private networks & 5g non- public networks (npns) · [dual connectivity] gnb 5gc ng-enb option 5:...

Private Networks & 5G Non-Public Networks (NPNs)

@3g4gUK

Why Private Networks?

©3G4G

Improved Coverage High Security Privacy

Ultra Low Latency Ultra High Reliability Traffic Prioritization

Congestion Management

Interference Management

Cost Control

SNS Telecom Forecast, Oct 2019

©3G4G

• Expected to reach $4.7 Billion in annual spending by the end of 2020, private LTE and 5G networks are increasingly becoming the preferred approach to deliver wireless connectivity for critical communications, industrial IoT, enterprise & campus environments, and public venues. The market will further grow at a CAGR of 19% between 2020 and 2023, eventually accounting for nearly $8 Billion by the end of 2023 (link)

https://www.snstelecom.com/private-lte

Analyst Forecasts

©3G4G

• “Private LTE and 5G use by the oil and gas, mining, utilities, transportation, government (including public safety) and manufacturing industries will significantly increase due to the availability of new spectrum. The global private LTE/5G equipment and services market is expected to triple by 2025 to about $10 billion” – Mobile Experts, Feb 2020 (link)

• “The demand for Private Campus Networks offers operators an opportunity for value generation – we estimate the global market size to be €60-70bn by 2025.” – Arthur D. Little, Feb 2019 (link)

• “By 2025, the private Long-Term Evolution (LTE) market comprising of healthcare, transport and logistics, manufacturing, smart venues, smart cities, and oil and gas will be worth US$16.3 billion with the vertical of transport and logistics being the largest among those analyzed, representing 26.3% of the total market.” – ABI Research, Feb 2019 (link)

• “A recent study from Harbor Research indicated that the private LTE network market could reach $17B (USD) by 2022.” – Qualcomm, May 2017 (link)

https://www.rcrwireless.com/20200212/5g/private-lte-and-5g-market-to-triple-by-2025-reporthttps://www.adlittle.com/en/insights/viewpoints/private-campus-networkshttps://www.abiresearch.com/press/private-lte-will-be-us163-billion-opportunity-2025-and-foundation-5g-services-end-vertical-markets/https://www.qualcomm.com/news/onq/2017/05/16/private-lte-networks-industrial-iot-how-spectrum-sharing-will-expand-lte

Nokia Boasts of 120+ Private Networks

©3G4G

Nokia is running 120+ private networks including:• 24 in transportation• 35 in Energy• 32 in public sector and smart cities• 11 in manufacturing and logistics

Nokia said its current private wireless business includes:• 24 customers in transportation, including

Port of Kokkola, Port of Oulu and Vienna Airport.

• 35 customers in Energy, including Minera Las Bambas.

• 32 customers in public sector and smart cities, including Sendai City and Nordic Telecom/Czech Republic.

• 11 customers in manufacturing and logistics, including China Unicom/BMW and Ukkoverkot/Konecranes.

https://twitter.com/zahidtg/status/1196763797043785730?s=20https://www.lightreading.com/private-networks/nokia-we-run-120-private-wireless-networks-around-the-world/d/d-id/755736https://ukkoverkot.fi/2019/04/23/port-of-kokkola-ukkoverkot-and-nokia-collaborate-to-increase-port-security-and-efficiency/https://ouluport.com/en/port-of-oulu-ukkoverkot-and-nokia-cooperate-on-first-steps-towards-an-intelligent-port/https://www.nokia.com/about-us/news/releases/2019/03/25/a1-chooses-nokia-as-partner-to-deploy-5g-in-austria/https://www.nokia.com/about-us/news/releases/2019/09/13/nokia-and-telefonica-peru-to-enable-automated-digital-mining-operations-for-las-bambas-one-of-the-worlds-largest-copper-mines/https://www.nokia.com/about-us/news/releases/2019/11/12/nokia-joins-sendai-city-in-worlds-first-test-of-private-wireless-connected-drones-for-tsunami-evacuation-alerts/https://www.nokia.com/about-us/news/releases/2019/04/17/nokia-and-nordic-telecom-launch-the-worlds-first-mission-critical-communication-ready-lte-network-in-the-410-430-mhz-band/https://www.nokia.com/about-us/news/releases/2018/11/07/nokia-and-china-unicom-deploy-private-lte-network-for-smart-manufacturing-services-at-bmw-plant-in-china/https://www.konecranes.com/press/releases/2018/konecranes-nokia-and-ukkoverkot-to-cooperate-smart-cranes-depart-on-the-5g-journey

