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Private Pilot Training Program

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Private Pilot Ground School

Course Outline and Recommended Material

COURSE OUTLINE REVIEW PRIOR TO CLASS Jeppesen PHAK

Class Study Material Chapter(s) Chapter(s)

1 Intro/Aircraft Components 2 (A & B) 1, 2, 5, & 6

2 Aerodynamics 3 3 & 4

3 Safety/Airports/Flight Instruments 4 (A & B) 7, 13, & 17

4 Aeronautical Charts 4 (C & D) 14 & 15 (1-2)

5 Radio Communications 5 13

6 FAR/AIM & NTSB FAR/AIM CFR 49

FAR/AIM CFR 49

7 Human Factors/ADM 1 (C) & 10 16 & 17

8 Performance/Weight & Balance 8 (A & B) 9 & 10

9 Weather 6, 7, 8 (C) 11 & 12

10 Flight Planning/Navigation 11 15

RECOMMENDED STUDY MATERIAL

Jeppesen Private Pilot Manual FAR/AIM * ASA E6B Flight Computer (manual or electronic) ASA Plotter ASA Flight Planner Instructions * Twin Cities Sectional Aeronautical Chart Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge (FAA-H-8083-25A) * Airplane Flying Handbook (FAA-H-8083-A) * Aviation Weather (AC 00-6A) * Aviation Weather Services (FAA) * Aircraft Weight and Balance Handbook (FAA-H-8083-1A) * CFR 49 Part 830 NTSB Requirements * CFR 14 Parts 60-109 * CFR 14 Parts 110-199 * FAA Airport Markings Poster (OK-08-0403) * Private Pilot PTS 2011 (FAA-S-8081-14B)*

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WELCOME TO THE PRIVATE PILOT GROUND SCHOOL Thank you for attending our comprehensive ground school. This class will satisfy the FAA ground training element required to become a Private Pilot. We will be using the Jeppesen-Sanderson Private Pilot Manual as a general guide for the course. Questions are always encouraged, take notes, and enjoy the class. Books, learning materials and pilot supplies are available for purchase on request. WHAT IS A PRIVATE PILOT? A Private Pilot is an airman who holds a FAA issued pilot certificate which is recognized worldwide. This first pilot certificate will allow you to be the pilot in command of a propeller driven single engine aircraft weighing less than 12,500 pounds with passengers during good weather daytime and nighttime conditions. A private pilot may operate a U.S. registered aircraft anywhere in the world and has the ability to upgrade their airman privileges at any time. The private pilot certificate is the first and most fundamental step in any pilot’s career. You may elect to obtain addition training to acquire any of the following certifications: complex aircraft (retractable landing gear), high performance aircraft, high altitude aircraft, tailwheel aircraft, seaplanes, helicopters, gliders, large aircraft, jet aircraft, commercial pilot, certified flight instructor, and many more. We rent our airplanes to all of our pilots for their personal and business use. THE NEXT STEP So, where do you go from here? We recommend our students complete a minimum of four weeks in this ground school prior to beginning flight lessons. In the meantime, however, we encourage a Discovery Flight to give you an idea of what being a pilot is all about. It’s an affordable way to gauge your interest, and a great way for us to get you hooked on aviation. When you’re ready to start flying, we’ll sit down to evaluate your goals, learning style, and schedule your first lesson. BECOMING A PILOT As you begin your flight training you will continuously build experience and skill as you work through the FAA’s training regimen. Along the way there are three exams which must be passed, but they are not until late in your training. The first is a pre-solo open book written exam designed by your flight instructor. The second is an FAA knowledge test, much of which this class prepares you for. The culmination of your training is the practical test. A one on one oral and flight exam with an FAA designated examiner observing your operations as the pilot in command of an aircraft. While completion results vary with each student, our average customer completes this entire process in approximately 55 hours of flight time, 3-6 months, and $6,000. THE INFLIGHT DIFFERENCE Inflight Pilot Training’s Mission is to introduce the wonder of flying a light airplane to a larger audience through an affordable business model. We understand that you have choices in flight training and are confident you will find the best service, best prices, and best flight instruction right here at Inflight. We are able to reduce our internal expenses by operating economically efficient aircraft and limiting overhead without sacrificing safety or service. As a flight training company, our only focus is your aviation education. Because we specialize in training, we do not subject our customers to many of the distractions that exist in other aviation businesses like charter flights, fuel sales, and aircraft storage. We stand behind our students and our reputation; we will make you a safer, more competent, and more highly skilled pilot than any of our competition. Inflight is also the only flight school in the U.S. to offer free continuing education for its students and pilots. EXPERIENCED INSTRUCTORS PRODUCE SAFE PILOTS Our team of flight instructors is, hands down, the most experienced group of CFI’s in Minnesota. Inflight is owned by a gold seal CFI and all of the instructors hold countless certifications, our professional pilots offer the most realistic level of training to prepare you for the real world of flying. CONTINUING EDUCATION Inflight is the only flight school in the U.S. to offer FAA accredited WINGS safety seminars and recurring ground schools for operational proficiency. These regular meetings allow our students and pilots to meet aviation professionals and other pilots who share their interest in flying safely. They’re also a great way to stay engaged as an airman and continue to enhance your skill and proficiency without any financial investment.

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PILOT SUPPLY LIST

ITEM PRICE

Jeppesen Private Pilot Manual 89.95

Airplane Flying Handbook * 19.95

Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge * 29.95

FAR/AIM Book * 18.95

Gleim Written Test Prep Book 19.95

Practical Test Standards Book * 6.95

Oral Exam Guide Book 14.95

Visualized Flight Maneuvers Guide 19.95

Pilot’s Operating Handbook 19.95/29.95

Pilot Logbook * 13.95

Chart Plotter 12.95

E-6B Manual Flight Computer 14.95

Flight Planning Logs 7.95

Kneeboard 42.95

Flight Bag 29.95

Headset 149.95

Sectional Navigational Chart 9.95

Terminal Area Chart 5.95

Airport/ Facilities Directory 5.95

Full Private Pilot Kit Discount Price $400 (A $530 VALUE)

Full Kit Without the Headset $275

Full Kit Without the Headset & Bag $245

These items are all available here at Inflight for purchase. We do not require you to purchase any of these for the ground school. We have spares available for use during class only, they must remain at Inflight. You may purchase items individually as the need arises, or receive a discount if you choose to purchase the full Private Pilot Kit. This list includes the minimum required pilot supplies necessary to become a Private Pilot and will need to be purchased at some point throughout your training. Please let us know if you

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have any questions. The asterisk (*) shown next to certain items above indicates that those items are included in electronic format on a secure flash drive available for purchase from Inflight Pilot Training.

GENERAL INFORMATION

CLASS ETIQUETTE Please be respectful of the instructor and other ground school students while in class. We understand you may need to make a call or take a break on occasion, please step out of the classroom to avoid interruption. In general, we do not stop for scheduled breaks, so feel free to use the rest room at your convenience. The restroom is located in the avionics room, next to the hangar. QUESTIONS Questions and comments in this class are highly encouraged as they enhance the learning experience for you and the other students in the class. Feel free to ask questions at any time. CELL PHONES Please be sure to have your cell phone ringer turned off, out of respect for your fellow ground school students and instructor. Please refrain from emails and text messages during class. MISSED CLASSES We expect that everyone will need to miss a class or two. Please let us know ahead of time so we can let you know what you’ll be missing and how to study for those areas. If you wish to make up a class one-on-one with an instructor, we can schedule a time at your convenience at our instruction rate of $49/hour. BORROWED MATERIALS We do not require that you purchase any materials or books for this class. We will have supplies in the classroom for student use. These supplies are to remain at Inflight unless authorized by your instructor. If you have borrowed an item, please return it promptly as we need to have them available for other students.

