgnxjrhkabaiub naiks

dgmjvbangXk k\bavg mxjbjc Xaswjraiks, mgdrgm grg Xahkbaiks,uobaigs.~ msdgvsk caiubaig mjwasrkdaiubkg, mgdgbkSgc, ktgbkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7380-a cg Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSksgmgrSbks 93-a KKK muxbaiXk.

gmgsSgn, gm fjckokfghkaiks caiubaiaiksdgn dgnsxvgvaikS, ssf-ks 45-a muxbXk mjhamubk cgmgtaikSk mkSkSaig `warkbjikSdgnxjrhkabaiub naiks dgmjvbangza~ gr grks sgmgrSbairkvkXknggrsks mgtgraiabk. sgvgrgucjc, kdk mxjbjc fgnjnmcaibksqvahnjikark vgrguckg, rjm gsaSk `wvrkbmgnk~ Xahcjmg pkrsmxjbjc warksgs Xak\baig mjuvkcas.

zjdgcgc, gm njrmks mkzgnkg, sgmgrSbairkvgc bjdkfurkXacadk mjgwasrkdjs, far\jc, gr Xak\baig mxgrks naiks dgmjvbangwvrkbmgn sgigiza cgyrcnjikS dgxcas sghkbj. gm crjs, iunairkvkg,mxgraaimg SgvkgnSk vgbcaiubaiaik uncg Xagsrubjn cg, Su gmkssgTkrjaig grsaijis, Xasgigmksk naiks dgmjvbanks sgSgngcj,grggrsaikSk fjraqtkraig mjgxcknjn.

gmgsSgn, mxacvabjigXkg mksgYaik, rjm mxgraais Xak\baig`dgmjgndgrkXaiaiXk~ grsaikSk Xahcjmgh mjuvkcaS. gm crjs kdk,rjdjrh xabXafrubaiks Xknggrsks ngwkbk, Xasg\baiabkg,Xahkbaiks sgou\vabk kyjs. 7?;0 Xasgigmksgc, ssf-ks 45-a muxbks

7?55 „ Ca iavjadceakc tjt varnkatkdknd... varvgbt ‒. 7?5; „ Cka Iaruound guo Krrtum kst unstgttegot, wann ska Srau unc Dbguian wkcarsprkhet.‒ 7?;0 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 91?6 Xagc. darmgnkks sgmgrSgbXk `dgmjgndgrk-Xaiks~ Xahcjmks mjwasrkdaigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS, mgdgbkSgc, Bgranz/Tjbo , GScas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 8?, YcNr. 15 oo.




88;

mjwasrkdaiks grsk grg Xahcjmks rjmabkma sgxks, grgmacnaiksmkark sgxks Xahcjmks grggrsaikSjiks mjwasrkdaigg.

Xahkbaiks uobaiks dgnxjrhkabaig cgmjfkcaiubkg fgnjnkSdgSvgbkswknaiubk vgcks cghvgza. ssf-ks 4;-a K muxbks Sgngxmgc,`Xahkbaig uncg mjxcas Xahkbaiks sgou\vbks Xatyjikcgn arSkSvks vgcgXk.~ XacgraiksgSvks, darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 797-aK pgrgdrgoXk mkSkSaiubkg, rjm Xahkbaig `irgbaubk cgyjvnaiksdgraXa (cguyjvnaibkv)~ 7?;7 uncg dghxgccas. dgrcg gmksg, vkngkcgnXahkbaig sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks cgcdjmgza mkmgrSubk hgbmxrkvkmkYaigsgvgbcaiubj naiks dgmjvbang Su dgrkdaigg, mgszavrhabcaig zjdgck xgncgzmubjiks vgcg. Xasgigmksgc, kmksmkuxacgvgc, Su rjcks Xaktyjis pkrk Xahkbaiks sgou\vbksgrsaijigs, Xahkbaiks uobaig xgncgzmubkg, ssf-ks 795-a KKK muxbksSgngxmgc, naiks dgmjvbanks ngmcvkbjikcgn gSwbkgnk vgcksdgsvbks Xamcad.

ssf-ks 4;-a KK 7 muxbk, mgdgbkSgc, XvakhgrkksvgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks 9?-a muxbksg cg darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj

fjcaqsks 799-a K pgrgdrgoks msdgvsgc, gwasrkdais Xahkbaiksdgnmxjrhkabaiabk pkrks zkgnks gngzYguraiks vgbcaiubaigs, `SuXahkbaig dgmjwvaubkg Xahkbaiks uobaiks mqjna pkrkscgucavrjikS~. iunairkvkg, gm ojrmubkraigXk fgnjnmcaiabk`Xahkbaiks dgmjwvavgXk~ Xahkbaiks sgou\vbks cgcdjmgs, gnugrsaikS Xahcjmgs dubksxmjis. swjrac Xahcjmg uncg kyjsdgmjwvaubk naiks dgmjmvbank pkrks dguorSxkbaibjikS.

ssf-ks 4;-a KK 9 muxbXk gsava dgzkgraiubkg XvakhgrkksvgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks 9?-a muxbksg cg darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 799-a KK pgrgdrgoks cgSqmgh. mgsXk fjnfratcaig, rjm`zkgnks gngzYguraiks vgbcaiubaig gr wgrmjkXjig, Sufk majramxgram khjcg Xahcjmks Xasgxai, gn as uhnjik kyj mksSvkscgucavrjiks dgmj.~ 7?;9

sgdubksxmjg, rjm, Su ktgbkks fgnjnmcaibjigXk naiksdgmjvbanks gcrasgtks mkar Xahcjmks Xahnjigcjigzagcgmjfkcaiubk Xahkbaiks uobaiks wgrmjXjig, sgqgrSvabjs,darmgnkksg cg Xvakhgrkks fgnjnmcaibjiaiXk Xahnjigcjig zkgnksgngzYguraiks mjSxjvngsSgn urSkarSfgvXkrXk dgnkxkbaig. kdkzkgnks gngzYguraiks mjSxjvnksdgn dgnSgvksuobaiks sgou\vabkg.Xasgigmksgc, Su naiks dgmjvbanksgs Xahcjmg jikaqturgcXahnjigckg, naiks dgmjvbanks mkmgrS majra mxgrks ncjig gYgrgrks cghvks Ykrsk. gmgsSgn, km XamSxvavgXk, Su pkrk dgrfvaub

7?;7 „jena sheubcegotas \ÿdarn (Qnvarzòdbkhe)‒. 7?;9 Xagc.< Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks 9?-a muxbk ( „car gncara can Krrtum dafgnnt egia jcar eãtta fannan sjbban‒) cg darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks799-a KK pgrgdrgok ( „fgnnta jcar knojbda vjn Ogerbãsskdfakt nkhet fgnnta (fannan mussta)‒).




830

mjqmacaigs mgknh dgngxjrhkabais, rgh mks kntarasais sgorSxasXauqmnks, as mkskva \gbguobaiks soarjcgn mjmckngra, hgbfaubXamSxvavgXk, mks mkar grgfaSkbsknckskargc dgnpkrjiaiubk,Xacadkg cg mgn Sgvgc uncg ktvkrSjs Xasgigmksk rksfk.

;. naiks ojrmkraigza cguXvaiabk zamjqmacaig

knckvkcks naiks Sgvksuogbk ojrmkraiks uzrunvabsgyjogcfgnjnmcaibjikS cdkncaig mjtyuaiksg cg oskqkfurk k\ubaikSzamjqmacaiksdgn cghvks gcafvgturk sgXugbaig ‘ Xahkbaiksuobaig. gmgsSgn, XahcjmkS dgmjvbankbk naiksgdgn dgnsxvgvaikS, gmXamSxvavaiXk naiks ngfbk grg naiks dgmjmvbanks \gbguobaikssoarjcgn mjmckngrajis, grgmac naiks dgmjvbanks gcrasgtks gnmasgma pkrks mkar grks dgnpkrjiaiubk. Xasgigmksgc, naiksdgmjmvbans ankTaig Xasg\baibjig, Sgvgc dgcgwyvktjs cguXvaiabkdgraXa ogqtjraiks zamjqmacaiks Xacadgc ojrmkraiubk Sgvksknaiks ngmcvkbjiks sgfkSxk.

;.7 mjtyuaikS cgcaiubk dgrkdaig

mjtyuaikS dgnxjrhkabaiubk naiks dgmjvbanksg Su dgrkdaiksngmcvkbjig ssf-ks 57-a cg Xamcdjmk muxbaikS wasrkdcaig.`mjtyuaig~ avrjpub fjckokfghkaiXk grsaikSgc arSdvgrjvngc grksgYkgraiubk naiks dgmjvbanks ngmcvkbjiks Xamgoarxaiabdgramjaigc. 7?;8 kdk wasrkdcaig gsava avrjpubk sgxabXafrubaijsgmgrSbks prknhkpaiks 3<704-a muxbkS.

XahcjmkS dgmjvbankbk naiksgdgn dgnsxvgvaikS, mjtyuaiksgssghkbjjiksSvks gr grks grsaikSk ks, Su rg sgxks Xahcjmgg

dgmjwvaubk pkrks naiks dgmjvbangza mjtyuaikS zamjqmacaiksXacadgc. naiks dgmjvbang sghkbjg, mgdgbkSgc, mjtkvXk XahcjmksXamSxvavgXkh.7?;3 Xasgigmksgc, mjtyuaikS dgmjwvaubk Xahcjmks

7?;8 kx., Xasgigmksgc< darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 798-a pgrgdrgok(„grdbkstkda Sãusheund ‒), Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks 95-a muxbk(„giskhetbkhea Sãusheund ‒), gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 540-apgrgdrgok ( „ Bkst ‒), nkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 8<33-a K, KKK, _muxbk („iacrjd ‒), sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 770;-a, 777?-a cgXamcdjmk muxbk („cjb ‒),ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 738;-a muxbk („cjbj‒),aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 79?1-a, 79?5-a cg Xamcdjmk muxbaik („cjbj ‒).Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 87 _K, 3976gsava Njtas tjGrt. 3<704, kn< Bgncj/Iagba (acs.), Prknhkpbas jo Aurjpagn Hjntrght Bgw, 9000, 911 at saq.7?;3 Xagc. darmgnubanjvgn bktargturgXk, mgdgbkSgc< vjn Suer , GS KK (7), 7;75,§ ?? K, ?08 o.6 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 84, YcNr. 76 Mackhus, GS casIDI, 900?, § 3;, YcNr. 454.




837

`grsaikSjig~ gr dgnksgzYvraig XahkbaiksgSvks sgvgbcaiubjcgmgtaikS wkngpkrjigc. 7?;1

ssf-ks 57-a K muxbks Sgngxmgc, mjtyuaikS cgcaiubkdgrkdaiks Xahkbaiks (ìgSkbjiks mjSxjvnks~ 7?;? ) uobaigwgrmjkXjig, Su pkrk `dgrkdaiks cgcaiks mkznkS mjgtyuas~ 7?;4 cg,gmgsSgn, `gXfgrgg, rjm mjtyuaiks dgraXa dgrkdaig grcgkcaijcg.~ 7?;5 dgrcg gmksg, ssf-ks 57-a KK muxbXk, SuncghfaSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpkcgn dgmjmckngra, `dgmLYgvnaiksg~ Suknojrmghkks mkwjcaiks vgbcaiubaiks grsaijiksgs mjtyuaigsSgnSgngircaig `cumkbk~ `km dgramjaigSg Xasgxai, rjmabSgdgmLYgvnaiks crjsgh majra mxgra gr dgmjgvbancg Sgvks naigs.~

ssf-ks 57-a KK 9 muxbXk mkSkSaiubk knojrmghkks mkwjcaiksvgbcaiubaig, far\jc, ojrmubkraig ‘ `mxgra gmgsabjcaijcg faSkbsknckskargc~ ‘ cgzustaigs sgTkrjais.hxgckg, gq gr grks sguigrk pkrks suikaqtur `mjbjcknza~.dgcgmwyvatkg ks, rjm pkrs uncg eqjncas `mksk mjbjcknks~

7?;1 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks 95-a muxbk,rjmabXkh uXugbjc grks mkSkSaiubk, rjm gr grks guhkbaiabk,mjtyuaig `grsaikSk~ kyjs („...kst car _artrgd oòr ken guhe cgnn nkhet varikncbkhe, wanncar arradta Krrtum fakn wasantbkhear wgr ‒). 7?;? ssf-ks 57-a cg Xamcdjm muxbaiXk fgnjnmcaiabk uiruncaig sgiTjSgparkjcks fgnjnmcaibjigXk grsaiub tarmknjbjdkgs cg fvbgvìgSkbjiks mjSxjvnks~ Xasgxai sguirjis, rgh XahcjmkS naiksdgmjvbanks `sghkbjjiks~ mjwasrkdaiks Xamcad grgSgnmkmcavrubk cggrgbjdkfurkg. hxgckg, naiks dgmjvbangza cguXvaiabk zamjqmacaiksXamSxvavaiXkh mxgra `kSxjvs igSkbjigs~, gnu dgrkdaig cgcaiks mjmantXkngmcvkbkg (wknggYmcad XamSxvavgXk, mks igSkbjigs `mjSxjvng~ grcgsTkrcaijcg) cg kmksgSvks, rjm kurkckubk \gbks grmqjna dgxcas,Xahkbaiub uncg kqnas. sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjigXk gr grsaijis`Xahkbaiks~ sknjnkmgc ìgSkbjiks mjSxjvnks~ cgmfvkcraiks sgTkrjaig.7?;4 Xagc. gngbjdkurk mjwasrkdaikS, mgdgbkSgc< darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 798-a pgrgdrgok („ zur Gidgia aknar Tkbbansarfbãrund curhe grdbkstkdaSãusheund... iastkmmt wjrcan kst ‒), Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks 95-amuxbk („curhe giskhetbkhea Sãusheund saktans cas gncaran zum _artrgdsgishebussa varbaktatwjrcan‒),gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 540-a pgrgdrgok ( „curhe Bkst... zu aknam _artrgda vargnbgÚt wjrcan‒), nkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 8<33-aK muxbk („ Aan rahetsegncabknd... cjjr iacrjd... ks tjt stgnc dafjman‒). 7?;5 Xagc. gm wkngpkrjiks gngbjdkurk mjwasrkdaikS, mgdgbkSgc<sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 777?-a muxbk („qu'kb ast ëvkcant qua, sgns has

mgnjauvras, b'gutra pgrtka n'gurgkt pgs hjntrghtë‒), ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 738;-a muxbk („ sanzg ck assk, b‛gbtrg pgrta njn gvraiia hjntrgttgtj ‒), aspgnaSkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 79?;-a muxbk („as kncuhkcj ab jtrj g habairgr un hjntrgtj qua, skn abbgs, nj euikartg eahej‒).




839

jikaqturk sgou\vabk, gnu majra mxgra, sgqmks fjnfratubkdgramjaiaiks dgSvgbkswknaikS, vgbcaiubk uncg kyjs, 7?;; Suncgh faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpkcgn dgmjmckngra, 7400 mkgwjcjs mgs Xasgigmksk knojrmghkg. 7407 gsaS XamSxvavgXkpkrks `mjbjcknk~ (`abjcaijcg faSkbsknckskargc~)jikaqturgc dgmgrSbaiubkg.

gmgsSgn, gr grsaijis zjdgck vgbcaiubaig, knckvkcmgsgSgngcj mjSxjvnks dgraXa Xagtyjiknjs xabXafrubaiksmajra mxgras yvabg km dgramjaiks Xasgxai, rgh Xasg\baiabkgmksSvks dgcgwyvatkbaiks mkYaiksgs grsaikSk kyjs. 7409 pkrksvgbcaiubaig gr vrhabcaig, dgnsgfuSraikS, ksaSdgrmjaiaiza, `rjmabSg Xasgxaigh mgs Xau\bkg kvgrgucjs,rjm mgSza guhkbaibgc kfkSxgvan, Su mnkXvnabjigsgnkTaian.~7408.7403

ssf-ks 57-a K muxbks caiubaiks, mgdgbkSgc, darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 798-a K pgrgdrgoksg cg Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSk

sgmgrSbks 95-a muxbks mjwasrkdaigsSgn Xacgraiksgs SvgbsgHknjgrjdjrh sgarSj mkcdjmg, ksa dgrfvaubk dgnsxvgvaigh. darmgnkksgcg Xvakhgrkks fgnjnmcaibjikS sghkbjjiks wkngpkrjigc uXugbjcwasrkdcaig `dgnzrgxvg~ 7401, gnu naiks dgmjvbanks mkmYaiks`mjtyuaiks naig~ 740?. Xasgigmksgc, knckvkcmg uncg khjcas, rjm mksmkar mkwjcaiubk mjnghamaik, gn naiks dgmjmvbanXk dgmjwvaubkwgrmjcdang grgswjrkg, cg dghnjikaraiubk eqjncas, rjm gmkS kszamjqmacaigs gxcans Xasgigmksk pkrks naiks dgmjvbanks

7?;; kx. nkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 8<33-a KKK 7 muxbk. 7400 kx. avrjpubk sgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSbks prknhkpaiks 3<704-a K muxbk(„njn-ckshbjsura jo gny knojrmgtkjn wekhe kn ghhjrcgnha wkte djjc ogkte gnc ogkr cagbknd kt sejubc egva ckshbjsac ‒). 7407 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 914 o.6 zjk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;,930 cg Xamcdjmk. Xagc. gsava< Hjmmant tj Grt. 3<704, kn< Bgncj/Iagba (acs.), Prknhkpbasjo Aurjpagn Hjntrght Bgw, 9000, 918 at saq.6mgdgbkSgc, darmgnkks sgsgmgrSbjprgqtkfgXk kx. IDE, NLT, 7;58, 93;8, 93;36 IDE NLT 7;5;, 4?8, 4?3 ( „nghe car_arfaersguoogssund arwgrtan curota‒). 7409 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< Hjmmant tj Grt. 3<704, kn< Bgncj/Iagba (acs.), Prknhkpbas joAurjpagn Hjntrght Bgw, 9000, 9136gsava darmgnkks sgsgmgrSbj prgqtkfgXk< IDE, NLT 7;58, 93;8, 93;36 IDE, NLT 7;5;, 4?8, 4?3.7408 „vjn canan ar gnnaeman cgro, cgss ar nghe kenan daorgdt warca, ogbbs guo ska Tart dabadtwkrc ‒,Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, IDE, NLT 7;5;, 4?8, 4?3.7403 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 915.7401 „ Grdbkst ‒, „ Giskhet ‒. 740? „Sãusheundswkbba‒.




838

ojrmkraigsg cg mks mkar dgrkdaiks cgcaigza. 7404 Xasgigmksgc,darmgnubk sgmgrSbks skvrhks gm qvaynaiks sgmgrSbks Sgngxmgc,`dgnzrgx mjtyuaig~ grks mjqmacaig, rjmbks maXvajikSgh pkrk sxvgpkrXk dgramjaigSg Xasgxai grgswjr wgrmjcdangs dgnzrgx kwvavs,gmygrais, gn knojrmkraiks vgbcaiubaiksgs mgs grgswjrwgrmjcdangs ungrHunais. gmgsSgn, as xjrhkabcaig kmksdghnjikaraikS, rjm as Xahcjmg dgnmsgzYvrabkg majra mxgrksnaiks dgmjvbanksgSvks. 7405

ssf-ks 57-a muxbks ojrmubkraigh ‘ `dgrkdaiks cgcaiksmkznkS mjgtyuas~, ‘ mgdgbkSgc, gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 540-a pgrgdrgoksg cg nkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks8<33-a K muxbks radubkraiks msdgvsgc, Xak\baig HgkSvgbjs`dgnzrgxvks~ mjmwasrkdaibgc. \nabk wgrmjsgcdankg, pkrk dgrkdaikscgcaiks mkznkS dguhnjikaraibgc kqnas mjtyuaiubk. gmSvgbsgzrkskS, sgqgrSvabjsg cg darmgnubk sgmgrSbks skvrhaXkarSdvgrjvgnk mkcdjmg kfvaSaig, 740; rgh dgzkgraiubkgnkcarbgncaiks sgmgrSgbXkh.

pkrmg uncg khjcas, gn, mknkmum, cgsgXvaigc uncg mkkHnavcas,rjm tyukbs gmijis Su skmgrSbas mgbgvs. 7470 Xasgigmksgc,TaXmgrktk vkSgraiks grhjcng, uxaXk dguorSxkbaibjiksXamSxvavgXkh, dgmjrkhxgvs darmgnkks sgmgrSgbXk`dgnzrgxvgs~. 7477

gmgsSgn, darmgnkks sgmgrSbks Xasgigmksgc,mnkXvnabjvgnkg naiks dgmjvbanks mkmYaiks naig, cgkyjbkjsnaiks dgmjmvbank naiks dgmjvbanks dghxgcaigza. mknkmum, kdkuncg ghnjikaraicas Xasg\baibjigs, rjm majra mxgramjtyuaiks dgraXa naigs gr dgmjgvbancg, gn dgmjgvbancgdgnsxvgvaiubk XknggrskS. 7479

7404 Xagc. darmgnubanjvgn bktargturgXk, mgdgbkSgc< vjn Suer , GS KK (7), 7;75,§ ?? K, ?0?6 Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 9; (7), 139 o.6 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets,9003, § 84, YcNr. 776 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 3;, YcNr. 45;6 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/ Abbaniardar , 9005, § 798, YcNr. 77.7405 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 9146 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< vjn Suer , GS KK (7), 7;75,§ ?? K, ?036 Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 9; (7), 137 o.6 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 3;, YcNr. 45;o.6 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , 9005, § 798, YcNr. 9, 77.740; Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< Tgnturkg , Xasgvgbk sgqgrSvabjs sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbks zjdgc ngwkbXk, 7;;4, 84? (`Xadnaiubk dgnzrgxk mjqmacaikS~)6zjk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, 98; (`XahcjmgXk dgnzrgx Xayvgng~). 7470 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, IDE, NLT 7;44, 7011.7477 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< IDE, NLT 7;44, 70116 gsava vjn Suer , GS KK (7), 7;75, § ?? K,?0?6 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , 9005, § 798, YcNr. 77.7479 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, IDE, NLT 7;;7, 7?48, 7?43.




833

rjmgnubk sgmgrSbks skvrhks qvaynaiXk gqhantk mjqmacaiks`mzgfvrubjigza~ 7478 faScaig, Sumhg as ojrmubkraiaik Su mgSkdgnmgrtaiaik dgnzrgxvks wkngpkrjiks gqhantkraigc uncgHgkSvgbjs. 7473 iunairkvkg, mxjbjc dgnzrgxk mjqmacaigg`mzgfvrubk~, vkngkcgn Xasgigmksk Xacadks cgcdjmks naiks dgraXakdk `mzgfvrubk~ var kqnaig. gmgsSgn, mxacvabjigXkg mksgYaik, rjmrjmgnubk sgmgrSbks qvaynaiks mjwasrkdaig dgrfvaubupkrgtasjigs gvbans km XamSxvavaiza dgvrhabaiks SvgbsgzrkskS,sgcgh mjtyuaig dgnzrgxkg, mgdrgm gr grks fgnjnsgwknggYmcadj, gnu`mzgfvrubk~. mgdgbkSgc, XrjmkSk xabXafrubaiks cgcaigsSgncgfgvXkraiub wkngsgxabXafrubaij urSkarSjiaiXk badktkmurkgknckvkcks mkar cgmsgqmaibksSvks grgswjrk kojrmghkks mkwjcaigksaS XafkSxvgza, rjmabkh, jikaqturk frktarkumaikS, XasgigmksksgmuXgjs Xasgsrubaibgc grggrsaikSkg cg Xaaxaig, mgdgbkSgc,pkrks kntkmur soarjs. 7471

ssf-ks 57-a muxbXk mjhamubk `SvgbsgHknjaiks stgncgrtk~(`gXfgrgg, rjm mjtyuaiks dgraXa dgrkdaig gr cgkcaijcg~),

rjmgnubk sgmgrSbks qvaynaiks mjwasrkdaiks msdgvsgc,Xasg\baiabkg, gqhantks jikaqtur XaogsaikS frktarkumzadgcgtgnks mhcabjigc HgkSvgbjs. gmks sgpkrkspkrjc, darmgnubksgmgrSbks skvrhaXk dgSvgbkswknaiubkg naiks dgmjvbanksgcrasgtks suikaqturk ̀ mjtyuaiks naiks~ grsaijig. 747?

gm XamSxvavgXk dgsgzkgraiabkg, mgdgbkSgc, ktgbkkssgsgmgrSbj prgqtkfkS cgcdankbk mkcdjmg, rjmabkh jikaqtur cgsuikaqtur frktarkumSg sknSazks sgsgrdaibjc matyvabais6zamjqmacaig jikaqturgc uncg kyjs ksaSk, rjm dgvbanks mjxcangXaa\bjs pkrks naiks dgmjvbangza cg, gmgva crjs, mgs zamjqmacaigragburgc uncg mjaxckng naiks dgmjmvbanza. 7474 Xasgigmksgc,mjtyuaiks sgou\vabza naiks dgmjvbang gr uncg kqnas mkHnaubksghkbjc, Su mjtyuaig jikaqturgc gr uncg dgmxcgrkyj dgrkdaikscgcaiks sgou\vabk6 gn Suncgh grsaijis jikaqturk frktarkumaik,mgdrgm mgS dgvbang suikaqturgc gr mjuxcankgS pkrks naiksdgmjvbangza.

7478 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 777?-a muxbk („basmgnjauvras prgtkquëas‒), ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 738;-a muxbk („rgddkrkusgtk‒),aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 79?;-a muxbk („ pgbgirgs j mgquknghkjnasknskckjsgs‒). 7473 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, Hjmmant tj Grt. 3<704, kn< Bgncj/Iagba (acs.), Prknhkpbas joAurjpagn Hjntrght Bgw, 9000, 911 at saq.7471 Xagc. sgqgrSvabjs Xrjmks fjcaqsks ma-1 K muxbk. 747? Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 914 o.7474 kx. Hjmmant tj Grt. 3<704, kn< Bgncj/Iagba (acs.), Prknhkpbas jo Aurjpagn Hjntrght Bgw,9000, 911.




831

mjtyuaiks mkznkS mjqmacaigs naiks dgmjmvbanXk ksaSkXahcjmks dgmjwvavg uncg Xaa\bjs, rjmabkh naiks dghxgcaikssgou\vabk xcaig. Xasgigmksgc, uncg grsaijicas mkzazjirkvkfgvXkrk mjtyuaigsg cg Xasgigmks naiks dgmjvbangs Xjrks. 7475

gr grks sgvgbcaiubj, mjtyuaiksgs naiks dgmjvbanks mkmYaiseqjncas usgou\vbj qjnairkvk sgrdaibks mkYaiks gn zkgnksmkyanaiks naig. 747; swjrac as mkcdjmgg gsgxubk ssf-ks 59-a muxbXk,rjmbks Sgngxmgc, `mnkXvnabjig grg gqvs, grgswjrk hnjiaiksXatyjiknaikS mxgra mkzngc ksgxgvs rgkma sgrdaibks mkYaigs Sumajra mxgrksgSvks zkgnks mkyanaigs.~ mnkXvnabjig gr gqvs grh kmgs,grsaijis Su grg gm gbtarngtkub dgramjaigSgdgn arS-arSk.arSgcarSk `mkzgnk~, rgh mjtyuaiks dgnmxjrhkabaiabs uncgeqjncas Sgvksk mjqmacaikS, pkrks naiks dgmjvbanks dgmjwvavgg. rghXaaxaig ssf-ks 59-a muxbks caiubaigs, mgsXk `mkzgnk~ `mjtkvgc~Xak\baig kqnas dgdaiubk, rgh sgmgrSbairkvk XacadksSvksgrggrsaikSkg. mjtyuaiks Xahkbaiks sgou\vbgc dgnsgzYvrksmkzazkg dgrkdaigXk naiks gvtjnjmkks prknhkpks xabyjog. 7490

ssf-ks 58-a K muxbXk ‘ `mjtyuaig masgma pkrks mxrkcgn~ ‘ dgarSkgnaiubkg darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 798-a KK pgrgdrgokspkrvabk cg majra wkngcgcaiaiks caiubaiaik.

Xasgigmksgc, ssf-ks 58-a K muxbks Sgngxmgc, Su mjtyuaigdgngxjrhkabg masgma pkrmg, Xahkbaig (`igSkbjiks mjSxjvng~)cgsgXvaikg, `Su mjtyuaiks Xasgxai khjcg gn uncg shjcnjcg kmpkrs, rjmabkh sgrdaiabs kYais gm dgrkdaikcgn.~ gm ufgngsfnabXk,njrmks Xknggrskcgn dgmjmckngra, aqhavg rjdjrh naiks dgmjvbanksgcrasgtk, ksa naiksmkark masgma pkrk, rgh grgmgrSaiubkg.

ssf-ks 58-a K muxbks gsaSk ojrmubkraikS darmgnkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 798-a KK 7 pgrgdrgoks caiubaigs amgtaigcgmgtaikSk wkngpkrjig6 far\jc, naiks dgmjvbanks mkmYaimg grgmxjbjc uncg khjcas mjtyuaiks Xasgxai (rgh gm njrmkSghsgvgbcaiubj wkngpkrjigg), grgmac gm dgrkdaikcgn `sgrdaiabs uncgkYaicas~. gm mjwasrkdaikS, sgvgrgucjc, fgnjnmcaiabs kmkscgzustaig surcg, rjm Xasgigmksk sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaik, gnuXahkbaiks cgsgXvaijig cg, Xamcdjm, igSkbjig, uncg mjqmacaicas

7475 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 91;. Xagc. gsava ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks7330-a muxbk6 darmgnub kurkckub bktargturgXk< vjn Suer , GS KK (7), 7;75,§ ?? K, ?036 Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 9; (7), 139 o.6 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets,9003, § 84, YcNr. 706 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 3;, YcNr. 4;06 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/ Abbaniardar , 9005, § 798, YcNr. 93.747; Xagc. darmgnub kurkckub bktargturgXk, mgdgbkSgc, Bgranz/Tjbo , GS casIòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 84, YcNr. 79.7490 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< vjn Suer , GS KK (7), 7;75, § ?? K, ?086 Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 94 (7),19;6 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 84, YcNr. 799.




834

caiubaig, rjm pkrk dgrkdaikcgn `sgrdaiabs kYais~, grharSXamSxvavgXk gr grks njrmks mkznkcgn dgmjmckngra Xahkbaikswkngpkrjig. naiks dgmjvbang sghkbjg grg kmktjm, rjm vkYghgmsgrdaiabk mkkYj, grgmac kmktjm, rjm kdk naiks dgmjvbangzacguXvaiabk zamjqmacaiks ‘ mjtyuaiks Xacadgc grks cgcaiubk.sgvgrgucjg, rjm fgnjnmcaiabs sgrdaibks mjxsankaig grg rgkmawkngpkrjiks dgnsgsgzYvrgc, grgmac Xahkbaiks gcrasgtkskcantkokhkraiksgSvks cgsTkrcg. 7498 gmgsSgn, `sgrdaiabk~ gmXamSxvavgXk uobaiksg Su mjSxjvnks Xknggrsjirkvk cgtvkrSvkSgrks dgmjyanaiubk. 7493

dgrcg gmksg, ssf-ks 58-a KK muxbk gwasrkdais spahkgburXamSxvavgs, rjcasgh jrkva mxgra `mjtyuaikS mjqmacaicg~. gmcaiubaiks Sgngxmgc, gsaSk dgrkdaig, grh matk, grh ngfbaik,ngmcvkbk rHaig. fgnjnmcaiabk, mxgraSg cgslks survkbkSg SugYmzrcabjikSk XamgrSaikS Xapyrjikbk, mkkHnavs, rjm `grharSmgSdgns gr gqvs uobaig ‘ mjtyuaigza mkSkSaikS mjkSxjvjsdgrkdaiks igSkbjig gn zkgnks gngzYguraig.~ as ojrmubkraig

mjtyuaikS cgcaiubk dgrkdaiaiks mjwasrkdaiks grssawknggYmcadaig. Xasgigmksgc, mkuYaiabkg sgqgrSvabjs kurkckubbktargturgXk dgmjSqmubk mjsgzraig `jrmxrkvk~ mjtyuaikScgcaiubk dgrkdaiks mjtyuaiks dgraXa cgcaiub dgrkdaigsSgndgSgngiraiks Xasgxai. 7491 gcafvgturk Xacadk, Su igSkbjig grg,jrkva mxgrksgSvks Xahkbaiks uobaiks mknkTaigg. 749? as Xacadkcgcdaig, ssf-ks 58-a KK muxbks iuncjvgnk caiubaiks mkuxacgvgc.

Xasg\baiabkg, fgnjnmcaiabs gm njrmkS ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 7330-a muxbkcgn dgmjmckngra radubkraiksdgSvgbkswknaig surcg. as caiubaig `dguhnjikaraiabkmjtyuaiks~ 7494 XamSxvavgXk mkuSkSais, rjm dgrkdaig gr uncgkqnas Xahkbaiubk (`xabXafrubaig ngmcvkbkg, mgXkngh Sumks dgraXa kdk sxvg pkrjiaikS cgkcaijcg~ 7495) cg`grgfaSkbsknckskar mxgras afksraig zkgnks gngzYguraiksvgbcaiubaig~. 749; iunairkvkg, jrmxrkvk mjtyuaiks XamSxva-

7498 XacgraiksgSvks, darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 798-a KK 9 pgrgdrgokhamsgxuraig Xahkbaiks gcrasgtks kcantkokhkraigs masgma pkrks mkaruobaiks Xa\angsSgn urSkarSfgvXkrXk .7493 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 91; o.7491 zjk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, 931. 749? Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 9?0.7494 „ Cjbj knhkcanta‒. 7495 „kb hjntrgttj å vgbkcj, ianhë sanzg ck assk sgraiia stgtj hjnhbusj g hjnckzkjnk ckvarsa‒. 749; „mg kb hjntrganta kn mgbg oaca rkspjnca cak cgnnk.‒




835

vgXk grh arSk mxgra gr grks faSkbsknckskark cg grh`majra mxgras~ afksraig zkgnks gngzYguraiks vgbcaiubaig.

aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7940-a muxbXkmkSkSaiubkg, rjm `igSkbjigs~ 7480 kwvavs mxjbjc `m\kma~ SugrsaikSk 7487 mjtyuaiks Xacadgc cgcaiubk xabXafrubaig,`rjmabXkh mjtyuaikS gr mjqmacais jrkva mxgra~6 7489 xjbj`dguhnjikaraiabk~ 7488 mjtyuaiks XamSxvavgXk zkgnksgngzYguraiks vgbcaiubaig afksraig mgs, vknh mjtyuaigdgngxjrhkabg. 7483 gm jrk caiubaiks urSkarSfgvXkrXkdgnmgrtaikS Xasg\baiabkg cgsfvnks dgfaSaig, rjm aspgnaSkssgmgrSgbXk jrmxrkvk tyukbks XamSxvavgXk zkgnksgngzYguraiks vgbcaiubaig grharS mxgras gr afksraig.

mjtyuaikS cgcaiubk dgrkdaikcgn wgrmjXjikbk zkgnksgngzYguraiks mjSxjvng irgbks mjmwasrkdaiabk zjdgcknjrmaiks gcafvgturk uncg kyjs. mxacvabjigXk mkkYaig SgvgcXahkbaiks uobaiks mqjna pkrks Xamxvacrk irgbk XasgigmkskXknggrsks dgrkdaiks cgcaigsg Su zkgnks cgcdjmgXk. 7481

gmcangc, cgmgtaikSk sgfgnjnmcaibj mjwasrkdaiksguhkbaibjig gr cdgs. ssf-ks 58-a KK muxbks caiubaigXasg\baiabkg, zkgnks gngzYguraiks mjmwasrkdaiab njrmaizamkSkSaigc dgnkmgrtjs.

XahcjmkS cgcaiubk dgrkdaiksgdgn dgnsxvgvaikS, ssf-ks 53-a muxbksSgngxmgc, mjtyuaikS cgcaiubk dgrkdaiks Xahkbaig Xasg\baiabkgarSk wbks dgnmgvbjigXk. gmgsSgn, vgcks gSvbg kwyaig kmmjmantkcgn, rjhg Xahkbaiks uobaiks mqjna pkrk XaktyjisXahkbaiks sgou\vbks grsaijiks Xasgxai.

7480 „bg nubkcgc ‒. dgigSkbaigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx. aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 7800-a cg Xamcdjmk muxbaik. 7487 „ drgva‒. 7489 kx. aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7940-a K muxbk ( „ Pgrg qua ab cjbj prjcuzhg bg nubkcgc ca bjs hjntrgtjs, caiarç sar drgva y nj egiar skcj ampbagcj pjr bgs cjs pgrtas hjntrgtgntas.‒). 7488 „ Ab cjbj knhkcantgb ‒. 7483 kx. aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7940-a KK muxbk ( „ Ab cjbj knhkcantgb søbjjibkdg gb qua bj ampbaø g kncamnkzgr cgŅjs y parlukhkjs. ‒). 7481 Xagc. ssf-ks 371-a muxbk.




83;

;.9 oskqkfurk k\ubaikS muqgrkS) cgcaiubk dgrkdaig

naiks dgmjvbanks ojrmkraigza cguXvaiabk zamjqmacaiks fkcavarSk XamSxvavgg ssf-ks 51-a cg Xamcdjmk muxbaikS mjwasrkdaiubkoskqkfurk k\ubaig. gmgsSgn, ssf-ks 51-a muxbks Sgngxmgc,sghkbjjiks wkngpkrjigg `dgrkdaiks cgcaiks mkznkS km pkrksk\ubaig (\gbgcjig gn muqgrg), rjmabmgh cgcj dgrkdaig...~ gmnjrmks gsaSk ojrmubkraikS kqmnaig XSgiaTckbaig, SkSqjsfgnjnmcaiabs Xahkbaiks uobaiks wgrmjXjiks sgou\vbgck\ubaiks jrkva sgxks ‘ okzkfurk (`\gbgcjig~) cg oskqkfurk(`muqgrg~) k\ubaiks ‘ dgnsgzYvrks naig eqjncg. 748?

dgnmgrtaiks as gbtarngtkvg gr grks mgrSaiubk. okzkfurkk\ubaiks XamSxvavgXk 7484 xcaig grg pkrks naiks Sgvksuogbojrmkraigza zamjqmacaig, rgh Xahkbaiks uobaiks wgrmjXjikssgou\vabk kqnaijcg, 7485 grgmac pkrs gr gqvs mjqmacaiks naig, gnu grxcaig naiks dgmjvbanks suikaqturk fjmpjnantks ojrmkraig. gsaS

XamSxvavaiXk naiks dgmjmvbanks nghvbgc mjqmacais sxvg pkrk ‘ ks,vknh mgs okzkfurk zamjqmacaikS, `\gbgcjikS~ gwarknaiscjfumantza xabs, `Sgnxmjiks nkXngc~ gqnavknais Sgvs, gn,mgdgbkSgc, guqhkjnza gwavknais xabs. Xasgigmksgc, gsaSXamSxvavaiXk gr grsaijis naiks dgmjvbang. hxgckg, Su gr grsaijisnaiks dgmjvbang, Xau\baiabkg grgrsaiubk naiks dgmjvbanksg Sudgrkdaiks Xahkbaigza sguigrk. 748;

gYsgnkXngvkg, rjm fjntknanturavrjpub fjckokfghkaiXk,upkrgtasgc, Xahkbaiks sgou\vbgc mgrSbsgwknggYmcadjoskqkfurk k\ubaig dgnkxkbaig< darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 798-a pgrgdrgokS wasrkdcaig `mgrSbsgwknggYmcadjmuqgrg~,7430 gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 540-apgrgdrgokS ‘ `grgsgmgrSbkgnk cg cgsgiuSaiubk XkXk~, 7437 xjbj Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks 9;-a muxbkS ‘

748? Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, zjk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, 934. 7484 a.w. `gisjbuturk okzkfurk zamjqmacaig~ („vks gisjbutg‒). Xagc., mgdgbk-Sgc, darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk< Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, Aknoòerundvjr § 77?, YcNr. 7?6 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 30, YcNr. ?0?. 7485 kx., mgdgbkSgc, Drjtkus, Ca kura iabbk gh pghks, 7?91, kn<vjn Fkrhemgnn (Ersd.), CrakIòhear òiar cgs Yahet cas Frkadas unc Orkacans, 75?;, KK, UK, _KK, 8;4.748; Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 9?0 o.6 Xagc. gsava XacgraikSsgmgrSbairkvkmkmjxkbvkS \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 87 _KK, 391 oo.7430 „wkcarrahetbkhean Crjeund‒ .7437 „undaraheta unc dadròncata Ourhet ‒.