©3G4GSource: Qualcomm

©3G4G Source: Qualcomm

Typical Mobile Network Architecture

©3G4G

Voice (PSTN)Network

Data (IP)Network

PS Core CS Core

Controller

Nodes

Access Network

2G/3G Only

AccessNetwork

CoreNetwork

AirInterface

Backhaul

3G Private Networks

©3G4G

• Had to rely on Operator Core as the core was comparatively complex• Had to rely on Operator Spectrum

• Limited Spectrum availability meant Indoor Networks relied on Small Cells

• WCDMA was good in Interference Management• Users restricted by making cells closed (CSG – Closed Subscriber Group)

• Other users would not be able to use the network while in the CSG cell, unless operator had other spectrum broadcasting

• Really clunky approach, not deployed too much in practice unless used in off-shore deployments like Oil rigs, etc.

Simplified PS Only Mobile Network Architecture

©3G4G

Data (IP) Network

PS Core

AccessNetwork

CoreNetwork

AirInterface

Backhaul

Simplified LTE/4G Private Networks

©3G4G

• Simplified Core was the main driver of Initial LTE Private Networks• It was possible to host a private EPC (4G Core) locally• This gave rise to 2 different approaches for remote/offshore

deployments with satellite for backhaul or connectivity

Simplified PS Only Mobile Network Architecture

©3G4G

Data (IP) Network

PS Core

AccessNetwork

CoreNetwork

AirInterface

Backhaul

Simplified LTE/4G Private Networks

©3G4G

• Simplified Core was the main driver of Initial LTE Private Networks• It was possible to host a private EPC (4G Core) locally• This gave rise to 2 different approaches for remote/offshore

deployments with satellite for backhaul or connectivity• OFDMA Air Interface in LTE allowed much better interference

management with the Macro Networks• Inter-cell Interference Coordination (ICIC)• Enhanced ICIC (eICIC)

Typical Private LTE (P-LTE) Network

©3G4G

• P-LTE typically consists of eNodeB, EPC & Content Server• There can be many other optional components including IMS

• P-LTE can be used in many scenarios including Factories, PPDR (Public Protection and Disaster Relief), Enterprises, etc.

EPCMME

S-GWP-GW

eNB

IMS

Content Server

P-LTE Network In a Box

HSS

Internet

3GPP Releases Timeline

©3G4G

Private Networks

5G Deployment Options and Migration Strategy

©3G4G

EPC 5GC (NGCN)

SA

NSA

eNB EPC

Option 1: SA LTE connected to EPC Option 2: SA NR connected to 5GC

(Standalone)

(Non-Standalone)

[Dual Connectivity]

ng-eNBgNB 5GC

Option 5: SA LTE connected to 5GC

Option 3: NSA LTE assisted NR connected to EPC

Option 4: NSA NR assisted LTE connected to 5GC

Option 7: NSA LTE assisted NR connected to 5GC

MigrationStrategy Option 1

↗ Option 2↘ Option 3

Option 3↗ Option 7↘ Option 5



[EN-DC] [NE-DC] [NGEN-DC]

5GC

5GC

gNB

ng-eNB

5GC

gNB

ng-eNB

EPC

eNB

en-gNB


©3G4G

EPC 5GC (NGCN)

SA

NSA

eNB EPC


(Standalone)

(Non-Standalone)

[Dual Connectivity]

ng-eNBgNB 5GC











5GC

5GC

gNB

ng-eNB

5GC

gNB

ng-eNB

EPC

eNB

gNB

Today – 4G Networks


©3G4G

EPC 5GC (NGCN)

SA

NSA

eNB EPC


(Standalone)

(Non-Standalone)

[Dual Connectivity]

ng-eNBgNB 5GC











5GC

5GC

gNB

ng-eNB

5GC

gNB

ng-eNB

EPC

eNB

en-gNB

Non-Standalone 5G Networks, Release-15, all 5G

networks today

Option 3: Non-Standalone (NSA) NR, LTE assisted, EPC connected

©3G4G

• en-gNB: node providing NR user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards the UE, and acting as Secondary Node in EN-DC.