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Class 1 General Airplane Parts, Systems, & Operations

Topics

Sections of the airplane

Airframe design

Aerodynamic surfaces

Flight controls & trim

Landing gear, wheels & brakes

Engine design & operations

Carburetor & carburetor icing

Propeller

Magnetos & ignition

Fuel system & refueling

Electrical system

Quiz

How many spark plugs are in each engine cylinder?

What part of the airplane is the elevator attached to?

How does the pilot control engine RPM?

How is the airplane’s engine cooled?

How does the pilot apply brake pressure while on the ground?

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Class 2 Fundamental of Flight & Aerodynamics

Topics

4 forces of flight

Bernoulli’s principle lift

Newton’s third law lift

Angle of attack

Wing stall & recovery

Flap types, design, & operation

Parasite drag

Induced drag

Ground effect

3 axes of flight

Static & dynamic stability

Center of gravity

Elevator & pitch control

Dihedral

Spins & recovery

Climbing flight

Left turning tendencies

Glide performance

Turning flight

Adverse yaw

Overbanking tendency

Load factor, G’s

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Limit load factor

Maneuvering speed

Quiz

What causes a wing stall?

List 2 examples of parasite drag.

What type of flaps do our Cessna’s have?

What control surface controls movement around the lateral axis?

How does an aft center of gravity affect the airplane’s stability?

How does a pilot combat left turning tendencies produced by the engine & propeller?

How does a headwind affect glide range?

At approximately what bank angle can you expect to notice overbanking tendency?

During an unaccelerated 90 knot, 500’/minute climb, is thrust greater than, less than, or equal to drag?

When does the airplane experience adverse yaw? How does the pilot compensate for the adverse yaw?

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Class 3a Safety of Flight, Airport Operations & Procedures

Topics

Visual scanning & collision avoidance

Blind spots

Maneuvers in the training area

Operation “Lights On”

Right of way rules

Minimum safe altitudes

Positive exchange of flight controls

Towered & non-towered airports

Runway layout & naming

Traffic pattern

Wind indicators

Segmented circle

Noise abatement

Runway and taxiway signs & markings

Basic line direction hand signals

Quiz

If one end of a runway is designated “24L”, what will the other end be designated?

Describe the best method for finding other air traffic on a VFR flight.

Which leg of the traffic pattern should you join at a non-towered airport when approaching to land?

What is the lowest altitude you may fly (when not taking off or landing) in a congested area? What does that congested

area look like on an aeronautical chart?

Where on an airport will you find a red sign with white text?

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Class 3b Airport Lighting, and Flight Instruments

Topics

Airport beacons

Visual glideslope indicators

Approach lighting

Runway edge lights & taxiway lighting

Pilot controlled lighting

Lighting on obstructions near airports

Pitot-Static instruments (Altimeter, Vertical speed indicator, Airspeed indicator)

Gyroscopic instruments (Directional gyro [heading indicator], Turn coordinator, Attitude indicator [artificial horizon])

Magnetic compass

True north vs. magnetic north

Magnetic dip

Compass behavior & errors

Quiz

Describe the appearance of an airport beacon to the pilot when approaching a civilian land airport.

How do you activate the runway lights at a non-towered airport?

What provides static pressure information to the pitot-static flight instruments?

When is the best time to look at a magnetic compass for an accurate heading indication?

What is the purpose of the Kollsman window on an altimeter?

What is the source of power that spins the gyro of the attitude indicator on most small airplanes?

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Class 4a Aeronautical Charts & Publications

Topics

Sectional charts

Chart legend & layout

Latitude & longitude and Distance: “rule of thumb”

Airport symbology

Airport information

VOR’s, NDB’s, & FSS RCO’s

Terrain, obstructions topography, lakes, rivers, cities, towns, power lines, roads, railroads, etc.

Terminal area charts

Class B approach control frequencies

ATC recognized VFR reporting points

World aeronautical charts

Airport/Facilities Directories

Legend & index

Finding airports & navigation facilities

Airport diagrams for towered airports

Supplemental information

Quiz

What is the difference between blue & magenta airport symbols?

What is the frequency & location of the FSS RCO nearest to the FCM airport? Which FSS are you calling?

What is the significance of “RP 12” on the bottom line of the Airlake (LVN) airport information block?

Where would you look for a detailed airport diagram of the St. Cloud, MN airport (STC)?

On which chart will you find local frequencies for Minneapolis (MSP) approach/departure control?

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Class 4b U.S. Airspace System

Topics

Airspace classification

Class A

Class B

Class C

Class D

Class E

Class G

Equipment, clearance, & communication requirements

Basic & Special VFR weather minimums

TRSA’s

Military Operations Area (MOA)

Restricted Area

Prohibited Area

VR & IR military routes

Quiz

What is required of the pilot to enter Class C airspace?

How would you determine whether a MOA is active?

May you fly through a MOA when it is active?

What is the primary goal of airspace classifications?

List the 5 different floors of Class E airspace.

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Class 5 VHF Radio Communications & Radio Procedures

Topics

Transponder operation & squawk codes

Headset, intercom, & PTT use

Radio operation (on/off, volume, test/squelch, tuning frequency, line of sight)

Phonetic alphabet

Non-towered airports

AWOS or ASOS

CTAF’s & self announce/position reporting

Towered airports

ATIS

Ground control/taxi clearance & progressive taxi

Tower (local) control/takeoff, landing, traffic, & other instructions or clearances

Communications quick reference scripts

Flight following/traffic advisories

TCAS/FIS

FSS RCO’s & Flight Watch (EFAS)

Quiz

What is the function of the Push-To-Talk (PTT) switch?

How often is the ATIS updated at a towered airport? How do you know you have the current information?

What are the 2 sources for in-flight weather information across the U.S.?

Flying into a towered airport, what is a good distance to make your first radio call?

List at least 2 benefits of using Traffic Advisories or Flight Following on a flight.