810

`mgrSbsgwknggYmcadjc gYabvaikS dgnpkrjiaiubk XkXk~ 7439 Su `muqgrg~ 7438, gsava nkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks8<33-a K-KK muxbkS ‘ mgrSbsgwknggYmcadj ̀ muqgrg~ 7433.

gmgsSgn, rjmgnubk sgmgrSbks skvrhks hgbfaubfjckokfghkgXk sguigrkg, zjdgcgc, `k\ubaiks~ Xasgxai. 7431 mkuxacgvgc kmksg, rjm, sgvgrgucjc, swjrac gmfjckokfghkaiXk dgmjyanaiubk tarmknjbjdkks dgzkgraikSgksgxg ssf-ks okzkfurk k\ubaiks (`\gbgcjiks~) mjwasrkdaig,Xasgigmksk njrmaiks Xknggrsk grsaikSgc swjrac oskqkfurk\ubaigzag fjnhantrkraiubk. gmcangc, mkzgnXawjnkbkg,sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjigXk gsgxubk mjwasrkdaiksmxjbjc oskqkfur k\ubaigsSgn urSkarSfgvXkrXk dgnmgrtaigcg dgmjyanaig. 743?

oskqkfurk k\ubaig Su muqgrg grks ugryjokSk Xacadks cgcdjmksdghxgcaig (cgpkraig) Xasgigmksk naiks grdgmjvbanks XamSxvavgXk. 7434 gr grks guhkbaiabk, as Xacadk m\kma kyjs, uXugbjc naiks

dgmjmvbans axaijcas gn pkrgcgc naiks dgmjvbanks gcrasgtksdgnmjmckngrajicas. ssf-ks 54-a muxbks Sgngxmgc, kdk Xak\baigdgmjyanaiubk kyjs `mauYbks, jlgxks sxvg wavraiks gn gxbjngSasgvaiks mkmgrS.~ 7435 ssf-ks 51-a muxbkS uXugbjc grksdgSvgbkswknaiubk XamSxvavg, `rjhg k\ubaig mjmckngrajis masgmapkrksgdgn~. 743;

mnkXvnabjvgnkg, ugryjokSk Xacadks cgcdjmks dghxgcaignaiks dgmjmvbanXk k\ubaikSk mcdjmgrajiks dgmjwvavksgSvkssgSgngcj kyjs. ssf-ks 5?-a K muxbks Sgngxmgc, rjmabkh

7439 Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks 9;-a K muxbk ( „wkcarrahetbkhe curhe Arradund dadròncata Ourhet ‒). 7438 Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks 9;-a KK muxbk ( „ Crjeund ‒). 7433 „ Iacrakdknd ‒. 7431 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 770;-a, 7777-a cgXamcdjmk muxbaik ( „vkjbanha‒) cg ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7383-a cgXamcdjmk muxbaik ( „vkjbanzg‒). 743? Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 9?7.7434 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, darmgnub sgsgmgrSbj prgqtkfgXk< IDE NLT 7;55, 91;;,9?00 oo.6 IDE NLT 7;59, 9807, 9809 („ Gnfònckdund aknas fònotkdan Òiabs‒, „ Kngusskhetatabbanaknas Nghetakbs‒).7435 Xagc.< sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7778-a cg ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 738?-a muxbaik. 743; Xagc.< sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7777-a cg ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 7383-a muxbaik.




817

sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7779-a (7) 7410 cg ktgbkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7381-a (7) muxbaiks caiubaigs SkSqmkssktyvgsktyvkS kmajrais, 7417 wkngpkrjigg ksaSk `k\ubaig~, `rjmabsghSgvksk xgskgSkS Xau\bkg dgvbang mjgxcknjs pkrza cggokqraiknjs, rjm mks pkrjvnaigs gn qjnaigs ragburk sgorSxaamuqraig~.

gm SvgbsgzrkskS, dgsgSvgbkswknaiabkg darmgnkkssgmgrSgbXk Hgmjygbkiaiubk mkcdjmg, rjmbks Sgngxmgcgh, gr grksdgnmsgzYvrabk muqgrks dgnmxjrhkabaiabk pkrks jikaqturkXasg\baibjig, xabyjs naiks dgmjmvbanks kntarasaik, grh gmdghxgcaiks sarkjzubjig. mnkXvnabjvgnkg ks, rjm muqgrks qvaXmjqmack pkrk sgorSxks grsaijigs, Sgvksk `suikaqturkXaogsaikS~ 7419, ragburgc mkkHnavs cg klarais, rjm kdk mks mkmgrSdgmjyanaiubk kqnaig. 7418

ssf-ks 5?-a KK muxbkS, sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks7779-a (9)7413 cg ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7381-a (9) muxbaikSdgSvgbkswknaiubk kcanturk ojrmubkraiks msdgvsgc, 7411 `k\ubaiks

xgskgSks Xaogsaiksgs mxacvabjigXk mkkYaig pkrSg gsgfk, sqask cghxjvraiksaubk dgramjaignk.~ Xasgigmksgc, dgsgSvgbkswknaiabkgyvabg ks dgramjaig, rgsgh zadgvbanks mjxcang Xaa\bj pkrks naiksojrmkraigza, mksk suikaqturk sgorSxks Xadr\naiksHgmjygbkiaigza.

grsaikSk sxvgjig ssf-ks 5?-a muxbsg cg sgorgndaSksg cgktgbkks Xasgigmksk muxbaiks ojrmubkraiais Xjrks vbkncaigoskqkfurk k\ubaiks `suikaqturk~ cg `jikaqturk~ frktarkumaikSXaogsaigXk. sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjigXk, sgvgrgucjc, naiksSajrkksg Su darmgnubk sgsgmgrSbj prgqtkfks dgSvgbkswknaikssgou\vabza `dgmjtjvaiubkg~ sktyvg `djnkark~. Xasgigmksgc,sguigrkg `pkrza~, rjmabzah xcaig zamjqmacaig, mgXkn, rjcasghsgorgndaSksg cg ktgbkks fgnjnmcaibjigXk fjnfratcaig, rjmzamjqmacaiks Xaogsaiksgs mxacvabjigXk mkkYaig ks dgvbang,

7410 „ Kb y g vkjbanha bjrsqu'abba ast ca ngtura à ogkra kmprasskjn sur una parsjnna rgksjnngiba, atqu'abba paut buk knspkrar bg hrgknta c'axpjsar sg parsjnna ju sg ojrtuna à un mgb hjnskcërgiba at prësant .‒ 7417 „ Bg vkjbanzg cava assara ck tgb ngturg cg ogr kmprasskjna sjprg ung parsjng sansgtg a cg ogrba tamara ck aspjrra së j k sujk iank g un mgba knqkustj a njtavjba.‒ 7419 „ suilaftkva Aknsheãtzund ‒. 7418 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 9?96 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, darmgnub sgsgmgrSbjprgqtkfgXk< IDE NLT 7;59, 9807, 9809.7413 „Jn g ëdgrc, an hatta mgtkåra, à b'éda, gu saxa at à bg hjncktkjn cas parsjnnas.‒ 7411 „Xk eg rkdugrcj, knquastg mgtarkg, gbb‛atà, gb sassj a gbbg hjnckzkjna cabbg parsjna. ‒




819

rjmabkh Xak\baig oskqkfurmg k\ubaigm mjgxcknjs `djnkarpkrza~. 741?

XacgraiksgSvks, gsava nkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks8<31-a KK (9) muxbXkh cgzustaiubkg, rjm `sgorSxa uncg kyjs ksaSk,rjm zamjqmacaig mjgxcknjs Hvaubairkv djnkar pkrza.~ 7414

sgqgrSvabjs uzangask sgsgmgrSbjs xacvkS, oskqkfurkk\ubaiksgSvks guhkbaiabkg ksaSk dgramjaiks grsaijig,`rjmabkh Vpkrs] gokqraiknaicg, rjm mgs sgorSxaamuqraijcg~. gsaS dgramjaigc sgsgmgrSbj gr mkkHnavs`hjbks ubtkmgtums dgyrks Sgjigza~ Xamcadk cgsgiuSaikS<`gsaS XamSxvavgXk dgnqjrwknaiks muqgrg gr Xak\baig kyjsksaSk sarkjzubk sgorSxks Xamhvabk mjqmacaig, rjmgcgmkgnk gk\ubjs, yvabgoark dgykcjs, rgh gigckg cg Sgvkusgxsrj mcdjmgrajigXk Hgkdcjs.~ 7415

mkuxacgvgc kmksg, rjm sgsgmgrSbj grsaikSgc ssf-ks5?-a K muxbks grgrsaikSk parkorgzkS fmgyjokbcaig, gm

mgdgbkSXk kfvaSaig jikaqturk frktarkumaiksdgSvgbkswknaigza gqhantk. Sgvksk dgcgwyvatkbaikscgsgiuSaiksgs mjsgmgrSbaaik yurgcYaigs gr gmgxvkbaianpkrks suikaqtur Xaogsaigza (Su rgmcangc ragburgc mkgHncgnaiks dgmjmvbans sgorSxa) cg grh muqgrksmgrSbzjmkaraigza (rgh dgnqjrwknaiks muqgrks XamSxvavgXk\nabk wgrmjsgcdankg, sgsgmgrSbjs mgrSbsgwknggYmcadjcHgaSvgbg). cgsgiuSaiksgs dgcgmwyvatk mnkXvnabjig`dgnqjrwknaiks muqgrgXk~ jikaqturk sgorSxks XaogsaigzadgfaScg cg gsaSk muqgrg zjdgcgc Xaogscg rjdjrh`sarkjzubk sgorSxks~ grmqjna.

nkXgncjibkvkg, rjm fgnjnmcaibjigXk dgmjfvaSkbk `jikaqturk~frktarkumaiks mnkXvnabjiks mkuxacgvgc, sgorgndaSks sgsgmgrSbjprgqtkfgXkh mkkYaig mxacvabjigXk `suikaqturk~ frktarkumk,mgdgbkSgc, fjnfratubk naiks dgmjmvbanks dgramjaigSg gYqmg. 741;

cgsgokqraiabkg, xjm gr Xak\baig, muqgrkS cgcaiubdgrkdaiaiza dgvrhabcas mjtyuaikS dgmjvbankbk naiks mkmgrSmjqmacks gngbjdkurk mkcdjmg6 Xasgigmksgc, naiks dgmjvbanks

741? Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< sgorgndaSks sgmgrSgbXk „una parsjnna rgksjnngiba‒ cg ktgbkks sgmgrSgbXk „ung parsjnng sansgtg‒.7414 „ Ca iacrakdknd mjat zjcgnkd zkln, cgt aan racabklf jjrcabanc mans cggrcjjr fgn wjrcaniaênvbjac .‒ 7415 sgqgrSvabjs uzangask sgsgmgrSbjs dgnHknaig #gs-438-70?;-04, 90.09.9005. 741; kx. Njtas tj Grt. 3<705, kn< Bgncj/Iagba (acs.), Prknhkpbas jo Aurjpagn Hjntrght Bgw, 9000,91;.




818

Xahkbaiks wkngpkrjigc HgkSvgbjs ks, rjm oskqkfur k\ubaigsjikaqturgc Xaa\bjs pkrks naiks dgmjvbangza dgvbanks mjxcangcg, gmgva crjs, mgs skngmcvkbaXk `suikaqturgc~ dgmjawvkgXasgigmksk naiks dgmjvbang.

gm mkcdjmks sgsgrdaibjc matyvabais sgmgrSbairkvkskhxgcks mgYgbk xgrksxk cg arSdvgrjvgnk sgsgmgrSbj prgqtkfkscgmfvkcraiks skmgrtkva. mks sgwknggYmcadjc Xak\baig dgmjkSqvgsmjsgzraig, rjm Xasustcaig ksaSk pkrks cghvg, rjmabkh gr aqhavg`Hvaubairkvk~ Su `djnkark~ gcgmkgnks mjqmacaiks stgncgrtXk. gmuxarxubjiks cg\bavg swjrac kmkS mkkYwavg, rjm hgbfaubXamSxvavgXk mxacvabjigXk mkkYaig, mgdgbkSgc, `pkrSg gsgfk, sqaskcg hxjvraiksaubk dgramjaignk~, gnu yvabgoark ks, rgsgh Xaa\bjknckvkcks gYqmks dgm\goraig ̀ Hvaubairkv gcgmkgnSgn XacgraikS~.

dgrcg gmksg, gm mkcdjmks sgsgrdaibjc matyvabaismjtyuaiksg cg oskqkfurk k\ubaiks XamSxvavaiks arSdvgrjvgnkmjwasrkdaiks mkzgnXawjnkbjigh. oskqkfurk k\ubaiks sgou\vabzasghkbjjiks mkmgrS, Sgvksk Xknggrsks dgSvgbkswknaikS, dgmjkyanaig

mjtyuaiks dgmj Xahkbaiks mkmgrS mjqmack wkngpkrjiaik. muqgrksdgnmxjrhkabaiabs uncg eqjncas naiks ojrmkraigsg Su mksdgmjvbangza zamjqmacaiks mkzgnk gn, mknkmum, dghnjikaraiubkeqjncas, rjm mks mjqmacaigs Xau\bkg pkrks naiks dgmjvbangzazamjqmacaiks mjxcang. Sgvks mxrkv, gm zamjqmacaigm uXugbjc uncgdgmjkwvkjs pkrks naiks dgmjvbang. 74?0 Xasgigmksgc, uncg grsaijicasmkzazjirkvk fgvXkrk muqgrgsg cg pkrks naiks dgmjvbangs Xjrks. 74?7

cgijbjs, ssf-ks 55-a muxbk kSvgbkswknais sghkbjjikswkngpkrjigc muqgrks `mgrSbsgwknggYmcadjjigs~. Xasgigmksgc, naiksojrmkraigza cguXvaiab zamjqmacaigc gr dgnkxkbaig ksaSkmjqmacaig, rjmabkh gr xjrhkabcaig `mgrSbsgwknggYmcadjmkznkS~, `mgrSbsgwknggYmcadj sgXugbaigSg dgmjyanaikS~, gn ‘ Su`sgXugbaig cg mkzgnk arSmgnaSs gr Xaasgigmaig~. gm ufgngsfnabkgbtarngtkvks Sgngxmgc, Xasg\bjg, hgbfa gYaiubk grh mkzgnk cggrh sgXugbaig gr kyjs mgrSbsgwknggYmcadj, mgdrgm cguXvaiabkkyjs mgSk urSkarSfgvXkrk 74?9.

74?0 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 798-a K muxbk ( „ zur Gidgia aknar Tkbbansarfbÿrund… curhe Crjeund iastkmmt wjrcan kst ‒)6gsava avrjpubksgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSbks prknhkpaiks 3<705-a muxbk ( „ G pgrty…egs iaan bactj hjnhbuca kt iy… teragt jo gn ght ‒). 74?7 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 9?9.74?9 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, IDE NLT 7;59, 9807, 9809 („akna Crjeund Vkst] wkcarrahetbkhe,wann Mkttab unc \wahf zwgr oòr skhe gbbakn iatrghetat nkhet wkcarrahetbkhe sknc, kera_arikncund giar ‘ cka Ianutzund ckasas Mkttabs zu ckasam \wahf ‘ dadan cgs Gnstgncsdaoòebgbbar ikbbkd unc darahet Canfancan jcar dadan Srau unc Dbguian varstÿÚt.‒).




813

avrjpubk sgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSbks prknhkpaiks 3<705-amuxbks Sgngxmgc, sghkbjjiksSvks dgnmsgzYvrabkg ks, rjmpkrks mkar xabXafrubaiks cgcaig dgnpkrjiaiubk uncg kyjs`sxvg pkrks Xauqhavgck cg sarkjzubk zamjqmacaikssgorSxkS~, 74?8 rjmabkh `SgvksSgvgc mgrSbsgwknggYmca-djg~ 74?3 gn `mgrSbsgwknggYmcadjg mksk dgmjyanaigxabXafrubaiks cgcaiks sgXugbaigc~. 74?1 gmgsSgn, cgmgtaikSkwkngpkrjigg ks, rjm, dgramjaigSg dgSvgbkswknaikS, naiksdgmjmvbans gr uncg eqjncas sxvgdvgrgc mjqmacaiks`djnkvrubk gbtarngtkvg~. 74??

oskqkfurk k\ubaiks sgou\vabza dgnxjrhkabaiubk naiksdgmjvbang, ssf-ks 5;-a muxbks Sgngxmgc, Xasg\baiabkg Xahkbaiubkqnas ̀ arSk wbks dgnmgvbjigXk k\ubaiks cgmSgvraiks mjmantkcgn.~

70. dgramjaigSg ijrjtgc dgmjyanaig

sgmgrSbkgnk Sgngogrcjiks grsaijig Xasrubaigsg cg sgpgsuxjXasrubaigs Xjrks sgufunaaiks dgnmgvbjigXk gxcancg dgvbangssgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSbks hgbfaubk knstktutks Hgmjygbkiaigsgcg Xamcdjm dgnvkSgraigza. gm sgfkSxs dgnsgfuSraiubk yurgcYaigcgaSmj avrjpks sgxabmwkojaiks fgnjnkfur sgmgrSgbXkh.mgdgbkSgc, Sjmg gfvknabk 74?4 xabXafrubaiks ngmcvkbjiksgSvksdgcgmwyvatk mnkXvnabjiks mqjnac dgnkxkbgvcg xabXafrubaikSdgnsgzYvrub Xasrubaigsg cg sgpgsuxj Xasrubaigs XjrkssgmgrSbkgnk Sgngogrcjiks dgnsgzYvrgs. kdk knckvkcks hjcvgcmkkHnavcg xabXafrubaiks majra mxgrks mkar mksSvks rgkmascgpkraigs sgSgngcj, ̀ sgmgrSbkgnk ogsks~ 74?5 dgcgxcks dgraXa. 74?;

iunaikSk sgmgrSgbk Xamcdjm gvkSgrais sgmgrSbkgnkSgngogrcjiks sgfkSxs. qrkstkgnubk mjrgbkS dgnpkrjiaiubkmjSxjvnks gcdkbs SgncgSgn kfgvais gcgmkgnksgSvks iunaikSij\aiubk uobaig, dgmjhxgccas sgmgrSbairkvk \gbks grmqjnac

74?8 „iy tea jtear pgrty‛s kmmknant gnc sarkjus teragt jo gn ght ‒.74?3 „wekhe ks wrjndoub kn ktsabo ‒. 74?1 „wekhe kt ks wrjndoub tj usa gs g magns tj jitgkn tea hjnhbuskjn jo tea hjntrght ‒. 74?? „ragsjngiba gbtarngtkva‒. 74?4 Sejmgs Gqukngs (Sjmmgsj c‛Gquknj), hg. 7991-7943.74?5 „kustum pratkum‒. 74?; Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 7;4 o.6 kx. \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 93KK, 890.




811

xabXafrubaig, knckvkcza cgfksraiub Xasrubaigsg cg sgpgsuxjXasrubaigs Xjrks ̀ gXfgrg Xausgigmjiks~ 7440 dgmj. 7447

as xacvg gksgxg a.w. \vab fjckokfghkaiXk< gvstrkks zjdgcksgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ;83-a pgrgdrgosg cg sgorgndaSkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7?43-a cg Xamcdjm muxbaiXk.

gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ;83-a pgrgdrg-okS xabXafrubaiks mxgras ankTaig uobaig, mjkSxjvjsxabXafrubaikcgn dgsvbg `ngxavgrza matgc Xamhkraiksdgmj~7449, rjcasgh Xasrubaiks Ykraiubaig jrlar cg matgcgYamgtaig sgpgsuxj Xasrubaiks Ykraiubaigs.

sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7?43-a-7?51-amuxbaiks Xasgigmksgc, gngbjdkurk uobaig ankTaig dgmykc-vabs mkwks ngfvaSks ngsykcjiks xabXafrubaiks cgcaikcgnjrk wbks dgnmgvbjigXk, Su gm crjksgSvks ngsykcjiks ogskmkwks ngfvaSks ngmcvkbk Ykraiubaiks 4/79-za ngfbaisXagcdans. 7448 sgkntarasjg, rjm sgorgndaSks fgnjnmcaibjig

gsaS uobaigs hgbmxrkvgc gnkTais dgmykcvabs cg uXugbjcmkuSkSais mksk mykcvabza dgvrhabaiks cguXvaibjigs. 7443

70.7 ugrks Sqmg ̀ gXfgrg Xausgigmjiks~ abamantza

`gXfgrg Xausgigmjig~, rjdjrh xabXafrubaikS dgSvgbkswknaiubkvgbcaiubaiks Sgvkcgn ghkbaiks knstrumantk, afjnjmkfurkurSkarSjiaiksg cg mks pgrgbaburgc sgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSbksdgnvkSgraigsSgn arSgc qraig avrjpubk fjckokfghkaikcgn.gmgvcrjubgc, darmgnubk sgmgrSbks skvrhaXk xabXafrubaiksg Sudgrkdaiks grgngmcvkbjiks sgou\vbgc Xasrubaigsg cg sgpgsuxjXasrubaigs Xjrks `gXfgrg~ 7441 Xausgigmjiks dgrcg, ygbkicaigXamgcdanbjiks cgmgtaikSk fjmpjnantaik. as fjmpjnantaik dgrkdaiks

7440 `gXfgrg Xausgigmjig~ „bgaskj anjrmks‒-ks pkrjikSk Sgrdmgnkg, mkskXknggrsjirkvk cgtvkrSvks dgSvgbkswknaikS. 7447 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 7;4 o.6 kx. Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;.Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 5; KK, 334.7449 „_arfòrzund òiar cka Eãbota‒. 7448 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 7;56 Xagc.< Hjknd , Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;.Lgereuncart, 7;51, § 5; KK, 3346gsava \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 93 KK, 890,Xamcdjmk mkSkSaiaikS. 7443 kx. sgorgndaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7?58-a muxbk. 7441 „guooãbbkdan‒, „guoogbbancan‒, „jooanigran‒. kx., Xasgigmksgc< gvstrkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 54;-a KK #3 muxbk, Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSksgmgrSbks 97-a muxbk cg darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 785-a KKpgrgdrgok.




81?

cgcaiks sgxaza gmgxvkbaian yurgcYaigs cg Xasg\baiabkg,nkcarbgncaiks fgnjnmcaibjikS dgSvgbkswknaiubk sgarSjsgxabwjcaiks qvaX ‘ `dgramjaigSg ijrjtgc dgmjyanaig~ 744? ‘ dgarSkgncnan. 7444

darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 785-a KK pgrgdrgoksXasgigmksgc, Xasrubaigsg cg sgpgsuxj Xasrubaigs Xjrks`SvgbXksghamk Xausgigmjig~ 7445 dgnpkrjiaiubk uncg kyjs`arSk pkrks mkar majrks k\ubaikSk mcdjmgrajiks,dgmjuhcabjiks, Xaogsaiks ungrks ngfbks gn grsaikSk naikssksustks dgmjyanaikS~ SgvksSvks, gn masgma pkrksSvksqjnairkvk upkrgtasjiks mknkTaikS. 744;

grsaikSgc kcanturkg gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 54;-a KK #3 pgrgdrgoXk mkSkSaiubk `ijrjtgcdgmjyanaiubk dgramjaiaiks~ HgmjngSvgbkh< `dubuiryvkbjig,k\ubaikSk mcdjmgrajig, djnairkvk sksusta, dgmjuhcabjiggn oskqkfurk gYabvaig~. 7450

Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks 97-a K muxbXkhmkSkSaiubkg `k\ubaikSk mcdjmgrajiks, dgmjuhcabjiksg cgdubuiryvkbjiks dgmjyanaig~. 7457

kmks mkuxacgvgc, rjm darmgnubk sgmgrSbks skvrhks gmqvaynaiXk dgmjyanaiubk hgbfaubk tarmknk anjirkvk Sufubturubk Sgvksaiuraikcgn dgmjmckngra mhkramjckokhkraikS xgskgScaig, mgSk mnkXvnabjig grsaikSgc grkhvbaig. Xasgigmksgc, darmgnubk sgmgrSbks skvrhaXk`gXfgrg Xausgigmjiks~ abamantks XangrHunaiks mkuxacgvgc,dgrkdaiks ngmcvkbjiks Xamgoarxaiab dgramjaigc grgdgrkdaiks Xknggrsk, grgmac mksk cgcaiks sgxa kqhg. 7459

744? „mksirukf vgn jmstgnckdeacan‒,kx. nkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 8<33-aK_ muxbk. 7444 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 7;5.7445 „guooãbbkdas Mkssvareãbtnks‒. 744; „... lamgnc untar Gusiautund car \wgndsbgda, car Qnarogeraneakt, cas Mgndabs gnQrtakbsvarmÿdan jcar car areaibkhean Tkbbansshewãhea aknas gncaran skhe jcar aknam Crkttan oòr akna Bakstund _armÿdansvjrtakba varsprahean jcar dawãeran bãsst...‒ 7450 „can Bakhetsknn, cka \wgndsbgda, _arstgncasshewãhea, Qnarogeraneakt jcar Damòtsguora- dund aknas gncaran‒. 7457 „curhe Gusiautund car Njtbgda, car Qnarogeraneakt jcar cas Bakhetsknns cas Gncaran‒. 7459 kx., mgdgbkSgc, darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk gsaSk dgrkdaiks igSkbjiksgSvksmksk cgcaiks sgxks gqhantkraikS< Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003,§ 37, 85 oo.6 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005, § 785, YcNr. ?; oo.




814

gqhantks Xahvbg kmcangc SvgbsgHknjg, rjm `gXfgrgXausgigmjiks~ abamantks guhkbaiab wkngpkrjigc dgnsgzYvrgzacmatgcgh Xak\baig kqnas mkHnaubk. 7458

nkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 8<33-a K_ muxbk grks `gXfgrgXausgigmjiks~ abamantza ugrks Sqmks SvgbsgHknj mgdgbkSk.Xasgigmksgc, `dgramjaigSg ijrjtgc dgmjyanaiks~ zjdgckfjnstruqhkg xabXafrubaiks ngmcvkbjiks Xamgoarxaiabdgramjaigc mkkHnavs `k\ubaikSk mcdjmgrajiks, cgmjfkcaiubkstgtusks (cgqvamcaigraiks), dubuiryvkbjiks, grgnjrmgburkoskqkfurk mcdjmgrajiksg cg dgmjuhcabjiks~ 7453 ijrjtgcdgmjyanaigs. gmgsSgn, `ijrjtgc dgmjyanaigXk~ mjkgzraig dgrkdaikscgcaiks xabXawyjig, mgXkn rjcasgh dgramjaiaik, rjmbaikh pkrmgkhks gn uncg khjcas, mgs gsaSk dgrkdaiks cgcaiksdgn Sgvs uncggfgvaiknaicas. 7451

ssf-ks 11-a K muxbk dgrkdaiks igSkbjigs jrk fumubghkurkpkrjiks grsaijigs ufgvXkrais< `dgrkdaikS dgnsgzYvrub

Xasrubaigsg cg gm XasrubaiksgSvks dgSvgbkswknaiubgngzYguraigs Xjrks gXfgrg Xausgigmjigg~ cg `dgrkdaig cgkcjmxjbjc kmks wygbjikS, rjm xabXafrubaiks arS-arSmg mxgramijrjtgc dgmjkyang Sgvksk sgigzrj \gbguobaig gn ksgrdaibgxabXafrubaiks majra mxgrks m\kma mcdjmgrajikS gndgmjuhcabjikS (dubuiryvkbjikS).~

fjntknanturk avrjpks qvaynaiXk grsaiubk dgmjhckbaiksg cguXugbjc nkcarbgncaiks fgnjnmcaibjigXk gsgxubk mkcdjmksdgSvgbkswknaikS, sgqgrSvabjs sgmgrSgbXkh mkzgnXawjnkbkg`gXfgrg Xausgigmjiks~ fjmpjnantks udubaiabyjog. uXugbjc majrawkngpkrjiks ojrmubkraig ‘ `dgrkdaig cgkcj mxjbjc kmkswygbjikS...~ ‘ hgbsgxgc mkuSkSais, rjm dgrkdaiks cgcaikssgou\vabk grks grg knckvkcks ngmcvkbk naig, grgmacxabXafrubaiks majra mxgrks mkar `dgramjaigSg ijrjtgcdgmjyanaig~. as sgfmgrksk sgou\vabkg, gsaSk dgrkdaig mkHnaub kqnassgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdksgSvks mkuYaibgc.

nkXgncjibkvkg, rjm ssf-ks 11-a KK muxbks Sgngxmgc, `igSkbkgdgrkdaig, rjmabkh cgcaiubkg arSk mxgrks mkar majraza dgvbanksijrjtgc dgmjyanaikS, rjhg mgSk urSkarSjig cgou\naiubkgdgnsgfuSraiub ncjigza.~ gm XamSxvavgXk fgnjnmcaiabmg ugrk Sqvg`gXfgrg Xausgigmjiks~ fumubghkurk pkrjiks abamantgcmjwasrkdaigza.

7458 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 7;;.7453 „njjctjastgnc, goegnfabklfeakc, bkhetzknnkdeakc, ginjrmgba daastastjastgnc jo jnarvgran-eakc ‒. 7451 kx. nkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 8<33-a K_ muxbk.




815

70.9 sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks `sghkbjjikS~ mjckokhkraig

sgsurvabkg ssf-ks 11-a muxbks mjckokhkraig Su Xasgigmkskdgnmgrtaig `dgramjaigSg ijrjtgc dgmjyanaikS~ cgcaiubkxabXafrubaiks sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks SvgbsgzrkskSgh.

sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjig gm SvgbsgzrkskS kzkgraisdarmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 785-a KK cg gvstrkks zjdgcksgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 54;-a KK #3 pgrgdrgoaikS dgSvgbkswknaiubdgrkdaiksg Su xabXafrubaiks igSkbjigs. gmks sgpkrkspkrjc,Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks 97-a K 745? cg nkcarbgncaikssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 8<33-a K muxbaiXk 7454 grHavgnk sghkbjjikssgsgrdaibjc dgfaScg.

as mkcdjmg uorj dgmgrSbaiubkg. `dgramjaigSg ijrjtgcdgmjyanaiks~ sgmgrSbairkvk fjnstruqhkg ckcwkbgc amsdgvsaigXahcjmkS, mjtyuaikS cg oskqkfurk k\ubaikS cgcaiub dgrkdaiais,rjmabSg mkmgrSgh fgnjnmcaiabk sgmgrSbairkv Xacadgc swjrac

sghkbjjigs kSvgbkswknais. 7455 nkXgncjibkvkg, rjm sgorgndaSks sgmgrSgbXk `dgramjaigSgijrjtgc dgmjyanaiks~ sgfgnjnmcaibj mjwasrkdaiks grgrsaijiksmkuxacgvgc, sgsgmgrSbj prgqtkfgh swjrac mjtyuaiks dgmj 745; Xahkbaiks uobaiks mknkTaiks dzkS dgnvkSgrcg. 74;0

mkzgnXawjnkbkg, `dgramjaigSg ijrjtgc dgmjyanaiks~XamSxvavgXkh mkahas pkrs mksk kntarasaiks ragbkzaiks ojrmksSgvgc dgnsgzYvrks Xasg\baibjig cg grHavgnk, dgngxjrhkabjs Sugrg Xahkbaig dgrkdaiks sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaiks Sgvkcgnghkbaiks mkznkS. gm dzkS gsava mkkYwavg sgmgrSbairkvkwasrkdksSvks mnkXvnabjvgnk Xacadk ‘ msdgvsk Su Sgngzjmkarkdgramjaiaiks arSdvgrjvgnk mjwasrkdaig. 74;7

dgsgSvgbkswknaiabkg kskh, rjm sgiTjurk cg pjstsgiTjurksgxabmwkojaiks fjckokfghkaik grHavgns swjrac sgsgmgrS-bjs maXvajikS igSkbjiks gnu sghkbjjiks sgsgrdaibjcgfaSais. gmgsSgn, dgramjaigSg ijrjtgc dgmjyanaikScgcaiubk dgrkdaig ‘ `dgrkdaig, rjmabkh k\ubaiubk kyjcgacj mjqgbgqas m\kma dgramjaigSg cgmSxvavks dgmj~ ‘

745? „...fgnn car _arbatzta knnaregbi Lgerasorkst arfbãran, cgss ar can _artrgd nkhet egbta, unccgs shejn Dabakstata zuròhfvarbgndan‒. 7454 „ Aan rahetsegncabknd ks varnkatkdiggr...‒ 7455 Xagc. ssf-ks 49-a cg Xamcdjmk muxbaik. 745; „cjb ‒.74;0 \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 93 KK, 897.74;7 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 907.




81;

dgnkxkbaig swjrac mjtyuaikS, \gbgcjikS cg muqgrkScgcaiubk dgrkdaiaiks mjmwasrkdaiab njrmgXk. 74;9

gmgsSgn, ssf-ks 11-a muxbk sgcgvjg Sgvksk skstamurk gcdkbksSvgbsgzrkskSgh, far\jc ssf-ks zjdgc ngwkbXk mksk gsgxvgmjqmacaiks ogrSj soarjSk uncg kyjs dgnpkrjiaiubk. `dgramj-aigSg ijrjtgc dgmjyanaig~, ksava rjdjrh `gXfgrg Xausgigmjiks~fjmpjnantk, iunairkvgc dubksxmjis xabXafrubaiks jrk mxgrksgrsaijigs. Xasgigmksgc, kdk var dgvrhabcaig hgbmxrkvk dgrkdaiksmkmgrS.

ssf-ks zjdgc ngwkbXk mksk gcdkbk, vgbaiubaikSsgmgrSgbXk mjwasrkdaiks gbtarngtkvks sgpkrkspkrjc, Xasg\ba-iabkg mgknh dgmgrSbcas gm caiubaiks mjqmacaiks cgsgXvaijikSsgnkvSj xabXafrubaiaiks mkmgrS. 74;8

77. Xahkbaiks uobaig

knckvkcSg urSkarSjiaiks `naiksmkark~ wgrmgrSvks sgmgrSbairkvkgYkgraig amygraig vgrgucs, rjm jikaqturgc Xahnjigcgcdghxgcaiubk naig suikaqturk naiks Xasgigmkskg. naiks dgmjvbanguncg amygraijcas dgramjaigSg swjr Xaogsaigs cg Sgvksuogbkkyjs yjvabdvgrk cguXvaiabk zamjqmacaiksdgn (mjtyuaig, oskqkfurkk\ubaig). 74;3

knckvkcksgSvks mknkTaiubk Xahkbaiks uobaigsgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdkS gYkgraiubk knstktutkg, rjmbkSgh mgsankTaig Xasg\baibjig, Sgvksk `dgmjvbang naiks dgraXa~ 74;1 SgvkskXamcdjmk naiks dgmjvbankS kurkckubk \gbks grmqjnac gqhkjs. 74;?

sghkbjjiks Sgvksaiuraig ksgg, rjm, Xahkbaiks sgou\vbksgrsaijiks mkuxacgvgc, dgrkdaig Sgvcgpkrvabgc ngmcvkbkg. kmXamSxvavgXk, Su Xahkbaiks uobaiks mqjna pkrk gm uobaigs grdgmjkyanais, ks XamcdjmXkh ngmcvkbk cgrHaig. xjbj Su Xahkbaiksuobaiks mqjna pkrk Xasgigmks sgmgrSbairkv Xacadza mkmgrSubnaigs dgmjgvbans, dgrkdaig cgcaiks mjmantkcgn igSkbgc HgkSvbaig.

74;9 kx. sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 1?-a K muxbk. Xagc.<rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 74;-a K, sjmxaSks raspuibkfkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 878-a K cg gzarigklgnks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 88;-a K muxbaik .74;8 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 900.74;3 kx. Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 9856 Xagc. gsava Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 7;, 8;5.74;1 „ Arfbãrund jena Tkbban‒,Xgvkdny, Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc KKK, 7530,§ 783, 915.74;? Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 985.




8?0

ssf-Xk sghkbjjiks sgou\vbaik dgrkdaiaiksgSvks cgSmjikbmajSxa SgvXk, ssf-ks 49-a cg Xamcdjm muxbaiXk wasrkdcaig.Xahkbaiks dgnxjrhkabaigs aSmjig ssf-ks 1;-a KK-KKK muxbk,xjbj sghkbj dgrkdaiks cgcgsturaigs ‘ ssf-ks ?7-a KKKmuxbk.

77.7 Xahkbaiks uobaiks mqjna pkrk

Xahkbaiks uobaig, ssf-ks 1;-a KKK muxbks Sgngxmgc, gqvs`cgkntarasaiub pkrs~. gm zjdgc ojrmubkraigs mnkXvnabjvgnkcgfjnfrataig Su cgzustaig sTkrcaig. gsaS pkrgc sgqgrSvabjskurkckub bktargturgXk mkkHnavg `dgrkdaiks mjngwkba~ cg masgmapkrk, rjmbks kntarasaikh kbgxaig dgrkdaikS. 74;4 `cgkntarasaiubkpkrks~ gsaSk dgnmgrtaig gr grks sgfmgrksgc zustk, vkngkcgn kdkXahkbaiks knstktutks grss ngfbaigc wgrmjgHans. 74;5

Xahkbaiks uobaig gqvs naiks dgmjmvbans, gnu uXugbjc mgs,vknh sghkbj naig dgmjgvbkng. swjrac gm pkrks `naiks dgmjvbang~

dgnsxvgvcaig mksk TaXmgrktk naiksgdgn cg mgs gqvs uobaig, Sgvkskgrgrsaiubk naig kurkckubk \gbks grmqjnac gqhkjs. 74;; dgmjngfbksk mjqmacais wgrmjmgcdanbjiks XamSxvavgXk,

rjcasgh Xahkbaiks uobaig ankTaig mgs, vksgh Xasgigmkskdgrkdaikcgn uobaiaik cg mjvgbajiaik wgrmjaXjig, gnuwgrmjcdankb pkrs. 7500 gmgsSgn, dgsgSvgbkswknaiabkg, rjmwgrmjcdankb pkrs gqvs Xahkbaiks uobaig km naiks dgmjvbanksdgmj, rjmabkh grg mgn, grgmac mksmg wgrmjmgcdanabmg dgmjgvbkng.Xasgigmksgc, sgmgrSbairkvk XacadksSvks dgcgmwyvatkg swjrac gmufgngsfnabks naiks dgmjvbanks ngfbk. 7507

ssf-Xk gr grks dgSvgbkswknaiubk spahkgburk caiubaiaikXahkbaiks uobaiks mqjna sxvg pkrks Xasgxai, mgdgbkSgc,

74;4 kx. grsaikSgc kcanturk pjzkhkkS< zjk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K,7;;;, 7;? (`dgrkdaiks mjngwkbaaik cg ks masgma pkraik, rjmabSgkntarasaikh Xak\baig Xakbgxjs gm dgrkdaikS.~)6 Tgnturkg , XasgvgbksgqgrSvabjs sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks zjdgc ngwkbXk, 7;;4, 8;0 (`dgrkdaiksmjngwkba~ cg `masgma pkrk~, rjmabsgh dgrkdaigm `zkgnk mjutgng... gngrgxabsgyrab mcdjmgrajigXk Hggyang kdk~). 74;5 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 930.74;; Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, Drjtkus, Ca kura iabbk gh pghks, 7?91, kn<vjn Fkrhemgnn (Ersd.),Crak Iòhear òiar cgs Yahet cas Frkadas unc Orkacans, 75?;, KK, UK, _K, 8;1. 7500 Xagc. darmgnub sgmgrSgbSgn cgfgvXkraikS< Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 87 (9), 1?7o.6 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 33, YcNr. 936 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI,9005, § 738, YcNr. 3.7507 kx. ssf-ks 70?-a muxbk.