• In simple English, it’s a gNB that supports legacy E-UTRAN interface

MME/S-GW MME/S-GW

EPC

E-UTRAN

S1-U

X2

X2- U

eNB eNB

en-gNBen-gNB

Based on:3GPP TS 37.340 V15.4.0 (2018-12)Figure 4.1.2-1: EN-DC Overall Architecture

Release-15 ‘Private Network’

©3G4G

• Designed as a standalone/isolated solution for an enterprise or a factory kind of situation

• No interaction with any public network• Security could be based on 3GPP or non-3GPP mechanisms• Emergency calls could not be initiated on this network• No Roaming, etc.• Designed for Network in a Box (NIB) kind of solution• Only limited interest because of little or no MNO involvement

5G System (5GS)

©3G4G

AirInterface

New & Evolution

Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

Data (IP)Network

eNB

UE

EvolvedPacketSystem(EPS)

5G Core (5GC)

Data (IP)Network

NG-RAN

UE

5G System(5GS)

New Radio or Next-Generation RAN (NG-RAN)

RadioAccess

Network(RAN)

CoreNetwork

(CN)

5G System is defined as 3GPP system consisting of 5G Access Network (AN), 5G Core Network and UE. The 5G System provides data connectivity and services.

3GPP TS 23.501: System Architecture for the 5G System; Stage 2

3GPP TS 23.502: Procedures for the 5G System; Stage 2


©3G4G

EPC 5GC (NGCN)

SA

NSA

eNB EPC


(Standalone)

(Non-Standalone)

[Dual Connectivity]

ng-eNBgNB 5GC











5GC

5GC

gNB

ng-eNB

5GC

gNB

ng-eNB

EPC

eNB

gNB

Future – Standalone 5G Networks, after Release-16

is finalized


©3G4G

EPC 5GC (NGCN)

SA

NSA

eNB EPC


(Standalone)

(Non-Standalone)

[Dual Connectivity]

ng-eNBgNB 5GC











5GC

5GC

gNB

ng-eNB

5GC

gNB

ng-eNB

EPC

eNB

gNB

Way out in the future, probably 2024 onwards

Next Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN)

©3G4G

AMF/UPF AMF/UPF

5GC

NG-RAN

NG

Xn

Xn

ng-eNB ng-eNB

gNBgNB

Based on:3GPP TS 38.300 V15.4.0 (2018-12)Figure 4.1-1: Overall Architecture

An NG-RAN node is either:

• a gNB, providing NR user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards the UE; or

• an ng-eNB, providing E-UTRA user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards the UE.

Control plane function group

5GS Service Based Architecture (SBA)

©3G4G

Data Network (DN)gNodeB

(NG-RAN)5G UE

User plane function

UPF

AMF SMF

NSSF NEF NRF AUSFFE PCFFEUDM AFUDR

FE

UDC

N1

N2

N3 N6

N4

Nnssf Nnef Nnrf Nudm Nausf Npcf Naf

AF Application FunctionAMF Access and Mobility management FunctionAUSF Authentication Server FunctionDN Data NetworkFE Front EndNEF Network Exposure FunctionNRF NF Repository FunctionNSSF Network Slice Selection FunctionPCF Policy Control Function(R)AN (Radio) Access NetworkSEPP Security Edge Protection ProxySMF Session Management FunctionUDM Unified Data ManagementUDR Unified Data RepositoryUDSF Unstructured Data Storage FunctionUE User EquipmentUPF User Plane Function


©3G4G

Private Networks

Non-Public Networks (NPN)

Release-16: Non-Public Network (NPN)

©3G4G

3GPP TS 22.261: Service requirements for the 5G system; Stage 1 (Release 16) describes Non-public networks in section 6.25 as:• Non-public networks are intended for the sole use of a private entity

such as an enterprise, and may be deployed in a variety of configurations, utilizing both virtual and physical elements.

• Specifically, they may be deployed as: • completely standalone networks, • they may be hosted by a PLMN, • or they may be offered as a slice of a PLMN.

• Continued…

Release-16: Non-Public Network (NPN)

©3G4G

In any of these deployment options, it is expected that: • Unauthorized UEs, those that are not associated with the enterprise,

will not attempt to access the non-public network, which could result in resources being used to reject that UE and thereby not be available for the UEs of the enterprise.