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Communications Quick Reference

Departure Ground, CESSNA 6301 Delta, @ Inflight, _____________bound (Direction of Departure), with ___________(ATIS)

CESSNA 6301D, Flying Cloud Ground, Taxi to Runway _____________

Via ___________________________________________

Cross Runway __________________________________

Or

Hold Short of Runway____________________________

Taxi to ________________________________________

Via ___________________________________________

Cross/Hold Short of______________________________, CESSNA 6301D

Tower, CESSNA 6301D, @ Runway _____________, Ready for Takeoff

CESSNA 6301D, Flying Cloud Tower, Runway ______________

Cleared for Takeoff

Or

Hold Short

Or

Line Up & Wait

Runway ______________, Cleared for Takeoff/ Hold Short/Line Up & Wait, CESSNA 6301D

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Communications Quick Reference

Arrival Tower, CESSNA 6301D, 10 Miles _____________(Direction From Airport), Inbound for Landing, with

______________(ATIS)

CESSNA 6301D, Flying Cloud Tower, Report 3 miles ____________, … (Leg of Pattern & Runway planned for Landing)

Report 3 Miles _________________, CESSNA 6301D

Tower, CESSNA 6301D is 3 Miles ___________________

CESSNA 6301D, Runway ________________, Cleared to Land

Or

Traffic to Follow…

Runway __________________, Cleared to Land, CESSNA 6301D

Or

Looking for Traffic, CESSNA 6301

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PHONETIC ALPHABET

A ALPHA

B BRAVO

C CHARLIE

D DELTA PHONETIC NUMBERS

E ECHO 3 THREE OR "TREE"

F FOXTROT 5 FIVE OR "FIFE"

G GOLF 9 NINE OR "NINER"

H HOTEL

I INDIA

J JULIETTE

K KILO

L LIMA

M MIKE

N NOVEMBER

O OSCAR

P PAPA

Q QUEBEC

R ROMEO

S SIERRA

T TANGO

U UNIFORM

V VICTOR

W WHISKEY

X X-RAY

Y YANKEE

Z ZULU

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Class 6 FAR/AIM and the NTSB

Topics

Recommended study list

FAR 1

Definitions & abbreviations

FAR 43

Maintenance

FAR 61

Pilot certification, currency, & documentation

FAR 91

General operating & flight rules

FAR 830

Accidents & incidents

AIM

Operating recommendations & background information

Pilot/Controller (P/C) Glossary

Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) or NASA Form

Quiz

Are you, as a licensed pilot, authorized to perform any maintenance on an airplane?

What is a Flight Review?

In which part of the FAR’s would you look for the list of minimum equipment for a Day VFR flight?

What is the purpose of the Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS)?

Can you, as a licensed pilot, be reimbursed for the cost of a flight by your passenger(s)?

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Federal Aviation Regulation Highlights

FAR 43: Aircraft Maintenance

§ 43.3 Persons authorized to perform maintenance, preventive maintenance, rebuilding, and alterations.

(a) Except as provided in this section and §43.17, no person may maintain, rebuild, alter, or perform preventive maintenance on an aircraft, airframe, aircraft engine, propeller, appliance, or component part to which this part applies. Those items, the performance of which is a major alteration, a major repair, or preventive maintenance, are listed in appendix A.

(b) The holder of a mechanic certificate may perform maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alterations as provided in Part 65 of this chapter.

(c) The holder of a repairman certificate may perform maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alterations as provided in part 65 of this chapter.

(d) A person working under the supervision of a holder of a mechanic or repairman certificate may perform the maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alterations that his supervisor is authorized to perform, if the supervisor personally observes the work being done to the extent necessary to ensure that it is being done properly and if the supervisor is readily available, in person, for consultation. However, this paragraph does not authorize the performance of any inspection required by Part 91 or Part 125 of this chapter or any inspection performed after a major repair or alteration.

(e) The holder of a repair station certificate may perform maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alterations as provided in Part 145 of this chapter.

(f) The holder of an air carrier operating certificate or an operating certificate issued under Part 121 or 135, may perform maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alterations as provided in Part 121 or 135.

(g) Except for holders of a sport pilot certificate, the holder of a pilot certificate issued under part 61 may perform preventive maintenance on any aircraft owned or operated by that pilot which is not used under part 121, 129, or 135 of this chapter. The holder of a sport pilot certificate may perform preventive maintenance on an aircraft owned or operated by that pilot and issued a special airworthiness certificate in the light-sport category.

(c) Preventive maintenance. Preventive maintenance is limited to the following work, provided it does not involve complex assembly operations:

(1) Removal, installation, and repair of landing gear tires.

(2) Replacing elastic shock absorber cords on landing gear.

(3) Servicing landing gear shock struts by adding oil, air, or both.

(4) Servicing landing gear wheel bearings, such as cleaning and greasing.

(5) Replacing defective safety wiring or cotter keys.

(6) Lubrication not requiring disassembly other than removal of nonstructural items such as cover plates, cowlings, and fairings.

(7) Making simple fabric patches not requiring rib stitching or the removal of structural parts or control surfaces. In the case of balloons, the making of small fabric repairs to envelopes (as defined in, and in accordance with, the balloon manufacturers' instructions) not requiring load tape repair or replacement.

(8) Replenishing hydraulic fluid in the hydraulic reservoir.

(9) Refinishing decorative coating of fuselage, balloon baskets, wings tail group surfaces (excluding balanced control surfaces), fairings, cowlings, landing gear, cabin, or cockpit interior when removal or disassembly of any primary structure or operating system is not required.

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(10) Applying preservative or protective material to components where no disassembly of any primary structure or operating system is involved and where such coating is not prohibited or is not contrary to good practices.

(11) Repairing upholstery and decorative furnishings of the cabin, cockpit, or balloon basket interior when the repairing does not require disassembly of any primary structure or operating system or interfere with an operating system or affect the primary structure of the aircraft.

(12) Making small simple repairs to fairings, nonstructural cover plates, cowlings, and small patches and reinforcements not changing the contour so as to interfere with proper air flow.

(13) Replacing side windows where that work does not interfere with the structure or any operating system such as controls, electrical equipment, etc.

(14) Replacing safety belts.

(15) Replacing seats or seat parts with replacement parts approved for the aircraft, not involving disassembly of any primary structure or operating system.

(16) Trouble shooting and repairing broken circuits in landing light wiring circuits.

(17) Replacing bulbs, reflectors, and lenses of position and landing lights.

(18) Replacing wheels and skis where no weight and balance computation is involved.

(19) Replacing any cowling not requiring removal of the propeller or disconnection of flight controls.

(20) Replacing or cleaning spark plugs and setting of spark plug gap clearance.

(21) Replacing any hose connection except hydraulic connections.

(22) Replacing prefabricated fuel lines.

(23) Cleaning or replacing fuel and oil strainers or filter elements.

(24) Replacing and servicing batteries.

(25) Cleaning of balloon burner pilot and main nozzles in accordance with the balloon manufacturer's instructions.

(26) Replacement or adjustment of nonstructural standard fasteners incidental to operations.

(27) The interchange of balloon baskets and burners on envelopes when the basket or burner is designated as interchangeable in the balloon type certificate data and the baskets and burners are specifically designed for quick removal and installation.

(28) The installations of anti-misfueling devices to reduce the diameter of fuel tank filler openings provided the specific device has been made a part of the aircraft type certificiate data by the aircraft manufacturer, the aircraft manufacturer has provided FAA-approved instructions for installation of the specific device, and installation does not involve the disassembly of the existing tank filler opening.

(29) Removing, checking, and replacing magnetic chip detectors.

(30) The inspection and maintenance tasks prescribed and specifically identified as preventive maintenance in a primary category aircraft type certificate or supplemental type certificate holder's approved special inspection and preventive maintenance program when accomplished on a primary category aircraft provided:

(i) They are performed by the holder of at least a private pilot certificate issued under part 61 who is the registered owner (including co-owners) of the affected aircraft and who holds a certificate of competency for the affected aircraft (1) issued by a school approved under §147.21(e) of this chapter; (2) issued by the holder of the production certificate for that primary category aircraft that has a special training program approved under §21.24 of this subchapter; or (3) issued by another entity that has a course approved by the Administrator; and

(ii) The inspections and maintenance tasks are performed in accordance with instructions contained by the special inspection and preventive maintenance program approved as part of the aircraft's type design or supplemental type design.