8?7

gncar\ks XahkbaigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS. XacgraiksgSvks,darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 904;-a cg 9050-a KKKpgrgdrgoaikS uXugbjc grks dgSvgbkswknaiubk XamSxvavg,rjcasgh gncar\ks Xahkbaiks uobaig ankTaig sgvgbcaiubjwkbks mjSxjvnks uobaiks mobjiabs. as cgsgXvaigc mkkHnavgmgXkn, rjhg naiks dgmjmvbanmg kdk gncar\Xk kmks dgmj grdgkSvgbkswkng, rjm gr khjcg mksk grsaijiks Xasgxai, gn kdknaiks dgmjvbanks Xamcad cgkigcg, gn sxvgdvgrgc mjkpjvgsgvgbcaiubj wkbks uobaig. 7509

dgrcg gmksg, darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 875-a KKpgrgdrgokS dgSvgbkswknaiubkg Xahkbaig masgma pkrks mkarvgbcaiubaiks dgnsgzYvrksgs. gm XamSxvavgXk darmgnubsgmgrSgbXk mnkXvnabjvngc mkkHnavg kmks xgzdgsmg, rjmXahkbaiks sgou\vbks grsaijiksgs Xahkbaiks uobaigankTaig xabXafrubaiks mxgras cg grg masgma pkrs, rjmbksnaiks dgmjvbankSgh xcaig vgbcaiubaiks XknggrsksdgnsgzYvrg. 7508

gsaSk caiubaiks dgSvgbkswknaiks sgTkrjaig grgrsaijis. km XamSxvavgXk, Su naiks dgmjmvbanksgSvksXahkbaiks sgou\vabk mxjbjc masgma pkrks mkarvgbcaiubaiks dgnsgzYvrksg Su mksk Xknggrsks cgzustaiksXamcad dgxcg Xahnjigck, ks Xahkbaigs swjrac gmdgramjaiaiza cgyrcnjikS dgngxjrhkabais. gmgsSgn, kdk gmmasgma pkrks naiks dgmjvbangs fk gr xcks sghkbjc, grgmacsgfuSgrs. Xasgigmksgc, darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 875-a KKpgrgdrgoks grsk Xak\baig mxjbjc XahkbaiksgSvksdgSvgbkswknaiubk vgcks gSvbks cgsgwyksks, vgbcaiubaiksdgnsgzYvrks mjmantSgn cgfgvXkraikS dgmjkxgtaijcas. as fk,iunairkvkg, sgSgngcj dgnmgrtaikSgh cgcdangckg Xasgigmkskvgcks dgnmsgzYvrabk njrmaikcgn.

77.9 Xahkbaiks gcrasgtk

ssf-ks 1;-a KK 9 muxbks Sgngxmgc, `Xahkbaig xjrhkabcaigxabXafrubaiks majra mxgrks mkmgrS.~ gsaS ojrmubkraigXk njrmksgXfgrg xgrvazk vbkncaig. `xabXafrubaiks majra mxgrks~ mkSkSaig,mksk sktyvgsktyvkSk mnkXvnabjikcgn dgmjmckngra, dgmjrkhxgvsXahkbaiks knstktutks dgvrhabaigs hgbmxrkv naiks dgmjvbangza.

7509 kx. gsava gncar\ks Xahkbaiks mkmgrS mjqmack darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 9045-a cg Xamcdjmk pgrgdrgoaik. 7508 kx., mgdgbkSgc< Pgbgnct/Drònaiard , IDI, 9005, § 875, YcNr. 96 gsava Bgranz/Tjbo ,GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 33, YcNr. 91.




8?9

sgqgrSvabjs kurkckub bktargturgXk grks gm ojrmubk-raiks ogrSjc dgnmgrtaiks mhcabjig, rgSg, xabXafrubaiks majramxgrks dgrcg, `Xahkbaiks gcrasgtk kyjs yjvabk masgma pkrk,rjmabmgh sgrdaiabk ngxg gm dgrkdaikcgn.~ 7503

umljiaskg, gqhantk Sgvcgpkrvabk Su sghkbj naiksdgmjvbanks mkmYaiza ‘ gcrasgtza ‘ dgfaScas. gsaSk dgnmgrtaigXasgigmksjigXkg mjwasrkdaiks grsSgn cg mkzgnSgn, vkngkcgnfgnjnmcaiabs swjrac naiks dgmjvbanks Xahkbaiks gcrasgtksdgnsgzYvrg surs, rjdjrh hgbmxrkv, ksa jrmxrkv dgrkdaiaiXk.hxgckg, xabXafrubaiks majra mxgra var kgrsaiais hgbmxrkvkdgrkdaiks XamSxvavgXk cg, Xasgigmksgc, gsaS dgrkdaigza ssf-ks 1;-aKK 9 muxbk mksk cYavgncabk sktyvgsktyvkSk mnkXvnabjiks srubkkdnjrkraikS Su gngbjdkkS uncg dgvrhabcas.

naiks dgmjvbanks gcrasgtks mkSkSaikS fgnjnmcaiabkSgvkcgn gkrkcaicg km uxarxubjigsgh, rgh, mgdgbkSgc,darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 738-a pgrgdrgoXk `Xahkbaiks

gcrasgtks~7501

dgmjyanaigs gxbgvs.750?

mgdgbkSgc,fgnjnmcaiabs darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk cgsTkrcg kmkscgzustaig, rjm xabXafrubaigXk Xahkbaiks gcrasgtk grksxabXafrubaiks majra mxgra, hgbmxrkv mkYaigsgvgbcaiubjnaiks dgmjvbangXk ‘ naiks dgmjvbanks mkmYaik, xjbj sglgrjcgwasaiubaiks wkngXa dgmjvbankbk naiksg ‘ sglgrjcgwasaiubaig. 7504 yvabg gm XamSxvavgs mjkhgvs ojrmubkraig

‘ `naiks dgmjvbanks gcrasgtk~.

wgrmjmgcdanbjiksg cg uobaigmjnghvbajiks XamSxvavgXk guhkba-iabkg, `naiks dgmjvbanks gcrasgtk~ Xasgigmksk cgfjnfrataikSdgnkmgrtjs. mgdgbkSgc, Su naiks dgmjvbang wgrmjmgcdanbksmkmgrS dgnxjrhkabcg, naiks dgmjvbanks gcrasgtgc uncgHgkSvgbjs wgrmjcdankbk pkrk. swjrac ks grks naiks dgmjvbanksSu Xasgigmksk Xacadaiks (uobaiaiksg cg mjvgbajiaiks) sgijbjjgcrasgtk. gngbjdkurk mkcdjmgg cgsgmfvkcraiabk, Su naiksdgmjvbanks Sgvcgpkrvabk gcrasgtks gcdkbs mksk uobaigmjnghvbakfgvais. hxgckg, gm crjs Xahkbaig uobaigmjnghvbks mkmgrS uncgdgnxjrhkabcas. 7505

7503 Tgnturkg , Xasgvgbk sgqgrSvabjs sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks zjdgcngwkbXk, 7;;4, 85;. 7501 „ Gnoahetundsdadnar ‒. 750? Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 937.7504 kx. darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 738-a KK, 738-a KKK cg K_ 9 pgrgdrgoaik. 7505 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 937.




8?8

naiks dgmjvbanks gcrasgtks mkmgrS Xahkbaig vardgnxjrhkabcaig hgbmxrkv grgmkYaigsgvgbcaiubj naiksdgmjvbanks XamSxvavgXk. gsaSk naiks dgmjvbanks Xahkbaiksgcrasgtkg ks, vknh gm naiks dgmjvbankS `sgmgrSbairkv sgrdaiabs~kYais. 750; as XamSxvavg hgbfa mjwasrkdaiks sgdgnk uncg dgxcas cgcgfjnfratcas, rjm grgmkYaigsgvgbcaiubj naiks dgmjvbanksXamSxvavgXk ̀ gcrasgtk~ sgmgrSbairkvk sgrdaibks mkmYaik pkrkg.

nkXgncjibkvkg, rjm darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 738-a KKpgrgdrgoXkh sguigrkg ̀ pkrza, rjmabmgh dgrkdaikS uobaiaikXak\kng~. as ojrmubkraig Xaaxaig darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 798-a KK 9 pgrgdrgokS dgSvgbkswknaiub spahkgburXamSxvavgs, rjcasgh mjtyuaikS cgcaiubk dgrkdaikSuobaiaik grg naiks dgmjvbanks gcrasgtmg, grgmac sxvgksaSmg pkrmg Xak\kng, rjmabmgh mjtyuaiks ogqtk khjcg, gnuncg shjcnjcg. darmgnkks sgmgrSbks Sgngxmgc, XahkbaigXak\baig dgnxjrhkabcas swjrac gm pkrks mkmgrS.

gsaSk XamSxvavks dgmjngfbksks sgxkS HgmjygbkiaigmkzgnXawjnkbk gr grks. spahkgbur mjwasrkdaigs grsgTkrjais, mgdgbkSgc, masgma pkrks sgsgrdaibjc cgcaiubkxabXafrubaiks Xahkbaiks cgsgXvaijig, Su mjtyuaig gmmasgma pkrks mkar dgnxjrhkabcg. 7570 gm XamSxvavgXkdgcgmwyvatkg ks, ssf-ks 83;-a muxbks Sgngxmgc, mjSxjvngfracktjrmg Su uXugbjc masgma pkrmg Xak\kng. Su mjSxjvnksmobjiabkg masgma pkrk, mks mkmgrS Xahkbaiksdgnxjrhkabaigsgh mjeyvaig fgnjnkS dgSvgbkswknaiubkXacadaik. as iunairkvkg, Xahkbaiks dgnmxjrhkabaiabk pkrksnaiks dgmjvbang gm crjs swjr gcrasgtza mkmgrSubk cgsgfmgrksgc hxgck kqnaig.

dgnsgfuSraiub mkcdjmgs gr sgTkrjais gsava darmgnkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 371-a pgrgdrgokS dgSvgbkswknaiubkvgbks dgcgfksraiks xabXafrubaig, rjmabkh fracktjrksSgnxmjikS kcaig Sgvcgpkrvab mjvgbasg cg gxgb mjvgbasXjrks. 7577 gm crjs mjtyuaiubk gxgbk mjvgbks mkarXahkbaiks mkzgnXawjnkbjig darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk sgcgvjc

750; kx. darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 738-a K_ 7 pgrgdrgok. 7570 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9008, § 798, YcNr. 79, Xamcdjmk mkSkSaikS< GmtbkheaXgmmbund car Yahetspraheund cas Yakhesdarkhets car Iuncasrapuibkf Cautshebgnc kn\kvkbsghean, Ignc 715, 895.7577 Xagc. vgbks dgcgfksraiks xabXafrubaiks ssf-ks 903-a muxbkSdgSvgbkswknaiubk XamSxvavg.




8?3

mkkHnavg fracktjrks faSkbsknckskaraiks XamSxvavgXk, Sumhgmksk cgsgXvaijig dgsgzkgraiabkg. 7579

77.8 Xknggrsjirkvk mjSxjvnaik

Xahkbaiks naiks dgmjvbankcgn uncg dgmjmckngrajicas sghkbjdgrkdaiks sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaiks dgqgrwybaiksg Su `dguqmaiks~naig. 7578 gmgsSgn, gr grks guhkbaiabk, as naig `grgjrgzrjvgnk~ 7573,gnu rgkma fjnfratubk ojrmubkraikS cgzustaiubk, kyjs. 7571 kdkgr uncg Xakhgvcas sktyvg `Xahkbaigs~ gn mks rjmabkma sknjnkms.dgcgmwyvatkg ks, rjm Sgvcgpkrvabk naiks dgmjvbankcgndgmjmckngra sgmgrSbairkv Xacads naiks dgmjmvbank sgcgvjs xcks,mgs gr gYkgrais gn mks sgpkrkspkrj pjzkhkgs gokqskrais. 757?

mxjbjc mgXkn grks sgSgngcj cgfjnfrataig mkzgnXawjnkbk,Su ragburgc grsaijis dgnsxvgvaiubk sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadkscgcdjmgza mkmgrSubk naiks dgmjvbanks gbtarngtkvg, rjdjraikhggxabXafrubaikcgn dgsvbg gn xabXafrubaiks mjXbg. 7574

fgnjnmcaibjikS gr grks dgSvgbkswknaiubk Xahkbaiksngmcvkbjiks mkmgrS mjqmack rgkma spahkgburk XknggrsjirkvkmjSxjvng. Xasgigmksgc, gr grks sgvgbcaiubj grh Xahkbaikssgou\vbks cg grh Xahkbaiks dgnmgpkrjiaiabk hgbfaubkdgramjaiks cgfjnfrataig. gmgsSgn, mkzgnXawjnkbkg, dgnksgzYvrjsks, rjm Xahkbaiks sgou\vabk Xahkbaiks gcrasgtksgSvksXahnjigck, gnu sgfmgrksgc hxgck kyjs. 7575 as dgnpkrjiaiubkgXahkbaiks gcrasgtks kntarasaiks cghvkS, rgSg mgn khjcas sgqmksragburk vkSgraig, gnu Suncgh ks, Su rgtjm gr gpkrais pkrkSgvksk naiks dgmjvbankcgn dgmjmckngra vgbcaiubaiksXasrubaigs. 757;

7579 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 798, YcNr. 79, mgS Xjrks XamcdjmkmkSkSaikS< IDE-Antsheakcundan kn \kvkbsghean, Ignc 87, 897, 89?.7578 „_arnkhetundswkbba‒, Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 33, YcNr. 816 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 34, YcNr. 474.7573 „unzwakcautkd ‒. 7571 Hgngrks, Gnmarfund zu car IDE-Antsheakcund, NLT 7;53, 9957, 99596 Mackhus, GS,9009, § 34, YcNr. 474.757? „...wann akna nghe cam jilaftkvan Arfbãrundswart car Tkbbansarfbãrund òiarnjmmana_arpobkhetund iastrkttan jcar nkhet gnarfgnnt jcar wann ker wkcarsprjhean wkrc ‒, IDE, NLT7;53, 994;, 9950 Xamcdjmk mkSkSaiaikS6 gsava Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 87 (9), 11;.7574 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 33, YcNr. 81.7575 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< vjn Suer , GS KK (7), 7;75, § 18 K, 9716 Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 87 (9),1?06 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 33, YcNr. 856 Mackhus, GS cas IDI,900?, § 34, YcNr. 4936 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005, § 738, YcNr. 8.757; Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 939.




8?1

Xahkbaig, rjdjrh sgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiksdgnmsgzYvrabk naiks dgmjvbang, rjdjrh wask, gr Xak\baigpkrjigza kyjs cgmjfkcaiubk. gm dzkS wgrmjkqmnaijcg Xahkbaiksgcrasgtks sgmgrSbairkvk skhxgcks kntarasks udubaiabyjoksrksfk, rgh cguXvaiabkg. 7590 gqacgn dgmjmckngra, mxjbjc ksaSkpkrjig Xak\baig HgkSvgbjs ngmcvkbgc, rjmbks cgcdjmghXahkbaiks gcrasgtks naikcgn dgmjmckngrajis, gn rjmabkhuXugbjc mks `Xahnjigcjiks soarjXk~ 7597 kmyjoaig. 7599 asdgmgrSbaiubkg km dgramjaikS, rjm gm XamSxvavaiXk Xahkbaiksgcrasgtks Sgngzjmkark cghvg uzrunvabyjokbkg cg mgs Xaswavsungrk, jrTjojiks dgraXa dgarfvas sgmgrSbairkv vkSgraigXk. 7598

darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk cgsgXvaigc grks mkHnaubk gsava`Xasg\bj Xahkbaig~, 7593 vkngkcgn kdk gr grks `pkrjigsgmgrSbairkvk SvgbsgzrkskS~. 7591 `Xasg\bj Xahkbaiks~ grskkmkS vbkncaig, rjm Xahkbaig hxgccaig km XamSxvavksSvks,Su dgrkdaig mxgrks mkar mknkTaiubk XknggrskS gr

dgnkmgrtaig, gn ksacgh igSkbk gr kqnaig.759?

gm pjzkhkks cgsgiuSaiksgs dgnsgfuSraiubk yurgcYaigaSmjig km dgramjaigs, rjm gsaS XamSxvavgXk Xahkbaig grgrks cgmjfkcaiubk sgmjmgvbj uhnji dgramjaigza(sgsgmgrSbj dgcgwyvatkbaigza). kdk grks upkrjij Xahkbaigkm XamSxvavgXk, Su dgnmgrtaig naiks dgmjmvbanksSvgbsgzrksks sgwknggYmcadjc mjxcaig. Xahkbaiksngmcvkbjig Su kurkckubk \gbg dgmjmckngrajis mjmgvgbXksgsgmgrSbjs mkar dgsghxgcaiabk, Sumhg, jikaqturgc, ufvagrsaiubk, sgmgrSbairkvk vkSgraikcgn, rjmabkh mjhamubmjmantXk `mxjbjc~ mxgraaiksgSvks gr grks hxgck. 7594

7590 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 33, YcNr. 8? o.6 Mackhus, GS cas IDI,900?, § 34, YcNr. 491.7597 „ Arfanntnksiarakhe‒. 7599 kx. Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 33, YcNr. 846Xagc. dgrkdaiaiXkpkrjikSjiks cguXvaibjiks sgou\vbaiks gngbkzkS< Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 85(1), ?;4 o.7598 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 938.7593 „ Avantugbgnoahetund ‒. 7591 „ Iackndund km Yahetssknna‒, IDE, NLT 7;?5, 90;;6 kx. gsaSk Xaogsaiks dgzkgra-ikS Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005, § 738, YcNr. 9.759? „...cgss cgs Yahetsdasheãot nkhet can kn arstar Bknka iaeguptatan Knegbt egt jcar nkhetjenaekn nkhetkd kst.‒, IDE, NLT 7;?5, 90;;6 gsava Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, 9005, § 738, YcNr. 9.7594 „Cka Tkrfund car Gnoahetund ardkit skhe vjn car fònotkdan darkhetbkhean Fbgrstabbund aknascgmgbs nur oòr cka Pgrtakan undawkssan, giar jilaftkv iarakts iastaeancan Yahetszustgncas‒,IDE, NLT 7;?5, 90;;.




8??

ngmcvkbk XahkbaiksgSvks guhkbaiabkg, Xasgigmksknaiks dgmjvbankcgn jikaqturgc Xahnjigcgc dgmjmckngra-jicas Sgvcgpkrvabk naiks dgmjvbanks igSkbjiks survkbk.Xasgigmksgc, darmgnkks sgmgrSgbXk dgnxkbubk `Xasg\bjXahkbaig~ gsaSk naiks grsaijiks cgcdanks Xasg\baibjigsk\bavg. gmgsSgn, Xahkbaiks gcrasgtksSvks XahnjigckgXahkbaiks sgou\vabkh cg mgs gqvs sgmgrSbairkv vkSgraigXkdgrfvavks srubk Xasg\baibjig. Xasgigmksgc, gr grsaijiskmks mkzazk, Su rgtjm gr uncg HgkSvgbjs gsaSk Xahkbaigngmcvkbgc. 7595

gmgsSgn, cguXvaibgc mkkHnavg Xahkbaiks uobaiksmqjna pkrks mkar sghkbjjiks cgmgtaikSk sgou\vbaiks`wgmjwavg~759; Xahkbaiks vgcks dgsvbks Xamcad. naiksmkarkgxgbk sgou\vbks mkSkSaig kSvbaig gxgb Xahkbaigc cguncg kqnas wgrcdankbk fgnjnks mjSxjvngSg (mgS Xjrks,Xahkbaiks vgcks) cghvkS. 7580

spahkgburk XamSxvavgg Xahkbaig mjtyuaiks dgmj,

rjmabkh Xasg\baiabkg mjkhgvcas Xahcjmks dgmjdgnxjrhkabaiub Xahkbaigsgh. 7587 gsaS XamSxvavgXkXahkbaiks dgnmxjrhkabaiabk Xasg\baiabkg Xahkbaiksgcrasgtmg cggvgbcaiubjs, rjm mgn cggfjnfratjs, mjkhgvsmksk Xahkbaig naiks XahcjmkS dgmjvbanks XamSxvavgs Sugrg. 7589

77.3 Xahkbaiks uobaiks dgnxjrhkabaiks vgcg cg sxvg pkrjiaik

dgnuxjrhkabaiabk Xahkbaiks uobaig qgrwybcaig Xahkbaikshgbfaub sgou\vabSgn urSkarSfgvXkrXk dgnsgzYvrubk Xahkbaiksvgcks dgsvbkS, Xahkbaiks uobaiks mktjvaikSg (mgsza ugrks Sqmg)cg Sgvcgpkrvabk dgrkdaiks cgcgsturaikS. 7588 ssf-ks ?7-a KKK muxbkSuXugbjc grks dgSvgbkswknaiubk, rjm, `Su dgrkdaigs gcgsturaisXahkbaiks uobaiks mqjna pkrk, mgXkn kdk fgrdgvs Xahkbaiksuobaigs.~

7595 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 933.759; „ Ngheshekaian vjn Gnoahetundsdròncan‒. 7580 Xagc.< Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 33, YcNr. 856 Mackhus, GS casIDI, 900?, § 34, YcNr. 498 o.6 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005, § 738, YcNr. 8.7587 kx., mgdgbkSgc< Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 87 (9), 1?0 o.6 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005,§ 738, YcNr. 8.7589 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 87 (9), 1?7.7588 Xagc., darmgnub kurkckub bktargturgXk mgdgbkSgc< Bgranz/Tjbo , GS casIòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 33, YcNr. 94 o.6 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 34, YcNr. 4896 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005, § 738, YcNr. 7.




8?4

sgqgrSvabjs kurkckub bktargturgXk mkkHnavg, rjm gmcaiubaigm uncg mjkhvgs rjdjrh Sgvcgpkrvabk dgrkdaikscgcgsturaig, ksa Xahkbaiks uobaiks mktjvaig gnu mgsza `ugrksSqmg~.7583 as mkcdjmg dgsgzkgraiabkg. sgmgrSbairkvgc gr grsaijissxvgjig, Xahkbaiks uobaiks mqjna pkrk Xahkbaiks sgou\vbksXahnjiks Xamcad naiks dgmjvbanks ngmcvkbjiks cgmgcgsturaiabmjqmacaigs dgngxjrhkabais, Su ugrs ktyvks Xahkbaiks uobaigza.grsaikSkg ks, rjm mksk mjqmacaig mkmgrSubk kyjs naiks dgmjvbanksXacadaiks XangrHunaigza. 7581

cgcgsturaiks ngmcvkbjiksgSvks gr grks guhkbaiabkXasgigmksk Sgvcgpkrvabk naiks dgmjvbanksgSvks sgvgbcaiubjojrmks cghvg. 758? gYnkXnubk darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 733-a KKpgrgdrgokS uXugbjc wasrkdcaig. gm XamSxvavgXkh dgcgmwyvatkgXahkbaiks gcrasgtks mkar Xahkbaiks uobaiks mqjna pkrksXasgigmksk naiks Xahnjigcjig. 7584

Xahkbaig Xasg\baiabkg mkmgrSubk kyjs dgrkdaiks ngwkbza.as km XamSxvavgXkg cgsgXvaik, rjcasgh Xahkbaiks sgou\vabk

mkmgrSubkg dgrkdaiks mxjbjc arS ngwkbza cg, gmgsSgn, dgrkdaikssxvg ngwkbs cgmjufkcaiabk sgmgrSbairkvk mnkXvnabjig gqvs 7585.758; cgijbjs, mkzgnXawjnkbkg, cgsgXvaigc kqnas mkHnaubk

igSkbk dgrkdaiks Xahkbaigh. as kmkS grks dgnpkrjiaiubk, rjmhgbfaub XamSxvavgXk igSkbk dgrkdaiks cgcaigsgh Xak\baigmjeyvas fgnjnkS dgSvgbkswknaiubk dgrfvaubk Xacadaik. 7530

79. ngmcvkbjiks wkngpkrjiaik XazYucubk dgrkdaigungrkgnjiksgs

ngmcvkbkg mxjbjc km pkrks mkar dgmjvbankbk naig, rjmabsgh gqvssgfuSgrk qhavks naiksmkark mgrSvksg cg mksk Xacadks dggzraiks

7583 kx. zjk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, 7;;. 7581 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 9336 kx., Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 87 (4), 1?5 o.6Xagc.< Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 33, YcNr. 956 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?,§ 85, YcNr. 183 gsava § 34, YcNr. 4896 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, 9005, § 733, YcNr. 7.758? Xagc. zjk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, 7;;. 7584 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 33, YcNr. 956gsava Mackhus, GS casIDI, 900?, § 85, YcNr. 183.7585 gm XamSxvavgza Xasgigmksgc dgvrhabcaig ssf-ks ?9-a muxbkS dgSvgbks-wknaiubk sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaik. Xagc. darmgnub sgmgrSgbSgncgfgvXkraikS, mgdgbkSgc< Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 87 (9), 1?7 o.6 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS casIòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 33, YcNr. 376 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005, § 738, YcNr. 9.758; Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 933.7530 kx. Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 9316 Xagc. darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk< Obuma, GSKK, 7;41, § 87 (9), 1?? oo.6 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 33, YcNr. 4,gsava Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, 9005, § 739, YcNr. 7.




8?5

ungrk. `dgrkdaigungrkgnjig~ ngmcvkbk dgrkdaiks cgcaiks, gnusgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaiks dgmjmwvavk naiks dgmjvbanks, ungrkg.

ssf-Xk dgrkdaigungrkgnjig qmacungrkgnjiks zjdgck hnaikSdgSvgbkswknaiub sgmgrSbairkv ogrdbaiXk aqhavg. Xasgigmksgc,kdk 75 wbks gsgfks mkYwavgsg cg gcafvgtur djnairkvXasg\baibjiaisg Su oskqkfur mcdjmgrajigs ufgvXkrcaig. srubdgrkdaigungrkgn pkrSgn Sgngircaig qjrwknaiks dgmjamgnskpkraiubk grgsrubwbjvgnkh.

XazYucubk qmacungrkgnjiksg Su dgrkdaigungrkgnjiks mqjnapkrks naiks dgmjvbanks ngmcvkbjig, rjdjrh wask, cgmjfkcaiubkgmksk fgnjnkark wgrmjmgcdanbks Sgnxmjigza.

gmgsSgn, cgmgtaikSk wkngpkrjiaiks grsaijiksgs gsaSk pkrksnaiks dgmjvbangsgh mjeyvaig sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaik, fgnjnkarkwgrmjmgcdanbks Sgnxmjiks mkuxacgvgc. as cgsgXvaikg dgramjaiaiksXahnjiksg cg Xaogsaiks ungrks dgnvkSgraiks cjnasSgn gcafvgturkSgngogrcjiks XamSxvavgXk. gsaS XamSxvavais mkafuSvnaig<uobairkvk sgrdaiabk, naigcgrSubk sgxsraiks dgnfgrdvg cg

`wvrkbmgnk yjokSk dgrkdaiaik~.dgrcg gmksg, Xasg\baiabkg, XazYucubdgrkdaigungrkgnk pkrkzjdgcgc dgSgngiraiubk kyjs srubk dgrkdaigungrkgnjiks mqjnapkrSgn hgbfaub soarjXk dgrkdaiaiks cgcaiks SvgbsgzrkskS, gnumjxcas mksk ngwkbjirkvk amgnskpghkg.

ssf-ks zjdgc ngwkbXk dgrkdaigungrkgnjiks mjmwasrkdaiabkcaiubaiaik jr sxvgcgsxvg SgvXkg gsgxubk<

arSk mxrkv, ssf-ks pkrvabk fgrks pkrvab SgvXk ma-79cg Xamcdjmk muxbaikS mjwasrkdaiubkg zjdgckqmacungrkgnjiks hnaig, mksk wgrmjXjiksg cg XazYucvkswkngpkrjiaik, gsava dgSvgbkswknaiubkg dgrfvaubk sgmgrS-bairkvk Xacadaikh6 7537

majra mxrkv, ssf-ks majra fgrks majra SgvkcgsgSguraiubkg< `qmacungrkgnjig, rjdjrh dgrkdaiksngmcvkbjiks pkrjig~ cg, Xasgigmksgc, ssf-ks ?8-a-?4-amuxbaikh aSmjig qmacungrkgnjigs, upkrgtasgc, XazYucubkqmacungrkgnjiksg Su dgrkdaigungrkgnjiks mqjna grgsrub-wbjvnks mkar cgcaiubk jrmxrkvk dgrkdaiks sgmgrSbairkvXacadais. 7539

7537 kx. zamjS, 771-a cg Xamcdjmnk. 7539 dgmjngfbkskg ssf-ks ?4-a muxbk, rjmabkh qmacungrkgnjiks XazYucvgmcacgcaiubk dgrkdaiks sgmgrSbairkv Xacadais Xaaxaig cg, iunairkvkg,Xasg\baiabkg mxjbjc km pkraiza dgvrhabcas, rjmbaisgh Xak\baigXaazYucjS qmacungrkgnjig. gsaSgc, hxgckg, gsgfks dgmj XazYucubkqmacungrkgnjiks mqjna grgsrubwbjvgnk var HgkSvbaig.




8?;

skstamurk mjwasrkdaiks SvgbsgzrkskS, ssf-Xk gsgxubkmkcdjmg msdgvsaigs gvbans sgiTjSg 7538 cg pjstsgiTjur 7533 sgxabmwkojaiXk grsaiub radubkraigsSgn. gm fjckokfg-hkaiXkh qmacungrkgnjig gngbjdkurgc jr dgnsxvgvaiubSgvXk pkraiksg cg dgrkdaiaiks Xasgxai caiubaiaiSgnurSkarSfgvXkrXk wasrkdcaig. gm SvgbsgzrkskS dgradnubkmsdgvsaig grsaijis gsava gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks mjwasrkdaigsSgngh. 7531

gm fjckokfghkaisg cg ssf-s Xjrks arSdvgrk skstamurkmsdgvsaiks mkuxacgvgc, grsaijis mnkXvnabjvgnk dgnsxvgvaigh.sgiTjSg cg pjstsgiTjurk fjcaqsaiks Xasgigmksk Sgvkscaiubaiaik dgrkdaiksg Su xabXafrubaiks ngmcvkbjikswkngpkrjiaiks mjwasrkdaiksgs gr XamjkogrdbaigqmacungrkgnjigXazYucub grgsrubwbjvgnSgn cgfgvXkra-iubk sgmgrSbairkvk XacadaikS. ksknk, ssf-ks ?8-a-??-amuxbaiksdgn dgnsxvgvaikS, vrhabcaig gsava qmacungrkg-njigXazYucub srubwbjvgn pkraiza 753?.7534

skstamurk SvgbsgzrkskS, gsaSk mkcdjmg uorjdgmgrSbaiubkg. mgs Sgvgc ssf-ks ma-73 KK 9 muxbXkmjwasrkdaiubk prknhkpkh dgngmtfkhais, rjmbks Sgngxmgcgh`VsgsgmgrSbj dgcgwyvatkbaikS] XazYucubk qmacungrkgnjiksmqjna pkrk Sgvks qmacungrkgnjigXk uSgngircaig VXvkckcgn

7538 kx., mgdgbkSgc, sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks fjcaqsksma-77 cg Xamcdjmk, gsava 17-a cg Xamcdjmk muxbaik. 7533 kx., mgdgbkSgc< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 97-a cgXamcdjmk, gsava 747-a cg Xamcdjmk muxbaik, sjmxaSks raspuibkfkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 93-a cg Xamcdjmk, gsava 804-a cg Xamcdjmk muxbaikcg gzarigklgnks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 95-a cg Xamcdjmk,gsava 839-a cg Xamcdjmk muxbaik. 7531 Xagc. gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks pkrvabk ngwkbks ( ArstarSakb ) ‘ `pkraiks sgmgrSbks~ („_jn cam Parsjnanraheta ‒) ‘ K, KKKZK_ Sgvaik( Eguptstòhfa), dgnsgfuSraikS 717-a cg Xamcdjmk pgrgdrgoaik6 ksava rjdjrhmajra ngwkbks ( \waktar Sakb ) ‘ `nkvSaiks sgmgrSbks~ („_jn cam Xgheanraheta‒) ‘ majra fgrks ma-74 Sgvks ( \wakta Gitakbund, Xkaizaentas Eguptstòhf ) caiubaiaik`pkrks ungrks~ Xasgxai ( „ Oãekdfaktan car Parsjnan‒), far\jc, 5?1-a-5?4-apgrgdrgoaik, rjmbaikh, ssf-ks Xasgigmksk Sgvks msdgvsgc, cgsgSgu-raiubkg< `ngmcvkbk xabXafrubaiks wkngpkrjiaik~ („ Arojrcarnkssa aknas dòbtkdan_artrgdas‒). 753? Xagc. gsava gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 5?1-a (9) pgrgdrgok,rjmabXkh grgsrubwbjvnaiSgn cgfgvXkraikS Hgmjygbkiaiubk caiubaiksdgvrhabaig dgSvgbkswknaiubkg km srubwbjvgnk pkraiks mkmgrSgh,rjmbaisgh `sgqmaSg mwgrmjaiabk~ Su `maurva~ („Xghewgbtar ‒) eygvScgnkXnubk. 7534 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 97?.




840

Svrgmat wbgmca] grgsrubwbjvgns.~ Xasgigmksgc, sgsurvabkgXazYucubk qmacungrkgnjiksg Su dgrkdaigungrkgnjiks mqjnapkraiza arSngkrk sgmgrSbairkvk raLkmks dgvrhabaig.

qmacungrkgnjiks mgradubkraiabk ssf-ks njrmaiks jrcgmjufkcaiab SgvXk mjwasrkdaig bjdkfurgc gxsngck mgXknkqnaijcg, Su fgnjnmcaiabk pkraiks sgmgrSgbXkmjgwasrkdaicg zjdgcgc qmacungrkgnjigs, xjbj dgrkdaiaiXkcggfjnfrataicg dgrkdaigungrkgnjigsSgn cgfgvXkraiubhgbfaub dgramjaigs. swjrac dgrkdaigungrkgnjigg naiksdgmjvbanksg Su dgrkdaiks cgcaiks ngmcvkbjiks wkngpkrjigcg dgmgrSbaiubkg rjdjrh gcafvgturk spahkgburktarmknks dgmjyanaig, ksa Xasgigmksk njrmaiks dgrkdaiksmjmwasrkdaiab SgvXk arSdvgrjvngc gsgxvg. 7535

gmgsSgn, nkXgncjibkvkg, rjm, XknggrsjirkvkSvgbsgzrkskS, ssf-ks Xasgigmksk caiubaiaiks XamuXgvaiksgsnkmuXgc darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks njrmaik kqngdgmjyanaiubk. ssf-ks ?8-a-?4-a muxbaiXk grsaikSgc majrcaig

darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 704-a-778-a pgrgdrgoaik.753;

sgvgrgucjc, swjrac darmgnkks fgnjnmcaibjigXkgrgsrubwbjvgnza dgmgxvkbaiubk yurgcYaig kqhgsgqgrSvabjXk qmacungrkgnjigXazYucubk grgsrubwbjvnaiksmkmgrS mjqmack njrmaiks dgnsgfuSraiubk xgzdgsmkSmjwasrkdaiks wygrjc.

79.7 fgnjnkark wgrmjmgcdanbks Sgnxmjiks dgraXa cgcaiubkdgrkdaiks maryavgc igSkbjig

ssf-ks ?8-a K muxbXk grsaikSgc dgmajraiubkg ssf-ks ma-71 muxbkscaiubaig cg wasrkdcaig fgnjnkark wgrmjmgcdanbks SgnxmjiksdgraXa dgmjvbankbk naiksg Su cgcaiubk jrmxrkvk dgrkdaiksngmcvkbjig.

gmgsSgn, ssf-ks ma-71 muxbks caiubaig uorj ogrSjg cgarSdvgrjvngc mjkhgvs Xvkck wbkcgn 75 wbgmca gsgfksgrgsrubwbjvnaiksg cg qmacungrkgnjigXazYucubk srubwbjvnaiks

7535 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 97? o.753; darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 704-a-778-a pgrgdrgoaiks ssf-Xk gsgxvksgsfgnjnmcaiabk dgrfvaub mjckokhkraigs mgknh gxcans. mgdgbkSgc< ssf-ks?8-a K muxbXk `Vuobairkvk] sgrdaibks~ mjwasrkdaiksgs dgarSkgnaiubkgdarmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 704-a cg 705-a K pgrgdrgoaiks Xknggrsk,xjbj ssf-ks ?1-a KK muxbXk grgsrubwbjvnks ngwkbjirkvk amgnskpghkksmjwasrkdaiksgs darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 709-a cg 778-a pgrgdrgoaikscaiubaiaik mjqhaubkg `sgwgrmjs cgmjufkcaibgc dg\Yjbks uobaiks~ogrdbaiXk.




847

mkar cgcaiub dgrkdaiais. gmks sgpkrkspkrjc, ssf-ks ?8-a K muxbXkfgnjnmcaiabk sguirjis mxjbjc `grgsrubwbjvnaiks~ Xasgxai.gmgsSgn, ssf-ks ma-71 muxbks caiubaigs< `XazYucubkqmacungrkgnjiks pkrks mkar naiks dgmjvbanks~ ngwkbXkgfjnfratais orgzkS< `grgsrubwbjvgnk cais jrmxrkv dgrkdaigs(xabXafrubaigs)~, xjbj orgzgs< `ngmcvkbjiksgSvks guhkbaiabkgmksk fgnjnkark wgrmjmgcdanbks Sgnxmjig...~ hvbks ojrmubkraikS<`fgnjnkark wgrmjmgcdanbks guhkbaiabk Sgnxmjiks dgraXa...Vcgcaiubk] xabXafrubaiks ngmcvkbjig cgmjfkcaiubkg kmgza,XamcdjmXk mksk wgrmjmgcdanabk mjkwjnais Su grg mgs...~.

hxgckg, gm ojrmubkraiaikS fgnjnmcaiabk gr k\bavgcgmgtaikS mjwasrkdaigs ssf-ks ma-71 muxbkS dgSvgbkswknaiubSgnXacgraikS. orgzg `XazYucubk qmacungrkgnjiks pkrk~ mjkhgvs`grgsrubwbjvgns~, rgh ssf-ks ma-73 KK muxbXkh uXugbjc grksxgzdgsmubk. gqhantk `jrmxrkv dgrkdaigza~ gsava gr grks gxgbkmjwasrkdaiks Xknggrsks mqjna, vkngkcgn jrmxrkv dgrkdaigXkhXasgmjwmaiabkg swjrac XazYucubk qmacungrkgnjiks mqjna pkrks

naiks dgmjvbanks ngmcvkbjig. hxgckg, as mxacvabjigXkg mksgYaikuXugbjc ssf-ks ma-71 muxbkcgn dgmjmckngrah. 7510 sgvgrgucjc, fgnjnmcaiabs `guhkbaiab SgnxmjigXk~

`wkngswgrk Sgnxmjig~ gnu naigrSvg 7517 uncg adubksxmg cg ssf-ks?8-a K muxbks mnkXvnabjig swjrac naigrSvks grgrsaijiksgssgmgrSbairkv Xacadgc `maryavgc igSkbjiks~ dgnsgzYvrg cg mkskngmcvkbjiks uXugbjc Xamcdjm SgnxmjigsSgn gnu mjwjnaigsSgn 7519 cgfgvXkraig 7518 uncg kyjs. wknggYmcad XamSxvavgXk, Su `guhkbaiabSgnxmjigXk~ mxjbjc `Sgnxmjig~ kqnaig ngdubksxmaik, rjdjrhwkngswgrk ksa Xamcdjmk, as njrmg sgarSjc dgudaigrk xcaig.