• UEs of the enterprise will not attempt to access a network they are not authorized to access. For example, some enterprise UEs may be restricted to only access the non-public network of the enterprise, even if PLMN coverage is available in the same geographic area. Other enterprise UEs may be able to access both a non-public network and a PLMN where specifically allowed.

Example of NPN from 3GPP TR 23.734

©3G4G

Types of 5G NPNs

©3G4G

Standalone NPN (SNPN) Public Network Integrated NPN (PNI-NPN)

• SNPN is operated by an NPN operator, not relying on network functionality provided by a SP / MNO

• UE can have subscription for one or more NPNs

• List of NPN IDs is available in SIB• Access to public network possible as NPN

can be considered as an untrusted network

• Access to NPN via public network is also possible

• PNI-NPN is an NPN deployed with the support of a SP / MNO

• Different approaches are possible including dedicated spectrum, slice, etc.

• Closed Access Group (CAG) concept is used to protect from other UEs from accessing the NPN and wasting resources

• UE subscription contains CAG IDs• CAG ID broadcast in SIB

5G LAN-type service

©3G4G

Based on description in 3GPP TS 22.261:• The 5GS shall support 5G LAN-type service in a shared RAN configuration. • The 5GS shall support 5G LAN-type service over a wide area mobile network.• The 5G network shall support service continuity for 5G LAN-type service, i.e. the private

communication between UEs shall not be interrupted when one or more UEs of the private communication move within the same network that provides the 5G LAN-type service.

• The 5GS shall support use of unlicensed as well as licensed spectrum for 5G LAN-type services.

• The 5GS shall enable the network operator to provide the same 5G LAN-type service to any 5G UE, regardless of whether it is connected via public base stations, indoor small base stations connected via fixed access, or via relay UEs connected to either of these two types of base stations.

5G LAN-virtual network (5G LAN-VN)

©3G4G

• A UE shall be able to select a 5G LAN-VN, that the UE is a member of, for private communications. • 5G LAN-VNs can have member UEs numbering between a few to tens of thousands.• The 5G LAN-VN shall support member UEs that are subscribed to different PLMNs, e.g. a 5G LAN-VN may span

multiple countries and have member UEs that have a subscription to a PLMN in their home country.• The 5GS shall support on-demand establishment of UE to UE, multicast, and broadcast private communication

between members UEs of the same 5G LAN-VN. Multiple types of data communication shall be supported, at least IP and Ethernet.

• The 5G network shall ensure that only member UEs of the same 5G LAN-VN are able to establish or maintainprivate communications among each other using 5G LAN-type service.

• The 5GS shall allow member UEs of a 5G LAN-VN to join an authorized multicast session over that 5G LAN-VN. • The 5G system shall be able to restrict private communications within a 5G LAN-VN based on UE’s location (i.e.

when the UE moves out of the area it can no longer communicate on the 5G LAN-VN).• The 5G network shall enable member UEs of a 5G LAN-VN to use multicast/broadcast over a 5G LAN-type

service to communicate with required latency (e.g. 180ms).• The 5G system shall support a mechanism to provide consistent QoE to all the member UEs of the same 5G

LAN-VN.• The 5G system shall support routing based on a private addressing scheme within the 5G LAN-VN.

SNPN vs PNI-NPN

©3G4G

SNPN PNI-NPN

Spectrum Own, Unlicensed, Shared Operator spectrum, unlicensed, shared

Investment High Capex + Low Opex Low Capex + High Opex

Network Maintenance IT department, Integrator, Connectivity provider

MNO or Integrator selected by MNO

Devices, SIMs, subscriptions, etc. Own responsibility or connectivity provider

MNO responsibility

Security Own responsibility MNO based end-to-end security

Roaming No roaming Standard roaming

Advanced services Limited advanced services like 5G LAN, 5G LAN-VN

3GPP based and MNO supported advanced services available

(Extremely) Simplified 5G Network Architecture

©3G4G

gNB

5GC-CP

UDM

UPF

Services

Radio

Signaling

Database

User Data

Services

Isolated Private 5G Network

©3G4G

1

Picture from 5G ACIA Whitepaper on NPN Scenarios – see references

Fully Independent, Isolated Private 5G Network

©3G4G

Radio

Signaling

Database

User Data

Services

Radio

Signaling

Database

User Data

Services

Private 5G Network SP/MNO 5G Network

Data Network

MEC

1a

1a

Fully Independent, Isolated Private 5G Network

©3G4G

Radio

Signaling

Database

User Data

Services

Radio

Signaling

Database

User Data

Services


Data Network

MEC

Pros• Complete isolation from public

networks• QoS / QoE is independent of the

public network, even if that fails• Data stored locally, securely• Ultra-Low Latency due to proximity of