(31) Removing and replacing self-contained, front instrument panel-mounted navigation and communication devices that employ tray-mounted connectors that connect the unit when the unit is installed into the instrument panel, (excluding automatic flight control systems, transponders, and microwave frequency distance measuring equipment (DME)). The approved unit must be designed to be readily and repeatedly removed and replaced,

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and pertinent instructions must be provided. Prior to the unit's intended use, and operational check must be performed in accordance with the applicable sections of part 91 of this chapter.

(32) Updating self-contained, front instrument panel-mounted Air Traffic Control (ATC) navigational software data bases (excluding those of automatic flight control systems, transponders, and microwave frequency distance measuring equipment (DME)) provided no disassembly of the unit is required and pertinent instructions are provided. Prior to the unit's intended use, an operational check must be performed in accordance with applicable sections of part 91 of this chapter.

FAR 61: Pilot Certification & General Record Keeping

§ 61.15 Offenses involving alcohol or drugs.

(a) A conviction for the violation of any Federal or State statute relating to the growing, processing, manufacture, sale, disposition, possession, transportation, or importation of narcotic drugs, marijuana, or depressant or stimulant drugs or substances is grounds for:

(1) Denial of an application for any certificate, rating, or authorization issued under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of final conviction; or

(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate, rating, or authorization issued under this part.

(b) Committing an act prohibited by §91.17(a) or §91.19(a) of this chapter is grounds for:

(1) Denial of an application for a certificate, rating, or authorization issued under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of that act; or

(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate, rating, or authorization issued under this part.

(c) For the purposes of paragraphs (d), (e), and (f) of this section, a motor vehicle action means:

(1) A conviction after November 29, 1990, for the violation of any Federal or State statute relating to the operation of a motor vehicle while intoxicated by alcohol or a drug, while impaired by alcohol or a drug, or while under the influence of alcohol or a drug;

(2) The cancellation, suspension, or revocation of a license to operate a motor vehicle after November 29, 1990, for a cause related to the operation of a motor vehicle while intoxicated by alcohol or a drug, while impaired by alcohol or a drug, or while under the influence of alcohol or a drug; or

(3) The denial after November 29, 1990, of an application for a license to operate a motor vehicle for a cause related to the operation of a motor vehicle while intoxicated by alcohol or a drug, while impaired by alcohol or a drug, or while under the influence of alcohol or a drug.

(d) Except for a motor vehicle action that results from the same incident or arises out of the same factual circumstances, a motor vehicle action occurring within 3 years of a previous motor vehicle action is grounds for:

(1) Denial of an application for any certificate, rating, or authorization issued under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of the last motor vehicle action; or

(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate, rating, or authorization issued under this part.

(e) Each person holding a certificate issued under this part shall provide a written report of each motor vehicle action to the FAA, Civil Aviation Security Division (AMC–700), P.O. Box 25810, Oklahoma City, OK 73125, not later than 60 days after the motor vehicle action. The report must include:

(1) The person's name, address, date of birth, and airman certificate number;

(2) The type of violation that resulted in the conviction or the administrative action;

(3) The date of the conviction or administrative action;

(4) The State that holds the record of conviction or administrative action; and

(5) A statement of whether the motor vehicle action resulted from the same incident or arose out of the same factual circumstances related to a previously reported motor vehicle action.

(f) Failure to comply with paragraph (e) of this section is grounds for:

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(1) Denial of an application for any certificate, rating, or authorization issued under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of the motor vehicle action; or

(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate, rating, or authorization issued under this part.

§ 61.25 Change of name.

(a) An application to change the name on a certificate issued under this part must be accompanied by the applicant's:

(1) Airman certificate; and

(2) A copy of the marriage license, court order, or other document verifying the name change.

(b) The documents in paragraph (a) of this section will be returned to the applicant after inspection.

§ 61.56 Flight review.

(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) and (f) of this section, a flight review consists of a minimum of 1 hour of flight training and 1 hour of ground training. The review must include:

(1) A review of the current general operating and flight rules of part 91 of this chapter; and

(2) A review of those maneuvers and procedures that, at the discretion of the person giving the review, are necessary for the pilot to demonstrate the safe exercise of the privileges of the pilot certificate.

e) A person who has, within the period specified in paragraph (c) of this section, satisfactorily accomplished one or more phases of an FAA-sponsored pilot proficiency award program need not accomplish the flight review required by this section.

§ 61.57 Recent flight experience: Pilot in command.

(a) General experience. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, no person may act as a pilot in command of an aircraft carrying passengers or of an aircraft certificated for more than one pilot flight crewmember unless that person has made at least three takeoffs and three landings within the preceding 90 days, and—

(i) The person acted as the sole manipulator of the flight controls; and

(ii) The required takeoffs and landings were performed in an aircraft of the same category, class, and type (if a type rating is required), and, if the aircraft to be flown is an airplane with a tailwheel, the takeoffs and landings must have been made to a full stop in an airplane with a tailwheel.

(2) For the purpose of meeting the requirements of paragraph (a)(1) of this section, a person may act as a pilot in command of an aircraft under day VFR or day IFR, provided no persons or property are carried on board the aircraft, other than those necessary for the conduct of the flight.

(b) Night takeoff and landing experience. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, no person may act as pilot in command of an aircraft carrying passengers during the period beginning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1 hour before sunrise, unless within the preceding 90 days that person has made at least three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop during the period beginning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1 hour before sunrise, and—

(i) That person acted as sole manipulator of the flight controls; and

(ii) The required takeoffs and landings were performed in an aircraft of the same category, class, and type (if a type rating is required).

§ 61.60 Change of address.

The holder of a pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor certificate who has made a change in permanent mailing address may not, after 30 days from that date, exercise the privileges of the certificate unless the holder has notified in writing the FAA, Airman Certification Branch, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125, of the new permanent mailing address, or if the permanent mailing address includes a post office box number, then the holder's current residential address

§ 61.87 Solo requirements for student pilots.

(a) General. A student pilot may not operate an aircraft in solo flight unless that student has met the requirements of this section. The term “solo flight” as used in this subpart means that flight time during which a student pilot is the sole occupant of the aircraft or that flight time during which the student performs the duties of a pilot in command of a gas balloon or an airship requiring more than one pilot flight crewmember.

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(b) Aeronautical knowledge. A student pilot must demonstrate satisfactory aeronautical knowledge on a knowledge test that meets the requirements of this paragraph:

(1) The test must address the student pilot's knowledge of—

(i) Applicable sections of parts 61 and 91 of this chapter;

(ii) Airspace rules and procedures for the airport where the solo flight will be performed; and

(iii) Flight characteristics and operational limitations for the make and model of aircraft to be flown.

(2) The student's authorized instructor must—

(i) Administer the test; and

(ii) At the conclusion of the test, review all incorrect answers with the student before authorizing that student to conduct a solo flight.

(c) Pre-solo flight training. Prior to conducting a solo flight, a student pilot must have:

(1) Received and logged flight training for the maneuvers and procedures of this section that are appropriate to the make and model of aircraft to be flown; and

(2) Demonstrated satisfactory proficiency and safety, as judged by an authorized instructor, on the maneuvers and procedures required by this section in the make and model of aircraft or similar make and model of aircraft to be flown.