Xasgigmksgc, ssf-ks ?8-a K muxbk, mksk Xknggrsks ssf-ks ma-71muxbSgn kcanturjiks mkuxacgvgc, Xasg\baiabkg, sgmgrSbairkvkXacadks SvgbsgzrkskS, dgnsxvgvaiubgc dgnkmgrtjs. kdk dgrkdaiksngmcvkbjigs fgnjnkark wgrmjmgcdanbks Xamcdjm Sgnxmjigs,mjwjnaigs ufgvXkrais. mjwjnaigmca dgrkdaig gr grks ngmcvkbk,vkngkcgn gr grks Xasrubaiubk naiks dgmjvbanks ngmcvkbjikswkngpkrjig. gmgva crjs, gsaSk jrmxrkvk dgrkdaig grh igSkbk grgrks, vkngkcgn lar fkcav grsaijis mksk ngmcvkbjiksXamgoarxaiabk dgramjaiks gYmjoxvrks Xgnsk. Xasgigmksgc, ssf-ks

7510 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 97;.7517 kx. ssf-ks ma-700 muxbk. 7519 kx. ssf-ks 707-a muxbk. 7518 `XamcdjmXk mksk wgrmjmgcdanabk mjkwjnais Su grg mgs...~




849

?8-a K muxbk sgmgrSbairkv Xacadgc `maryavgc igSkbjiks~dgnmsgzYvrabgc uncg HgkSvgbjs. 7513

gsaSk dgnmgrtaiks mkzgnXawjnkbjig kmkSgh grksdgmygraiubk, rjm fgnjnmcaiabmg ssf-ks ?8-a K muxbXkgrsaikSgc darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 704-a pgrgdrgokscaiubaiks cgfgvXkraig mjgxckng kmgva fjcaqsks 705-a KpgrgdrgoSgn. Xasgigmksgc, vkngkcgn ssf-ks ma-71 muxbkdarmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 704-a pgrgdrgoks kcanturwass kSvgbkswknais, 7511 ssf-ks ?8-a K muxbks radubkraiksmkzgnk swjrac darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 705-a KpgrgdrgokS dgSvgbkswknaiubk maryavgc igSkbjiks 751? mjwasrkdaig uncg kyjs.

gmkS bjdkfurgc gkxsnaig fgnjnmcaibks mkar ssf-ks?8-a K muxbXk gqhantks jrmxrkv dgrkdaigza dgcgtgngh,vkngkcgn hgbmxrkvk naiks dgmjvbanks XamSxvavgXksgmgrSbairkvk Xacadk var kqnaig maryavgc igSkbjig. gsaSk

dgrkdaig igSkbkg ssf-ks ??-a (7) muxbks Sgngxmgc.79.9 naiks dgmjvbanks dgmjSxjvg maryavgc igSkb dgrkdaigXk

ssf-ks ?3-a muxbkS wasrkdcaig maryavgc igSkbk xabXafrubaiksXamSxvavgXk XazYucubk dgrkdaigungrkgnk pkrks fjntrgeantks`ugrk~. tarmknjbjdkurk SvgbsgzrkskS, umljiaskg naiksdgmjvbanks dgmjSxjvks dgmjyanaig. swjrac naiks dgmjvbanksdgmjSxjvks uobaiks gYkgraig mkgnkTaicg mxgras Xasg\baibjigs,Sgvkcgn garkcaikng Sgvkskva naiks dgmjvbanks sgmgrSbairkvkXacadaik.

gm crjs lar gr grks cgsrubaiubk dgrkdaiks cgcaiksprjhask cg, Xasgigmksgc, cgsgXvaikg, cgsrubaiubgc gr kqnasmkHnaubk dgrkdaiks fjntrgeantks naiks ojrmkraiks prjhaskh.gYnkXnubkcgn dgmjmckngra, knckvkcs aqnaijcg sgmgrSbairkvkXasg\baibjig, gYafvaSg mks mkar dgmjxgtubk naiks ngmcvkbjigdgmjSxjvks sgXugbaikS, rjdjrh as zjdgcgc mkYaigsgvgbcaiubjnaiks dgmjvbanks ngmcvkbjigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS grks cgXvaiubk.

7513 Sgnxmjiks dgraXa cgcaiubk dgrkdaiks sgmgrSbairkvk XacadaiksXasgxai dgmjSqmub dgnsxvgvaiub XaxacubaiaiSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx. zamjS,795 cg Xamcdjmk. 7511 „ Car Mkncarlãerkda iacgro zu aknar Tkbbansarfbãrund, curhe cka ar nkhet backdbkhe aknanrahetbkhean _jrtakb arbgndt, car Aknwkbbkdund saknas dasatzbkhean _artratars.‒ 751? „XhebkaÚt car Mkncarlãerkda aknan _artrgd jena cka arojrcarbkhea Aknwkbbkdund cas dasatzbkhean _artratars, sj eãndt cka Tkrfsgmfakt cas _artrgds vjn car Danaemkdund cas_artratars gi. ‒




848

Xasgigmksgc, XazYucubk dgrkdaigungrkgnjiks mqjna pkrSgndgrkdaiks cgcaiksgs dgcgkwavcg naiks dgmjvbanks ngmcvkbjiksmjmantk naiks dgmjvbanks mksvbkcgn km mjmantgmca, vkcrafgnjnkark wgrmjmgcdanabk mjgxcancg dgrkdaiks mjwjnaigs. gmmjmantgmca fjntrgeantk gr kqnaijcg Sgvksk naiks dgmjvbankSXaijTkbk.

ssf-ks ?3-a K muxbkS dgSvgbkswknaiubk caiubaig swjracnaiks dgmjvbanks dgmjSxjvks knstktutks cgfjnfrataigc Xak\baigHgkSvgbjs. gmgsSgn, ssf-ks ?3-a KK muxbXk fgnjnmcaiabk gzustais,rjm XazYucubk dgrkdaigungrkgnjiks Xasgxai knojrmkraiubjiksXamSxvavgXk pkrs mxjbjc mgXkn wgrmjaXjig naiks dgmjvbanksdgmjSxjvks uobaig, `rjhg grgsrubwbjvgnk mgs gtyuaicg, rjmVfgnjnkark] wgrmjmgcdanbksdgn mkYaiubk gqvs Sgnxmjig.~

ssf-Xk gsaSk njrmks dgSvgbkswknaig darmgnkksfgnjnmcaibjiks dgvbankS Xak\baig gkxsngs. ssf-ks ?3-a K muxbkSkSqmks sktyvgsktyvkS kmajrais darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks70;-a K 7 pgrgdrgos, xjbj ssf-ks ?3-a KK muxbk darmgnkks

sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 70;-a KK 7 pgrgdrgos.gmgsSgn, gsaSk caiubaig uhxjg rjdjrh rjmgnubk cgsgarSj sgmgrSbks qvaynaiks, 7514 ksa sgiTjSg cg pjstsgiTjurksgxabmwkojaiks sgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdksSvks. 7515 XazYucubkdgrkdaigungrkgnjig gr gxcans zadgvbangs mksk fjntrgeantks naiksdgmjvbanks mkmgrS mjqmac wasaiza. nkXgncjibkvkg, rjm swjracgsaSk mkcdjmgg dgzkgraiubk darmgnubk sgmgrSbks skvrhks sxvgsgxabmwkojaiXk, far\jc Xvakhgrkgsg cg gvstrkgXkh. Xvakhgrkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 370-a KK muxbks Xasgigmksgc,XazYucubdgrkdaigungrkgnks fjntrgeantk mxjbjc mgXknSgvksuobcaig Sgvksk naiks dgmjvbankS ijTvksdgn, rjcasgh`mjwjnaig gr dgnxjrhkabcaig sgSgngcj vgcgXk, rjmabsgh kdkSgvgc dgnsgzYvrgvs gn sgsgmgrSbjs dgngsgzYvrknais.~ 751; gvstrkkszjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 5?1-a (8) pgrgdrgoXk fk uXugbjcfjnfratcaig< `gm Sgnxmjiks dghxgcaigmca majra mxgras Xau\bkggrg ugrk Sqvgs, grgmac mjkSxjvjs naiks dgmjvbang sgSgngcjvgcgXk.~75?0

swjrac Xvakhgrkksg cg gvstrkks fgnjnmcaibjigXk grsaiubkmjwasrkdaig Xak\baig HgkSvgbjs maryavgc igSkbk dgrkdaiks crjsmxgraaiks kntarasaiks cgigbgnsaiks sgufaSasj gbtarngtkvgc. gr

7514 kx. \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 91 _, 83;.7515 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 990.751; „...wann cka Danaemkdund nkhet knnaregbi aknar gndamassanan Orkst arojbdt, cka ar sabiargnsatzt jcar curhe cgs Darkhet gnsatzan bãsst ‒. 75?0 „ Iks ckasa Aknwkbbkdund arojbdt, fgnn car gncara Sakb nkhet zuròhftratan, giar aknagndamassana Orkst zur Arfbãrund varbgndan‒.




843

grsaijis cgmglaraiabk grdumantk, Su rgtjm uncg dgSgvksuobcaspkrk Sgvkskva naiks dgmjvbankS ijTvksdgn mxjbjc kmktjm, rjmSuncgh naiks dgmjvbanks Xamcad dggrfvkg Sgvksk fjntrgeantksXazYucubk dgrkdaigungrkgnjiks Xasgxai. 75?7 gm crjs grsaikSgcnaiks ojrmkraiksg cg mksk sgSgngcjc dgmjvbanks prjhaskcgsrubaiubkg. gmgsSgn, naiks dgmjmvbanks kntarasaiksrubogsjvngc grks cghubk mjwjnaiks sgSgngcj vgcgXkdgnxjrhkabaiks mjSxjvnks uobaiks mknkTaikS. gsaSk vgcksdgnsgzYvrkS kdk Sgvksuobcaig mjwjnaiks mjbjcknksgrgsgsurvabk tvkrSksgdgn cg Xasg\baibjig gqvs, skhxgcaXaktgnjs dgrkdaiks mjmgvgb iacXk. 75?9

Xasgigmksgc, ssf-ks ?3-a muxbkS dgSvgbkswknaiubk Xacadkvar kqnaig xabXafrubaigza ugrk Su xabXafrubaikcgn dgsvbg,vkngkcgn xabXafrubaig lar gr cgcaiubg. as Sgvgc njrmksXknggrskcgngh uXugbjc dgmjmckngrajis. hxgckg, ùgrk~ naiksdgmjvbanks dgmjSxjvgc uncg dgnkmgrtjs. gmgsSgn, mkzgnXawjnkbkg,sgsgmgrSbjm ùgrks Sqmks uobaig~ `mjwjnaiksSvks sgSgngcj

vgcks cgwasaiks mjSxjvnkS~ Hggnghvbjs.79.8 uobairkvk sgrdaiabk

ssf-ks ?8-a K muxbXk ssf-ks ma-71 muxbks caiubaig dgmajraiubkgfgnjnkark wgrmjmgcdanbks Sgnxmjiks sgvgbcaiubjjikcgndgmjngfbksks dgnsgzYvrks ngwkbXkh. Xasgigmksgc, ssf-ks ?8-a Kmuxbks fgnjnmcaibks mkar mxjbjc grgsrubwbjvgnza, gnu gsgfksdgmj qmacungrkgnjigXazYucub pkrza, dgvrhabaiks mkuxacgvgc, asdgmjngfbksk ssf-ks ma-71 muxbXk gsgxvks dgmj XauzYucgvgcvrhabcaig qmacungrkgnjigXazYucub yvabg pkrza.

gm njrmaiXk gqhantk grg ùobairkv sgrdaiabza~, grgmacmxjbjc `sgrdaiabza~ dgfaScg. gsaSk mjwasrkdaikS XakqmngXSgiaTckbaig, SkSqjs fgnjnmcaibks mkzgnk darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 704-a pgrgdrgoksgdgn dgnsxvgvaiubk sgmgrSbairkvkXacadks dgSvgbkswknaig kyj.

gsaS ojrmubkraigs qgrSub kurkckub bktargturgXkgzrSg sxvgcgsxvgjigh mjeyvg kmks Xasgxai, Su rgmcangcXadnaiubk kyj fgnjnmcaibks mkar sktyvg ùobairkvks~kdnjrkraig. dgmjkSqvg mjsgzraig, afjnjmkfurk mxgrks dgrcg,pacgdjdkurk Su gYmzrcabjikSk gspaqtaiks dgSvgbkswknaiks

75?7 Xagc. \wakdart/Fÿtz, Yahetsvardbakheund, 7;;?, § 91 _, 83;.75?9 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 990.




841

mkzgnXawjnkbjiks Xasgxai. 75?8 sxvg mjsgzraiks Sgngxmgc,upkrgtasjig darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 704-a pgrgdrgoksmnkXvnabjiks Xasgigmks dgnmgrtaigs uncg mkankTjs 75?3 cg,Xasgigmksgc, sgrdaiabXk mxjbjc `sgmgrSbairkvksgrdaiabk~ uncg kdubksxmaijcas. 75?1

`sgrdaibks~ mnkXvnabjiks dgnsxvgvaiubk xacvksmkuxacgvgc, grsaijis fjnsansusk kmks Xasgxai, rjm fgnjnkarkwgrmjmgcdanbks Sgnxmjiks dgraXa ngmcvkbkg swjracXazYucubqmacungrkgnks sgsgrdaibjc cgcaiubkhgbmxrkvgc mgvgbcaiubaiabk xabXafrubaiaik cg sgnkvSjdgrkdaiaik. 75?? as ks XamSxvavaikg, rjcasgh XazYucubkqmacungrkgnjiks mkuxacgvgc gr grsaijis pkrks cghvks Ykrskkntarask. gsaSk dgrkdaikS kdk mxjbjc uobaiais k\ans cggr ktvkrSaig mjvgbajiaikS. Xasgigmksgc, grh fgnjnkarkwgrmjmgcdanbks Sgnxmjig gr mkkHnavg gsaSk dgrkdaiksngmcvkbjiksgSvks sgvgbcaiubj wkngpkrjigc.

mkzgnXawjnkbkg km XamSxvavaiks mkmjxkbvg, rjcasgh XazYucubkqmacungrkgnjiksg Su dgrkdaigungrkgnjiks pkrk kYais mxjbjcuobairkv sgrdaiabs<

75?8 kx. Tgnturkg , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 9007, 3; (`XaogsaiksgsmxacvabjigXk uncg kyjs mkYaiubk grg mxjbjc afjnjmkfurk mxgra,grgmac pacgdjdkurk gspaqtkh. ks, rgh afjnjmkfurk SvgbsgzrkskSmjmdaikgnk cg, mgXgsgcgma, sgrdaibkgnk Xak\baig kyjs, srubkgcgh grnkXngvs gYmzrcabjikSk SvgbsgzrkskS sgrdaibkgns.~) 75?3 kx., mgdgbkSgc< Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 704, YcNr. 9 oo.6 Obuma,GS KK, 7;41, § 78 (4), 7;7 oo.6 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 91, YcNr. 75

oo.6 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 8;, YcNr. 1?0 oo.75?1 kx. zjk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 9007, 901 (`mgrSgbkg, fgnjnXkpkrcgpkr grgg mknkXnaiubk, mgdrgm sgrdaibks hnaigXk uncgkdubksxmaijcas grg kmcangc mksk mgtarkgbur-taqnkfurk mxgra,rgmcangcgh mksk sgmgrSbairkvk mxgra, a.k. sgmgrSbairkvk sgrdaiabk.grgsrubwbjvgnks mkar cgcaiubk yjvabk dgrkdaig sgmgrSbairkvksgrdaibkS uncg Xaogscas.~).75?? kx.< Tgnturkg , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 9007, 3; (`sgrdaibks mjmtgngcgr uncg mkvkHnkjS gsava jrmxrkvk Vjrmxrkvgc mgvgbcaiubaiabk]xabXafrubaiaik, vkngkcgn gsaS xabXafrubaiaiXk uobaiais (uobairkvsgrdaiabs) yjvabSvks upkrkspkrcaig mjvgbajiaik. gmktjm dgrkdaiais,rjmbaikSgh grgsrubwbjvgnk sgrdaiabs kYais cg mzrunvabks Sgnxmjiggr sTkrcaig, uncg mkvgfuSvnjS Huqaig, upgtrjnj nkvSks mkSvksaig.~)6 gsavazjk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 9007, 901 (`sgmgrSbairkvk sgrdaibksXamhvabkg yvabg vgbcaiubaikSsgmgrSbairkvk dgrkdaig, rjmabkhgrgsrubwbjvgns mxjbjc mjSxjvnks uobaigs gnkTais. gsaSk Xak\baigkyjs sgHuqrks cgpkraig~).




84?

‘ kdk cais mksSvks sgfuSraiks uobaiks dgcghamgzamkmgrSub sgnkvSj dgrkdaigs, mgS Xjrks, qjnairkv uobaigsg SumjSxjvngza (qjnaigza sgfuSraiks uobaiks dgcghamg, mjSxjvnkscgSmjig). sgnkvSj dgrkdaig mkmgrSubkg sgnkvSj uobaiksdgcghamgza. kdk kcaig ngmcvkbk uobaiks sgou\vabza cg, gmgvacrjs, Xasg\baiabkg Xacadgc kwvavcas sxvg pkrks vgbcaiubaiksXasrubaigs, gnu, arSk XaxacvkS, pkrk fgrdgvs mks mkmgrSXasrubaiks mjSxjvnks uobaigs. 75?4 hxgckg, as var HgkSvbaignadgtkur Xacadgc, vkngkcgn, uobairkvk sgrdaibks SvgbsgzrkskS,sgfuSraiks uobaig upkrgtaskg, vkcra Xasgigmksk uobaiksdgcghamgza mkmgrSubk mjSxjvng. gsaSk dgrkdaikS pkrk xcaigqjnaiks masgfuSra cg, Xasgigmksgc, ks fk gr fgrdgvs uobaigs,grgmac gxcans mksk mjSxjvnks ragbkzaigs cg k\ans upkrgtasuobaigs.

gsaSk dgrkdaiksSvks fgnjnkark wgrmjmgcdanbks Sgnxmjikssgvgbcaiubjjiks dgnsgzYvrg gr grks mkzgnXawjnkbk.

sgorSxa, rjmabkh Xak\baig fgnjnkark wgrmjmgcdanbksSgnxmjiks dgraXa qjnaiks XazYucubqmacungrkgnksSvkspkrcgpkr mobjiabjigXk dgcghamkcgn mjmckngrajicas cg,Xasgigmksgc, mks dgxgrlvgXk, grgsgsurvab mjxmgraigsg SudgngcduraigXk dgmjvbkncas, 75?5 gr grks dgsgzkgraiabkgrdumantk.

dgxgrlvg Xasg\baiabkg mxjbjc XazYucubdgrkdaig-ungrkgnk pkrks mkar Xasgigmksk naiks dgmjvbankS, gnu gxgbkdgrkdaiks cgcaikS. swjrac gm gxgbk dgrkdaiks ngmcvkbjigkqnaig fgnjnkark wgrmjmgcdanbks Sgnxmjigza cgmjfkcaiubk.

rgh Xaaxaig grgsgsurvabk mjxmgraiksg Sudgngcduraiks rksfs, kdk Xasg\baiabkg mxgraSg kntarasaiksdgSvgbkswknaikS faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpkcgndgmjmckngra dgngwkbcas. XazYucubdgrkdaigungrkgnk pkrkssgfuSgrk mjqmacaiks Xacadaiksg cg dgramjaiaiks Xahnjiksgcg Xaogsaiks ungrks dgnvkSgraiks cjna (mksk gsgfks,djnairkvk Xasg\baibjiaiksg cg oskqkfurk mcdjmgrajiksdgSvgbkswknaikS) Xacgrcaig mksSvks dgcghamubk qjnaiksYkraiubaigsg Su sxvg mgxgskgSaibaiSgn. Xacadgc qjnaikscgYupvks rksfkh sgSgngcj prjpjrhkkS dgngwkbcaig

75?4 kx. darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk gsaSk dgrkdaiksgSvks fgnjnkark wgrmjmgc-danbks Sgnxmjiks guhkbaibjiks mkSkSaikS< Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 8;,

YcNr. 1??6 Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 78 (4), 7;86dgnsxvgvaiub pjzkhkgsSgncgfgvXkraikS, mgdgbkSgc, Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 91, YcNr.97.75?5 kx., mgdgbkSgc, Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 8;, YcNr. 1??.




844

mjvgbasg cg XazYucubqmacungrkgnsg Su mks fgnjnkarwgrmjmgcdanabs Xjrks. gmgsSgn, mjvgbks vgbcaiubaiksogrdbaik fjnfratcaig ssf-ks 87?-a KK muxbkSdgSvgbkswknaiubk ̀ dubksxmkaraiks~ vgbcaiubaikSgh. 75?;

gmgsSgn, sgnkvSj dgrkdaigs, sgfuSraiks uobaiksdgcghamks fguzgburk skstamks pkrjiaiXk, rjdjrh wask, wknuswrais Xasgigmksk vgbcaiubaiks wgrmjmXjik dgrkdaig. gmdgrkdaiks ngmcvkbjigh, iunairkvkg, cgmjfkcaiubkg fgnjnkarkwgrmjmgcdanbks Sgnxmjigza. Xasgigmksgc, Su gm ufgngsfnabmgSgnxmjig dgnghxgcg vgbcaiubaikS dgrkdaigza, mgdrgmmkgHnkg, rjm sgnkvSj dgrkdaig Su nkvSks pkrcgpkrmobjiabjigXk dgcghamg dgrfvaubk sgorSxks mgtgraiabkg,Sgvgc uncg mkkYjs gcafvgturk zjmaik. mgdgbkSgc, kdkvgbcaiubkg dggorSxkbjs mjvgba ksaSk sgorSxks Xasgxai,rjmabkh Xasg\baiabkg gr kyjs jikaqturgc Xahnjigck.wknggYmcad XamSxvavgXk kdk cgfgrdgvs gsaSk dgramjaiaikcgndgmjmckngra uobaiais. Xasg\baiabkg prazumohkks

ojrmkraig, rjm vgbcaiubaiks dgnmsgzYvrab dgrkdaigzaSgnxmjig vrhabcaig mksdgn dgmjmckngra sgnkvSjdgrkdaigzah.

gngbjdkurk bjdkfkS sgnkvSj dgrkdaig, rjmbkSghXazYucubdgrkdaigungrkgnk pkrk Sgvgc dgcgshams sxvg pkrssgfuSraiks uobaigs, mkuxacgvgc kmksg, rjm ks SgvksuobcaigXasrubaiks vgbcaiubaiksgdgn, sgTkrjais fgnjnkark wgrmjmgc-danbks Sgnxmjigs6

‘ XazYucubdgrkdaigungrkgnk pkrk auobaig nkvSs, rjdjrhSgvksgs (nkvSks mkSvksaig), cg, Xasgigmksgc, xcaig masgfuSra ssf-ks7;0-a K muxbks sgou\vabza. gmgsSgn, gr gqvs mnkXvnabjig, gsaSnkvSza grsaijicg Su grg mgngmca sxvg pkrks sgfuSraig, gnu ks`iunairkvgc~ upgtrjnjg, Su dgnxjrhkabcg mgsza uobaiksmktjvaig gn sxvg sgxkS cgfgrdvg. gm crjs, hxgckg, xcaig pkrksmkar naiks dgmjvbang, vkngkcgn mkSvksaig mkmgrSubkgsgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks cgcdjmgza. Xasgigmksgc, gsaSk naiksdgmjvbankS pkrk k\ans mxjbjc uobairkv sgrdaiabs cg mgszafgnjnkS dgSvgbkswknaiubk vgbcaiubaiaiks cgfksraigh grHgkSvbaig nadgtkurk aoaqtks mqjnac6 7540

75?; Xagc. Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 91, YcNr. 97,rjmabkhmjvgbks pgsuxksmdaibjigs gsaS XamSxvavgXk mks irgbaubjigsufgvXkrais. 7540 kx. ssf-ks 7;7-a cg 7;9-a muxbaikS `ngpjvgrsg~ cg `dgn\Sgn~ mkmgrSaikSdgSvgbkswknaiubk cgmgtaikSk pkrjiaik.




845

‘ XazYucubdgrkdaigungrkgnk pkrksgSvks xjrhkabcaigvgbks pgtkaig, gnu kcaig ssf-ks 335-a muxbkS dgSvgbkswknaiubk`XaSgnxmaig~. gm XaSgnxmaigXk jrmxrkvk vgbcaiubaikSsgmgrS-bairkvk dgrkdaig, gnu xabXafrubaig, kdubksxmaig. gsaSkxabXafrubaig hgbmxrkvgc mgvgbcaiubaiabkg cg XazYucubkqmacungrkgnjig gr grks igrkark uobairkvk sgrdaibks mksgYaigc.gsaSk xabXafrubaikS pkrk Sgvksuobcaig mxjbjc Sgvkskvgbcaiubaiks Xasrubaiksgdgn cg, iunairkvkg, kYais uobairkvsgrdaiabs6

‘ Huqaiks (Huqaiks cgpkraiks) xabXafrubaig hgbmxrkvgcmgvgbcaiubaiabk xabXafrubaiks prjtjtkpkg. gm xabXafrubaikSXazYucubdgrkdaigungrkgnk pkrk k\ans mxjbjc cgpkraiubk nkvSksdgcghamks mjSxjvnks uobaigs. mnkXvnabjvgnkg, rjm mgs gr uncgcgafksrjs grgngkrk, Suncgh grgpkrcgpkr dgmjmckngra, sgnghvbjvgbcaiubaig. gmks sgpkrkspkrjc, gr ankTaig mnkXvnabjig kmgs,cgtvkrSubkg Su grg Xasgigmksk qjnaig XazYucubk sgnkvSjuobaikS, vkngkcgn sgfuSraiks uobaig upkrgtaskg mgsza grsaiub

XazYucub sgnkvSj uobaiaiSgn cg sglgrjsgmgrSbairkvdgcgsgxgcaiSgn mkmgrSaikS cg, hxgckg, gsaSk dgrkdaigh uobairkvksgrdaibks mjmtgnkg. dgmjngfbkskg ksaSk XamSxvavaik, rjcasgh pkrsqjnaigza uobaigsSgn arSgc dgcgahamg ks vgbcaiubaigh, rjmbksuzrunvabsgyjogcgh grks qjnaig dgmjyanaiubk. 7547

uobairkvgc naktrgbur dgrkdaigs Sgnxmjig gr sTkrcaig. 7549 naktrgburkg ks dgrkdaig, rjmabkh XazYucubdgrkdaigungrkgnkpkrksgSvks gr wgrmjXjis grh uobaiaisg cg grh mjvgbajiais.gsaSk pkrk uobaigmjskbkg kyjs sxvg pkrks wgrmjmgcdanabk cg,Xasgigmksgc, mksk naiks dgmjvbanks Xacadgc uobaiaik wgrmjaXvgswgrmjcdankb pkrs. 7548

ssf-ks ?8-a K muxbXk, ksava rjdjrh ssf-ks ma-71 muxbXk,fgnjnmcaiabk sguirjis sgrdaibks mkYaiks Xasgxai. Xasgigmksgc, gmcaiubaikcgn uobairkvgc naktrgburk dgrkdaiks cgcaiksuobaigmjskbaig uXugbjc gr dgmjmckngrajis. Xasg\baiabkg,umljiask yjokbkyj caiubaig `kYais sgrdaiabs~ Hgnghvbaiubkyj

7547 Xagc. darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk< Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 78 (4), 7;96 Bgranz/Tjbo , GScas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 91, YcNr. 98 oo.6 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 8;, YcNr.1?3.7549 Xagc. darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk< Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 704,YcNr. 46 Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 78 (4), 7;8 o.6 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003,§ 91, YcNr. 94 oo.6 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 8;, YcNr. 1?4 o.7548 Xagc. Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 91, YcNr. 946 Mackhus, GS casIDI, 900?, § 8;, YcNr. 1?4 o.




850

mkkYjn `usgsykcbj sgrdaiabk~, 7550 gsava `dgngxjrhkabjnmgSk pkrjvnubjikcgn dgmjmckngra naigs cgqvamcaigraiubkuobaiaik.~ 7557

gngbjdkurgc, sxvg pjstsgiTjur sgxabmwkojSgfjckokfghkaiXk sgrdaibks usgsykcbj mkYaigza mgxvkbcaigyurgcYaig. gmgsSgn, cgmgtaikS wkngpkrjigc dgnksgzYvraig ks,rjm gsaSk dgrkdaiksgSvks gr uncg kyjs dgSvgbkswknaiubknjtgrkubk cgcgsturaig gn sgxabmwkoj radkstrghkg. 7559

79.3 naigcgrSubk sgxsraiks dgnfgrdvg

ssf-ks ?1-a K muxbks Sgngxmgc, ngmcvkbkg dgrkdaig, rjmbkSghXazYucubdgrkdaigungrkgnk pkrk dgnfgrdgvs mksSvks `gm mkznkS~ gn`Sgvksuogbk dgnfgrdks mkznkS~ dgcghamub sgxsrais. as ojrmu-bkraig grsaikSgc kcanturkg sxvg pjstsgiTjurk fjckokfghkaikSdgSvgbkswknaiubk mjwasrkdaiksg. 7558

pjstsgiTjur skvrhaXk arSxmgc gYkgraiubk as wask

darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 770-a pgrgdrgoks dgvbankSHgmjygbkicg. darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk as njrmg grsaikSgc darmgnkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 704-a pgrgdrgoks qvaXamSxvavgc 7553 Su mjckok-fghkgc 7551 dgnkxkbaig. gmgsSgn, orgzg `fgnjnkark wgrmjmgcdanbksSgnxmjiks dgraXa~ Xasgigmksgc uncg dgnkmgrtjs. hxgckg, ssf-ks ?1-aK muxbXk, darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 770-a pgrgdrgoksmsdgvsgc, kfkSxaig fgnjnkark wgrmjmgcdanbks, mknkmum, fjnfbucan-turk 755? cg, gmgva crjs, pkrjikSk Sgnxmjig. 7554

sgxsraiks dgcghamg gm mkznkS Su Sgvksuobgc dgnsgfgrdgvgcgn uXugbjc Xasgigmksk dgrkdaiks cgcaigza mkhamubk Sgnxmjigg(`gm mkznkS~), gn, sub mhkra, kmks dghxgcaig, rjm fgnjnkark

7550 „_jrtakba zu arbgndan, cka unantdabtbkhe sknc ‒. 7557 „ Yaheta guszuòian, cka kenan um kerar Parsÿnbkhefakt wkbban zustaean‒. 7559 kx., mgdgbkSgc< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 95-a KK #9,sjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 9;-a KK #9, gsava gzarigk-lgnks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 9;-a KK 9 muxbaik. 7558 kx., mgdgbkSgc< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 95-a KK #8,sjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 9;-a KK #8, gsava gzarigk-lgnks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 9;-a KK 8 muxbaik. 7553 kx., mgdgbkSgc, Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 770, YcNr. 7.7551 kx.< Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 8;, YcNr. 1456 Xagc. gsava Bgranz/Tjbo , GS casIòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 91, YcNr. 37.755? kx. Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 770, YcNr. 76 Xagc. gsava zjk\a ,ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;, 905. 7554 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 78 (4), 7;;6 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar ,IDI, 9005, § 770, YcNr. 7.




857

wgrmjmgcdanabk uXvais Xasgigmksk Xacadks cgcdjmgs (`Sgvksuogbkdgnfgrdvks mkznkS~).

pkrjikSjig vbkncaig zustgc km sgXugbaiaiks dgnfgrdvgXk,rjmbaikh dgcgahg XazYucubdgrkdaigungrkgn pkrs. Xasgigmksgc,gsaSk pkrks mkar dgmjvbankbk naig Su cgcaiubk dgrkdaigngmcvkbk kqnaig mxjbjc mgXkn, rjcasgh wgrmjXjikbkvgbcaiubaiks Xasgsrubaibgc pkrk dgmjkyanais mksSvks `gmmkznkS, gncg Sgvksuogbk dgnfgrdvks mkznkS~ dgcghamubsgxsrais. 7555

gm mjmantgmca dgrkdaig maryavgc igSkbkg cg ks fgnjnkarkwgrmjmgcdanbks upkrjij Sgnxmjigza gn XazYucubdgrkdaig-ungrkgnk pkrks mkar pkrjiks Xasrubaigzag cgmjfkcaiubk.

darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk gm njrmgXk pkrjikSjiks kntadrghkgdgnpkrjiaiubkg mjsgzraikS, rjm grgsrubwbjvgns ngmcvkbkdgrkdaiks cgcaiks Xasg\baibjig mxjbjc arS dgrkdaigsSgnmkmgrSaikS uncg eqjncas. gmkS fgnjnmcaiabk hckbjis,

Sgvkcgn gkrkcjs XamSxvavg, rjcasgh grgsrubwbjvgnkrgmcankma dgrkdaigs cgcais fgnjnkark wgrmjmgcdanbkssurvkbks sgwknggYmcadjc, rjmabsgh mxjbjc arSks mkmgrSgqvs dgmjxgtubk naig. 755;

sxvg mjsgzraikS, gm njrmks mkzgnk grgsrubwbjvnksvgbcaiubaiks wgrmjXjiks dgmjrkhxvgg. mgn cguyjvnaibkvuncg Xagsrubjs ks, rksk Xasrubaigh mksSvks ufvadgcghamubk sgxsraikS Xau\bkg cg gr ktvkrSjs sgmjmgvbjvgbcaiubaiaik. 75;0

Sgnxmjig dgrkdaiks cgcaigza gvtjmgturgc gr vrhabcaig Xamcdjmdgrkdaiaiza. dgcgmwyvatkg fgnjnkark wgrmjmgcdanbks sgvgrgucjnaiks cgcdang. Xasgigmksgc, `Sgvksuogbk dgnfgrdvks mkznkS~dgcghamubk SgnxkS ngykck bgtgrkks ikbaSks Xasgxai cgcaiubkxabXafrubaig ngmcvkbk kqnaig, mgdrgm mjdaiubk SgnxkSgvtjmgnqgnks ngsykcjig fk grg. 75;7 as Xacadk ucgvjg SgnxmjikS

7555 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 91, YcNr. 8?6 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 8;, YcNr. 14; oo.6 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005,§ 770, YcNr. 3.755; kx. Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 91, YcNr. 8?.75;0 kx. Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 8;, YcNr. 14; oo.75;7 kx. Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 78 (4), 7;;,lar fkcav 7;70 wabs darmgnkks rgkxkssgsgmgrSbjs mkar mkYaiubk dgcgwyvatkbaiks gngbkzkS. gm dgcgwyvatk-baigXk sgsgmgrSbjm gr mkkHnkg ngmcvkbgc 74 wbks grgsrubwbjvnksmkar cgcaiubk km gvtjmgnqgnks ngsykcjiks xabXafrubaig, rjmbks




859

cgcaiubk dgrkdaiksg cg Xamcdjmk dgrkdaiks grssg SuYkraiubaigXk grsaikSk sxvgjiks XamSxvavgXk.

gmks sgpkrkspkrjc, ngmcvkbkg Svksairkvgc arSdvgrjvgnk cgogsks SvgbsgzrkskS grsaikSgc kcanturk Xamcdjmk dgrkdaigh. grgrsaijis sgou\vabk, Su rgtjm gr uncg dgvrhabcas fgnjnkarkwgrmjmgcdanbks Sgnxmjig dgcghamubk SgnxkS ngykck xkbks sxvgxkbXk dghvbks XamSxvavgza. 75;9

gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 717-a KKK pgrgdrgokhdgrkdaiks ngmcvkbjigs mks Xasrubaigs ufgvXkrais. swjracXasrubaiks XamSxvavgXk xcaig ngmcvkbk `yjvabcYkurkhxjvraiks mhkra mnkXvnabjiks sgfkSxza~ 75;8 grgsrubwbjvnks mkar cgcaiubk dgrkdaig. gvstrkks zjdgcksgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 950-a KK pgrgdrgok gngbjdkur XacadskSvgbkswknais XazYucubdgrkdaigungrkgnk srubwbjvgnkpkrks XamSxvavgXk, rjmabsgh sgsgmgrSbjs mkar `sgqmaSgmwgrmjaiabk~ cgankXng.

79.1 wvrkbmgnk yjokSk dgrkdaiaik

naigcgrSubk sgxsraiks dgnfgrdvksdgn kmklnaig `wvrkbmgnk yjokSkdgrkdaiaik~, rjmbaisgh arSdvgrjvngc gwasrkdaian pjstsgiTjurksgxabmwkojaiks fjckokfghkaik. 75;3 grsaikSgc gm mjwasrkdaiksmkzgnkg, XazYucubdgrkdaigungrkgnk pkrksgSvks ksaSk dgrkdaiaikscgcaiks uobaiks mknkTaig, rjmbkSgh kdk fgnjnkarkwgrmjmgcdanbks dgraXa cgkfmgyjokbais Sgvks yjvabcYkur`yjokS~ mjSxjvnkbaiais.

Xasg\baiabkg grsaijicas XamSxvavaik, rjcasgh dgrkdaig graqhavg grh uobairkvk sgrdaibks cg grh naigcgrSubk sgxsraiksdgnfgrdvks sqamgXk, mgdrgm mgknh mkzgnXawjnkbkg mksk ngmcvkbgcdgmjhxgcaig. mgdgbkSgc, knckvkck ykcubjis fgnoats Sgvks mkarngpjvnk 10-SaSrkgnkS. uobairkvk sgrdaiabk dgmjkrkhxg, vkngkcgncgcaiubkg jrmxrkvgc mgvgbcaiubaiabk ngsykcjiksxabXafrubaig. naigcgrSubk sgxsraiks dgnfgrdvks fjnstruqhkggsava gr mjqmacais sgxsraiks dgnfgrdvgza naigrSvks grgrsaijiksdgmj.

Xasg\angcgh mgn `lkiks oubkS~ ngykck bgtgrkks ikbaSkS mjdaiubkSgnxg dgnfgrdg. 75;9 Xagc. Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 91, YcNr. 33 o.75;8 „akna darkndoòdkda Gndabadaneakt cas tãdbkhean Baians‒. 75;3 kx., mgdgbkSgc< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 95-a KK #7,sjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 9;-a KK #7, gsava gzarigklgnksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 9;-a KK 7 muxbaik.




858

sgmgrSbairkvk wasrkdks mkzgnkg XazYucubk dgrkdaigung-rkgnjiks mqjna pkrks kntarasaiks cghvg cg, gmgva crjs, mkskfjntrgeantks kntarasaiks Sgngzjmkark dgSvgbkswknaig.cguXvaiabkg, sgmgrSgbk qmnkcas gm kntarasaiks ragbkzaiksgsxabjvnur igrkars. Xasgigmksgc, sgqgrSvabjs sgmgrSgbXk`wvrkbmgnk yjokSk dgrkdaiaiks~ ngmcvkbjig Xasg\baiabkgwgrmjaiub kqnas gsaS dgrkdaiaiza fgnjnkark wgrmjmgcdanbks`zjdgck Sgnxmjiks~ sgmgrSbairkvk gYkgraikS gn ssf-ks ?1-amuxbks Xasgigmksk dgnmgrtaikS.

ssf-Xk ojrmubkraig `wvrkbmgnk yjokSk dgrkdaiaik~dgmjyanaiubkg ssf-ks ma-7? K 9 muxbks caiubaigsSgnurSkarSfgvXkrXk. XazYucubk dgrkdaigungrkgnjiks mqjnapkrk `uobaigmjskbkg cgcjs qjnaiks dgnfgrdvks dgrkdaig,gdraSva dgnfgrdjs xabogsk, panskg gn sxvg sgxks Xamjsgvgbkmxjbjc mzrunvabks SgnxmjikS, dgrcg wvrkbmgnk yjokSkdgrkdaiaiksg.~ as njrmg iavr fkSxvgs gHans.