all components• Reduced wiring within the factory /

enterprise, etc.• No monthly subscription charges for

end users

Cons• High Capex for software, hardware

and license fees• Spectrum cost may be high,

unlicensed spectrum would be prone to interference

• Difficult to find IT staff, would need help from Integrators that adds to Capex and Opex

SP Built, Isolated Private 5G Network

©3G4G

Signaling

Database

User Data

Services

Radio

Signaling

Database

User Data

Services


Data Network

Radio

MEC

1b

1b

SP Built, Isolated Private 5G Network

©3G4G

Signaling

Database

User Data

Services

Radio

Signaling

Database

User Data

Services


Data Network

Radio

MEC

Pros• Complete isolation from public

networks – not available for SP subscribers

• QoS / QoE is independent of the public network, even if that fails

• Licensed SP spectrum, cheaper and less prone to interference

• SP maintains the running of the network with SLAs in place

• Data stored locally, securely• Ultra-Low Latency due to proximity of


enterprise, etc.

Cons• High Capex for software, hardware

and license fees – maybe subsidised by the SP

• Monthly subscription charges for end users or based on the access nodes or based on site / size.

• IT staff would still need to be trained for first line of troubleshooting

Radio


©3G4G

Signaling

Database

User Data

Services

Signaling

Database

User Data

Services


Data Network

MEC

Radio

2

4G Network Sharing Approaches

©3G4G

CN PS only

eNodeB

Cell/ Frequency

ServicePlatforms

HSS/HLR

Operator 1 Operator 2 Shared Elements

GWCNSite Sharing MORAN MOCN

Defined in 3GPP TS 23.251 and TR 22.951

Not defined by 3GPP standards

©3G4G

It’s called Dual Slicing, but it looks very much like RAN sharing

Campus networks are exclusive mobile networks for a defined local campus, a university or individual buildings, such as an office building. They are tailored to the individual needs of users and meet future requirements in the area of Industry 4.0.

Deutsche Telekom

https://www.telekom.com/en/company/details/5g-technology-in-campus-networks-556692

Campus Types

©3G4G

Source: Arthur D. Little

Industrial Office Venue

Primary user of the network

Machines Employees Visitors Suppliers / Contractors

Quality RequirementsThroughput Latency Throughput Latency Throughput Latency Throughput Latency

Security Availability Security Availability Security Availability Security Availability

PurposeSense & Control

Connect & Secure

Inform & Entertain

Sense & Control

Connect & Secure

Inform & Entertain

Sense & Control

Connect & Secure

Inform & Entertain

Sense & Control

Connect & Secure

Inform & Entertain

Coverage IndoorOn-prem Outdoor

Off-prem IndoorOn-prem Outdoor



Off-prem

Devices Phone / ComputerIoT

Device

B2B2x Solution Device

Phone / Computer

IoT Device


Phone / Computer

IoT Device


Phone / Computer

IoT Device


Distributed / non-stationary

2

Radio


©3G4G

Signaling

Database

User Data

Services

Signaling

Database

User Data

Services


Data Network

MEC

Radio

Pros• QoS / QoE is still fairly independent of

the public network, even if that fails• Licensed SP spectrum, cheaper and

less prone to interference• SP maintains the running of the

network with SLAs in place• Data stored locally, securely• Ultra-Low Latency due to proximity of


enterprise, etc.

Cons• Not completely isolated from SP

network and subscribers• High Capex for software, hardware

and license fees – maybe subsidised by the SP



Database

Signaling

RAN & Signaling Sharing between Public-Private 5G Network

©3G4G

User Data

Services

User Data

Services


Data Network

MEC

RadioRadio

3

Database

Signaling

RAN & Signaling Sharing between Public-Private 5G Network

©3G4G

User Data

Services

User Data

Services


Data Network

MEC

RadioRadio

3Pros

• QoS / QoE is still fairly independent of the public network, even if that fails


• Capex is significantly lower than previous options

• SP maintains the running of the network with SLAs in place

• Data stored locally, securely• Ultra-Low Latency due to proximity of


enterprise, etc.