(d) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training in a single-engine airplane. A student pilot who is receiving training for a single-engine airplane rating or privileges must receive and log flight training for the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight planning and preparation, powerplant operation, and aircraft systems;

(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including runups;

(3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal and crosswind;

(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in both directions;

(5) Climbs and climbing turns;

(6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry and departure procedures;

(7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake turbulence avoidance;

(8) Descents, with and without turns, using high and low drag configurations;

(9) Flight at various airspeeds from cruise to slow flight;

(10) Stall entries from various flight attitudes and power combinations with recovery initiated at the first indication of a stall, and recovery from a full stall;

(11) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;

(12) Ground reference maneuvers;

(13) Approaches to a landing area with simulated engine malfunctions;

(14) Slips to a landing; and

(15) Go-arounds.

§ 61.89 General limitations.

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(a) A student pilot may not act as pilot in command of an aircraft:

(1) That is carrying a passenger;

(2) That is carrying property for compensation or hire;

(3) For compensation or hire;

(4) In furtherance of a business;

(5) On an international flight, except that a student pilot may make solo training flights from Haines, Gustavus, or Juneau, Alaska, to White Horse, Yukon, Canada, and return over the province of British Columbia;

(6) With a flight or surface visibility of less than 3 statute miles during daylight hours or 5 statute miles at night;

(7) When the flight cannot be made with visual reference to the surface; or

(8) In a manner contrary to any limitations placed in the pilot's logbook by an authorized instructor.

(b) A student pilot may not act as a required pilot flight crewmember on any aircraft for which more than one pilot is required by the type certificate of the aircraft or regulations under which the flight is conducted, except when receiving flight training from an authorized instructor on board an airship, and no person other than a required flight crewmember is carried on the aircraft.

§ 61.105 Aeronautical knowledge.

(a) General. A person who is applying for a private pilot certificate must receive and log ground training from an authorized instructor or complete a home-study course on the aeronautical knowledge areas of paragraph (b) of this section that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought.

(b) Aeronautical knowledge areas. (1) Applicable Federal Aviation Regulations of this chapter that relate to private pilot privileges, limitations, and flight operations;

(2) Accident reporting requirements of the National Transportation Safety Board;

(3) Use of the applicable portions of the “Aeronautical Information Manual” and FAA advisory circulars;

(4) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage, dead reckoning, and navigation systems;

(5) Radio communication procedures;

(6) Recognition of critical weather situations from the ground and in flight, windshear avoidance, and the procurement and use of aeronautical weather reports and forecasts;

(7) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft, including collision avoidance, and recognition and avoidance of wake turbulence;

(8) Effects of density altitude on takeoff and climb performance;

(9) Weight and balance computations;

(10) Principles of aerodynamics, powerplants, and aircraft systems;

(11) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery techniques for the airplane and glider category ratings;

(12) Aeronautical decision making and judgment; and

(13) Preflight action that includes—

(i) How to obtain information on runway lengths at airports of intended use, data on takeoff and landing distances, weather reports and forecasts, and fuel requirements; and

(ii) How to plan for alternatives if the planned flight cannot be completed or delays are encountered.

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[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997]

§ 61.107 Flight proficiency.

(a) General. A person who applies for a private pilot certificate must receive and log ground and flight training from an authorized instructor on the areas of operation of this section that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought.

(b) Areas of operation. (1) For an airplane category rating with a single-engine class rating:

(i) Preflight preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures;

(iii) Airport and seaplane base operations;

(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;

(v) Performance maneuvers;

(vi) Ground reference maneuvers;

(vii) Navigation;

(viii) Slow flight and stalls;

(ix) Basic instrument maneuvers;

(x) Emergency operations;

(xi) Night operations, except as provided in §61.110 of this part; and

(xii) Postflight procedures.

§ 61.109 Aeronautical experience.

(a) For an airplane single-engine rating. Except as provided in paragraph (k) of this section, a person who applies for a private pilot certificate with an airplane category and single-engine class rating must log at least 40 hours of flight time that includes at least 20 hours of flight training from an authorized instructor and 10 hours of solo flight training in the areas of operation listed in §61.107(b)(1) of this part, and the training must include at least—

(1) 3 hours of cross-country flight training in a single-engine airplane;

(2) Except as provided in §61.110 of this part, 3 hours of night flight training in a single-engine airplane that includes—

(i) One cross-country flight of over 100 nautical miles total distance; and

(ii) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport.

(3) 3 hours of flight training in a single-engine airplane on the control and maneuvering of an airplane solely by reference to instruments, including straight and level flight, constant airspeed climbs and descents, turns to a heading, recovery from unusual flight attitudes, radio communications, and the use of navigation systems/facilities and radar services appropriate to instrument flight;

(4) 3 hours of flight training with an authorized instructor in a single-engine airplane in preparation for the practical test, which must have been performed within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test; and

(5) 10 hours of solo flight time in a single-engine airplane, consisting of at least—

(i) 5 hours of solo cross-country time;

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(ii) One solo cross country flight of 150 nautical miles total distance, with full-stop landings at three points, and one segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical miles between the takeoff and landing locations; and

(iii) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport with an operating control tower.

§ 61.113 Private pilot privileges and limitations: Pilot in command.

(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) through (h) of this section, no person who holds a private pilot certificate may act as pilot in command of an aircraft that is carrying passengers or property for compensation or hire; nor may that person, for compensation or hire, act as pilot in command of an aircraft.

(b) A private pilot may, for compensation or hire, act as pilot in command of an aircraft in connection with any business or employment if:

(1) The flight is only incidental to that business or employment; and

(2) The aircraft does not carry passengers or property for compensation or hire.

(c) A private pilot may not pay less than the pro rata share of the operating expenses of a flight with passengers, provided the expenses involve only fuel, oil, airport expenditures, or rental fees.

(d) A private pilot may act as pilot in command of a charitable, nonprofit, or community event flight described in §91.146, if the sponsor and pilot comply with the requirements of §91.146.

(e) A private pilot may be reimbursed for aircraft operating expenses that are directly related to search and location operations, provided the expenses involve only fuel, oil, airport expenditures, or rental fees, and the operation is sanctioned and under the direction and control of:

(1) A local, State, or Federal agency; or

(2) An organization that conducts search and location operations.

(f) A private pilot who is an aircraft salesman and who has at least 200 hours of logged flight time may demonstrate an aircraft in flight to a prospective buyer.

FAR 91: General Flight Rules

§ 91.3 Responsibility and authority of the pilot in command.

(a) The pilot in command of an aircraft is directly responsible for, and is the final authority as to, the operation of that aircraft.

(b) In an in-flight emergency requiring immediate action, the pilot in command may deviate from any rule of this part to the extent required to meet that emergency.

(c) Each pilot in command who deviates from a rule under paragraph (b) of this section shall, upon the request of the Administrator, send a written report of that deviation to the Administrator.

§ 91.7 Civil aircraft airworthiness.

(a) No person may operate a civil aircraft unless it is in an airworthy condition.

(b) The pilot in command of a civil aircraft is responsible for determining whether that aircraft is in condition for safe flight. The pilot in command shall discontinue the flight when unairworthy mechanical, electrical, or structural conditions occur.