Hvaubairkv, `wvrkbmgnk yjokSk dgrkdaiaiks~dgmjngfbksgc dgnsgzYvrg swjrac xabogsksg Su sxvggngbjdkurk Xamjsgvbks gn mksk ngwkbks dgnfgrdvks uobaigsutjvais knckvkcs. 75;1 sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjigXk fk pkrksSgvksuogbk dgnfgrdvks soarjcgn swjrac gsaSkXamjsgvbaiks gmjYaikS kqmnaig XSgiaTckbaig, rjm kdkmxjbjc sgfkSxSg mhkra spaqtrXk kzYucaig. skngmcvkbaXkmzrunvabks Sgnxmjiks dgraXa qjnaiks dgnfgrdvks zjdgckXazYucvg Sgvks SgvXk mjkhgvs rjdjrh xabogsks, panskksgcg sxvg sgxks Xamjsgvbks dgnfgrdvgs, ksa naiksmkarkqjnaiksgs, rjmabkh gsaS pkrs gqvs.

gr grks kntarass mjfbaiubk Sgvgc qmacungrkgnjiksXazYucvks sgou\vbks gngbkzk. gm njrmks Sgngxmgc,qmacungrkgnjig azYucaig pkrs, `rjmabkh ijrjtgc kyanaisgbfjejbs gn ngrfjtkfub nkvSkaraiais cg gmks dgmj Sgvksjlgxs m\kma mgtarkgbur mcdjmgrajigXk gyanais.~ gsaSkfumubghkurk pkrjiks dgSvgbkswknaig sgiTjSg parkjckssgmgrSbairkvk trgckhkks dgvbankS Su Xak\baig gkxsngs.mzrunvabjiks cgwasaiksgSvks guhkbaiabkg, rjm pkrkgbfjejbks gn ngrfjtkfubk nkvSkaraiaiks `ijrjtgc~dgmjyanaiks dgmj jlgxs m\kma mgtarkgbur mcdjmgrajigXkgyanaicas.

dgudaigrkg, rg XamSxvavgXk uncg HgkSvgbjs mkYwaubgc

ks zYvgrk, rjcasgh Hvaubairkv mjxmgraigs Hggnghvbais75;1 kx., mgdgbkSgc, gvstrkks zjdgck sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 9?5-a K_pgrgdrgok.




853

ìjrjtgc~ dgmjyanaig. gmgsSgn, nkXgncjibkvkg, rjmsgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks fjcaqsks ma-71 7 muxbks pkrjigXk dgnxjrhkabaiubk grggrsaikSk Xknggrsji-rkvk hvbkbaig swjrac gm sgfkSxs axaig. orgzgs ‘ mjqgbgqaà\gbaig spkrtkgn sgsmabais gn ngrfjtkfub nkvSkaraiais~ ‘ Hganghvbg ojrmubkraig ‘ srubwbjvgnk pkrk ìjrjtgckyanais gbfjejbs gn ngrfjtkfub nkvSkaraiais~. gmkS,iunairkvkg, gr mjmxcgrg gm njrmks mksgcgdaig Sgngmacrjvasgzjdgcjairkv urSkarSjiaiSgn.

km XamSxvavgXk, Su gSvbks wartkbgc pkrks mjqmacaiksXacadaiksg cg sxvg dgramjaigSg Xaogsaiks ungrk HgkSvbaig,gsaSk dgrkdaiks ngmcvkbjig Xak\baig sxvg gngbjdkurk sgxksdgramjaiaiSgn urSkarSfgvXkrXk Xaogscas. km XamSxvavgXk,Su igSkbkg ssf-ks 15-a KK muxbkS dgSvgbkswknaiubk naiksdgmjvbang `hnjikaraiks cgfgrdvks gn crjaikSk oskqkfurkmjXbkbjiks crjs~, rgtjm gr Xak\baig gngbjdkurk XacadkcgufgvXkrcas `hnjikaraiks cgfgrdvgs~ gbfjejbks gn

ngrfjtkfubk nkvSkaraiaiks dgmj. mkS umatas, Xasg\baiabkg,sgfuSgrk mjqmacaiks Xaogsaiks ungrks cgqvakSaig mjeyvas,mgdgbkSgc, ngrfjtkfubk nkvSkaraiks `grgijrjtgc~,mfurngbjiks mkznkS dgmjyanaigs.

gmgsSgn, guxsnabkg cgmgtaikS pkrjigc jlgxks m\kmamcdjmgrajigXk Hgyanaiks dgnsgzYvrg. Su naiks dgmjvbanksngfbk kqnaijcg sgmgrSbairkvk XacadksSvks grsaikSk,hxgckg, as wkngpkrjig zacmatkg. kdk gr okdurkrais grh ssf-ks 15-a muxbkS mjwasrkdaiub dgramjaiaiSgnurSkarSfgvXkrXk. Xasgigmksgc, gsaSk wkngpkrjiks grsaijigknckvkcks pkrgck Sgvksuobaiks kdnjrkraiks xgrlza sxvgSgkntarasaiks cghvks bjzundks dgmjvbknaigg. kdk `pjbkhkurktkpks~ sgxabmwkojs dgcmjngXSkg, rjmabkh cgsgXvaigcmkkHnavs sgsgmgrSbjs Xaogsaigs kmks Xasgxai, gyanais Su grgpkrk Sgvksk qhavkS `Sgvks jlgxs m\kma mgtarkgburmcdjmgrajigXk~ cg Xamcad Xasgigmksk ̀ sgnqhkaiks~ cgwasaigs.

mkzgnXawjnkbkg sgqgrSvabjs sgmgrSgbXk rjdjrh qmacuungrjc, 75;? ksa XazYucubqmacungrkgngc dgmjhxgcaiks knstktutks xabgxgbkdggzraig. sgsurvabkg, ugrk kSqvgs qmacuungrjc dgmjhxgcaigza,xjbj km pkrSg cghvks stgncgrtk, rjmbaikh cgmjufkcaibgc varkYaian mjngwkbajigs sgmgrSbairkv urSkarSjiaiXk, dgnksgzYvrjsknckvkcugburgc, mgSk djnairkvk Xasg\baibjiaiksg Su oskqkfurk

mcdjmgrajiks dgSvgbkswknaikS.

75;? Xagc. zamjS, 79?.




85?

Xasgigmksgc, qjrwknaig kwvavs srub, sgmawgrmaj sgqmkgnjiks gnXrjmkSk urSkarSjiks cgwyaig ‘ ngwkbjirkv amgnskpghkgs. 75;5

dgnsxvgvaiubk mkcdjmgg pjstsgiTjurk sgxabmwkojaiksfjckokfghkaiXk. gm qvaynaiXk sgmawgrmaj sgqmkgnjiksdgnxjrhkabaigs gn XrjmkSk urSkarSjiks cgwyaigsXauzYucgvk qmacungrkgnjiks wgrmjXjig ufgvXkrcaig. 75;; Xasgigmksgc, as dgramjaiaik 7? wbks grgsrubwbjvnksSvkssrubk amgnskpghkks sgou\vbaigc dgnkxkbaig. pjstsgiTjurksgxabmwkojaik gr hnjian ngwkbjirkvk amgnskpghkksknstktuts.

dgrcg gmksg, fgnjnmcaiabmg pjstsgiTjursgxabmwkojaiXk mkzgnXawjnkbgc HgSvgbg, mjaxckngXauzYucgvk qmacungrkgnjiks wgrmjXjiks cgmgtaikSkxgzdgsmg Su cgzustaig. gm caiubaiaiXk uXugbjc grksmkSkSaiubk, rjm `mXjibaik, mXvkbaibaik cg maurvaaik grgrkgn pgsuxksmdaiabnk amgnskpkraiubk grgsrubwbjvnks

vgbcaiubaiaiza, far\jc km vgbcaiubaiaiza, rjmbaikh mgSmkar zkgnks mkyanaiks Xacadgc wgrmjkXjig.~ 7;00 Xasgigmksgc,gm ojrmubkraikS fgnjnmcaiabk gfjnfratais, rjmXauzYucgvk qmacungrkgnjig mjkhgvs cabkqtungrkgnjigsgh. 7;07

ssf-ks ?1-a KK muxbks msdgvsk mjwasrkdaig dgSvgbkswknaiubkgdarmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 779-a cg 778-a pgrgdrgoaiXk. swjracgm njrmaiXk dgnxjrhkabcg grgsrubwbjvnks XazYucubkdgrkdaigungrkgnjiksgdgn SgncgSgnjikS dgSgvksuobaiks mjwasrk-daig cg, Xasgigmksgc, amgnskpghkg dgrkdaigSg dgnsgzYvrubk wrkSXamjkogrdbg. ksknk sgqgrSvabjXk rabgtkurk amgnskpghkksmjwasrkdaiks sgou\vabkg.

darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 779-a pgrgdrgok gwasrkdaisgrgsrubwbjvnks mkar sgmawgrmaj sgqmkgnjiksg Su sgwgrmjscgmjufkcaibgc dg\Yjbks 7;09 sgfkSxs cg gm sgqmkgnjikcgn dgmjmck-

75;5 Xagc. Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 998.75;; kx., mgdgbkSgc< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 94-a K,sjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 93-a KK 7 cg gzarigklgnksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 95-a K_ muxbaik. 7;00 kx., mgdgbkSgc< rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 94-a KK,sjmxaSks raspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 93-a KK 8 cg gzarigklgnksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 95-a _ muxbaik. 7;07 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 999.7;09 „Xabistãnckdar Iatrkai aknas Arwarisdasheãots‒.




854

ngra urSkarSjiaiXk mgs dgrkdaigungrkgn pkrSgn gSgngirais. 7;08 gmgsSgn, sgmawgrmaj sgqmkgnjigc kSvbaig naiksmkark `fgnjnkark~,`grgarSlargck~ Su `prjoaskubgc dgnxjrhkabaiubk~, `cgmjufk-caibgc dg\Yjbkbk~ cg `mjdaiks mkYaigza mkmgrSubk~sgqmkgnjig. 7;03 uobaigmjskbaiks mknkTaig xjrhkabcaig fgnjnkarkwgrmjmgcdanbks hgbmxrkvk mkYaigsgvgbcaiubj naiks dgmjvbankssgou\vabza, rjmabkh mkmgrSubkg grgsrubwbjvnks mkmgrS. 7;01 gmgsSgn, sgvgbcaiubjg ̀ sgmaurvaj sgsgmgrSbjs~ 7;0? Sgnxmjig.

darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 778-a pgrgdrgok Xaaxaiggrgsrubwbjvnks amgnskpghkgs mjmsgxuraiksg cg XrjmkSurSkarSjiaiXk. gm njrmks Sgngxmgc, grgsrubwbjvgnk fgnjnkarkwgrmjmgcdanbks mkar mknkTaiubk uobaigmjskbaiks sgou\vabzaXauzYucgvk dgrkdaigungrkgnjikS sgrdaibjis naigcgrSubk sgxksmjmsgxuraiksg gn XrjmkSk urSkarSjiaiks wgrmjXjiksg cgXawyvatks, gsava gm urSkarSjiaikcgn dgmjmckngra vgbcaiubaiaiksXasrubaiks SvgbsgzrkskS. 7;04 gmgsSgn, uobaigmjskbaiksmknkTaiksgs gr grks sgvgbcaiubj sgmaurvaj sgsgmgrSbjs

Sgnxmjig.darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 779-a cg 778-a pgrgdrgoaiXkmjwasrkdaiubk ngwkbjirkvk amgnskpghkks gngbkzksgs darmgnubkurkckub bktargturgXk dgmjSqmubkg dgnsxvgvaiubk Xaogsaiaik.gm knstktuts `XazYucub srub~, 7;05 `dgogrSjaiub~ 7;0; gn`sgdnjirkvgc XazYucub~ 7;70 dgrkdaigungrkgnjigc kxsankaian. gsaSk,arSk XaxacvkS, dgnsxvgvaiubk Xaogsaiks mkuxacgvgc, darmgnkkssgsgmgrSbj prgqtkfgsg cg kurkckub bktargturgXk Hgmjygbk-iaiubk mkcdjmg ssf-ks ?1-a KK muxbks Xknggrsks ufaS dggzraiksgcg hgbfaub XamSxvavgXk Xasg\bj mjckokhkraiks wygrjc uncgHgkSvgbjs. 7;77

7;08 „ oòr sjbhea Yahetsdasheãota uniasherãnft dasheãotsoãekd, wabhea car Dasheãotsiatrkai mkt skhe irkndt.‒ 7;03 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 91, YcNr. ?3(„ laca arbguita, guo Cguar gndabadta, sabistãnckd gusdaòita unc guo Dawknnarzkabund darkhetataSãtkdfakt ‒)6 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 779, YcNr. 8 ( „ laca arbguita, sabistãnckda, iaruosmãsskd gusdaòita unc guo Dawknn darkhetata Sãtkdfakt ‒).7;01 kx., mgdgbkSgc< Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 779, YcNr. 9.7;0? _jrmuncshegotsdarkhet.7;04 „...wabhea cka Akndaeund jcar Guoeaiund aknas Ckanst- jcar Griaktsvareãbtnkssas car dastgttatan Grt jcar cka Aroòbbund car skhe gus aknam sjbhean _areãbtnks ardaiancan_arpobkhetundan iatraooan‒. 7;05 „iadranzta vjbba‒,kx. Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 78 (5), 905 oo.7;0; „arwaktarta‒,kx. Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 91, YcNr. ?9 oo.7;70 „ sghebkhe iadranzta‒,kx. Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 8;, YcNr. 158.7;77 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 998.




855

mgdgbkSgc, mkzgnXawjnkbkg mjmsgxuraiksg cg msdgvskurSkarSjiaiks soarjXk ngwkbjirkvk amgnskpghkks cgsgXvaijiksdgnsgzYvrg. arSk mxrkv, Xak\baig `sgwgrmjs cgmjufkcaibgcdg\Yjbks uobaig~ ogrSjc dgnkmgrtjs, rgSg mjkhvgs knckvkcksyvabg ks sgqmkgnjig, rjmbaikh Xasg\baiabkg, mgn fgnjnkarkwgrmjmgcdanbks SgnxmjikS cgmjufkcaibgc dgngxjrhkabjs6 majramxrkv, gngbjdkurk uobaig Xak\baig wgrmjaiub kqnas `XrjmkSkurSkarSjiaiks cgwyaiks gn cgmSgvraiks~ uobaigmjskbaiksmknkTaikcgn cg swjrac as ojrmubkraig HgkSvgbjs zjdgcgcmjmsgxuraiksg Su ngrcjiks urSkarSjiaiks mkmgrS mjqmacgc.mgdgbkSgc, rgtjm uncg XakzYucjs grgsrubwbjvgnk, fgnjnkarkwgrmjmgcdanbks Sgnxmjiks XamSxvavgXk cgcjs, Suncgh turkstubsggdantjsSgn, ksaSk mjmsgxuraiks xabXafrubaig, rjmbkSgh kdkSgvksk sjobks Su fuSxks cgmSvgbkaraibaiks madzurjiksvgbcaiubaigs kfksrais:

yurgcYaigs kmsgxurais gsava darmgnkks fgnjnmcaibjigXkXazYucubk dgrkdaigungrkgnjiks mqjna pkrks ngwkbjirkvk

amgnskpghkks wkngpkrjigc gsgfjirkvk zYvgrks grgrsaijig. ssf-ks?1-a muxbXk 7? wbks gsgfks mkSkSaig ngwkbjirkv amgnskpghkgza,sgvgrgucjc, srubk amgnskpghkks mkmgrS mjqmack wgrmjcdanksg Sumkcdjmks dgvbankS uncg gkxsngs. ks, rgh bjdkfurkg qjrwknaiksgcg, mksdgn dgmjmckngra, srubk amgnskpghkks XamSxvavgXk, gr uncgHgkSvgbjs guhkbaiab wkngpkrjigc ngwkbjirkv amgnskpghkgsSgnmkmgrSaikS. mgdgbkSgc, Su mawgYa Sgvks Xvkbs xabjigs gswgvbkscg sgwgrmjs cgmjufkcaibgc dg\Yjbks uobaigs mkgnkTais,rgmcangc sgvgbcaiubjg, as ufgngsfnabk 7? wbks kyjs:

gmgsSgn, sgqgrSvabjs Xrjmks fjcaqskS 7;79 ufvadgSvgbkswknaiubkg grgsrubwbjvnks ngwkbjirkvk amgnskpg-hkks uorj Xjrs mkmgvgbk mjwasrkdaig. Xrjmks fjcaqsks ma-3K muxbks Sgngxmgc, okzkfurk pkrks XrjmkSk qmacungrkgnjigwgrmjkXjig 7? wbks gsgfkcgn, xjbj ma-3 KK muxbkSdgSvgbkswknaiubkg 7? wbgmca grgsrubwbjvnks amgnskpghkksXasg\baibjig XrjmkS urSkarSjiaiXk fgnjnkark wgrmj-mgcdanbks gn mzrunvabjiksg Su maurvajiks jrdgnjsSgnxmjikS. wkngpkrjigg ks, rjm `XrjmkSk urSkarSjig grawknggYmcadaig grgsrubwbjvnks kntarasais, zkgns grgyanais mks znajirkv, okzkfur cg djnairkv dgnvkSgraigs~,mgS Xjrks `cgwyaikSk cg sgigzj dgngSbaiks mkYaiksuobaigsg cg Xasg\baibjigs.~

Xrjmks fjcaqsks ma-3 KKK muxbXk uXugbjc grksmkSkSaiubk 73 wbgmca gsgfks grgsrubwbjvnks cgsgqmaiksgs

7;79 sgqgrSvabjs sgfgnjnmcaibj mghna, 900?, #98.




85;

dgsgSvgbkswknaiabk cgmgtaikSk wkngpkrjig< `XrjmkSkxabXafrubaig Xak\baig cgkcjs mxjbjc spjrtub,xabjvnaigsSgn cgfgvXkraiub cg fubturub soarjXksgqmkgnjigza, gsava sgrafbgmj sgmuXgjs Xasgsrubaibgc.~

mkuxacgvgc kmksg, rjm fgnjnXk uXugbjc gr grksmkSkSaiubk, 73 wbgmca gsgfks grgsrubwbjvnks XrjmkSurSkarSjigsSgn cgfgvXkraiubk amgnskpghkg Xasg\baiabkg,mksk gsgfkcgn Su dgramjaigSg Xaogsaiks ungrks dgnvkSgraikscjnkcgn dgmjmckngra, dgrfvaub cgmgtaikS pkrjiaiza kyjscgmjfkcaiubk. mgsza uXugbjc dgcghamubk uobaiaiksogrdbaik uncg cgcdkncas Sgnxmjiks Xknggrskcgn, gnufgnjnkark wgrmjmgcdanbks naikcgn dgmjmckngra.

Xasgigmksgc, sgsurvabkg, gsgfjirkvk zYvgrk gr kqhasXazYucubdgrkdaigungrkgnk pkrks mkar Xasgigmks sgqmkgnjigsSgncgfgvXkraiubk dgrkdaiks cgcaiks igrkargc. 7;78

79.4 hgbmxrkvk dgrkdaiks igSkbjig

ssf-ks ??-a (7) muxbks Sgngxmgc, fgnjnkark wgrmjmgcdanbksSgnxmjiks dgraXa cgcaiubk hgbmxrkvk dgrkdaig igSkbkg. gmnjrmgXk ssf-ks ma-700 muxbkS dgSvgbkswknaiubk wkngswgrkSgnxmjig, gnu naigrSvg kdubksxmaig.

Xasgigmksgc, Su XazYucubdgrkdaigungrkgnk pkrk gvbansnaigs fgnjnkark wgrmjmgcdanbks naigrSvks dgraXa, mgssgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaik var mjeyvaig. uorj matkh, gsaSk naiksdgmjvbang igSkbkg cg sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadk XamcdjmkmjwjnaikSgh gr Xakhvbaig. gsaSk dgrkdaig Xasgigmksk naigrSvkssgou\vabza, gn uXugbjc fgnjnkark wgrmjmgcdanbks mkar, xabgxbguncg cgkcjs. 7;73

as njrmg grsaikSgc darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 777-apgrgdrgoks kcanturkg cg Xasg\baiabkg, mksk xgrvazaikuXugbjc jrkdkngbXk dgSvgbkswknaiubk mnkXvnabjiksXasgigmksk dgnmgrtaikS Xakvsjs Su dgmjswjrcas. mgdgbkSgc,ssf-ks ??-a (7) muxbk vrhabcaig yvabg sgxks hgbmxrkvdgrkdaigza, xjbj fgnjnmcaiabmg shgcg mjmcavnjwkngcgcaiaik hgbmxrkvk mkYaigsgvgbcaiubj naiksdgmjvbanksgSvks mjardj. Xasgigmksgc, mgs gm caiubaiaikS

7;78 Xagc. Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 998.7;73 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 78 (4), 9036 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar ,IDI, 9005, § 777, YcNr. 9 o.6 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 91, YcNr. 346 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 8;, YcNr. 140.




8;0

surcg dgaSvgbkswknaikng naiks dgmjvbanks gcrasgtks cghvksstgncgrtk. as Xasgigmksk njrmaiks taqstXk `majra mxgrks~mjxsankaikSgh cgsturcaig. 7;71

rgh Xaaxaig uXugbjc mjwasrkdaiks Xknggrss,sgyurgcYaijg ssf-ks ?3-a muxbSgn pgrgbabks dgvbaig. mgsXkfgnjnmcaiabk maryavgc igSkbk dgrkdaiks crjsXazYucubdgrkdaigungrkgnks ùgrs~ gnu naiks dgmjvbanksdgmjSxjvgs dubksxmjicg. ssf-ks ??-a (9) muxbXk fvbgvùgrzag~ sguigrk, rjmabkh gmlargc dghkbaikS uorjcgmginavabkg. mgsXk, hxgckg, grh xabXafrubaigza ugrk Sudgsvbg (xabXafrubaig gr cgcaiubg) cg grh naiksdgmjvbanks dgmjSxjvg gr Xak\baig kdubksxmaijcas.fgnjnmcaiabk hgbmxrkv mkYaigsgvgbcaiubj naiksdgmjvbangs gwasrkdais, rjmabXkh naigs mxjbjc arSk mxgra

‘ XazYucubdgrkdaigungrkgnk gvbans. Xau\baiabkg, naiksdgmjvbanks gcrasgtmg dgmjkSxjvjs mksk grdgmjvbankbk naig.

hxgckg, fgnjnmcaiabk ugrXk gmlargc sxvg Xknggrss

gqsjvs. sgvgrgucjc, ks dubksxmjis XazYucubdgrkdaig-ungrkgnk pkrks naiks dgmjvbanks mkYaigza ugrs. Xasgigmksgc,Sufk as hgbmxrkv mkYaigsgvgbcaiubj naiks dgmjvbangXksgarSjc mnkXvnabjiks mqjnag, pkrk gr kYaisXazYucubdgrkdaigungrkgnk pkrks naiks dgmjvbangs mks mkarnaigrSvks grsaijiks cgmgcgsturaiabk warkbjikSk sgiuSkswgrucdanbjiks dgmj.

darmgnub sgmgrSgbXkh swjrac darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 70;-a pgrgdrgoks (ssf-ks ?3-a muxbks gngbjdkurk)mjwasrkdaiks hgbmxrkv mkYaigsgvgbcaiubj naiksdgmjvbangza dgcgtgnks mhcabjigg. Xasgigmksgc, arS-arSkwkngpkrjiks cgSmjig guhkbaiabkg< gn gsaSk naiks dgmjvbangmaryavgc igSkbgc uncg dgmjhxgccas km mjmantgmca, vkcra grkqnaig warkbjikSk sgiuSk wgrcdankbk, gn naiks dgmjvbanksmkYaigza ̀ ugrk~ uirgbjc var kgrsaiais.

\nabk gsgxsnabkg, rg sgTkrjg hgbmxrkvk naiksdgmjvbanks ngmcvkbjiks mjckokhkraig mkYaigsgvgbcaiubjnaiks dgmjvbangsSgn mkmgrSaikS. gsaSk naiks dgmjvbangmgknh igSkbkg fgnjnkark wgrmjmgcdanbks naigrSvks dgraXa.xjbj Su naigrSvg grsaijis, mgdrgm fjntrgeants grwgrcdankg, gr Hgns mks mkar ùgrks Sqmks~ Su naiksdgmjvbanks grmkYaiks 7;7? sgou\vabk. gmgsSgn, mkkHnavg, rjm

7;71 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 991.7;7? darmgnub sgmgrSgbXk< „ \uròhfwaksund ‒.




8;7

naiks dgmjvbanks grmkYaig, Sgvks mxrkv, hgbmxrkvkmkYaigsgvgbcaiubj naiks dgmjvbangg. 7;74

78. pkrjikSjig

mjqmacaiks Su naiks dgmjvbanks Xacadaik Xak\baig pkrjigza kyjscgmjfkcaiubk. sgvknk pkrjigs `naiks dgmjvbanks cgngmgtgc~kxsankais, rjmabkh sgmgrSbairkvk urSkarSjiks grsaijigssgmjmgvbj cg uhnji dgramjigs ufgvXkrais. 7;75

ssf-ks ;0-a muxbks Sgngxmgc, pkrjikSkg dgrkdaig, `rjcasghkdk cgmjfkcaiubkg sgmjmgvbj cg uhnji mjvbangza kmkS, rjm gndgrkdaiks Xasrubaiks dgcgcaig xcaig mks cgcdjmgmca, gncgdgrkdaiks Xawyvatg ‘ gm mjvbanks cgcdjmksSgngva.~

ssf-ks ;0-a muxbks caiubaig gcafvgtur dgnmgrtaigssgTkrjais. cgsgzustaiabkg, mgdgbkSgc, ks, Su rg kdubksxmaig`dgrkdaiks Xasrubaiks dgcgcaigXk~. pkrjikSk dgrkdaiks yvabgXasg\bj Xacadk var mjaqhavg `Xasrubaiks~ hnaigXk, vkngkcgn

hgbfaubk Xacadk xXkrgc `gvtjmgturgc~, gnu pkrks cgmgtaikSkmjqmacaiksgdgn cgmjufkcaibgc, cdaig. as ks XamSxvavaikg, rjcasghdgrkdaiks cgcaiksgs srubcaig mksk XknggrsksgSvks yvabggrsaikSk wkngpkrjig cg pkrjiks cgcdjmks XamSxvavgXk`Xasrubaig~ naiks dgmjmvbans, uirgbjc, gYgr sTkrcaig.

mgdgbkSgc, gsaSk XamSxvavgg sgfuSraiks uobaiksXangrHunaikS cgcaiubk ngsykcjiks xabXafrubaig, rjcasghxabXafrubaiks sgdgnk ufva dgcghamubkg cg sgfuSraiksuobaiks arSk pkrkcgn majraza dgcgsvbg ngsykcjiks ogskssrubgc cgogrvks pkrjigzag cgmjfkcaiubk.

hxgckg, gm XamSxvavgXk pkrjiks cgcdjmgs ‘ ogskssrub dgcgxcgs ‘ `gvtjmgturgc~ mjeyvaig XasgigmkskXacadk. 7;7;

Xasgigmksgc, mkzgnXawjnkbkg, `Xasrubaig~ ogrSjc, mgdgbkSgc,darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 715-a pgrgdrgoks ojrmubkraiksmsdgvsgc, dgrkdaiks `Xacadaiks~ 7;90 Xknggrsks mqjnac dgnkmgrtjs. 7;97

7;74 kx., mgdgbkSgc, Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes/Abbaniardar , IDI, 9005, § 777, YcNr. 1.7;75 „ Iackndund (hjncktkj) eaksst car \usgtz aknar Tkbbansarfbãrund, wabhear cgs Cgsakn aknas Yahetsvareãbtnksas vjn aknam fònotkdan, undawkssan Arakdnks guo wkbbfòerbkhea Taksa gieãndkdmghet.‒,Xgvkdny, Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc KKK, 7530, § 77?, 797.7;7; Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 9?? o.7;90 „Tkrfundan‒. 7;97 „...trktt cka vjn car Iackndund gieãndkd damgheta Tkrfund mkt cam Akntrktt car Iackndundakn.‒




8;9

Xasgigmksgc, pkrjig grks ksaSk `sgmjmgvbj~ cg `uhnjik~dgramjaig, rjmbks cgcdjmgsgh swjrac sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaiksgrsaijig ufgvXkrcaig. 7;99 hxgckg, Xasrubaigh (vkwrj dgdaikS)kqnaig gsaSk arS-arSk, mgdrgm grg arSgcarSk, Xacadk.

XacgraiksgSvks, ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7818-a muxbXksguigrkg `sgmjmgvbj cg uhnji~ 7;98 dgramjaigsSgnxabXafrubaiks ngmcvkbjiksg Su dguqmaiks cgfgvXkraigza, 7;93 Sumhg kqva zustcaig, rjm pkrjigza Xasg\baiabkgcgmjfkcaiubk kyjs mxgraSg ̀ hgbfaubk XaSgnxmaig~ 7;91.

aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7778-a cg XamcdjmkmuxbaikS wasrkdcaig `pkrjikSk vgbcaiubaiaik~ 7;9?.mjwasrkdaiks dgrfvaubk Sgvksaiuraiks mkuxacgvgc, rghmjSxjvnks cguyjvnaiabk dgnxjrhkabaiks cgsgXvaijiksxgzdgsmkSg cg pkrjikSjiks grsaikSgc gmks dgmjmrkhxgvdgramjaigc HgmjygbkiaikS vbkncaig, pkrjig gm XamSxvavgXkh`sgmjmgvbj cg uhnjik~ 7;94 dgramjaiks cgcdjmgs ufgvXkrcaig.

78.7 pkrjiks \krkSgck sgxaaik

pkrjiaiks umnkXvnabjvgnask fbgskokfghkg mgSk sgmgrSbairkvurSkarSjigsg Su Xacadza zamjqmacaiks sgxas Xaaxaig.arSmgnaSksgdgn kmklnaig dgcgcaiksg 7;95 cg dguqmaiks 7;9; pkrjig. 7;80

dgcgcaiks pkrjig mkmgrSubkg sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaikscgcdjmks naiks dgnsgzYvrub dgramjaigsSgn cgfgvXkraigza, 7;87 xjbj dguqmaiks pkrjig Xasgigmksk dgramjaiks cgcdjmgs ufgvXkraissgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaiks dguqmaigs. 7;89

7;99

Xagc.< darmgnub sgmgrSgbSgn cgfgvXkraikS, mgdgbkSgc< vjn Suer , GS KK(9), 7;75, § 50 K, 940 o.6 Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 85 (7), ?44 oo.6 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS casIòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 10, YcNr. 76 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 19, YcNr. 595 o.6 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, 9005, Aknoòerund vjr § 715, YcNr. 7 o.7;98 „ outurj a knhartj‒. 7;93 „b‛aookhghkg j bg rasjbuzkjna c ab hjntrgttj‒. 7;91 „ck un skndjbj pgttj‒. 7;9? „jibkdghkjnas hjnckhkjngbas‒.kx., mgdgbkSgc, aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks7773-a muxbk. 7;94 „ outurj a knhkartj‒. 7;95 „ suspanskva‒. 7;9; „rasjbutkva‒. 7;80 Xgvkdny, Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc KKK, 7530, § 774, 781.7;87 kx., mgdgbkSgc< darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 715-a K pgrgdrgok6 gsavaktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7818-a muxbks pkrvabk gbtarngtkvg. 7;89 kx., mgdgbkSgc< darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 715-a KK pgrgdrgok6 gsavaktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7818-a muxbks majra gbtarngtkvg.




8;8

sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjigXk gm dgmklvnks mjwasrkdaigSgvksaiuraikS xgskgScaig. kdk gsgxubkg ssf-ks ;0-a muxbXk, xjbjXamcdjm SkSjaub mgSdgns cgmjufkcaiabk njrmaik aSmjig ssf-ks;?-a cg ;4-a muxbaiks sgxkS. gsaS cgfjnfrataigs grkSvgbkswknaicg sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks fgnjnmcaibjig. 7;88 kdk uhxjgmjqmack avrjpubk fjckokfghkaiksgSvksgh. 7;83

ssf-ks ;?-a cg ;4-a muxbaiXk fgnjnmcaiabk dgcgcaiksg cgdguqmaiks pkrjigSg hnaiaiks ojrmkraigs gxcans. as caiubaiaikgrsaikSgc mxjbjc sgxabm\Yvgnabjs tkpks dgnmgrtaiaiskSvgbkswknais cg gr Xakhgvs ssf-ks ;0-a muxbSgn XacgraikSsgmgrSbairkvgc grsaikS cgmgtaikS mjwasrkdaigs.

mkuxacgvgc gmksg, ssf-ks ;?-a muxbk mgknh kmsgxuraisdgnsgfuSraiub yurgcYaigs, `sgmjmgvbj cg uhnjik mjvbanks~ ksaSmjvbangsSgn dgSgngiraiks dgmj, `rjmabkh ufva cgmcdgrkg, mgdrgmmxgraSgSvks lar fkcav uhnjikg.~ Xasgigmksgc, gm njrmkSfgnjnmcaiabk ugrs gmijis ssf-ks ;0-a muxbkS dgSvgbkswknaiubwkngpkrjigza, rjm pkrjig cgmjfkcaiubk uncg kyjs sgmjmgvbj cg

uhnji dgramjaigza, gnu jikaqturgc gr kyjs hnjikbk. gmkSsgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjigXk darmgnubk sgmgrSbksdgn 7;81 grsaikSgc dgnsxvgvaiubk mkcdjmks cgmfvkcraiks mhcabjigokqskrcaig. 7;8? gmgsSgn, gngbjdkurk caiubaig gsgxubkg gsava,mgdgbkSgc, aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7778-a K muxbXk. 7;84

mjwasrkdaiks XarHaubk xarxk dgrfvaub uxarxubjigs qmnks.Su fgnjnmcaibks naig mgrSbgh kyj pkrjikSk dgrkdaiksknstktutks Xknggrsks dgogrSjaig, mgdgbkSgc, darmgnubsgmgrSgbSgn XacgraikS 7;85 cg mgsXk ksaSk `pkrjiks~mjgzraigh, `rjmabkh ufva cgmcdgrkg, mgdrgm mxgraSgSvkslar fkcav uhnjikg~, sgsurvabk kyj Xasgigmksk cgmgtaiks

7;88 kx. sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks fjcaqsks ma-?0 muxbk. 7;83 kx., mgdgbkSgc< darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 715-a cg Xamcdjmkpgrgdrgoaik6 ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7818-a cg Xamcdjmk muxbaik6aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7778-a cg Xamcdjmk muxbaik.7;81 Xagc. darmgnub sgmgrSgbSgn cgfgvXkraikS, mgdgbkSgc< Xgvkdny, Xystamcas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc KKK, 7530, § 77?, 791 o.6vjn Suer , GS KK (9), 7;75, § 50K_, 94; oo.6 Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 85 (7), ?45 oo.6 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets,9003, § 10, YcNr. 46 Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 19, YcNr. 59;6 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI,9005, Aknoòerund vjr § 715, YcNr. ?.7;8? kx. Tgnturkg , Xasgvgbk sgqgrSvabjs sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks zjdgcngwkbXk, 7;;4, 308 6sgpkrkspkrj pjzkhkkS ‘ zjk\a , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnkK, 7;;;, 911. 7;84 „un suhasj pgsgcj, qua bjs kntarasgcjs kdnjran‒. 7;85 Tgnturkg , Xasgvgbk sgqgrSvabjs sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks zjdgcngwkbXk, 7;;4, 308.




8;3

uXugbjc ssf-ks ;0-a muxbXk gsgxvg. as uzrunvabyjocgpkrjikSk dgrkdaiks mjwasrkdaiks Xknggrsjirkv arSkgnjigs.iunairkvkg, gmkS ssf-ks ;?-a muxbk (ssf-ks ;4-a muxbksmsdgvsgc) sgijbjjc grgorksmSqmabgc kqhajcg.

gmgva crjs, dgudaigrkg, Su rgtjm vrhabcaigpkrjikSjiks dgdaiks as dgogrSjaiubk gbtarngtkvgmxjbjc dgcgcaiks pkrjigza. Suncgh rjm fgnjnmcaiabs kspkrjikS dgrkdaiaiXk \krkSgcgc dgmjyanaiub XamSxvavgcmkaHnkg, gr grsaijis sgou\vabk, Su rgtjm gr uncg mjxcasmksk dgvrhabaig dguqmaiks pkrjigza. 7;8;

gm SvgbsgzrkskS, dgsgSvgbkswknaiabkg, rjm ufva cgmcdgrkdgramjaiks `pkrjigc~ dgnxkbvg hvbks gm knstktutks grss.mgdgbkSgc, sgvknk sgmgrSbkgngc mkkHnavcg, rjm ufva cgmcdgrkpkrjig 7;30 dgrkdaigs upkrjijc gqhavs. 7;37 Xasgigmksgc, pkrjikSjiksmjwasrkdaiks ufva cgmcdgr `pkrjigza~ dgvrhabaig sgcgvjg,vkngkcgn mxgraSg mkar dgnsgzYvrub dgramjaigsSgn cgfgvXkraiubk

sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadk jikaqturgc ufva cgmcdgrkg cg gmks Xasgxaimxjbjc mxgraaimg gr khkgn. mkuxacgvgc gmksg, hgbfaubk waskmgknh Xasg\baiabkg arSdvgrjvngc kqnas dgmjyanaiubkpkrjikSjigsg cg ufva cgmcdgr `pkrjigsSgn~ mkmgrSaikS.mgdgbkSgc, pkrs gm ufgngsfnab XamSxvavgXkh Xak\baig cgafksrjsssf-ks ;1-a K muxbkS dgSvgbkswknaiubk vgbcaiubaig, grdgngxjrhkabjs `ksaSk mjqmacaig, rjmabsgh Xau\bkg xabkXauXgbjs mksk vgbcaiubaiks Xasrubaigs~ pkrjiks cgcdjmksXamSxvavgXk.

78.9 pkrjiks igSkbjig

fgnjnmcaiabk gwasrkdais cguXvaiabk pkrjiaiks HgmjngSvgbs.ssf-ks ;7-a (7) muxbks Sgngxmgc, `igSkbkg pkrjig, rjmabkhawknggYmcadaig fgnjnks mjSxjvnais gn znajiks njrmais, gncgXau\baiabkg mksk Xasrubaig.~ gsaS pkrjigza cgmjfkcaiubkdgrkdaig, ssf-ks ;7-a (9) muxbks Sgngxmgc, `mSbkgngc igSkbkg~.

gm muxbkS dgSvgbkswknaiubk pkrjiks (cg grg dgrkdaiks)igSkbjig, rjdjrh wask, uXugbjc ssf-ks 13-a muxbksXknggrskcgngh dgmjmckngrajis, mknkmum, rjhg as `fgnjnksmjSxjvnais gn znajiks njrmais~ Xaaxaig. 7;39 gsaSgc dgnsgfuSraikS

7;8; Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 940.7;30 „hjncktkj kn prgasans vab prgatarktum hjbbgtg‒. 7;37 Xgvkdny, Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc KKK, 7530, § 77?, 791 o.7;39 ssf-ks 13-a muxbks mnkXvnabjigsSgn cgfgvXkraikS kx. zamjS, 94? cgXamcdjmk.




8;1

ksaSk pkrjig mkkHnavg, rjmabkh fgnjnkS gfr\gbubk gn`grgznajirkvk~ qmacaiks dgnxjrhkabaigs kSvgbkswknais, 7;38 gnumgrSbsgwknggYmcadjg.