Cons• Not completely isolated from SP

network and subscribers• Signalling dependent on SP network –

can have issues if the network is loaded

• Subscriber information stored in SP network, which may be an issue



User Data

E2E Network Slicing between Public-Private Network

©3G4G

Services


Data Network

MEC

Database

Signaling

RadioRadio

4

User Data

E2E Network Slicing between Public-Private Network

©3G4G

Services


Data Network

MEC

Database

Signaling

RadioRadio

4Pros

• Logical separation with public networks


• Capex is very low• SP maintains the running of the

network with SLAs in place• Reduced wiring within the factory /

enterprise, etc.

Cons• No physical separation with public

network• Dependency on SP network for

signalling as well as QoS/QoE• Latency much higher• Subscriber information stored in SP

network, which may be an issue• Data stored in SP Datacentre

(probably at Edge)• Monthly subscription charges for end

users or based on the access nodes or based on site / size.


Types of Private Networks and SP Role

©3G4G

Standalone Private Network

Hybrid Private Network Virtual Private Network

Applications Customer Customer Customer Customer

Management Customer Customer / SP SP SP

Services Customer Customer / SP Customer / SP SP

Infrastructure Customer Customer / SP Customer / SP SP

Spectrum Customer / SP SP (Customer - optional) SP (Customer - optional) SP

Devices Customer Customer Customer Customer

SIMs Customer Customer SP SP

1 2 3 4

Release-17: Further Enhancements of NPN (eNPN)

©3G4G

FS_eNPN, as detailed in SP-191376• SNPN and SP separation: Study enhancements to enable support for

SNPN along with subscription / credentials owned by an entity separate from the SNPN

• Onboarding: Study how to support UE onboarding and provisioning for non-public networks

• VIAPA support: Study enhancements to the 5GS for NPN to support NPN related service requirements for production of audio-visual content and services e.g. for service continuity and enabling reception of data services from two networks.

• Emergency: Study support for IMS and emergency services for SNPN

Further Reading on this topic

©3G4G

• 5G ACIA: 5G Non-Public Networks for Industrial Scenarios (link)• Telefonica I+D: The use of 5G Non-Public Networks to support Industry 4.0

scenarios (link)• Gabriel Brown, Heavy Reading: Private 5G Mobile Networks for Industrial IoT

(link)• Harrison J. Son, Netmanias: 7 Deployment Scenarios of Private 5G Networks

(link)• Dr. Yongbin Wei, Qualcomm: The Role of 5G in Private Networks for

Industrial IoT (link)• Ali Rezaki & Anja Jerichow, Nokia Bell Labs: 5G Security Challenges for

Verticals - a Standards View (link)• Deutsche Telekom: 5G technology in industrial campus networks (link)• Arthur D. Little: Private Campus Networks (link)

https://www.5g-acia.org/publications/5g-non-public-networks-for-industrial-scenarios-white-paper/https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.00665https://www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/files/private-5g-networks-for-industrial-iot.pdfhttps://www.netmanias.com/en/post/blog/14500/5g-edge-kt-sk-telecom/7-deployment-scenarios-of-private-5g-networkshttps://www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/files/the-role-of-5g-in-private-networks-for-industrial-iot.pdfhttps://docbox.etsi.org/Workshop/2019/201906_ETSISECURITYWEEK/202106_DynamicNatureOfTechno/SESSION01_5GNETWORKS/NOKIA_REZAKI.pdfhttps://www.telekom.com/en/company/details/5g-technology-in-campus-networks-556692https://www.adlittle.com/en/insights/viewpoints/private-campus-networks

Thank You

To learn more, visit:

3G4G Website – https://www.3g4g.co.uk/

3G4G Blog – https://blog.3g4g.co.uk/

Telecoms Infrastructure Blog – https://www.telecomsinfrastructure.com/

Operator Watch Blog – https://www.operatorwatch.com/

Connectivity Technology Blog – https://www.connectivity.technology/

Free 5G Training – https://www.free5gtraining.com/

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private networks & 5g non- public networks (npns) · [dual connectivity] gnb 5gc ng-enb option 5:...

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