§ 91.11 Prohibition on interference with crewmembers.

No person may assault, threaten, intimidate, or interfere with a crewmember in the performance of the crewmember's duties aboard an aircraft being operated.

§ 91.13 Careless or reckless operation.

(a) Aircraft operations for the purpose of air navigation. No person may operate an aircraft in a careless or reckless manner so as to endanger the life or property of another.

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(b) Aircraft operations other than for the purpose of air navigation. No person may operate an aircraft, other than for the purpose of air navigation, on any part of the surface of an airport used by aircraft for air commerce (including areas used by those aircraft for receiving or discharging persons or cargo), in a careless or reckless manner so as to endanger the life or property of another.

§ 91.15 Dropping objects.

No pilot in command of a civil aircraft may allow any object to be dropped from that aircraft in flight that creates a hazard to persons or property. However, this section does not prohibit the dropping of any object if reasonable precautions are taken to avoid injury or damage to persons or property.

§ 91.17 Alcohol or drugs.

(a) No person may act or attempt to act as a crewmember of a civil aircraft—

(1) Within 8 hours after the consumption of any alcoholic beverage;

(2) While under the influence of alcohol;

(3) While using any drug that affects the person's faculties in any way contrary to safety; or

(4) While having an alcohol concentration of 0.04 or greater in a blood or breath specimen. Alcohol concentration means grams of alcohol per deciliter of blood or grams of alcohol per 210 liters of breath.

(b) Except in an emergency, no pilot of a civil aircraft may allow a person who appears to be intoxicated or who demonstrates by manner or physical indications that the individual is under the influence of drugs (except a medical patient under proper care) to be carried in that aircraft.

(c) A crewmember shall do the following:

(1) On request of a law enforcement officer, submit to a test to indicate the alcohol concentration in the blood or breath, when—

(i) The law enforcement officer is authorized under State or local law to conduct the test or to have the test conducted; and

(ii) The law enforcement officer is requesting submission to the test to investigate a suspected violation of State or local law governing the same or substantially similar conduct prohibited by paragraph (a)(1), (a)(2), or (a)(4) of this section.

(2) Whenever the FAA has a reasonable basis to believe that a person may have violated paragraph (a)(1), (a)(2), or (a)(4) of this section, on request of the FAA, that person must furnish to the FAA the results, or authorize any clinic, hospital, or doctor, or other person to release to the FAA, the results of each test taken within 4 hours after acting or attempting to act as a crewmember that indicates an alcohol concentration in the blood or breath specimen.

(d) Whenever the Administrator has a reasonable basis to believe that a person may have violated paragraph (a)(3) of this section, that person shall, upon request by the Administrator, furnish the Administrator, or authorize any clinic, hospital, doctor, or other person to release to the Administrator, the results of each test taken within 4 hours after acting or attempting to act as a crewmember that indicates the presence of any drugs in the body.

(e) Any test information obtained by the Administrator under paragraph (c) or (d) of this section may be evaluated in determining a person's qualifications for any airman certificate or possible violations of this chapter and may be used as evidence in any legal proceeding under section 602, 609, or 901 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958.

§ 91.19 Carriage of narcotic drugs, marihuana, and depressant or stimulant drugs or substances.

(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, no person may operate a civil aircraft within the United States with knowledge that narcotic drugs, marihuana, and depressant or stimulant drugs or substances as defined in Federal or State statutes are carried in the aircraft.

(b) Paragraph (a) of this section does not apply to any carriage of narcotic drugs, marihuana, and depressant or stimulant drugs or substances authorized by or under any Federal or State statute or by any Federal or State agency.

§ 91.25 Aviation Safety Reporting Program: Prohibition against use of reports for enforcement purposes.

The Administrator of the FAA will not use reports submitted to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the Aviation Safety Reporting Program (or information derived there from) in any enforcement action except information concerning accidents or criminal offenses which are wholly excluded from the Program.

§ 91.103 Preflight action.

Each pilot in command shall, before beginning a flight, become familiar with all available information concerning that flight. This information must include—

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(a) For a flight under IFR or a flight not in the vicinity of an airport, weather reports and forecasts, fuel requirements, alternatives available if the planned flight cannot be completed, and any known traffic delays of which the pilot in command has been advised by ATC;

(b) For any flight, runway lengths at airports of intended use, and the following takeoff and landing distance information:

(1) For civil aircraft for which an approved Airplane or Rotorcraft Flight Manual containing takeoff and landing distance data is required, the takeoff and landing distance data contained therein; and

(2) For civil aircraft other than those specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section, other reliable information appropriate to the aircraft, relating to aircraft performance under expected values of airport elevation and runway slope, aircraft gross weight, and wind and temperature.

§ 91.105 Flight crewmembers at stations.

(a) During takeoff and landing, and while en route, each required flight crewmember shall—

(1) Be at the crewmember station unless the absence is necessary to perform duties in connection with the operation of the aircraft or in connection with physiological needs; and

(2) Keep the safety belt fastened while at the crewmember station.

(b) Each required flight crewmember of a U.S.-registered civil aircraft shall, during takeoff and landing, keep his or her shoulder harness fastened while at his or her assigned duty station. This paragraph does not apply if—

(1) The seat at the crewmember's station is not equipped with a shoulder harness; or

(2) The crewmember would be unable to perform required duties with the shoulder harness fastened.

§ 91.107 Use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses, and child restraint systems.

(a) Unless otherwise authorized by the Administrator—

(1) No pilot may take off a U.S.-registered civil aircraft (except a free balloon that incorporates a basket or gondola, or an airship type certificated before November 2, 1987) unless the pilot in command of that aircraft ensures that each person on board is briefed on how to fasten and unfasten that person's safety belt and, if installed, shoulder harness.

(2) No pilot may cause to be moved on the surface, take off, or land a U.S.-registered civil aircraft (except a free balloon that incorporates a basket or gondola, or an airship type certificated before November 2, 1987) unless the pilot in command of that aircraft ensures that each person on board has been notified to fasten his or her safety belt and, if installed, his or her shoulder harness.

(3) Except as provided in this paragraph, each person on board a U.S.-registered civil aircraft (except a free balloon that incorporates a basket or gondola or an airship type certificated before November 2, 1987) must occupy an approved seat or berth with a safety belt and, if installed, shoulder harness, properly secured about him or her during movement on the surface, takeoff, and landing. For seaplane and float equipped rotorcraft operations during movement on the surface, the person pushing off the seaplane or rotorcraft from the dock and the person mooring the seaplane or rotorcraft at the dock are excepted from the preceding seating and safety belt requirements. Notwithstanding the preceding requirements of this paragraph, a person may:

(i) Be held by an adult who is occupying an approved seat or berth, provided that the person being held has not reached his or her second birthday and does not occupy or use any restraining device;

(ii) Use the floor of the aircraft as a seat, provided that the person is on board for the purpose of engaging in sport parachuting; or

(iii) Notwithstanding any other requirement of this chapter, occupy an approved child restraint system furnished by the operator or one of the persons described in paragraph (a)(3)(iii)(A) of this section provided that:

(A) The child is accompanied by a parent, guardian, or attendant designated by the child's parent or guardian to attend to the safety of the child during the flight;

(B) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(3)(iii)(B)( 4 ) of this action, the approved child restraint system bears one or more labels as follows:

( 1 ) Seats manufactured to U.S. standards between January 1, 1981, and February 25, 1985, must bear the label: “This child restraint system conforms to all applicable Federal motor vehicle safety standards”;

( 2 ) Seats manufactured to U.S. standards on or after February 26, 1985, must bear two labels:

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( i ) “This child restraint system conforms to all applicable Federal motor vehicle safety standards”; and

( ii ) “THIS RESTRAINT IS CERTIFIED FOR USE IN MOTOR VEHICLES AND AIRCRAFT” in red lettering;

( 3 ) Seats that do not qualify under paragraphs (a)(3)(iii)(B)( 1 ) and (a)(3)(iii)(B)( 2 ) of this section must bear a label or markings showing:

( i ) That the seat was approved by a foreign government;

( ii ) That the seat was manufactured under the standards of the United Nations; or

( iii ) That the seat or child restraint device furnished by the operator was approved by the FAA through Type Certificate or Supplemental Type Certificate.