Xasgsrubaibgc Xau\baiabk pkrjigh, hxgckg, gr kqnaigngmcvkbk. 7;33 naiks dgmjvbanks gsaS pkrjigsSgn cgfgvXkraigXausgigmjg fjnstktuhkur ogsaubjiaiSgn cg awknggYmcadaig, mgSXjrks, ssf-ks ma-5 muxbkS dgnmtfkhaiub faSkbsknckskaraiksprknhkpsgh.

rgh Xaaxaig sgmgrSbairkv Xacadgc dgrkdaiks `mSbkgngc~igSkbgc dgmjhxgcaigs, as mkuYaiabkg cg gm njrmks xabgxgbkdggzraiksg cg gcafvgturk dgnmgrtaiks sgou\vabk uncg kyjs.pkrjiks igSkbjig hgbsgxgc gr nkXngvs dgrkdaiks igSkbjigs.uorj matkh, pkrjiks igSkbjigs hgbfaub XamSxvavgXk Xak\baigdgrkdaiks upkrjij cg cguyjvnaiabk ngmcvkbjig mjeyvas.gngbjdkurgc, pkrjiks igSkbjigm Xak\baig dgmjkwvkjs mxgraSgmkar pkrjigsSgn cgfgvXkraiubk sxvg Xacadaiks cguyjvnaiabkcgcdjmg gn mgSk mjqmacaiks Xawyvatg. 7;31

mgdgbkSgc, pkrSgn XrjmkSk xabXafrubaiks dgojrmaig kmpkrjikS, rjm ks yjvabSvkurk gngzYguraikcgn Sgvks cgmsgqmaiabssgHuqgrs dgufaSais, dgmjkwvavs pkrjiks, cg grg XrjmkSkxabXafrubaiks, igSkbjigs.

ssf-ks ;7-a (9) muxbks caiubaikcgn fk Xak\baigdgmjmckngrajicas, rjm pkrjiks igSkbjig XasgigmksksgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaiks cgcdjmks, mgS Xjrks urSkarSjikscgmygraiks Su dgdr\abaiks, dgmjmrkhxvab dgramjaigc uncgHgkSvgbjs. dgrkdaiks igSkbgc dgmjhxgcaig mxjbjc kmXamSxvavgXkg dgsgzkgraiabk, Su pkrjig dgrkdaiks ksaS grsaikSdgramjaigs Xaaxaig, rjmbks dgraXah sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadk varcgcdaig. gm crjs dgrkdaiks grgrsaijig Su igSkbjig dgmjmckng-rajis Xasgigmksk ngmcvkbjiks wkngpkrjiaiks grgrsaijikcgn gnngmcvkbjiks Xamgoarxaiabk dgramjaiks grsaijikcgn.

XacgraiksgSvks, ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7813-a Kmuxbks Sgngxmgc, igSkbkg kmpargtkubk njrmaiks, sglgrjwasrkdksg gn faSkbk znks sgwknggYmcadj pkrjikS cgcaiubkxabXafrubaig. 7;3? dgrcg gmksg, ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks7813-a KK muxbks Sgngxmgc, Xau\baiabk dgcgcaiks pkrjig

7;38 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 85 (3), ?;1 o.7;33 Xagc. Xgvkdny, Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc KKK, 7530, § 77?, 7996gsava vjn Suer , GS KK (9), 7;75, § 50 K_, 957.7;31 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 9?4.7;3? „ A nubbj kb hjntrgttj gb qugba å gppjstg ung hjnckzkjna, sjspanskvg j rksjbutkvg, hjntrgrkg gnjrma kmpargtkva, gbb‛jrckna puiibkhj j gb iujn hjstuma. ‒




8;?

kwvavs xabXafrubaiks igSkbjigs, xjbj dguqmaiks pkrjigSgvgc grks igSkbk cg zadgvbangs gr gxcans xabXafrubaiksngmcvkbjigza (`kdk kSvbaig grdgSvgbkswknaiubgc~). 7;34

arSk XaxacvkS, ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7813-a Kmuxbks caiubaig ckc msdgvsaigs gvbans ssf-ks ;7-a muxbksradubkraigsSgn, Sumhg kdk ktgbkks fgnjnmcaibjigXkgsgxubk mjwasrkdaiks mxjbjc arSk orgdmantkg. gmcaiubaiks cgfjnfrataig ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7813-aKKK muxbks radubkraikS mkkYwavg, rjmabXkh gfr\gbubk gnXau\baiabk pkrjiks xabXafrubaiks mxjbjc ngwkbksmkmgrS mjqmacaiks XamSxvavgXk Xasgigmksk sgmgrSbairkvkXacadk cgcdaig uXugbjc gm pkrjiks, cg grg `mSbkgnkdgrkdaiks~, mkmgrS.

gngbjdkurgc, aspgnaSks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 777?-a KmuxbkS radubkrcaig Xau\baiabk, ksava rjdjrh faSkbkznksg cg fgnjnks gfr\gbvks sgwknggYmcadj pkrjigzacgmjfkcaiubk vgbcaiubaiks grgngmcvkbjig. 7;35

ssf-ks ;9-a muxbk gwasrkdais `naigza cgmjfkcaiubk pkrjiks~ 7;3; igSkbjigs. as ks XamSxvavgg, rjcasgh mksk cgcdjmg gncgucdjmbjig `cgmjfkcaiubkg mxjbjc dgrkdaiks mxgraaiza~. gmnjrmgXkh SvgbXk sghamkg mnkXvnabjvgnk xgrvazk. fgnjnmcaiabk grXak\baig mkkHnavcas, rjm grsaijis `mxgraaiza~ gnu jrkva mgSdgnzaarSjibkvgc cgmjfkcaiubk pkrjig. Su mksk cgcdjmg dgrkdaiksjrkva mxgrazag cgmjfkcaiubk, mgXkn as mxgraSg arSjibkvkmjqmacaiks, xabgxgbk XaSgnxmaiks Su naiks dgmjvbanks sgdgnkg cggrg pkrjig.

naigza cgmjfkcaiubk pkrjigg ks, rjmabkh dgrkdaiks arS-arS mxgrazag cgmjfkcaiubk. 7;10 gm mjwasrkdaiks pjzktkurk mxgraks grks, rjm sgfgnjnmcaibj dzkS xcaig km cgvks dgcgwyvatg,rjmabkh naigza cgmjfkcaiubk pkrjiks cgsgXvaijigs ufgvXkrcaighgbfaub avrjpub sgxabmwkojXk. 7;17 mkuxacgvgc gmksg, mkzgnXa-

7;34 „ Bg hjnckzkjna kmpjsskikba ranca nubbj kb hjntrgttj sa å sjspanskvg, sa å rksjbutkvg, sk eghjma njn gpjstg. ‒ 7;35 „ Bgs hjnckhkjnas kmpjskibas, bgs hjntrgrkgs g bgs iuangs hjstumiras y bgs prjekikcgs pjr bgbay gnubgrçn bg jibkdghkøn qua ca abbgs capancg.‒ 7;3; „ Pjtastgtkviackndund ‒ izw. „Tjbbansiackndund ‒ („hjnckhkj sk vjbuarj‒,kx., mgdgbkSgc<vjn Suer , GS KK (9), 7;75, § 50 K, 944 oo.6 Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 85 (9), ?53 oo.)6 „Hjnckzkjnamargmanta pjtastgtkvg‒ (ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7811-a muxbk ).7;10

Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, Xgvkdny, Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc KKK, 7530,§ 774, 795 oo.6kx. gsava ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7811-a muxbk. 7;17 Xagc. darmgnkks sgmgrSgbXk grsaiub gzrSg sxvgcgsxvgjigsSgncgfgvXkraikS, mgdgbkSgc< vjn Suer , GS KK (9), 7;75, § 50 K, 944 oo.6 Obuma, GS KK, 7;41,




8;4

wjnkbkg naigza cgmjfkcaiubk hgbfaubk pkrjiks sgmgrSbairkvkgYkgraig.

gngbkzs sgTkrjais ks, dgvrhabcas Su grg ssf-ks ;9-amuxbkS dgSvgbkswknaiubk sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadk a.w. naigzacgmjfkcaiub `XaijTkb~ pkrjigza, 7;19 rjmabkh cgmygraiubkgjikaqturgc cgcdangc Svksaigza, 7;18 mgdgbkSgc, qjnaiksxabXafrubaiks mkzgnSgn Xasgigmksjigza. 7;13 mnkXvnabjvgnkg ks, rjmpkrjiks cgcdjmgza knckvkcs grgfaSkbsknckskark zamjqmacaig gruncg Xaa\bjs, rgh SgvksSgvgc dgSvgbkswknaiubkg cg cguXvaibgchxgccaig ssf-ks ;5-a muxbkS. km XamSxvavgXk, Su cgsgXvaigcmkkHnavg pkrjig, rjmabXkh jikaqturk frktarkumaikS hgbfaubkknckvkcks naiks zamjqmacaiks `XaijTvg~ Xasg\baiabkg, mgXkn as,ssf-ks ;9-a muxbks mjwasrkdaikcgn dgmjmckngra, sgsurvabkg,spahkgburk radubkraiks sgdgnk dgxcas. 7;11

naigza cgmjfkcaiubk pkrjiks mkmgrS sgyurgcYaij mkcdjmggqvs Hgmjygbkiaiubk drjhkuss . km XamSxvavgXk, Su pkrjiks

cgcdjmg Sgvgc naiks dgmjmvbanzag cgmjfkcaiubk, kdkmkzgnXawjnkbgc mkkHnavs gm pkrks cgvgbcaiubaigs, Sgvksmxrkcgn yvabgoark dggfaSjs znajirkvgc cgsgXvaiogrdbaiXk pkrjiks cgcdjmks xabXawyjiks mkznkS. 7;1?

hgbfaub XamSxvavgXk cgsgXvaigc uncg HgkSvgbjs ksaSk pkrjig,rjmbks cgcdjmgh grg naiks dgmjmvbanks, grgmac majra mxgrks

§ 85 (9), ?53 oo.6 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 10, YcNr. 71 oo.6 Mackhus,GS cas IDI, 900?, § 19, YcNr. 580 o.7;19 „ daiuncana Tjbbansiackndund ‒. 7;18

kx., mgdgbkSgc,Xgvkdny, Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc KKK, 7530, § 774,

783, cgsfvnkS, rjm `umrgvbas XamSxvavgXk, uirgbjc naigza (mxgrks Sumasgma pkrks) cgmjfkcaiubk pkrjig gn Sgvgc grks \gbks grmqjna, gn mSabdgrkdaigs grgngmcvkbs xcks. gmks sgpkrkspkrjc, gsava umrgvbasXamSxvavgXk, pkrjig \gbgXkg cg ngmcvkbkg, rjcasgh kdk mgtarkgburmjqmacaigzag mkmgrSubk, mgXkngh fk, Su kdk mxjbjc pkrks naigsurvkbzagcgmjfkcaiubk...~ ( „...kn can makstan Oãbban cka guo can ibjssan Tkbban (aknas Iateakbkdtanjcar aknas Crkttan) dastabbta Iackndund antwacar sabist wkrfundsbjs kst, jcar cgs dgnza Yahetsdasheãot undòbtkd mghet. Cgdadan kst, wkacarum kn can makstan Oãbban, cka Iackndund dòbtkd unc wkrfsgm, wann ska guo akna mgtarkabba Egncbund darkhetat kst, mgd guhe ckasabackdbkhe vjn car Tkbbfòer car Parsjn gieãndan...‒).7;13 Xagc. Sgngmacrjva darmgnkks sgmgrSgbSgn cgfgvXkraikS< Bgranz/Tjbo , GScas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 10, YcNr. 74.7;11 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, ssf-ks 171-a muxbkS dgSvgbkswknaiubk a.w. ngsyk-cjiks johkg. 7;1? Drjtkus, Ca kura iabbk gh pghks, 7?91, kn<vjn Fkrhemgnn (Ersd.), Crak Iòhear òiar cgs Yahetcas Frkadas unc Orkacans, 75?;, KK, UK, KU, 8;5.




8;5

naigzag cgmjfkcaiubk. gr grsaijis sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadkscgcdjmks XazYucvks sgou\vabk, Su naiks dgmjvbanks XacadaikgcrasgtksSvks Sgvkcgnva ngSabkg cg mgSk cgcdjmg uXugbjc mkskmjqmacaikS, sgSgngcj naiks dgmjvbankS grks dgnpkrjiaiubk.Xasgigmksgc, cgsgXvaikg xabXafrubaiks mjXbg km pkrjikS, Sumajra mxgra gr cgaSgnxmaig Xahvbkbk dgramjaikcgn dgmjmckngramjckokhkraigs (mgdgbkSgc< qkrks dgzrcgs gn Xrjmks gngzYguraiksXamhkraigs). 7;14

78.8 ̀ pjzktkurk~ cg `nadgtkurk~ pkrjiks dgmklvng

ssf-Xk wasrkdcaig `pjzktkurk~ cg `nadgtkurk~ pkrjiks dgmklvng.ssf-ks ;8-a K muxbks Sgngxmgc, pjzktkurkg pkrjig, `Su dgrkdaigcgcaiubkg km pkrjikS, rjm rgkma mjvbang cgcdaig dgnsgzYvrubvgcgXk...~ gmks sgpkrkspkrjc, ssf-ks ;3-a K muxbks Xasgigmksgc,nadgtkurkg pkrjig `Su dgrkdaig cgcaiubkg km pkrjikS, rjm rgkmamjvbang gr cgcdaig dgnsgzYvrub vgcgXk...~ gsaSk pkrjiaik

`\gbgcgfgrdubgc kSvbaig~, Su mxgraSg mkar XaSgnxmaiubk vgcksdgsvbks mkuxacgvgc, Xasgigmksk pkrjikS dgSvgbkswknaiubkdgramjaig gr cgcdaig. gngbjdkurk Xacadk cdaig, Su pkrjikscgcdjmks vgcg dgnsgzYvrubk gr grks (gsava pkrjiksgSvksdgnsgzYvrubk vgcks dgsvbgmca), Su gXfgrgg, rjm `mjvbang grcgcdaig~ (mksk cgcdjmg ̀ Xau\baiabkg~). 7;15

gm njrmaiXk mjhamubkg rjdjrh `pjzktkurk~ cg `nadgtkurk~pkrjiaiks, gsava sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaiks cgcdjmks vgcgsSgncgfgvXkraiks (`vgckgnjiks~) 7;1; mjwasrkdaiks mhcabjig. pkrjikSjig,rjmbks crjsgh Xasgigmksk dgramjaiks cgcdjmgg sgSuj, gnucgcdaig `Su~ grg kdk, kmklnaig Xasgigmksk dgramjaiks cgcdjmks`vgckgnjiksgdgn~, rjcasgh hgbsgxgg, rjm dgramjaig guhkbaibgccgcdaig cg sgSujg mxjbjc ks Z `rjcks~ cgcdaig kdk. 7;?0

ssf-ks ;8-a cg ;3-a muxbaikcgn hgbsgxgc gr dgmjmckngrajisks, rjm fgnjnmcaiabs mxjbjc pkrjikSjig (cgcdaig `Su~ grg)gkntarasais cg sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaiks cgcdjmgs mgs ufgvXkrais.uorj matkh, kqmnaig XSgiaTckbaig, rjm fgnjnmcaiabs surcgrjdjrh pkrjikSjiks (cgcdaig `Su~ grg), ksa vgckgnjiks (`rjcks~

7;14 Xagc. darmgnkks sgmgrSgbXk, mgdgbkSgc< Obuma, GS KK, 7;41, § 85 (9), ?5? o., Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?, § 19, YcNr. 580, 510.7;15 kx. grsaikSgc msdgvsk Xknggrsjirkvk cgtvkrSvkS ssf-ks ;8-a KK, ;3-a K 9,;3-a KK muxbaik. 7;1; darmgnkks sgmgrSgbXk< „ Iaorkstund ‒. 7;?0 Xagc. darmgnkks sgmgrSgbSgn cgfgvXkraikS, mgdgbkSgc< Obuma, GS KK, 7;41,§ 85 (7), ?456 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 10, YcNr. 86 Mackhus, GS casIDI, 900?, § 19, YcNr. 5956 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005, Aknoòerund vjr § 715, YcNr. 9.




8;;

cgcdaig) mjwasrkdaig. Xasgigmksgc, ssf-ks ;8-a cg ;3-a muxbaiksojrmubkraikcgn dgmjmckngra wasrkdcaig XamSxvavg, rjcasghsgSujg rjdjrh pkrjiks cgcdjmg, ksa mksk cgcdjmg XasgigmksvgcgXk. sgijbjjc, gm njrmaikS fumubghkurk pkrjiks mjwasrkdaigmjxcg, rksk cgmjufkcaiabk mjwasrkdaiks guhkbaibjighragburgc gr grsaijicg. 7;?7

78.3 pkrjikSk dgrkdaiks mxgraSg vgbcaiubaiaik

ssf-ks ;1-a K muxbkS mjwasrkdaiubkg pkrjikSk dgrkdaiks cgmcaikpkrks zamjqmacaiksdgn Sgvks Xafgvaiks vgbcaiubaig. cguXvaiabkg,mgn `pkrjiks cgcdjmgmca Xagsrubjs rgkma ksaSk mjqmacaig,rjmabsgh Xau\bkg, xabk XauXgbjs mksk vgbcaiubaiksXasrubaigs.~ hxgckg, gq kdubksxmaig Xasgigmksk pkrjikscgcdjmksgs vgbcaiubaiks Xasrubaiks Xasg\baibjig. gmvgbcaiubaiks Xausrubaibjiks XamSxvavgXk ssf-ks ;1-a KK muxbksSgngxmgc, cdaig gsaSk mjqmacaiks dgnmxjrhkabaiabk pkrks zkgnks

gngzYguraiks vgbcaiubaig. 7;?9 gm SgvksSgvgc hxgck caiubaiks mkzgnk kmks xgzdgsmgg, rjmdgrkdaig, Suncgh pkrjikS, mgdrgm mgknh ufva cgcaiubkg cg,Xasgigmksgc, mksdgn dgrfvaubk wkngswgrk sgmgrSbairkvk XacadaikuXugbjc pkrjiks cgcdjmgmcah dgmjmckngrajis. maryavkmcdjmgrajig Xaaxaig mxjbjc pkrjiks cgcdjmgsg Su grcgcdjmgzacgmjfkcaiub hgbfaub sgmgrSbairkv Xacads. 7;?8

cgijbjs, ssf-ks ;5-a muxbkS dgSvgbkswknaiubkg darmgnkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7?9-a pgrgdrgoksg cg sgqgrSvabjs ssr-kssgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks fjcaqsks ma-?0 KKK-K_ muxbks kcanturkcaiubaig. Xasgigmksgc, pkrjiks cgcdjmks cgirfjbaig gn mkskcgcdjmks xabks Xawyjig dgmjrkhxgvs pkrjikS dgSvgbkswknaiubksgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaiks cgcdjmgs, Su gYnkXnubk dgnpkrjiaiubkgkm pkrks grgfaSkbsknckskark mjqmacaikS, rjmbks kntarasaiXkhXacks Xasgigmksk Xacadks cgcdjmg.

7;?7 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 9?5.7;?9 Xagc. darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7?0-a pgrgdrgok, kx. gsavadarmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7?7-a pgrgdrgok, rjmbks caiubaigh grkqng dgzkgraiubk sgqgrSvabjs sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsXk .7;?8 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 9?;. Xagc. darmgnub sgmgrSgbSgncgfgvXkraikS, mgdgbkSgc< vjn Suer , GS KK (9), 7;75, § 57 K, 9;7 oo.6 Obuma, GS KK, 7;41,§ 8; (7), 400 oo.6 Bgranz/Tjbo , GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003, § 10, YcNr. 3; oo.6 Mackhus,GS cas IDI, 900?, § 19, YcNr. 539 o.6 Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005, § 7?0, YcNr. 7 sjwka §7?7 YcNr. 7 oo.




300

73. `dgrkdaiksmkark wgrmjmgcdanbjig~ rwmunaiubaig

mjqmacaiks dgnxjrhkabaigsg Su naiks dgmjvbangXk masgma pkrksHgrSvg cgsgXvaikg, Su gr grks fgnjnmcaibjikS dgSvgbkswknaiubkspahkgburk XazYucvg. 7;?3 knckvkcks mjqmacaiks Sgvksuobaiks arS-arSk dgmjvbknaigg dgrkdaiksmkark wgrmjmgcdanbks Su rwmuna-iubks maXvajikS mjqmacaig. 7;?1

pkrs Xau\bkg, sxvksk mjqmacaiks sgou\vabza Xak\knjsuobaiaik cg ktvkrSjs mjvgbajiaik, Su mgn as pkrk sgSgngcjuobaigmjskbaikS gYTurvg Sgvksk fjnfratubk mjSxjvnkbaikscgfmgyjokbaiks gn, zjdgcgc, mksk kntarasaiks Xasgigmksgcmjqmacaiks mkznkS. 7;??

drjhkusk mkkHnavs, rjm arSmgnaSksgdgn dgsgmklnkg jrk naiksdgmjvbang<

pkrvabk naiks dgmjvbankS pkrk ghxgcais Sgnxmjigs

fjnfratubk dgrkdaiks ogrdbaiXk sxvg pkrks mkardgnxjrhkabaiubk mjqmacaiks mjwjnaigza, gnu, SgngmacrjvadgdaikS, cgmcdgrk sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaiks mks mkmgrSmjqmacaigza6

majra naiks dgmjvbankS kdk gm pkrs gvgbcaiubais,kmjqmacjs mxjbjc mksSvks cg grg sxvgSgSvks hnjikbkmkSkSaiaiks Xasgigmksgc, 7;?4 gnu zustcaig rwmunaiubaiksogrdbaik.

hxgckg, jrkva as mjmantk arSk naiks dgmjvbanksXknggrsXk Xak\baig dgarSkgncas. gmgsSgn, gr grksguhkbaiabk, grsaijicas rwmunaiubaiks Xknggrsks sxvgSgdgncgogrubk ngwkbk, vkngkcgn rwmunaiubaiks mknkTaigXasg\baiabkg, masgma pkrks SgncgswraikS dgnxjrhkabcas.

7;?3 gsaSk XazYucvg dgSvgbkswknaiubkg, mgdgbkSgc, qjrwknaiksg cggncar\ks XamSxvavaiXk. Xagc., Xasgigmksgc, ssf-ks 7779-a cg 783?-a muxbaik. 7;?1 Xagc. Tkncsheakc , Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, 7554, § 48, 907 oo.7;?? Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< Drjtkus, Ca kura iabbk gh pghks, 7?91, kn<vjn Fkrhemgnn (Ersd.),Crak Iòhear òiar cgs Yahet cas Frkadas unc Orkacans, 75?;, KK, UK, UKK, 8;;6SgngmacrjvasgmgrSgbSgn cgfgvXkraikS Ijnabb , Gdanhy, kn< Egrtfgmp/Eassabknf/Ejnckus/Ljustrg/cu Parrjn/_abcmgn (acs.), Sjwgrcs g Aurjpagn Hkvkb Hjca, 9003, 857 at saq.7;?4 Drjtkus, Ca kura iabbk gh pghks, 7?91, kn<vjn Fkrhemgnn (Ersd.), Crak Iòhear òiar cgs Yahetcas Frkadas unc Orkacans, 75?;, KK, UK, UKK, 300.




307

73.7 sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjiks Sgvksaiuraignk

dgrkdaiksmkark wgrmjmgcdanbjig ssf-Xk dgrkdaiaiks knstktutSgnurSkarSfgvXkrXk wasrkdcaig. gm mxrkv sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibj-igXk dgzkgraiubkg darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsXk gsgxubkmkcdjmg. gmks sgpkrkspkrjc, sgiTjSg fjckokfghkaiXk wgrmjmgcdan-bjig dgrkdaiksgdgn cgmjufkcaibgc dgnkxkbaijcg cg hgbfa SgvXkradubkrcaijcg. 7;?5

gm skstamurmg hvbkbaigm dgrkdaiksmkark wgrmjmgcdanbjiksknstktutks xabgxgbk dggzraiks sgTkrjaig wgrmjXvg. swjracgsaSk gxbaiurk xacvks Hgmjygbkiaiks guhkbaibjigg sgqgrSvabjsfgnjnmcaibjigXk grsaiubk xgrvazaiks mkzazk. 7;?; gmgsSgn,mjwasrkdaiks umnkXvnabjvgnask prjibamg `wgrmjmgcdanbjiksg~(rwmunaiubaiks) cg mks sgou\vbgc grsaiubk urSkarSjiksdgmklvngs ufgvXkrcaig. 7;40

`wgrmjmgcdanbjiks~ radubkraig sgxabm\Yvgnabjs tkpks

zjdgck cgngwasaikS kwyaig. ssf-ks 708-a K 7 muxbXk mjhamubkgcafbgrghkubk xgskgSks dgnhxgcaig, rjm `dgrkdaig Xak\baigcgkcjs wgrmjmgcdanbks maXvajikSgh.~ gmgsSgn, kqva mkaSkSaig, rjmgrsaijis fgnjnksmkark 7;47 cg dgrkdaiksmkark 7;49 wgrmjmgcdanbjig.ssf-ks 708-a K 9 muxbks Xasgigmksgc, `wgrmjmgcdanbjikSk uobaig-mjskbaig gn fgnjnkcgn dgmjmckngrajis, gn wgrmjkXjig cgvgbaiks(mkncjikbjiks) sgou\vabza~. 7;48

7;?5 kx., mgdgbkSgc< sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks fjcaqsks?7-a-47-a muxbaik6 Xagc. gsava rusaSks oacarghkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks718-a-757-a (dgrkdaiaik) cg 759-a-75;-a (wgrmjmgcdanbjig) muxbaik6 sjmxaSksraspuibkfks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 95;-a-874-a (dgrkdaiaik) cg 875-a-891-a(wgrmjmgcdanbjig) muxbaik6 sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjiks msdgvsgc,dgrkdaiaiXk wasrkdcaig wgrmjmgcdanbjig gzarigklgnks raspuibkfkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 81;-a-8??-a muxbaikS. 7;?; Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, ljriang\a , sgqgrSvabjs raspuibkfks mjmgvgbksgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks \krkSgck prjibamaik, 7;;3, 73; .7;40 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 943.7;47 kx., mgdgbkSgc, ssf-ks ma-79 _ 9 muxbk. dgrfvaubk spahkokfg gqvsfgnjnksmkark wgrmjmgcdanbjiks knstktuts kurkckubk pkraiksXamSxvavgXk, rjmbaiXkh kdk jrdgnkzghkubk ounqhkks mgtgraiabkg. kx.,

mgdgbkSgc, ssf-ks 81-a muxbk. 7;49 kx., mgdgbkSgc< ssf-ks 704-a muxbk, gsava mawgrmaSg Xasgxai fgnjnks ma-70muxbk. 7;48 Xagc. msdgvsk mkcdjmkS ktgbkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7854-a muxbk.




309

fgnjnksmkark wgrmjmgcdanbjiks knstktutk km fjnfratubpkrSg lduoaiks uobaiaiks ragbkzaigs amsgxuraig,rjmbaisgh gr XaswavS SgvkgnSk kntarasaiks cgmjufkcaibgccgfmgyjokbaiks ungrk.

dgrkdaiksmkark wgrmjmgcdanbjiksgs pkrk Sgvgc kYaisdgcgwyvatkbaigs Sgvksk kntarasaiks ragbkzaiks uobaigmj-skbaiks sxvksSvks dgcghamgza cg Sgvgcva dgnsgzYvrgvs gmuobaigmjskbaiks ogrdbais.

dgrkdaiksmkark cg fgnjnksmkark wgrmjmgcdanbjiaiks dgnsxvgvaiksdgmjsgfvaSgc hgbfaub angXk dgnsxvgvaiubk tarmknaiks dgmjyanaikstrgckhkg Hgmjygbkicg. 7;43 as mkYwavgckg qgrSub kurkckubtarmknjbjdkgXkh, Su dgrkdaiksmkark wgrmjmgcdanbjiksgYsgnkXngc xabgxbg cgmfvkcrcaig, mgdgbkSgc, tarmknk`rwmunaiubaig~. 7;41

hxgckg, sgfgnjnmcaibj taqnkfks SvgbsgzrkskS, fgnjnksmkar

wgrmjmgcdanbjigza sguigrk dgrkdaiaiks mjmwasrkdaiabSgvXk ugcdkbjg. gm SvgbsgzrkskS sgmgdgbkSj mjwasrkdaiggnkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-8<?0 cg XamcdjmmuxbaiXk, rjmbaikh uXugbjc `rwmunaiubaiks~ 7;4? mjwasrk-daigs gxcanan. 7;44

gmgsSgn, nkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-8<?0 Kmuxbks Sgngxmgc, `rwmunaiubaig grks uobaigmjskbaig,rjmabsgh mgrwmunaiabk dgcgshams sxvgs, rwmunaiubs, mksksgxabkS cgcjs dgrkdaiaik.~ 7;45

gngbjdkurk mkcdjmgg dgSvgbkswknaiubk avrjpubksgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSbks prknhkpaiks 8<707-a muxbXk,rjmabXkh Xasgigmksk Sgvks mjqmacaiks soarj fjnfratcaig,far\jc, `rwmunaiubks uobaigmjskbaig... XaijTjs mgrwmuna-iabk masgma pkraiSgn sgxabXafrubaij urSkarSjigXk.~ 7;4;

dgrcg gmksg, nkcarbgncabmg fgnjnmcaiabmg mkzgnXa-wjnkbgc mkkHnkg kmks cgfjnfrataig, rjm rwmunaiubaiks

7;43 kx., mgdgbkSgc, Ijnabb , Gdanhy, kn< Egrtfgmp/Eassabknf/Ejnckus/Ljustrg/cu Parrjn/_abcmgn (acs.), Sjwgrcs g Aurjpagn Hkvkb Hjca, 9003, 857 at saq.7;41 Xagc. sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks fjcaqsks ?8-a cgXamcdjmk muxbaik. 7;4? „_jbmghet ‒. 7;44 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 943.7;45 „_jbmghet ks ca iavjadceakc cka aan vjbmghetdavar varbaant ggn aan gncar, ca davjbmghetkdca, jm kn zkln nggm rahetsegncabkndan ta varrkhetan.‒ 7;4; „Seks Hegptar djvarns tea gutejrkty jo gn gdant... tj iknc kts prknhkpgb kn rabgtkjn tj ghjntrght wkte g tekrc pgrty.‒




308

mjmwasrkdaiabk Sgvks mkznaiksgSvks dgrkdaigc kSvbaiggsava sxvg pkrks naiks dgmjvbanks mkYaig mgrwmunaibkssgxabkS. 7;50

as mkcdjmg gsgxubkg gsava darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 7?3-a KKK pgrgdrgoXk, rjmabkh mkYaigsgvgbcaiubjnaiks dgmjvbanks `wgrmjmgcdanbks~ 7;57 mkmgrS dgnxjrhk-abaigza gvrhabais dgrkdaiksmkark wgrmjmgcdanbjikssgmgrSbairkv Xacadais. 7;59

ssf-ks 708-a KK muxbXk mkSkSaiubkg, rjm wgrmjmgcdanbjiksknstktutks dgmjyanaig cguXvaiabkg< `rjhg, dgrkdaiks xgskgSkcgndgmjmckngra, kdk uXugbjc uncg cgcjs pkrmg, gn rjhg fgnjnkSgfr\gbubkg dgrkdaiks cgcaig wgrmjmgcdanbks maXvajikS.~ 7;58

gm jrk gbtarngtkvks dgnsxvgvaig \nabgc wgrmjsgcdankg.dgrkdaiksmkark wgrmjmgcdanbjiks knstktutks dgmjyanaigfgnjnkS gfr\gbubk mxjbjc mgXkn Xak\baig kyjs, Su

dgrkdaig, Sgvksk `xgskgSkcgn dgmjmckngra~, pkrmg Sgvgc uncgcgcjs. gsaS dgrkdaiais mkafuSvnaig, mgdgbkSgc< gncar\k cgqjrwknaig. gm XamSxvavaiXk pkrmg naig uXugbjc uncgdgmjgvbknjs. fgnjnmcaiabk pkrvab gbtarngtkvgsdgnsgzYvrgvs fgnjnkS dguSvgbkswknaiabk XamSxvavaiksgrsaijiks vgrguckcgn dgmjmckngra. kdk mkkHnavs, rjmXak\baig, mgs mxacavabjikcgn dgmjrHas, gnu fgnjnkSmjuwasrkdaiabk cgrHas, ksaSk XamSxvavg, rjcasgh dgrkdaigpkrmg uXugbjc uncg cgcjs. gsaSk `fgnjnkSmjuwasrkdaiabk~ cguXvaiabk dgrkdaiaiks grsaijig sgSujg.

sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjiks fkcav arSk Sgvksaiuraig darmgnkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks mjwasrkdaigsSgn mnkXvnabjvgnk msdgvsaikSxgskgScaig. gmgsSgn, hgbfaubk caiubaiks, arSk XaxacvkS,grggrsaikSk mjckokhkraig mgSk swjrac darmgnkks sgmgrSgbSgnurSkarSfgvXkrXk gngbkzks mkzgnXawjnkbjigs dgngpkrjiais.

7;50 kx. nkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks ma-8<?0 KK muxbk ( „kn jntvgndstnaman vgn aan varfbgrknd ‒). 7;57 darmgnkks sgmgrSgbXk tarmknk `wgrmjmgcdanbjig~ ( „_artratund ‒ izw.„Xtabbvartratund ‒) dgmjkyanaig rjdjrh dgrkdaiksmkark, ksa fgnjnksmkark`wgrmjmgcdanbjiksgs~. 7;59 „ Cka _jrsherkotan... okncan antspraheanca Gnwancund, wann akna dadanòiar aknam gncarangizudaianca Tkbbansarfbãrund cassan _artratar dadanòiar arojbdt.‒ 7;58 Xagc. sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks fjcaqsks ?7-a K_muxbk.




303

73.9 `wgrmjmgcdanbjikSk uobaigmjskbaiks~ sgou\vabk

mnkXvnabjvgnk tarmknjbjdkurk xgrvazk wgrmjmgcdanbjikSkuobaigmjskbaiks, ‘ rwmunaiubaiks sgou\vabs Xaaxaig. ssf-ks 708-aK 9 muxbks Sgngxmgc, `wgrmjmgcdanbjikSk uobaigmjskbaig...wgrmjkXjig cgvgbaiks (mkncjikbjiks) sgou\vabza~. gmksdgndgnsxvgvaikS, ssf-ks 704-a K muxbXk fgnjnmcaiabk `uobaigmj-skbaiks (rwmunaiubaiks) mkhamgs~ gradubkrais. gmdvgrgc, gm jrnjrmgXk fgnjnmcaiabk dgnsxvgvaiub tarmknjbjdkgs kyanais6 arSkmxrkv, `wgrmjmgcdanbjikSk uobaigmjskbaig~ `cgvgbaiks(mkncjikbjiks)~ sgou\vabza~ wgrmjkXjig, majra mxrkv, xcaig`uobaigmjskbaiks (rwmunaiubaiks) mkhamg~.

sgdubksxmjg, rjm sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrS-bks fjcaqsXk gr kyj gsaSk sgxks xgrvazaik cg fgnjnmcaiabkarSdvgrjvngc kyanaicg tarmkns ‘ ̀ rwmunaiubaig~. 7;53

dgrcg gmksg, `cgvgbaiks~ mjxsankaig rwmunaiubaiks mknkTaikssgou\vbgc Xknggrsjirkvgcgh grgzustkg, vkngkcgn `wgrmjmgc-danbjikSk uobaigmjskbaiks~ wgrmjmXjik a.w. Xkcg urSkarSjiggr grks guhkbaiabk, cgvgbaiks xabXafrubaiks sgou\vabzacgmygrcas. kdk, xabXafrubaiks Xknggrsks dgnsgzYvrksSgvksuobaikcgn dgmjmckngra, Xasg\baiabkg, sxvg vgbcaiubaikSsg-mgrSbairkvk (mgdgbkSgc, mjmsgxuraiks Su ngrcjiks), gsavaXrjmkSk xabXafrubaikcgn dgmjmckngrajicas. 7;51

gmdvgrgc, ssf-ks 708-a K 9 muxbks caiubaig gm Svgbsgzrk-skSgh gr grks grsaikSk radubkraiks Xamhvabk. kdk sgxabm\Yvg-nabjs tkpks njrmgg, rjmabXkh `cgvgbaigsg~ Su `mkncjikbjigza~mkSkSaig dgrkdaiksmkark wgrmjmgcdanbjiks wgrmjXjiks arS-arS,cg grg arSgcarS, sgou\vabza mkSkSaigc uncg HgkSvgbjs.

dgrcg gmksg, mkzgnXawjnkbkg, mfgokj zYvgrk dgkvbjsrwmunaiubaiks sgou\vbgc grsaiub `Xkcg~ urSkarSjigsg cgrwmunaiubks masgma pkraiks mkmgrS dgmjvbankbk naiks sgou\vabzawgrmjXjikb sgmgrSbairkv Xacadais Xjrks.

73.8 ngmcvkbjiks wkngpkrjiaik

ssf-ks 703-a K muxbXk dgSvgbkswknaiubkg, mgdgbkSgc, darmgnkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7?3-a K 7 pgrgdrgoks, Xvakhgrkks sgmjqgbgqj

7;53 kx. sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks fjcaqsks ?8-a cgXamcdjmk muxbaik. 7;51 Xagc. Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 943 o.




301

fjcaqsks 89-a K muxbksg cg sgqgrSvabjs ssr-ks sgmjqgbgqjsgmgrSbks fjcaqsks ?7-a K muxbks msdgvsk caiubaig. mgsXkdgnksgzYvraig rwmunaiubaiks sgou\vabza dgnxjrhkabaiubkmjqmacaiks sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaiks gcrasgtk ‘ mgrwmunaiabk(`wgrmjcdankbk pkrk~).

gmgsSgn, Hgmjygbkiaiubkg ngmcvkbk wgrmjmgcdanbjiksg Surwmunaiubaiks wkngpkrjiaik<

rwmunaiubk Sgvgc uncg mjqmacaicas, gnu gvbancas Sgvksnaigs. gm fjmpjnantkS wgrmjmgcdanbjig dgnsxvgvcaig kmXamSxvavksgdgn, rjcasgh pkrk sxvg pkrs kyanais Sgvksk naiksdgmjvbanks dgcgmhamgc cg sgcgh as ufgngsfnabk naiks dgmjmvbanksdgmtgrks Su dgcgmtgnks ounqhkgs gsrubais6 7;5?

kdk uncg mjqmacaicas rwmunaiubaiks gnu wgrmjmgcdanbj-ikSk `uobaigmjskbaiks ogrdbaiXk~, rgh Xasgigmkskuobaigmjskbaiks grsaijigsg cg gm uobaigmjskbaiks ogrdbaiXkmjqmacaikS vbkncaig6

naiks dgmjvbanks gcrasgtksgSvks Xahnjigck uncg kyjs sxvg

pkrks sgxabkS mjqmacaiks ogqtk (`km pkrks sgxabkS, rjmabsgh kdkwgrmjgcdans~). 7;54 mnkXvnabjvgnk mjwasrkdaigg ssf-ks 703-a KK muxbXk, rjmbks

Sgngxmgcgh< `wgrmjmgcdanbjikSk uobaiks grgrsaijig gr Xak\baigdgmjkyanjs dgrkdaiks majra mxgram, Sufk wgrmjcdankbmg ksaSkdgramjaiaik Xaqmng, rjm dgrkdaiks majra mxgras faSkbsknckskargcadjng gsaSk uobaigmjskbaiks grsaijig.~ gm wkngcgcaigXkfgnjnmcaiabk jrlar kyanais orgzg `majra mxgras~ cg, gmgsSgn,sxvgcgsxvg mxgraza mslabjiksgs. pkrvab XamSxvavgXk `majramxgrag~ wgrmjcdankbk pkrk (mgrwmunaiabk), gnu ks, vksk sgxabkSgh`wgrmjmgcdanabk~ gxjrhkabais dgrfvaub mjqmacaigs. swjracwgrmjcdankbk pkrkg vgbcaiubk, pgsuxk gdjs mksk `wgrmjmgc-danbks~ ksaS qmacaigza, rjmabkh mks mkar dgnpkrjiaiubkdgramjaiaiks dgmj jikaqturgc gYkqmaig rjdjrh mksk sgxabkSmjqmacaig. majra XamSxvavgXk, fgnjnmcaiabk sxvg Svgbsgwkarkcgnxacgvs kmgva vkSgraigs cg `majra mxgrac~ naiks dgmjvbanksgcrasgts kxsankais, gnu mgs, vksgh faSkbsknckskargc Xau\bkgkvgrgucjs, rjm `wgrmjmgcdanabk~ mjqmacais sxvg pkrks sgxabkSsgSgngcj uobaigmjskbaiks ogrdbaiXk.