( iv ) That the seat or child restraint device furnished by the operator, or one of the persons described in paragraph (a) (3) (iii) (A) of this section, was approved by the FAA in accordance with §21.305(d) or Technical Standard Order C–100b, or a later version.

( 4 ) Except as provided in §91.107(a)(3)(iii)(B)( 3 )( iii ) and §91.107(a)(3)(iii)(B)( 3 )( iv ), booster-type child restraint systems (as defined in Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 213 (49 CFR 571.213)), vest- and harness-type child restraint systems, and lap held child restraints are not approved for use in aircraft; and

(C) The operator complies with the following requirements:

( 1 ) The restraint system must be properly secured to an approved forward-facing seat or berth;

( 2 ) The child must be properly secured in the restraint system and must not exceed the specified weight limit for the restraint system; and

( 3 ) The restraint system must bear the appropriate label(s).

§ 91.111 Operating near other aircraft.

(a) No person may operate an aircraft so close to another aircraft as to create a collision hazard.

(b) No person may operate an aircraft in formation flight except by arrangement with the pilot in command of each aircraft in the formation.

(c) No person may operate an aircraft, carrying passengers for hire, in formation flight.

§ 91.151 Fuel requirements for flight in VFR conditions.

(a) No person may begin a flight in an airplane under VFR conditions unless (considering wind and forecast weather conditions) there is enough fuel to fly to the first point of intended landing and, assuming normal cruising speed—

(1) During the day, to fly after that for at least 30 minutes; or

(2) At night, to fly after that for at least 45 minutes.

§ 91.155 Basic VFR weather minimums.

(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section and §91.157, no person may operate an aircraft under VFR when the flight visibility is less, or at a distance from clouds that is less, than that prescribed for the corresponding altitude and class of airspace in the following table:

Airspace Flight visibility Distance from clouds

Class A Not Applicable Not Applicable.

Class B 3 statute miles Clear of Clouds.

Class C 3 statute miles 500 feet below. 1,000 feet above.

2,000 feet horizontal.

Class D 3 statute miles 500 feet below.

1,000 feet above. 2,000 feet horizontal.

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Class E:

Less than 10,000 feet MSL 3 statute miles 500 feet below.

1,000 feet above.

2,000 feet horizontal

At or above 10,000 feet MSL 5 statute miles 1,000 feet below.

1,000 feet above. 1 statute mile horizontal.

Class G:

1,200 feet or less above the surface (regardless of MSL altitude)

Day, except as provided in §91.155(b) 1 statute mile Clear of clouds.

Night, except as provided in §91.155(b) 3 statute miles 500 feet below.

1,000 feet above. 2,000 feet horizontal.

More than 1,200 feet above the surface but less than 10,000 feet MSL

Day 1 statute mile 500 feet below.

1,000 feet above.

2,000 feet horizontal.

Night 3 statute miles 500 feet below.

1,000 feet above. 2,000 feet horizontal.

More than 1,200 feet above the surface and at or above 10,000 feet MSL 5 statute miles 1,000 feet below.

1,000 feet above.

1 statute mile horizontal.

§ 91.157 Special VFR weather minimums.

(a) Except as provided in appendix D, section 3, of this part, special VFR operations may be conducted under the weather minimums and requirements of this section, instead of those contained in §91.155, below 10,000 feet MSL within the airspace contained by the upward extension of the lateral boundaries of the controlled airspace designated to the surface for an airport.

(b) Special VFR operations may only be conducted—

(1) With an ATC clearance;

(2) Clear of clouds;

(3) Except for helicopters, when flight visibility is at least 1 statute mile

§ 91.203 Civil aircraft: Certifications required.

(a) Except as provided in §91.715, no person may operate a civil aircraft unless it has within it the following:

(1) An appropriate and current airworthiness certificate. Each U.S. airworthiness certificate used to comply with this subparagraph (except a special flight permit, a copy of the applicable operations specifications issued under §21.197(c) of this chapter, appropriate sections of the air carrier manual required by parts 121 and 135 of this chapter containing that portion of the operations specifications issued under §21.197(c), or an authorization under §91.611) must have on it the registration number assigned to the aircraft under part 47 of this chapter. However, the airworthiness certificate need not have on it an assigned special identification number before 10 days after that number is first affixed to the aircraft. A revised airworthiness certificate having on it an assigned special identification number, that has been affixed to an aircraft, may only be obtained upon application to an FAA Flight Standards district office.

(2) An effective U.S. registration certificate issued to its owner or, for operation within the United States, the second duplicate copy (pink) of the Aircraft Registration Application as provided for in §47.31(b), or a registration certificate issued under the laws of a foreign country.

§ 91.205 Powered civil aircraft with standard category U.S. airworthiness certificates: Instrument and equipment requirements.

(a) General. Except as provided in paragraphs (c)(3) and (e) of this section, no person may operate a powered civil aircraft with a standard category U.S. airworthiness certificate in any operation described in paragraphs (b) through (f) of this section unless that aircraft contains the instruments and equipment specified in those paragraphs (or FAA-approved equivalents) for that type of operation, and those instruments and items of equipment are in operable condition.

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(b) Visual-flight rules (day). For VFR flight during the day, the following instruments and equipment are required:

(1) Airspeed indicator.

(2) Altimeter.

(3) Magnetic direction indicator.

(4) Tachometer for each engine.

(5) Oil pressure gauge for each engine using pressure system.

(6) Temperature gauge for each liquid-cooled engine.

(7) Oil temperature gauge for each air-cooled engine.

(8) Manifold pressure gauge for each altitude engine.

(9) Fuel gauge indicating the quantity of fuel in each tank.

(10) Landing gear position indicator, if the aircraft has a retractable landing gear.

(11) For small civil airplanes certificated after March 11, 1996, in accordance with part 23 of this chapter, an approved aviation red or aviation white anticollision light system. In the event of failure of any light of the anticollision light system, operation of the aircraft may continue to a location where repairs or replacement can be made.

(12) If the aircraft is operated for hire over water and beyond power-off gliding distance from shore, approved flotation gear readily available to each occupant and, unless the aircraft is operating under part 121 of this subchapter, at least one pyrotechnic signaling device. As used in this section, “shore” means that area of the land adjacent to the water which is above the high water mark and excludes land areas which are intermittently under water.