7;5? Xagc. ssf-ks 8;?-a muxbks caiubaig, rjmabXkh pkrks pgsuxksmdaibjigdgnksgzYvraig `km pkrSg mjqmacaiksgSvks, rjmabSgh kdk kyanais sgfuSgr

vgbcaiubaigSg Xasgsrubaibgc...~ 7;54 „Druncsgtz car Jooanfunckdfakt ‒. Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 7?3-a pgrgdrgok ( „km Ngman aknas gncaran‒)6 gsava XvakhgrkksvgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks 89-a K muxbk ( „kn cassan Ngman‒).




30?

sgfgnjnmcaibj taqnkfks SvgbsgzrkskS, gm xgrvazkgnk, mgdrgmdgnmgrtaiks sgou\vabza cgcdangck, caiubaiks gngbkzksgs gXfgrgg,rjm mksk prjtjtkpk nkcarbgncaiks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 8<?7-a KKmuxbks caiubaigg. 7;55 gYnkXnubk gmygrais zamjS mjhamubkdgnmgrtaiks ugbtarngtkvjigs. gmdvgrgc, ssf-ks 703-a KK muxbXkdgSvgbkswknaiubkg naiks dgmjvbanks gcrasgtks kntarasaikscghvks stgncgrtk. dgnmsgzYvrabkg ks, rjm mgn faSkbsknckskargckrwmung cg, gmgva crjs, jikaqturgc eqjncg sgou\vabk, arwmung,rjm naiks dgmjvbanks Xacadaiks gcrasgtk kyj wgrmjcdankbk pkrk(mgrwmunaiabk). grsaikSgc gngbjdkurk Xacadk, Sumhg dgnsxvgva-iubk ojrmubkraiks caiubaiaiks dgmjyanaikS, dgSvgbkswknaiubkgavrjpubk sgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSbks prknhkpaiks 8<907-amuxbkS 7;5; cg darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7?3-a K 9pgrgdrgokS. 7;;0

ssf-ks mjwasrkdaigXk gr grks gsgxubk darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 7?3-a KK pgrgdrgoks msdgvsk caiubaig, rjmbks Sgngxmgcgh,naiks Xahnjigcjiks grgrsaijiksgs mnkXvnabjig gr ankTaig kmgs,

eqjncg Su grg dgmjmvbans naig, amjqmacg sgfuSgrk sgxabkS.7;;7

mkuxacgvgc gmksg, Xasgigmksk Xacadk uXugbjc ssf-ks 703-a KKK7 muxbkcgn dgmjmckngrajis, far\jc< `Su dgrkdaiks cgcaiksgswgrmjmgcdanabk gr mkuSkSais Sgvks wgrmjmgcdanbjikS uobaigmj-skbaigza~, gnu kdk gr Xagsrubais Xahnjigcjiks fjmpjnantksgSvkssgvgbcaiubj mjqmacaigs, `dgrkdaig wgrmjXjis Xacadais uXugbjcwgrmjcdankbk pkrksgSvks mxjbjc km XamSxvavgXk, Sufk majramxgras uncg avgrgucg wgrmjmgcdanbjiks Xasgxai.~ 7;;9

gm caiubaikcgn, gmgva crjs, kskh dgmjmckngrajis, rjm yvabgsxvg XamSxvavgXk `dgrkdaig~ Su `wgrmjmgcdanbks~ naiks dgmjvbangXacadais uXugbjc `wgrmjmgcdanbksSvks~ wgrmjXjis. gsaSk Xacadk

7;55 „ Ks aan rahetsegncabknd kn nggm vgn aan gncar varrkhet, cgn fgn tadan ca wacarpgrtkl,knckan zkl jp drjnc vgn aan varfbgrknd jo dacrgdknd vgn cka gncar eaaot ggndanjman an jncarca dadavan jmstgnckdeacan racabklfarwklza mjhet ggnnaman cgt aan tjarakfanca vjbmghet wgsvarbaanc, jp ca jnlusteakc vgn caza varjncarstabbknd daan iarjap wjrcan dacggn.‒ 7;5; „(7)Sea prknhkpgb‛s drgnt jo gutejrkty tj gn gdant tj ght kn kts ngma mgy ia axprass jr mgyia kmpbkac orjm tea hkrhumstgnhas... (8) G parsjn ks tj ia tragtac gs egvknd drgntac gutejrkty tjgn gppgrant gdant ko tea parsjn‛s stgtamants jr hjncuht kncuha tea tekrc pgrty ragsjngiby gnc kn djjc ogkte tj iabkava tegt tea gppgrant gdant egs iaan drgntac gutejrkty ojr tea ght parojrmaciy kt .‒ 7;;0 „ As mghet faknan Qntarshekac ji cka Arfbãrund guscròhfbkhe km Ngman cas _artratananarojbdt jcar ji cka Qmstãnca ardaian, cgss ska kn cassan Ngman arojbdan sjbb .‒ 7;;7 „Srktt car Tkbba, kn oramcam Ngman zu egncabn, nkhet arfannigr earvjr, sj fjmmt car

Mgndab cas Tkbbans, km akdanan Ngman zu egncabn, nkhet kn Iatrghet .‒ 7;;9 Xagc. gsava Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks 89-a KK muxbkscaiubaig ( „car gncara gus can Qmstãncan guo cgs _artratundsvareãbtnks shebkassanmussta‒).




304

Xaasgigmaig, mgdgbkSgc, darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7?3-a KKpgrgdrgokS dgSvgbkswknaiub cgfjnfrataigs, rjmbks Sgngxmgc,mnkXvnabjig gr ankTaig dgmjmvbanks naigs, `amjqmacg sgfuSgrksgxabkS~ 7;;8 .7;;3

dgrcg gmksg, ssf-ks 703-a KKK 9 muxbks Xasgigmksgc, `kdkva waskmjqmacais mgXkngh, rjhg majra mxgrksgSvks sub arSkg, vksSgncgcais dgrkdaigs.~ 7;;1 Xasgigmksgc, Xahnjigcjiks grgrsaijig grgrks xabXamXbabk dgramjaig wgrmjmgcdanbks (rwmunaiubks)maXvajikS cgcaiubk dgrkdaiks ngmcvkbjiksgSvks, Su gr grsaijisxabXafrubaiks majra mxgrks kntarasaiks cghvks guhkbaibjig.sxvg pkrks sgxabkS mjqmacaiks Xahnjigcjiks dgrkdaiksngmcvkbjiks wkngpkrjigc dgnsgzYvrks mkzgnkg majra mxgrkssgmgrSbairkvk skhxgcks kntarask ‘ mgn uncg khjcas, vkn grksxabXafrubaiks majra mxgra. gmcangc, Su xabXafrubaiksmxgrksgSvks `sub arSkg~, vkn kqnaig majra mxgra, gsava sgmgrSbai-rkvk wasrkdksgSvks gr grks grsaikSk, khjcg Su grg mgn, dgrkdaigcgkcj rwmunaiubaiks sgou\vabza sxvg pkrSgn Su uXugbjc naiks

dgmjmvbanSgn.7;;?

gsaSk Xacadk mksgYaikg ksaSk dgrkdaiksgs,rjmbks Xasrubaigh cguyjvnaibkv xcaig. mgdgbkSgc, rjdjrhwask, dgmykcvabksgSvks umnkXvnabjg, mks mkar dgykcubk sgqjnbksmykcvabk Sgvgc ks pkrkg, vknh naig dgmjgvbkng, Su as ufgngsfnabksxvg pkrks mkar mknkTaiubk rwmunaiubaiks ogrdbaiXk mjqmacais.grsaikSkg ks, rjm ngsykcjiks ogsks dgcgxcks vgbcaiubaigXasrubaiubkg. gngbjdkurgc, Su vgbcaiubaiks Xasrubaigdgrkdaiks cgcaiksSgngva gr xcaig, mxgra cgkntarasaiubkg cguobaigmjskbkg khjcas, vks mkmgrS gqvs mgs mjSxjvng.

ssf-ks 701-a muxbXk, sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks SvgbsgzrkskS,darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7?1-a pgrgdrgoks msdgvsk mjwasrk-daigg gsgxubk cg cgsgXvaigc mkkHnavg `wgrmjmgcdanbjikSkuobaigmjskbaiks~ dgnxjrhkabaig XazYucubgc qmacung-rkgnkQpkrks mkar. 7;;4 gYnkXnubk kmkS grks dgmgrSbaiubk, rjmXazYucubk qmacungrkgnjiks mqjna pkrks mkar dgnxjrhkabaiubk

7;;8 „km akdanan Ngman zu egncabn‒.7;;3 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 94?.7;;1 Xagc. gsava Xvakhgrkks vgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSbks 89-a KK muxbk ( „wannas kem dbakhedòbtkd wgr, mkt wam ar can _artrgd shebkassa‒). 7;;? Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005, § 7?3, YcNr. 5 („Dasheãot oòr can,

can as gndaet ‒).7;;4 darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7?1-a pgrgdrgoXk mjwasrkdaiubkgdgrkdaiks cgcaig XazYucubk dgrkdaigungrkgnjiks mqjna wgrmjmgcdanbksmkar ( „ Iasherãnft dasheãotsoãekdar _artratar ‒).




305

mjqmacaiks Xacadaiks gcrasgtk grks grg Sgvgc, grgmac sxvgpkrk. 7;;5

prjibamurkg mxjbjc ks XamSxvavaik, rjcasgh gsaSk pkrkmjqmacais `wgrmjmgcdanbjikSk uobaigmjskbaiks~ ogrdbaiksdgcgTgriaikS, gnu wgrmjkXjig rksfk, rjm kdk Sgvgc dgxcassgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaiks gcrasgtk. 7;;; gsaS XamSxvavgza, hxgckg,dgvrhabcaig XazYucubk qmacungrkgnjiks mqjna pkrks mkarcgcaiubk dgrkdaiks mkmgrS mjqmack wasaik, vkngkcgn grgsrub-wbjvnks cghvks kntarask dgcgwjnks naiks dgmjvbanks gcrasgtksmkar `wgrmjmgcdanbjiks~ sgou\vabza dgmjvbankbk naiks ncjikskntarass.

ssf-ks 70?-a K muxbks Sgngxmgc, `naiks dgmjvbanks ngfbksdgmj dgrkdaiks sghkbjjiksgs dgcgmwyvatkg wgrmjmgcdanbks naig.~gmgsSgn, sgyurgcYaijg, rjm sgqgrSvabjs fgnjnmcaibjikSgrgmgrSaiubgc grks cgvkwrjaiubk darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 7??-a K pgrgdrgoks Xknggrsk. Xasgigmksgc, mkzgnXawjnkbkgssf-ks 70?-a K muxbks ogrSjc dgnmgrtaig. gm njrmgm uncg mjkhvgs

yvabg ks XamSxvavg, rjhg wgrmjmgcdanbks (rwmunaiubks) mkarsgfuSgrk naiks dgmjvbanks ogqtk grsaikSk Xak\baig kyjssgmgrSbairkvk XacadksgSvks. 9000 XacgraiksgSvks, darmgnkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7??-a K pgrgdrgoXk uXugbjc mkaSkSaig, rjmnaiks ngfbk Su hgbfaub dgramjaigSg hjcnks ogqtk swjracwgrmjmgcdanbks mkar dgmjvbankb naigsSgn gn gm ufgngsfnabkspkrjvnaigsSgn urSkarSfgvXkrXk uncg Xaogscas. 9007 gmdvgrgc,mgdgbkSgc, naiks dgmjvbanks dgnmgrtaiksgs mxacvabjigXk mkkYaignaiks dgmjmvbanks gnu rwmunaiubks pkrjvnaig, far\jc ks, Surjdjr matyvabais gn wars kdk, rg sgxks dgngSbaig gqvs mkYaiubkcg sxvg.

gm mkcdjmkcgn dgmjngfbkskg XamSxvavg, rjcasgh naiksdgmjmvbank mjqmacais wgrmjcdankbk pkrks fjnfratubk mkSkSa-iaiks Xasgigmksgc, 9009 gnu `Su naiks dgmjvbanks ngfbk Xaaxaig ksaSdgramjaiais, rjmbaikh wgrmjcdankbk pkrks mkar wkngswgr kyjdgnsgzYvrubk...~ 9008

7;;5 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 94?.7;;; Xagc. ssf-ks 778-a K muxbks caiubaig. 9000 Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001, 94?.9007 „Xjwakt cka rahetbkhean Ojbdan aknar Tkbbansarfbãrund curhe Tkbbansmãndab jcar curhe cka Fanntnks jcar cgs Fannanmòssan dawkssar Qmstãnca iaaknobusst warcan, fjmmt nkhet cka Parsjn cas _artratanan, sjncarn cka cas _artratars kn Iatrghet.‒ 9009 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7??-a KK 7 pgrgdrgok„nghe iastkmmtan Taksundan cas _jbbmghetdaiars‒.9008 kx. ssf-ks 70?-a KK muxbk.




30;

`wgrmjmgcdanbjikSk uobaigmjskbaiks~ mjmwasrkdaiabkssf-ks 704-a muxbks ojrmubkraigXk grsaikSgc dgmajraiubkgdarmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 7?4-a pgrgdrgoks caiubaig. gmgvacrjs, xjrhkabcaig wgrmjmgcdanbjiks mkmgrS ojrmksSgvksuobaiks prknhkpks 9003 arSdvgrk XazYucvg kmkS, rjm mkskmjqmacaig, ssf-ks 704-a KK 9 muxbks Sgngxmgc, cgfgvXkraiubkg`spahkgburk ojrmks~ grgrsaijigsSgn. hxgckg, Su fgnjnmcaibjikScgcdankbkg spahkgburk ojrmg, mksk dgnmsgzYvrabk njrmgspahkgburkg ssf-ks mjwasrkdaigsSgn mkmgrSaikS cg XasgigmkskXacadks cgcdjmgs cgmgtaikSk mkSkSaikSk njrmks grsaijig grasgTkrjaig.

73.3 uobaigmjskbaiks mjckokhkraiksg cg Xawyvatks mjwasrkdaig

ssf-ks 705-a 7 muxbks Sgngxmgc, `uobaigmjskbaigXk hvbkbaig cgmksk dguqmaig uncg ahnjijs masgma pkrais.~ gm njrmgXk Xak\baigkdubksxmaijcas grg zjdgcgc yvabg `masgma pkrks~ Xatyjiknaiks

vgbcaiubaig, grgmac uobaigmjskbaiks Xahvbksg Su mjckok-hkraiks km masgma pkrksSvks Xatyjiknaiks vgbcaiubaig, rjmabkhobjis knojrmghkgs rwmunaiubaiks (`wgrmjmgcdanbjikSk uobaig-mjskbaiks~) Xasgxai cg rjmabmgh, Xasg\baiabkg, Sgvcgpkrvabkmjnghamaiks sgou\vabza krwmunjs, rjm mgsSgn urSkarSjigsgmygrais Xasgigmksk rwmunaiubaiks mqjna pkrk.

gmgva crjs, Xasg\baiabkg, kdk wgrmjmgcdanbjiks dghxgcaiksmjmwasrkdaibgcgh HgkSvgbjs km urSkarSjiaiXk, rjmbaiXkhzjdgcgc grsaijis Xasgigmksk mjnghamaiks dghxgcaiks vgbcaiubaig(mgdgbkSgc, kurkckubk pkraiks XamSxvavgXk).

gm njrmgs dgrkdaiksmkark wgrmjmgcdanbjiks zjdgckmjwasrkdaiksgs ngfbaik mnkXvnabjig gqvs, vkngkcgnXasgigmksk Xacadk rwmunaiubaiks mjmwasrkdaiabk sxvgnjrmaikcgngh uXugbjc dgmjmckngrajis. mgdgbkSgc, ssf-ks703-a KK muxbks Xasgigmksgc, wgrmjmgcdanbjikSk uobaigmjsk-baiks hvbkbaiks gn dguqmaiks Xasgxai fjntrgeantksgSvksknojrmghkks grmkwjcaikS, mgrwmunaiabk qmnks `ksaSdgramjaiais~, rjm majra mxgras `faSkbsknckskargc adjnVjs]gsaSk uobaigmjskbaiks grsaijig~.

ssf-ks 705-a 7 muxbks caiubaig grsaikSgc rwmunaiu-baiks mknkTaiks mjmwasrkdaiabk ssf-ks 704-a K muxbks majra

9003 kx. ssf-ks 704-a KK 7 muxbk (`naiks dgmjvbangs gr sTkrcaig ks ojrmg,rjmabkh guhkbaiabkg km dgrkdaiks cgsgcaigc, rjmbksSvksgh dghamubkguobaigmjskbaig.~).




370

gbtarngtkvks (`masgma pkrks mkmgrS naiks dgmjvbankS~)dgdr\abaigc uncg HgkSvgbjs.

mksk mnkXvnabjig upkrgtasgc vbkncaig kurkckubkpkrks sgxabkS mjqmacaiks, gnu dghxgcaiks vgbcaiubaiksgrsaijiks, XamSxvavgXk, rjcasgh mkzgnXawjnkbgc mkkHnavgmasgma pkraiks knojrmkraig wgrmjmgcdanbjikSkuobaigmjskbaiks mqjna pkrks vkngjiksg cg Xasgigmkskuobaigmjskbaiks ogrdbaiks Xasgxai. swjrac gm vkSgraigzamjrdaiks cgmgcgsturaiabkg ssf-ks 705-a (9) muxbksojrmubkraig< `...as hvbkbaiaik cg uobaigmjskbaiksdguqmaig gr Xak\baig dgmjyanaiub kqnas masgma pkrSg mkmgrS,dgrcg km XamSxvavaiksg, rjhg mxgraaimg xabXafrubaikscgcaiksgs gmks Xasgxai khjcnan gn uncg shjcnjcgS.~ gmufgngsfnabk cgSqmks dgrkdaiksmkark wgrmjmgcdanbjikszjdgc caiubaiaiSgn urSkarSfgvXkrXk mjwasrkdaiggrgmgrSaiubkg.

ssf-ks 70;-a muxbXk HgmjSvbkbkg `wgrmjmgcdanbjikSk uobaigmj-skbaiks Xawyvatks sgou\vbaik~, rjdjraikhgg< uobaigmjskbaikSdgSvgbkswknaiubk mjqmacaiks Xasrubaig, rwmunaiubaiks vgcksdgsvbg cg urSkarSjiks arS-arSk mxgrks mkar rwmunaiubaiksXawyvatgza mkmgrSubk naiks dgmjvbang. fgnjnmcaibks mkarXamjSgvgzaiub gm gmjmwurgv HgmjngSvgbXk grsaikSgc yvabgvgbcaiubaiks Xawyvatks zjdgck sgou\vabkg. 9001 yurgcYaigskmsgxurais wgrmjmgcdanbjikSk uobaigmjskbaiks Xawyvatg`uobaigmjskbaiks dgmhamk pkrks dgrcghvgbaikS gn mkskqmacuungrjiks cgcdjmkS, Sufk XaSgnxmaikS sxvg rgm gr grksdgSvgbkswknaiubk~. 900?

hxgckg, Xawyvatks sgou\vbaiks gmjmwurgvk HgmjngSvgbksdgfaSaig, rjmabkh hgbsgxgc grggmjmwurgvkg, sgfgnjnmcaibjmjwasrkdaiks xgrvazkg. ucgvjg, rjm gsava Xawyvatkssgou\vabkg, mgdgbkSgc, wgrmjmgcdanbks dgrcghvgbaig.vgrguck, rjm fgnjnmcaiabmg SgvksSgvgc hxgck caiubaiksmjwasrkdaigza ugrk dgnghxgcg, sgcgvjg, kqkcgn dgmjmckngra,rjm mgn mjgwasrkdg sxvg gsava ucgvj Xawyvatks sgou\vbaik ‘ rjdjrkhgg mjqmacaiks Xasrubaig cg vgcks dgsvbg.grgngfbai iunairkvkg wgrmjmgcdanbjikSk uobaigmjskbaiksXawyvatg, mgdgbkSgc, mgXkn, rjcasgh Xasgigmksk uobaigmj-

9001 Xagc. gsava Ijnabb , Gdanhy, kn< Egrtfgmp/Eassabknf/Ejnckus/Ljustrg/cu Parrjn/_abcmgn(acs.), Sjwgrcs g Aurjpagn Hkvkb Hjca, 9003, 8;?.900? Xagc. sgpkrkspkrj prazumohkkS ssf-ks 497-a muxbk.




377

skbaiks sgdgnk ‘ naiks dgmjvbang mgrwmunaibks sgxabkSufva Xasrubaiubkg.

ssf-ks 770-a muxbXk sktyvgsktyvkS grks dgcmjtgnkbk darmgnkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 741-a pgrgdrgoks ojrmubkraig. gm njrmksmkzgnkg mgrwmunaibks cghvg rwmunaiubks wgrmjmgcdanbjikSkuobaigmjskbaiks cgmgcgsturaiabk \gbgcgfgrdubk cjfumantks(`sgiuSks~) Xamcdjmk dgmjyanaiksgdgn, gnu grsaikSgc grgmgrSbzj-mkark qmacaiksdgn. fgnjnmcaibks mkar tarmkn `dgqgrwybaiks~dgmjyanaig Xasg\baiabs xcks gm njrmks dgvrhabaigs ksaSXamSxvavaizah, rjcasgh wgrmjmgcdanbjikSk uobaigmjskbaikssgou\vbgc grsaiubk dgrkdaig igSkbkg. 9004 Xasgigmksgc, mkuxacgvgckmksg, xcaig uobaigmjskbaiks `dguqmaig~, 9005 `dgqgrwybaig~ 900; Su`Xawyvatg~,9070 yjokbk rwmunaiubk fgrdgvs mgrwmunaibks sgxabkSmjqmacaiks uobaigmjskbaigs. mgs gr gqvs \gbgcgfgrdubk `sgiuSkscgtjvaiks uobaig~ 9077 grh mksk Xamxvacrk mjSxjvnksdgnxjrhkabaigmca (mgdgbkSgc, gngzYguraiks mkYaig dgwaubk

mjmsgxuraiksgSvks).9079

73.1 `wgrmjmgcdanbjikSk uobaigmjskbaiks~ dgcgmataig

ssf-ks 777-a muxbXk grsaikSgc majrcaig darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 744-a pgrgdrgoks caiubaig cg wasrkdcaig`wgrmjmgcdanbjikSk uobaigmjskbaiks dgraXa~ mjqmacaig. as njrmgmjkhgvs naiksmkar km XamSxvavgs, rjcasgh pkrk mjqmacais sxvksksgxabkS `wgrmjmgcdanbjikSk uobaigmjskbaiks dgraXa~, gsavagrsaiubk wgrmjmgcdanbjikSk uobaigmjskbaiks ogrdbaiksdgcgmataikS. gsaSk naiks dgmjvbanks sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadaiksmgrwmunaibks mkmgrS dgvrhabaig cgmjfkcaiubkg gm ufgngsfnabksmjwjnaigza. Xasgigmksgc, dgrkdaig maryavgc igSkbkg mgrwmunaibksmkmgrS mjqmacaiks SvgbsgzrkskS.

gngbjdkurgc, ssf-ks 779-a muxbk darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks 745-a pgrgdrgoks kcanturkg. mgsXk wasrkdcaig maryavgcigSkbjiks dgnmgvbjigXk, gnu mgrwmunaibks (`wgrmjcdankbk

9004 Xagc. darmgnub sgmgrSgbSgn cgfgvXkraikS Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005,§ 741, YcNr. 7.9005 kx. ssf-ks 705-a muxbk. 900; kx. ssf-ks 70;-a cg 770-a muxbaik. 9070 kx. ssf-ks 70;-a muxbks sgSgurk. 9077 „akn \uròhfiaegbtundsrahet staet kem nkhet zu.‒ 9079 Xagc. ssf-ks 1?5-a muxbkS dgSvgbkswknaiubk `dkrgvnjiks uobaig~.




379

pkrks~) mjwjnaigmca, xabXafrubaiks majra mxgrks uobaig ‘ `ugrkSqvgs xabXafrubaigza~, gnu dgmjkSxjvjs mksk naiks dgmjvbang. 9078

gm XamSxvavgXkh, XazYucubk dgrkdaigungrkgnjiks mqjnapkrSgn dgrkdaiks cgcaiks msdgvsgc, 9073 naiks dgmjvbanksngmcvkbjiks mjmantk naiks mksvbkcgn mgrwmunaibks(`wgrmjcdanabk pkrks~) mkar dgrkdaiks mjwjnaigmca xgndr\bkvcaig.gm mjmantgmca fjntrgeantk gr grks XaijTkbk Sgvksk naiksdgmjvbankS.

gmgsSgn, kmgva XazYucubk dgrkdaigungrkgnjiks mqjna pkrSgncgcaiubk dgrkdaiksgdgn dgnsxvgvaikS, rjcasgh mkzgnXawjnkbkgfjntrgeantks dgmjSxjvks uobaiks `mjwjnaiksSvks sgSgngcj vgckscgwasaiks mjSxjvnkS~ mjckokhkraig, wgrmjmgcdanbjikSkuobaigmjskbaiks dgraXa cgcaiubk dgrkdaiks XamSxvavgXk gr cdgsgrh gsaSk mjckokhkraiks guhkbaibjig. fjntrgeantk cghubkgssf-ks 778-a K muxbks Xasgigmksgc cg, Su `wgrmjmgcdanabk~ `SgvkswgrmjmgcdanbjikS uobaigmjskbaigs var cggcgsturais,vgbcaiubkg, majra mxgrks survkbkS gn Xagsrubjs ngfksrk

vgbcaiubaig, gn ggngzYgurjs zkgnk...~ gmdvgrgc, `wgrmjmgcdanabk~grsaikSgc Sgvgc xcaig xabXafrubaiks mxgra. Xasgigmksgc, rjdjrhwask, gr grsaijis fjntrgeantks cgmgtaikSk cghvks kntarask.XamSxvavg, rjcasgh fjntrgeantksSvks grsaikSk Xak\baig kyjsswjrac `wgrmjcdankbSgn~ sgxabXafrubaij urSkarSjikscgmygraig, iunairkvkg, Xak\baig grsaijicas, mgdrgm gm XamSxvavgXkhzkgnks gngzYguraiks mjSxjvng mksSvks sgfmgrks fjmpansghkgc uncgHgkSvgbjs. ssf-ks 779-a muxbks caiubaig SgngmacrjvasgmgrSbairkv wasrkdXk gr uncg grsaijicas.

Sgvks mxrkv, ssf-ks 778-a muxbkh sktyvgsktyvkS kmajrais darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 74;-a pgrgdrgoks ojrmubkraigs.

73.? kntarasSg fjnobkqtk

rwmunaiubk (wgrmjmgcdanabk) mjqmacais mgrwmunaibks(wgrmjcdankbk pkrks) kntarasaiks Xasgigmksgc, SumhgXasg\baiabkg, ks gYmjHncas sgfuSgr kntarasaiSgn fjnobkqtXk. gmcrjs \nabk wgrmjsgcdankg, mgn Sgvksk kntarasaiks sgzkgnjccgkhvgs mgrwmunaibks kntarasaik. kdk gsah rjm mjkqhas, kntarasSgfjnobkqtks ugryjokSk Xacadk mgknh kgrsaiais, rgh rwmunaiubkskntarasaiks XazYucvkS dgmjvbkncaig.

9078 „ zum Tkcarruo iarahetkdt ‒. 9073 gngbjdkurk mkcdjmgg dgSvgbkswknaiubk ssf-ks ?3-a muxbkS, rjmabXkhXazYucubk dgrkdaigungrkgnk pkrks fjntrgeantks naiks dgmjvbanksdgmjSxjvg wasrkdcaig. Xagc. zamjS, 849 cg Xamcdjmnk.




378

ssf-ks 773-a muxbk sktyvgsktyvkS kmajrais darmgnkkssgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 757-a pgrgdrgoks mjwasrkdaigs, rjmbksSgngxmgcgh, wgrmjmgcdanabk gr grks uobaigmjskbk, dgrkdaigcgcjs `sgfuSgr SgvSgn~ wgrmjcdankbk pkrks sgxabkS gn `rjdjrhmasgma pkrks wgrmjmgcdanabmg~. 9071 nkXgncjibkvkg, rjm darmgnkkssgmgrSgbXk gm mjSxjvnks xabyjog kwvavs grg dgrkdaiksigSkbjigs, grgmac dgnkxkbaig wgrmjmgcdanbks mkarwgrmjmgcdanbjikSk uobaigmjskbaiks dgcgmataiks XamSxvavgc cgcdaig Xasgigmksk sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadk ‘ maryavgc igSkbjig. 907?

gmgsSgn, ssf-ks 773-a muxbkS dgmjngfbksgc mkkHnavg XamSxvavg,`rjhg dgrkdaig ufva grsaijis rgkma vgbcaiubaiks Xasgsru-baibgc.~ as ojrmubkraig darmgnkks sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks 757-apgrgdrgoks dgmjngfbksks ‘ `dgrkdaig mxjbjc vgbcaiubaiksXasrubaigXk vbkncaig~ 9074 ‘ xgrvazkgnk Sgrdmgnkg. Xasgigmksgc,darmgnkks sgmgrSgbXk mxacvabjigXk mkkYaig Xasgigmksk dgrkdaiksgrsk cg Su kdk wgrmjcdankbk pkrksgSvks mxjbjc sgrdaibksmjmtgnkg, gr grsaijis mks ngmcvkbjigXk aTvks Xatgnks

sgou\vabk.9075

gmks sgpkrkspkrjc, sgmgrSbairkvk Xacadks SvgbsgzrkskS,dgnsxvgvaiubk mkcdjmgg gsgxubk avrjpubk sgxabXafrubaijsgmgrSbks prknhkpaiks 8<901-a cg `unkcrjgs~ sgarSgXjrksjsgvgTrj xabXafrubaigSg prknhkpaiks 9.9.4 muxbaiXk, rjmbaiXkhgsaSk dgrkdaig ngmcvkbgc mkkHnavg cg wgrmjcdankb pkrsXahkbaiks uobaig ankTaig. 907; gmgsSgn, Xahkbaiks uobaig grwgrmjkXjig, Su wgrmjcdankbmg gsaS dgrkdaigza dgnghxgcgSgnxmjig, gn, Su mgn khjcg, gn uncg shjcnjcg kntarasSgfjnobkqtks Xasgxai. 9090

9071 „ Akn _artratar fgnn, sjwakt nkhet akn gncars kem dastgttat kst, km Ngman cas _artratanan mkt skhe km akdanan Ngman jcar gbs _artratar aknas Crkttan akn Yahetsdasheãot nkhet vjrnaeman...‒ 907? Xagc., mgdgbkSgc, Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005, § 757, YcNr. 71.9074 „...cgs Yahetsdasheãot gusshebkaÚbkhe kn car Aroòbbund aknar _arikncbkhefakt iastaet .‒ 9075 Xagc., mgdgbkSgc< Pgbgnct/Eaknrkhes, IDI, 9005, § 757, YcNr. 996 gsava Mackhus,GS cas IDI, 900?, § 14, YcNr. ;15, rjmabsgh mgdgbkSaik fgnjnksmkarkwgrmjmgcdanbjikcgn mjeygvs .907; jrkva njrmg kcantur ojrmubkraigs kSvgbkswknais< „tea prknhkpgb mgygvjkc tea hjntrght ‒. 9090 kx. avrjpubk sgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSbks prknhkpaiks 8<901-a KKK muxbk(„ Ejwavar, tea prknhkpgb mgy njt gvjkc tea hjntrght... ko kt egc hjnsantac tj, jr hjubc njt egvaiaan ungwgra jo, tea gdant‛s sj ghtknd ‒) cg `unkcrjgs~ sgarSgXjrksj sgvgTrjxabXafrubaigSg prknhkpaiks 9.9.4 KK muxbk ( „ Ejwavar, tea prknhkpgb mgy njt gvjkctea hjntrght ko t ea prknhkpgb egc hjnsantac tj, jr fnaw jr judet tj egva fnjwn jo, tea gdant‛sknvjbvamant kn tea hjnobkhet jo kntarasts‒).




373

ikibkjdrgokg

qgrSub angza<

gxvbackgnk, zurgi/zjk\a, iasgrkjn/Tgnturkg, bgcj/ljriang\a,sardj (rac.), sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks fjmantgrk, wkdnk pkrvabk,sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks zjdgck caiubaignk, Sikbksk (sgmgrSgbk),7;;;.hktkraiubkg< fjmantgrks gvtjrk , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk K, 7;;;.

gxvbackgnk, zurgi/zjk\a, iasgrkjn/Tgnturkg, bgcj/ljriang\a,sardj (rac.), sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks fjmantgrk, wkdnk majra, sgnkvSj(qjnairkvk) sgmgrSgbk, Sikbksk (sgmgrSgbk), 7;;;.hktkraiubkg< fjmantgrks gvtjrk , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk KK, 7;;;.

djdkgXvkbk, dkjrdk, rjdjr gvkSgraian mjsgmgrSbaaik sgmgrSgbs,

qgrSubk sgmgrSbks mkmjxkbvg, 9001 (5), 3?-50.

djdkgXvkbk, dkjrdk, sglgrj sgmgrSgbk, far\j sgmgrSgbk cgsgsgmgrSbj prgqtkfg, qgrSubk sgmgrSbks mkmjxkbvg, 9008 (?), 3?5-173.

cgvkSgXvkbk, dkjrdk, cgngXgubks iunaiksgSvks qgrSub HvaubaikSsgmgrSgbXk, sgqgrSvabjs mahnkaraigSg gfgcamkks mghna, sgmgrSbkssarkg, 9001, #7, 4?-54.

cgnabkg, afgtarkna, dgmklvnks prknhkpk Huqaiks xabXafrubaiksmgdgbkSza, qgrSubk sgmgrSbks mkmjxkbvg, 9005 (spahkgburkdgmjhamg), 87-?5.

cjbk\a, kskcjra (rac.), qgrSubk sgmgrSbks \adbaik, tjmk K,vgxtgnd _K-ks sgmgrSbks wkdnSg fraiubk, Sikbksk (sgqgrSvabjsssr mahnkaraigSg gfgcamkks dgmjmhambjig), 7;?8.hktkraiubkg< cjbk\a (rac.) , qgrSubk sgmgrSbks \adbaik, 7;?8.

zjk\a, iasgrkjn/nknk\a, Sacj/Xandabkg, rjmgn/Tgnturkg,bgcj/xahurkgnk, ljnk (rac.), sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks fjmantgrk,wkdnk masgma, vgbcaiubaikSk sgmgrSgbk, zjdgck ngwkbk, Sikbksk(sgmgrSgbk), 9007.

hktkraiubkg< fjmantgrks gvtjrk , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk KKK, 9007.




371

zjk\a, iasgrkjn/nknk\a, Sacj/Xandabkg, rjmgn/Tgnturkg,bgcj/xahurkgnk, ljnk (rac.), sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks fjmantgrk,wkdnk maxuSa, sgjlgxj sgmgrSgbk, mamfvkcrajikSk sgmgrSgbk,sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks dgrcgmgvgbk cg cgsfvnkSk caiubaignk,Sikbksk (sgmgrSgbk), 9000.hktkraiubkg< fjmantgrks gvtjrk , ssf-ks fjmantgrk, wkdnk _, 9000.

zjk\a, iasgrkjn, qgrSubk sgnkvSj sgmgrSgbk, majra dgmjhamg,Sikbksk (mahnkaraig), 9008.

zjk\a, iasgrkjn, sgfuSraiks hnaig qgrSub sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsXk,qgrSubk sgmgrSbks mkmjxkbvg, 7;;5 (7), 9-8, 54-;?.

kjsabkgnk, gbaqsgncra, faSkbsknckskaraiks prknhkpksgxabXafrubaij sgmgrSgbXk (XacgraikSsgmgrSbairkvkdgmjfvbavg), qgrSubk sgmgrSbks mkmjxkbvg, 9004 (spahkgburkdgmjhamg), 79-40.

farasabk\a, cgvkS, sgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks Xasgvgbk caiubaiaik,qgrSubk sgmgrSbks mkmjxkbvg, 9003 (4), 3-85.

farasabk\a, cgvkS, dgmjxgtvks Sgvksuobaig, qgrSubk sgmgrSbksmkmjxkbvg, 9009 (1), ?73-?90.

farasabk\a, cgvkS, sgqjnbks sgarSgXjrksj ngsykcjiksxabXafrubaigSg Xasgxai dgarSkgnaiubk araiks jrdgnkzghkksfjnvanhkks dgmjyanaiks soarj cg pkrjiaik, qgrSubk sgmgrSbksmkmjxkbvg, 7;;5 (7), 9-8, ;4-704.

fnkpark, rjbo, sgfgnjnmcaibj taqnkfks sgfkSxksgSvks, qgrSubksgmgrSbks mkmjxkbvg, 7;;5 (7), 99-83.

fuibgXvkbk, fjnstgntkna, \krkSgck uobaiaik, Sikbksk (lkskgk),9008.

mgSkgXvkbk, macag, `igdrgt furgpgbgtks sgmgrSbks wkdnks~cgSgrkYaiks prjibamg, mgrSbmsglubaig cg fgnjnk, 900?, #3, 733-7?7.

surdubg\a, nudzgr (mSgrdmnabk), rjmks sgmgrSbks \adbaik,

`fjrpus kurks hkvkbks~, kustknkgnas knstktuhkaik, 9009.surdubg\a, nudzgr (mSgrdmnabk), rjmks sgmgrSbks \adbaik,`fjrpus kurks hkvkbks~, kustknkgnas ckdastaik, wkdnk K, 9000.




37?

Tgnturkg, bgcj, u\rgvk nkvSaiks sgfuSraig, XacgraikSksgmgrSbairkvk fvbavg darmgnubk sgmgrSbks mgdgbkSza, ma-9dgmjhamg, Sikbksk (sgmgrSgbk), 9007, 985.

Tgnturkg, bgcj, Xasgvgbk sgmjqgbgqj sgmgrSbks zjdgc ngwkbXk,Sikbksk (sgmgrSgbk), 7;;4.

TaTabgXvkbk, zurgi, sgnkvSj sgmgrSgbk, XacgraikSsgmgrSbairkvkfvbavg, Sikbksk (ijng fguzg), 900?.

lgvgxkXvkbk, kvgna, qgrSubk sgmgrSbks kstjrkg, K wkdnk cg KKwkdnks pkrvabk ngfvaSk, 7;95, ngXrjmXk dgmjyanaiubkg Xamcadkdgmjhamg< cjbk\a, kskcjra (rac.) Sxzubaignk Sjrmat tjmgc, tjmk_K, 7;59.hktkraiubkg< lgvgxkXvkbk, qgrSubk sgmgrSbks kstjrkg, 7;95(`Sxzubaignk~, tjmk _K, 7;59).

lgvgxkXvkbk, kvgna, qgrSubk sgmgrSbks kstjrkg, KK wkdnks majrangfvaSk, 7;9;, ngXrjmXk dgmjyanaiubkg Xamcadk dgmjhamg< cjbk\a,kskcjra (rac.) Sxzubaignk Sjrmat tjmgc, tjmk _KK, 7;53.hktkraiubkg< lgvgxkXvkbk, qgrSubk sgmgrSbks kstjrkg, 7;9;(`Sxzubaignk~, tjmk _KK, 7;53).

ljriang\a, sardj, sgqgrSvabjs raspuibkfks mjmgvgbk sgmjqgbgqjfjcaqsks \krkSgck prjibamaik, ljriang\a, sardj/fnkpark,rjbo/Tgnturkg, bgcj (rac.), sgmgrSbks raojrmg sgqgrSvabjXk,Sikbksk (Ssu), 7;;3, 78;-713.hktkraiubkg< ljriang\a , sgqgrSvabjs raspuibkfks mjmgvgbksgmjqgbgqj fjcaqsks \krkSgck prjibamaik, 7;;3.




374

uhxjur anaiza<

Gcjmakt, Fbgus/Oròeiahf, Dukbbarmj, Aknoòerund kn cgs spgnkshea Yahet, cgs_arogssunds-, \kvkb-, Tkrtshegots- unc Griaktsrahet cas Fÿnkdrakhes Xpgnkan, kn<Xherkotanrakea car lurkstkshean Xheubund, Taiar, Earmgnn (Ersd.), Ic. 77;, Mònhean(Iahf), 9007.

Gnfum, Egns, Yÿmksheas Yahet km nauan nkacarbãnckshean Iòrdarbkhean Dasatziuhe,kn< \kmmarmgnn, Yaknegrc/Fnòtab, Yjbo/Maknhfa, Lans Patar (Ersd.), Yahetsdashekhetaunc Prkvgtrahetscjdmgtkf, Eakcabiard (H.O. Mòbbar), 7;;;, 707-77?.

Gnsjn, Tkbbkgm Y., Prknhkpbas jo tea Andbkse Bgw jo Hjntrght gnc jo Gdanhy kn ktsYabgtkjn tj Hjntrght, ;. Ac., Bjncjn (Jxojrc), 75;;.

Gtkyge, P.X., Sea Yksa gnc Ogbb jo Oraacjm jo Hjntrght, Jxojrc (Qnkvarskty Prass),7;4;.

Iaerancs, Jffj/Fnòtab, Yjbo/Fupkshe, Iartejbc/Xakbar, Egns Earmgnn (Ersd.), HjrpusKurks Hkvkbks, Saxt unc Òiarsatzundan, Ignc K, Knstktutkjnan, 9. Guob., 7;;4,

Iaerancs, Jffj/Fnòtab, Yjbo/Fupkshe, Iartejbc/Xakbar, Egns Earmgnn (Ersd.), HjrpusKurks Hkvkbks, Saxt unc Òiarsatzundan, Ignc KK, Ckdastan 7-70, 7;;1.

Iasabar, Dajrd, Xystam cas damaknan cautshean Prkvgtrahets, Ignc K, 3. Guob., Iarbkn(Takcmgnnshea Iuheegncbund), 7551.

Igrnawktz, Gbaxgncar/Farasabkcza, Cgvkc, Cka Antwkhfbund cas YahetssystamsDajrdkans sakt 7;;4, kn< Cka wkhetkdstan Dasatzdaiundsgfta kn can Bãncarn Jst- uncXòcjstaurjpgs, Mjngtseaota oòr Jstaurjpãksheas Yahet, 9000, ;7-709.

Ibuntshebk, Ljegnn Hgspgr, Antwkhfbund car Ariojbda dadan can batztan Tkbban ngherÿmkshean Yahet, mkt iasjncarar Yòhfskhet guo cka Njvabba 771, Ijnn (Mgrhus), 759;.

Iÿhfknd, Acugrc, Knstktutkjnan, Akn Baeriuhe cas rÿmkshean Prkvgtrahets gus camXtgncpunfta unsaras eautkdan Yahetssystams naist Aknbaktund kn cgs Xtuckum casrÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc K, Cka Aknbaktund unc cka Baera vjn can _jrgussatzundan carPrkvgtraheta, Ijnn (Mgrhus), 7538.

Ijaemar, Dustgv, Aknoòerund kn cgs iòrdarbkhea Yahet, 9. Guob., Sòikndan (Mjer),7;?1.

Ijnabb, Mkhegab Ljghekm, Aurjpagn Hjntrght Bgw gnc tea Cavabjpmant jo HjntrghtBgw Tjrbcwkca, kn< 3te Aurjpagn Lurksts‛ Ojrum, Xpaaheas, Prasantgtkjns, DanargbYapjrts, Hjnhbucknd Bahtura, Tkan (Mgnz), 9005, 51-770.




375

Ijnabb, Mkhegab Ljghekm, Gdanhy, kn< Egrtfgmp, Grteur/Eassabknf, Mgrtkln/Ejnckus,Awjuc/Ljustrg, Hgrbg/cu Parrjn, Acdgr/_abcmgn, Murkab (acs.), Sjwgrcs g AurjpagnHkvkb Hjca, 8. acktkjn, Grs Gaquk Bkirk ‘ Nklmadan (Fbuwar), 9003, 857-8;4.

Irknz, Gbjks vjn, Baeriuhe car Pgncaftan, Ignc K, 9. Guob., Arbgndan, 7548.

Hgraks, Fgrb, Cka _artrãda zu Dunstan Crkttar, Tòrziurd, 7548.

Hjknd, Eabmut, Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet, Ic. 7, Ãbtaras Damaknas Yahet (7100 iks7500), Mònhean (Iahf), 7;51.hktkraiubkg< Hjknd, Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet K, Ãbtaras Damaknas Yahet, 7;51.

Hjknd, Eabmut, Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet, Ic. 9, 7;. Lgereuncart, Òiaribkhf òiar ckaAntwkhfbund cas Prkvgtrahets kn can aeamgbs damaknrahetbkhean Bãncarn, Mònhean(Iahf), 7;51. \ktkart< Hjknd, Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;51.hktkraiubkg< Hjknd, Aurjpãksheas Prkvgtrahet KK, 7;. Lgereuncart, 7;51.

Hjknd, Eabmut, Drunczòda car Yahetspekbjsjpeka, 1. Guob., Iarbkn/Naw [jrf (Tgbtarca Druytar), 7;;8.

Hzarwanfg, Iagta, Yahetsgnwancundsprjibama km kntarngtkjngban Fguorahet, Iarbkn(Cunhfar & Eumibjt), 7;55.

Cgnnar, Ykhegrc G./Iarngb, Mgrka-Bjuksa E. (Acs.), Kntrjcuhtkjn tj Ojrakdn BadgbXystams, Naw [jrf/Bjncjn/Yjma (Jhagng), 7;;3.

Cgvkc, Yanë/Xpknjsk, Hgmkbba Lguoorat / Drgsmgnn, Dòntear, Aknoòerund kn cka drjÚanYahetssystama car Dadanwgrt, Yahetsvardbakheund, 9. Guob., Mònhean/Iarbkn (Iahf),7;55 (ayrcnjig dgmjhamgs< Cgvkc, Yanë/Xpknjsk, Hgmkbba Lguoorat, Bas drgncs

syståms ca crjkt hjntampjrgkns, 5. ac., Pgrks, 7;59).hktkraiubkg< Cgvkc/Xpknjsk/Drgsmgnn,Yahetssystama car Dadanwgrt, 7;55.

Cgvkc, Yanë/Drgsmgnn, Dòntear, Aknoòerund kn cka drjÚan Yahetssystama carDadanwgrt, Yahetsvardbakheund, Mònhean/Iarbkn (Iahf), 7;??.

Ckassabejrst, Mgbta, Cka Darahetkdfaktscaoknktkjn Qbpkgns kn C. 7,7,70 pr. unc ckaPrgahaptg kurks nghe C. 7,7,70,7 sjwka kera Yazaptkjn iak Bakinkz unc Fgnt, kn<Iaerancs/Ckassabejrst/_jss (Ersd.), Yÿmksheas Yahet kn car aurjpãkshean Srgcktkjn,Xympjskjn gus GnbgÚ cas 41. Daiurtstgdas vjn Orgnz Tkaghfar, Aiabsighe (YjboDramar), 7;51, 751-977.

Carniurd, Eaknrkhe, Pgncaftan, Ignc K, Iarbkn (E.T.Mòbbar), 7553.




37;

Carniurd, Eaknrkhe, Pgncaftan, Ignc K, Gbbdamaknar Seakb unc Xgheanrahet, untarMktwkrfund vjn Ljegnnas Ikarmgnn, Arstan Igncas arsta Gitakbund, Gbbdamaknar Sakb,?. Guob., Iarbkn (E.T.Mòbbar), 7;00.hktkraiubkg< Carniurd, Pgncaftan, Ignc K, 7< Gbbdamaknar Seakb, 7;00

Crjinkd, Qbrkhe, Srgnsoar jo Prjparty, kn< Egrtfgmp, Grteur/Eassabknf,Mgrtkln/Ejnckus, Awjuc/Ljustrg, Hgrbg/cu Parrjn, Acdgr/_abcmgn, Murkab (acs.),Sjwgrcs g Aurjpagn Hkvkb Hjca, 8. acktkjn, Grs Gaquk Bkirk ‘ Nklmadan (Fbuwar),9003, 491-430.

Crjinkd, Qbrkhe, Xahurkty Ykdets kn Mjvgibas, kn< Egrtfgmp, Grteur/Eassabknf,Mgrtkln/Ejnckus, Awjuc/Ljustrg, Hgrbg/cu Parrjn, Acdgr/_abcmgn, Murkab (acs.),Sjwgrcs g Aurjpagn Hkvkb Hjca, 8. acktkjn, Grs Gaquk Bkirk ‘ Nklmadan (Fbuwar),9003, 437-411.

Akhebar Earmgnn, Yahetssystama car \kvkbdasatziòhear, _armãhetnks unc Guodgia, kn<Aurjpãkshea Ejhesheubsherkotan< Yakea KK, Yahetswkssanshegot, Orgnfourt gmMgkn/Iarbkn/Iarn/Naw [jrf/Pgrks/Tkan (Patar Bgnd), 7;;8.

Ogrnswjrte, Gbbgn,Hjmmant jn Mkhegab Irkcda‛s< Cjas Gndbj-Hgngckgn HjntrghtBgw Naac g Cjhtrkna jo Djjc Ogkte:, Hgngckgn Iusknass Bgw Ljurngb, 7;53 (;), 39?-380.

Ogrnswjrte, Gbbgn, Djjc Ogkte Parojrmgnha gnc Hjmmarhkgb Yagsjngibanass uncar teaQnkojrm Hjmmarhkgb Hjca, Qnkvarskty jo Hekhgdj Bgw Yavkaw, 7;?8 (80), ???-?4;.

Obuma, Tarnar, Gbbdamaknar Sakb cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, Ic. 9, Cgs Yahetsdasheãot,kn< Anzyfbjpãcka car Yahets- unc Xtggtswkssanshegot, 9. Guob., Iarbkn/Eakcabiard/Naw[jrf (Xprkndar), 7;41.

hktkraiubkg< Obuma, GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets KK, 7;41.Dkarfa, Jttj vjn, Cautsheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc K, Gbbdamaknar Sakb unc Parsjnanrahet,kn< Ikncknd, Fgrb (Ersd.), Egnciuhe car Cautshean Yahetswkssanshegot, \waktaGitakbund, crkttar Sakb, arstar Ignc, Bakpzkd (Cunhfar&Eumibjt), 75;1.hktkraiubkg< Dkarfa, Cautsheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc K, 75;1.

Dkarfa, Jttj vjn, Cautsheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc KK, Xgheanrahet, kn< Ikncknd, Fgrb(Ersd.), Egnciuhe car Cautshean Yahetswkssanshegot, \wakta Gitakbund, crkttar Sakb,zwaktar Ignc, Bakpzkd (Cunhfar&Eumibjt), 7;01.hktkraiubkg< Dkarfa, Cautsheas Prkvgtrahet, Ignc KK, 7;01.

Dkarfa, Jttj vjn, _arakna jena Yahetsoãekdfakt nghe cam nauan Yaheta, 9. Guob.,Iarbkn (E.T.Mòbbar), 7;09.




390

Dmòr, Yucjbo, Cgs shewakzarkshea \kvkbdasatziuhe vardbkhean mkt cam cautsheanIòrdarbkhean Dasatziuhe, Iarn (Xtãmpobk & HKA), 7;?1.

Djrcbay, Lgmas, Ojuncgtkjns jo Prkvgta Bgw, Prjparty, Sjrt, Hjntrght, QnlustAnrkhemant, Jxojrc (Qnkvarskty Prass), 900?. hktkraiubkg< Djrcbay, Ojuncgtkjns jo Prkvgta Bgw, 900?.

Djrcbay, Lgmas, Djjc Ogkte kn Hjntrght Bgw kn tea Mackavgb Kus Hjmmuna, kn<\kmmarmgnn, Yaknegrc/Tekttgfar, Xkmjn (acs.), Djjc Ogkte kn Aurjpagn HjntrghtBgw, Hgmirkcda (Qnkvarskty Prass), 9000, ;8-774.

DrjÚoabc, Iarnegrc, Mghet unc Jenmghet car Yahetsvardbakheund, Sòikndan (Mjer),7;53.

Drjtkus, Eudj, Ca kura iabbk gh pghks (Pgrks, 7?91), kn< L.E. vjn Fkrhemgnn (Ersd.),Cas Eudj Drjtkus crak Iòhear òiar cgs Yahet cas Frkadas unc Orkacans, kn wabheamcgs Ngtur- unc _ÿbfarrahet unc cgs Tkhetkdsta gus cam ÿooantbkhean Yahet arfbãrtwarcan, Pekbjsjpekshea Ikibkjteaf jcar Xgmmbund car Eguptwarfa car Pekbjsjpekagbtar unc nauar \akt, 71. Ignc, Iarbkn (Eakmgnn), 75?;, Sea Abkirjn Hbgsskhs YapbkhgAcktkjn (Gcgmgnt Mackg Hjrpjrgtkjn), Ignc K, 9004.hktkraiubkg< Drjtkus, Ca kura iabbk gh pghks, 7?91, kn<vjn Fkrhemgnn (Ersd.),Crak Iòhear òiar cgs Yahet cas Frkadas unc Orkacans, 75?;.

Egnsmgnn, Eanry/Frggfmgn, Yaknkar, Prjparty, Hjntrght, gnc _arkokhgtkjn< Sea Numarus HbgususPrjibam gnc tea Ckvkskikbkty jo Ykdets, Ljurngb jo Badgb Xtuckas,9009 (87), 848-390.

Egrcfgmp, Grteur, Prknhkpbas jo Hjntrght Bgw, kn< Egrtfgmp, Grteur/Eassabknf,Mgrtkln/Ejnckus, Awjuc/Ljustrg, Hgrbg/cu Parrjn, Acdgr/_abcmgn, Murkab (acs.),

Sjwgrcs g Aurjpagn Hkvkb Hjca, 8. acktkjn, Grs Gaquk Bkirk ‘ Nklmadan (Fbuwar),9003, 791-738.

Egttaneguar, Egns (Aknoòerund)/Iarnar, Dòntar (Ikibkjdrgpeka), GbbdamaknasBgncrahet oòr cka PrauÚkshean Xtggtan vjn 74;3, 9. Guob., Nauwkac/Frkotab/Iarbkn(Buhetaregnc), 7;;3.

Eaksa, Grnjbc, Druncrkss aknas Xystams cas damaknan Hkvkbrahets zum Iaeuo vjnPgncahtan-_jrbasundan, Eakcabiard, 75046 8. Guob., Eakcabiard (Mjer/Tkntar),757;.

Eariar, Yjbo/Hzarwanfg, Iagta, Kntarngzkjngbas Fguorahet, Fjmmantgr zu camÒiaraknfjmman car _arakntan Ngtkjnan vjm 77. Gprkb 7;50 òiar _artrãda òiar can

kntarngtkjngban Tgranfguo, Mònhean, 7;;7.




397

Eassabknf, Mgrtkln, Sea Hjnhapt jo Djjc Ogkte, kn< Egrtfgmp, Grteur/Eassabknf,Mgrtkln/Ejnckus, Awjuc/Ljustrg, Hgrbg/cu Parrjn, Acdgr/_abcmgn, Murkab (acs.),Sjwgrcs g Aurjpagn Hkvkb Hjca, 8. acktkjn, Grs Gaquk Bkirk ‘ Nklmadan (Fbuwar),9003, 347-3;5.

Eaymgnn, Arnst, Cgs _jrsheòtzan car _arlãerund, \udbakhe akn Iaktrgd zur Baera vjnaxhaptkj unc Aknraca Irasbgu (Xhebattar),75;1.

Ejbbgnc, Sejmgs Arsfkna, Sea Abamants jo Lurksprucanha, 78. acktkjn (7. acktkjn kn7550), Bjncjn (Jxojrc), 7;93.

Ejbbcghf, Oabkx, \ur Dashekheta car cjngtkj gnta nuptkgs unc car cjs, Iatrghetundanòiar cgs _areãbtnks cas eabbankshean Yahets zu car grmanj-fgufgsksheanYahetsikbcund, Xjncargicruhf gus car Oastdgia oòr Cr. Fgrb Dòtarijhf, Iarbkn (Orgnz_geban), 7;70.

Ejbbcghf, Oabkx, \wak Druncstakna zu aknar Drusknkshean Xtggts- unc Yahetsdashekheta,Bakpzkd (L. H. Eknrkhes‛shea Iuheegncbund), 7;04.

Ejnckus, Awjuc, Sjwgrcs g Aurjpagn Hkvkb Hjca, kn< Egrtfgmp, Grteur/Eassabknf,Mgrtkln/Ejnckus, Awjuc/Ljustrg, Hgrbg/cu Parrjn, Acdgr/_abcmgn, Murkab (acs.),Sjwgrcs g Aurjpagn Hkvkb Hjca, 8. acktkjn, Grs Gaquk Bkirk ‘ Nklmadan (Fbuwar),9003, 8-90.

Euiar, Audan, Xhewakzarksheas Hkvkbdasatziuhe, Arbãutarundan zum _jrantwuro, 7;09.

Eòinar, Qbrkhe/Hjnstgntknashj, _bgc, Aknoòerund kn cgs orgnzÿskshea Yahet, kn<Xherkotanrakea car lurkstkshean Xheubund, Taiar Earmgnn (Ersd.), Ic. 7?, 3. Guob.,Mònhean (Iahf), 9007.

Eudj, Dustgv, Knstktutkjnan cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Iarbkn (Gudust Mybkus),745;.

Eybgnc, Ykhegrc, Sea Gmarkhgn Axparkanha< Yastgtamants, tea QHH, Qnkojrm Bgws,gnc Srgnsngtkjngb Hjjrckngtkjn, kn< Egrtfgmp, Grteur/Eassabknf, Mgrtkln/Ejnckus,Awjuc/Ljustrg, Hgrbg/cu Parrjn, Acdgr/_abcmgn, Murkab (acs.), Sjwgrcs g AurjpagnHkvkb Hjca, 8. acktkjn, Grs Gaquk Bkirk ‘ Nklmadan (Fbuwar), 9003, 1;-4?.

Kiçn, H. Kvçn, Aknoòerund kn cgs spgnkshea Yahet, kn< cka Yahetsjrcnundan caraurjpãkshean Xtggtan, Ic. 3 C, Igcan Igcan (Njmjs), 7;;1.

Learknd, Yucjbo vjn, Xhearz unc Arnst kn car Lurksprucanz< Akna Takenghetsdgia oòrcgs lurkstkshea Puibkfum vjn Yucjbo Learknd, Bakpzkd (Iraktfjpo & Eãrtab), 7553.hktkraiubkg< Learknd , Xhearz unc Arnst kn car Lurksprucanz, 7553.




399

Learknd, Yucjbo vjn, Car Fgmpo um cgs Yahet, 7549, _jrtrgd Daegbtan kn car TkanarLurkstkshean Dasabbshegot gm 77. Mãrz, 7549 ttp<//www.fjaibardaregrc.ca/7Ojntas/LearkndCarFgmpoumsYahet.etm (04.01.900;). hktkraiubkg< Learknd, Car Fgmpo um cgs Yahet, 7549.

Learknd, Yucjbo vjn, Cka Kcaa car Darahetkdfakt, Yahet unc Xktta (Guswgeb), Iòhear carIkbcund, Mònhean (Gbiart Bgndan),dgmjhamks wabk gr grks mkSkSaiubk.

Lunfar, Giij, Cka Antwkhfbund cas Hjmputarrahets kn can Lgeran 7;;7 unc 7;;9, Naua Lurkstkshea Tjheansherkot, 7;;8, 593-589.

Farasabkcza, Car Gbbdamaknar Sakb cas Dajrdkshean \kvkbdasatziuheas vjn 7;;4, AknaYahetsvardbakheanca Qntarsuheund, Orgnfourt gm Mgkn/Iarbkn/Iarn/Iruxabbs/Naw[jrf/Jxojrc/Tkan (Patar Bgnd), 9001.hktkraiubkg< Farasabkcza, GS cas \DI, 9001.

Fjhe, Egrgbc/Mgdnus, Qbrkhe/Tknfar vjn Mjeranoabs, Patar, KPY unc

Yahetsvardbakheund, 9. Guob., Mònhean (Iahf), 7;;?.Fjshegfar, Pgub, Aurjpg unc cgs Yÿmkshea Yahet, 9. Guob., Mònhean unc Iarbkn(Iahf) 7;18.

Fÿtz, Eakn, Kntarpratgtkjn jo Hjntrghts, kn< Egrtfgmp, Grteur/Eassabknf,Mgrtkln/Ejnckus, Awjuc/Ljustrg, Hgrbg/cu Parrjn, Acdgr (acs.), Sjwgrcs g AurjpagnHkvkb Hjca, 9. acktkjn, Nklmadan (Grs Gaquk Bkirk), Sea egdua/Bjncjn/Ijstjn(Fbuwar), 7;;5, 9?4-958.

Fjzkjb, Eabmut/ Iycbknsfk, Patar/Ijbbaniardar, Ygkmunc, Furzfjmmantgr zum GIDI,9. Guob., Tkan/Naw [jrf (Xprkndar), 9004.

hktkraiubkg< fjmantgrks gvtjrk , kn< Fjzkjb/Iycbknsfk/Ijbbaniardar, GIDI-Fjmmantgr, 9004.

Fjzkjb, Eabmut/Tabsar, Yucjbo/Fbatačfg, Gncrags, Druncrkss cas iòrdarbkhean Yahets,Ic. 7, Gbbdamaknar Sakb, Xgheanrahet, Ogmkbkanrahet, 78. Guob., Tkan (Mgnz), 900?. hktkraiubkg< Fjzkjb/Tabsar/Fbatačfg, Iòrdarbkheas Yahet K, 900?.

Bgncj, Jba/Iagba, Eude (acs.), Prknhkpbas jo Aurjpagn Hjntrght Bgw, Pgrts K gnc KK,hjmiknac gnc ravksac, Sea Egdua/Bjncjn/Ijstjn (Fbuwar), 9000.

Bgncj, Jba/Hbkva, Arkh/Pròm, Gncrë/\kmmarmgnn, Yaknegrc (acs.), Prknhkpbas joAurjpagn Hjntrght Bgw, Pgrt KKK, Sea Egdua/Bjncjn/Naw [jrf (Fbuwar), 9008.




398

Bgranz, Fgrb/Tjbo, Mgnorac, Gbbdamaknar Sakb cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, ;. Guob.,Mònhean (Iahf), 9003.hktkraiubkg< Bgranz/Tjbo, GS cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 9003.

Bgranz, Fgrb/Tjbo, Mgnorac, Gbbdamaknar Sakb cas Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, 5. Guob.,Mònhean (Iahf), 7;;4.

Bgranz, Fgrb/Hgngrks, Hbgus-Tkbeabm, Matejcanbaera car Yahetswkssanshegot, 8. Guob.,Iarbkn/Eakcabiard/Naw [jrf/Igrhabjng/Iucgpast/Ejndfjnd/Bjncjn/Mgkbgnc/Pgrks/Xgntg Hbgrg/ Xkndgpur/Sjfkj (Xprkndar), 7;;1.

Bjhfa, Ljen, Swj Sragtksas jo Djvarnmant, 74?3 (Xahjnc Sragtksa jo Djvarnmant,rapr. jo 7?;0 puibkhgtkjn, Mghqearsjn (ac.) 7;50).

Bukd, Fbgus, Bakinkz gbs Cjdmgtkfar cas Prkvgtrahets, kn< Iaerancs/Ckassabejrst/_jss(Ersd.), Yÿmksheas Yahet kn car aurjpãkshean Srgcktkjn, Xympjskjn gus GnbgÚ cas 41.Daiurtstgdas vjn Orgnz Tkaghfar, Aiabsighe (Yjbo Dramar), 7;51, 978-91?.

Mãnegrct, Orgnz/Pjshe, Tkbbkigbc, Kntarngtkjngbas Prkvgtrahet, Prkvgtrahets-vardbakheund, Akneaktsprkvgtrahet< akna Aknoòerund kn cka kntarngtkjngban Ckmanskjnancas Prkvgtrahets, 9. Guob., Tkan/Naw [jrf (Xprkndar), 7;;;.hktkraiubkg< Mãnegrct/Pjshe, Kntarngtkjngbas Prkvgtrahet, Prkvgtrahets-vardbakheund, Akneaktsprkvgtrahet, 7;;;.

Mgrfasknks, Igskb X./Bjranz, Tarnar/Cgnnamgnn, Daregrc, Sea Bgw jo Hjntrghts gncYastktutkjn< G Hjmpgrgtkva Kntrjcuhtkjn, Sea Darmgn Bgw jo Jibkdgtkjns, Mgrfasknks,Igskb X. (ac.), _jbuma K, Jxojrc (Qnkvarskty Prass), 7;;4.

Mgrfasknks, Igskb X./Qniargte, Egnnas/Ljenstjn, Gndus, Sea Darmgn Bgw jo Hjntrght,

G Hjmpgrgtkva Sragtksa, 9. ac., Jxojrc/Pjrtbgnc, Jradjn (Egrt), 900?.Mackhus, Ckatar, Gbbdamaknar Sakb cas IDI, ;. Guob., Eakcabiard (H.O. Mòbbar), 900?.hktkraiubkg< Mackhus, GS cas IDI, 900?.

Marrkbb, Sejmgs T./Xmkte, Eanry A., Jptkmgb Xtgncgrckzgtkjn kn tea Bgw jo Prjparty<Sea Numarus HbgususPrknhkpba, [gba Bgw Ljurngb, 9000-9007 (770), 7-40.

Mknfa, Tjbodgnd, Aknoòerund kn cgs nkacarbãnckshea Yahet, kn< Taiar, Earmgnn(Ersd.), Xherkotanrakea car lurkstkshean Xheubund, Ignc 718, Mònhean (Iahf), 9009.

Mjtkva zu cam Antwuroa aknas Iòrdarbkhean Dasatziuheas oòr cgs Cautshea Yakhe,Ica. 7-9, Iarbkn/Bakpzkd (Duttantgd), 7555.




393

Mudcgn, Iannj (Ersd.), Cka dasgmmtan Mgtarkgbkan zum Iòrdarbkhean Dasatziuhe oòrcgs Cautshea Yakhe, Ica. 7-9, Iarbkn (Cahfar), 75;;.

Pgbgnct, Jttj, Iòrdarbkheas Dasatziuhe, ?4. Guob., Mònhean (Iahf), 9005.hktkraiubkg< Pgbgnct /fjmantgrks gvtjrk , IDI, 9005.

Pgwbjwsfk, Egns-Mgrtkn, Gbbdamaknar Sakb cas IDI, Druncbaeran cas iòrdarbkheanYahets, ?. Guob., Eakcabiard (H.O. Mòbbar), 9000. \ktkart< Pgwbjwsfk, GS cas IDI,9000.

Pabbadrknj, Mgrkj, Pjstfjmmunksmus unc \kvkbrahet< Jibkdgtkjnanrahet Dajrdkans,Orgnfourt gm Mgkn (Patar Bgnd), 7;;4.

Pjshe, Tkbbkigbc, Drunczòda oramcar Prkvgtrahetssystama, akn Xtuckaniuhe, Xtuckan zuPjbktkf unc _arwgbtund, Ic. 19, Tkan/Fÿbn/Drgz (Iÿebgu), 7;;1.

Prjtjfjbba car Fjmmksskjn oòr cka zwakta Basund cas Antwuros cas IòrdarbkheanDasatziuhes, Ghekbbas, Gbaxgncar/Daiegrc, Gbiart/Xpgen, Patar (Iagriaktar), Ic. 7,Iarbkn (Duttantgd), 75;4.

Puhetg, Dajrd Orkacrkhe, Pgncaftan, 79. Guob., iagriaktat vjn Yucjroo/Xhekrmar,Bakpzkd (Ljegnn Gmirjskus Igrte), 7544.

Ygnkark, Okbkppj, Aurjpãksheas Jibkdgtkjnanrahet, Akn Egnciuhe mkt Saxtan uncMgtarkgbkan, 9. Guob., Tkan/Naw [jrf (Xprkndar), 9008.

Yacafar, Eabmut, Tar kst Akdantòmar vjn Djateas Tartear, Naua LurkstksheaTjheansherkot, 7;;9, 748;-7430.

Yasagrhe Drjup jn tea Axkstknd AH Prkvgta Bgw (Ghquks Drjup), Prknhkpbas jo teaAxkstknd AH Hjntrght Bgw (Ghquks Prknhkpbas), Hjntrght K, Pra-hjntrghtugb Jibkdgtkjns,Hjnhbuskjn jo Hjntrght, Qnogkr Sarms, Mònhean/Yadansiurd (Xabbkar) 9004.

Yòtears, Iarnc, Cka _arikncbkhefakt cas Qnvarikncbkhean, Naua LurkstksheaTjheansherkot, 7;;9, 54;-550.

Xãhfar, Orgnz Lòrdan/Ykxahfar, Yjbgnc (Ersd.), Mònheanar Fjmmantgr zumIòrdarbkhean Dasatziuhe, Ignc 7, Gbbdamaknar Sakb, 7. Egbiignc< §§ 7-930, PrjstD,Xãhfar, Orgnz Lòrdan (Yacgftaur), 1. Guob., Mònhean (Iahf), 900?.hktkraiubkg< Mònheanar Fjmmantgr/Xasgigmksk fjmantgrks gvtjrk ,900?.

Xgvkdny, Orkacrkhe Hgrb vjn, Xystam cas eautkdan Yÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc K, Iarbkn,7530.




391

Xgvkdny, Orkacrkhe Hgrb vjn, Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc KK, Iarbkn,7530.

Xgvkdny, Orkacrkhe Hgrb vjn, Xystam cas eautkdan rÿmkshean Yahets, Ignc _, Iarbkn,7537.

Xgvkdny, Orkacrkhe Hgrb vjn, Cgs Jibkdgtkjnanrahet gbs Seakb cas eautkdan YÿmksheanYahets, Ignc KK, Iarbkn, 7518.

Xgvkdny, Orkacrkhe Hgrb vjn, _jm Iaruo unsrar \akt oòr Dasatzdaiund uncYahetswkssanshegot, Eakcabiard (Mjer unc \kmmar), 7573.

Xhearmgkar, Mgrtkn Ljsao, Ijng Okcas kn Yjmgn hjntrght Bgw, kn< \kmmarmgnn,Yaknegrc/Tekttgfar, Xkmjn (acs.), Djjc Ogkte kn Aurjpagn Hjntrght Bgw, Hgmirkcda(Qnkvarskty Prass), 9000, ?8-;9.

Xhebahetrkam, Patar/Xhewanzar, Kndaijrd (Ersd.), Fjmmantgr zum Akneaktbkhean QN-Fguorahet, Cgs Òiaraknfjmman car _arakntan Ngtkjnan òiar _artrãda òiar cankntarngtkjngban Tgranfguo (DKXD), 1. Guob., Mònhean (Iahf)/Igsab (EabikndBkhetanegem), 9005.hktkraiubkg< fjmantgrks gvtjrk kn< Xhebahetrkam/Xhewanzar(Ersd.),Fjmmantgr zum Akneaktbkhean QN-Fguorahet, 9005.

Xhemkcbkn, Irunj, Cka iakcan _artrgdsmjcabba cas aurjpãkshean \kvkbrahets< Cgsngturrahetbkhea Mjcabb car _arspraheansòiartrgdund unc cgs pgncaftkstkshea Mjcabbcar varaknkdtan Tkbbansarfbãrundan, kn< \kmmarmgnn, Yaknegrc/Fnòtab, Yjbo/Maknhfa,Lans Patar (Ersd.), Yahetsdashekheta unc Prkvgtrahetscjdmgtkf, Eakcabiard (H.O.Mòbbar), 7;;;, 754-90?.

Xhemkct, Fgrstan, IDI-_arirguhearrahet unc Egncabsrahet, Akna Xfkzza, kn< Xheubza,Yaknar/Xheubta-Nÿbfa, Egns (Ersd.), Cka Xheubcrahetsraojrm vjr cam Ekntardrunc casDamaknshegotsrahets, Sòikndan (Mjer), 9007, 733-717.

Xhenktzar, Gcjbo o., _ardbakheanca Yahetsbaera, Igsab (Yahet unc Dasabbshegot), 7;31.

Xheubza, Yaknar/Xheubta-Nÿbfa, Egns, Xheubcrahetsraojrm unc Damaknshegotsrahet, kn<Xheubza, Yaknar/Xheubta-Nÿbfa, Egns (Ersd.), Cka Xheubcrahetsraojrm vjr camEkntardrunc cas Damaknshegotsrahets, Sòikndan (Mjer), 9007, 7-93.

Xhewgi, Ckatar, Aknoòerund kn cgs \kvkbrahet< aknshebkaÚbkhe IDI ‘ gbbdamaknar Sakb,71. Guob., Eakcabiard (H.O. Mòbbar), 9009.

Xjnnaniardar, Egns Lòrdan/Gutaxkar, Herkstkgn, Aknoòerund kn cgs orgnzÿskshea Yahet,kn< Gusbãncksheas Yahet, Ic. 7, 8. Guob., Eakcabiard (Yahet unc Tkrtshegot), 9000.




39?

Xtakn, Patar D., Yÿmksheas Yahet unc Aurjpg, Cka Dashekheta aknar Yahetsfubtur,Orgnfourt gm Mgkn, 7;;?.

Xummars, Yjiart X., Sea Hjnsaptugbksgtkjn jo Djjc Ogkte kn Gmarkhgn Hjntrght Bgw<G Danargb Ghhjunt, kn< \kmmarmgnn, Yaknegrc/Tekttgfar, Xkmjn (acs.), Djjc Ogkte knAurjpagn Hjntrght Bgw, Hgmirkcda (Qnkvarskty Prass), 9000, 775-737.

Sekigut, Gntjn Orkacrkhe Lustus, Qaiar cka Njtwanckdfakt aknas gbbdamaknan iòrdarbkhean Yahets oòr Cautshebgnc, Eakcabiard (Mjer unc \kmmar), 7573.

Suer, Gncrags vjn, Car Gbbdamakna Sakb cas Cautshean Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, Ic. 7,Gbbdamakna Baeran unc Parsjnanrahet, kn< Xystamgtkshear Egnciuhe car CautsheanYahetswkssanshegot, \aenta Gitakbund, Cgs Cautshea Iòrdarbkhea Yahet, Bakpzkd(Cunhfar & Eumibjt) 7;70.hktkraiubkg< vjn Suer, GS K, 7;70.

Suer, Gncrags vjn, Car Gbbdamakna Sakb cas Cautshean Iòrdarbkhean Yahets, Ic. 9(Arsta unc \wakta Eãbota), kn< Xystamgtkshear Egnciuhe car CautsheanYahetswkssanshegot, \aenta Gitakbund, Cgs Cautshea Iòrdarbkhea Yahet, Mònhean uncBakpzkd (Cunhfar & Eumibjt) 7;75.hktkraiubkg< vjn Suer, GS KK (7gn 9), 7;75.

QNKCYJKS (Ersd.), Prknhkpbas jo Kntarngtkjngb Hjmmarhkgb Hjntrghts, Yjma(QNKCYJKS) 7;;3, 91?6‒Ibghf battar rubas” kn< Qnkojrm Bgw Yavkaw, 9003, 793-75;.

_gn Arp, Xlao, Hjmpgrgtkva Prjparty Bgw, kn< Yakmgnn, Mgtekgs/\kmmarmgnn,Yaknegrc (acs.), Sea Jxojrc Egncijjf jo Hjmpgrgtkva Bgw, Jxojrc (QnkvarsktyPrass), 900?, 7038-7040.

_arknd, Orkacrkhe Eaknrkhe Seajcjr Euiart, Dashekheta unc Pgncaftan cas rÿmksheanunc eautkdan damaknan Prkvgtrahets, 1. Guob., Mgknz (Fkrheeakm), 7554.

_arknd, Orkacrkhe Eaknrkhe Seajcjr Euiart, Dashekheta unc Knstktutkjnan carrÿmkshean Prkvgtrahetas, 9. Guob., Mgknz (Fkrheeakm), 75?4.

Tgrran, Xgmuab C./Irgncaks, Bjuks C., Sea Ykdet tj Prkvghy, Egrvgrc Bgw Yavkaw,75;7 (3), 7;8-990.

Tagtearkbb, Xtapean, Cj wa naac g Aurjpagn hjntrght bgw:, kn< 3te Aurjpagn Lurksts‛Ojrum, Xpaaheas, Prasantgtkjns, Danargb Yapjrts, Hjnhbucknd Bahtura, Tkan (Mgnz),9005, 8-38.

Tasab, Qwa, Dashekheta cas Yahets< _jn can Oròeojrman iks zur Dadanwgrt,Mònhean (Iahf), 8. Guob., 900?.




Tkaghfar, Orgnz, Prkvgtrahetsdashekheta car Nauzakt untar iasjncararIaròhfskhetkdund car cautshean Antwkhfbund, 9. Guob., Dÿttkndan (_gncanejahf &Yuprahet) 7;?4.hktkraiubkg< Tkaghfar, Prkvgtrahetsdashekheta car Nauzakt, 7;?4

Tkbeabmssjn, Sejmgs, Sea Hjntrght Bgw Ghquks< Sjwgrcs Mjra Hjearanha SerjudeDanargbksgtkjn:, kn< 3te Aurjpagn Lurksts‛ Ojrum, Xpaaheas, Prasantgtkjns, DanargbYapjrts, Hjnhbucknd Bahtura, Tkan (Mgnz), 9005, 777-718.

Tkncsheakc, Iarnegrc, Baeriuhe cas Pgncaftanrahets, Ignc K, ?. Guob., Orgnfourt(bktargrkshea Gnstgbt), 7554.

Tkncsheakc, Iarnegrc, Cka ghtkj cas rÿmkshean \kvkbrahets, vjm Xtgncpunfta caseautkdan Yahets, Còssabcjro (Lubkus Iuccaus), 751?.

Tkncsheakc, Iarnegrc, \ur Baera cas Hjca Ngpjbajn vjn car Qndòbtkdfakt carYahetsdasheãota, Cussabcjro (Lubkus Iuccaus), 7534.

Tekttgfar, Xkmjn/\kmmarmgnn, Yaknegrc, Djjc Ogkte kn Aurjpagn Hjntrght Bgw<Xurvayknd tea Badgb Bgncshgpa, kn< \kmmarmgnn, Yaknegrc/Tekttgfar, Xkmjn (acs.),Djjc Ogkte kn Aurjpagn Hjntrght Bgw, Hgmirkcda (Qnkvarskty Prass), 9000, 4-?9

Tekttgfar, Xkmjn/\kmmarmgnn, Yaknegrc, Hjmknd tj Sarms wkte Djjc Ogkte, kn<\kmmarmgnn, Yaknegrc/Tekttgfar, Xkmjn (acs.), Djjc Ogkte kn Aurjpagn HjntrghtBgw, Hgmirkcda (Qnkvarskty Prass), 9000, ?18-407.

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