(13) An approved safety belt with an approved metal-to-metal latching device for each occupant 2 years of age or older.

(14) For small civil airplanes manufactured after July 18, 1978, an approved shoulder harness for each front seat. The shoulder harness must be designed to protect the occupant from serious head injury when the occupant experiences the ultimate inertia forces specified in §23.561(b)(2) of this chapter. Each shoulder harness installed at a flight crewmember station must permit the crewmember, when seated and with the safety belt and shoulder harness fastened, to perform all functions necessary for flight operations. For purposes of this paragraph—

(i) The date of manufacture of an airplane is the date the inspection acceptance records reflect that the airplane is complete and meets the FAA-approved type design data; and

(ii) A front seat is a seat located at a flight crewmember station or any seat located alongside such a seat.

(15) An emergency locator transmitter, if required by §91.207.

(16) For normal, utility, and acrobatic category airplanes with a seating configuration, excluding pilot seats, of 9 or less, manufactured after December 12, 1986, a shoulder harness for—

(i) Each front seat that meets the requirements of §23.785 (g) and (h) of this chapter in effect on December 12, 1985;

(ii) Each additional seat that meets the requirements of §23.785(g) of this chapter in effect on December 12, 1985.

(17) For rotorcraft manufactured after September 16, 1992, a shoulder harness for each seat that meets the requirements of §27.2 or §29.2 of this chapter in effect on September 16, 1991.

(c) Visual flight rules (night). For VFR flight at night, the following instruments and equipment are required:

(1) Instruments and equipment specified in paragraph (b) of this section.

(2) Approved position lights.

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(3) An approved aviation red or aviation white anticollision light system on all U.S.-registered civil aircraft. Anticollision light systems initially installed after August 11, 1971, on aircraft for which a type certificate was issued or applied for before August 11, 1971, must at least meet the anticollision light standards of part 23, 25, 27, or 29 of this chapter, as applicable, that were in effect on August 10, 1971, except that the color may be either aviation red or aviation white. In the event of failure of any light of the anticollision light system, operations with the aircraft may be continued to a stop where repairs or replacement can be made.

(4) If the aircraft is operated for hire, one electric landing light.

(5) An adequate source of electrical energy for all installed electrical and radio equipment.

(6) One spare set of fuses, or three spare fuses of each kind required, that are accessible to the pilot in flight.

§ 91.207 Emergency locator transmitters.

(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (e) and (f) of this section, no person may operate a U.S.-registered civil airplane unless—

(1) There is attached to the airplane an approved automatic type emergency locator transmitter that is in operable condition for the following operations, except that after June 21, 1995, an emergency locator transmitter that meets the requirements of TSO-C91 may not be used for new installations

§ 91.209 Aircraft lights.

No person may:

(a) During the period from sunset to sunrise (or, in Alaska, during the period a prominent unlighted object cannot be seen from a distance of 3 statute miles or the sun is more than 6 degrees below the horizon)—

(1) Operate an aircraft unless it has lighted position lights;

(2) Park or move an aircraft in, or in dangerous proximity to, a night flight operations area of an airport unless the aircraft—

(i) Is clearly illuminated;

(ii) Has lighted position lights; or

(iii) is in an area that is marked by obstruction lights;

§ 91.211 Supplemental oxygen.

(a) General. No person may operate a civil aircraft of U.S. registry—

(1) At cabin pressure altitudes above 12,500 feet (MSL) up to and including 14,000 feet (MSL) unless the required minimum flight crew is provided with and uses supplemental oxygen for that part of the flight at those altitudes that is of more than 30 minutes duration;

(2) At cabin pressure altitudes above 14,000 feet (MSL) unless the required minimum flight crew is provided with and uses supplemental oxygen during the entire flight time at those altitudes; and

(3) At cabin pressure altitudes above 15,000 feet (MSL) unless each occupant of the aircraft is provided with supplemental oxygen.

§ 91.215 ATC transponder and altitude reporting equipment and use.

(a) All airspace: U.S.-registered civil aircraft. For operations not conducted under part 121 or 135 of this chapter, ATC transponder equipment installed must meet the performance and environmental requirements of any class of TSO-C74b (Mode A) or any class of TSO-C74c (Mode A with altitude reporting capability) as appropriate, or the appropriate class of TSO-C112 (Mode S).

(b) All airspace. Unless otherwise authorized or directed by ATC, no person may operate an aircraft in the airspace described in paragraphs (b)(1) through (b)(5) of this section, unless that aircraft is equipped with an operable coded radar beacon transponder having either Mode 3/A 4096 code capability, replying to Mode 3/A interrogations with the code specified by ATC, or a Mode S capability, replying to Mode 3/A interrogations with the code specified by ATC and intermode and Mode S interrogations in accordance with the applicable provisions specified in TSO C–112, and that aircraft is equipped with automatic pressure altitude reporting equipment having a Mode C capability that automatically replies to Mode C interrogations by transmitting pressure altitude information in 100-foot increments. This requirement applies—

(1) All aircraft. In Class A, Class B, and Class C airspace areas;

(2) All aircraft. In all airspace within 30 nautical miles of an airport listed in appendix D, section 1 of this part from the surface upward to 10,000 feet MSL;

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(3) Notwithstanding paragraph (b)(2) of this section, any aircraft which was not originally certificated with an engine-driven electrical system or which has not subsequently been certified with such a system installed, balloon or glider may conduct operations in the airspace within 30 nautical miles of an airport listed in appendix D, section 1 of this part provided such operations are conducted—

(i) Outside any Class A, Class B, or Class C airspace area; and

(ii) Below the altitude of the ceiling of a Class B or Class C airspace area designated for an airport or 10,000 feet MSL, whichever is lower; and

(4) All aircraft in all airspace above the ceiling and within the lateral boundaries of a Class B or Class C airspace area designated for an airport upward to 10,000 feet MSL

§ 91.409 Inspections.

(a) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, no person may operate an aircraft unless, within the preceding 12 calendar months, it has had—

(1) An annual inspection in accordance with part 43 of this chapter and has been approved for return to service by a person authorized by §43.7 of this chapter; or

(2) An inspection for the issuance of an airworthiness certificate in accordance with part 21 of this chapter.

No inspection performed under paragraph (b) of this section may be substituted for any inspection required by this paragraph unless it is performed by a person authorized to perform annual inspections and is entered as an “annual” inspection in the required maintenance records.

(b) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, no person may operate an aircraft carrying any person (other than a crewmember) for hire, and no person may give flight instruction for hire in an aircraft which that person provides, unless within the preceding 100 hours of time in service the aircraft has received an annual or 100-hour inspection and been approved for return to service in accordance with part 43 of this chapter or has received an inspection for the issuance of an airworthiness certificate in accordance with part 21 of this chapter. The 100-hour limitation may be exceeded by not more than 10 hours while en route to reach a place where the inspection can be done. The excess time used to reach a place where the inspection can be done must be included in computing the next 100 hours of time in service.

§ 91.411 Altimeter system and altitude reporting equipment tests and inspections.

(a) No person may operate an airplane, or helicopter, in controlled airspace under IFR unless—

(1) Within the preceding 24 calendar months, each static pressure system, each altimeter instrument, and each automatic pressure altitude reporting system has been tested and inspected and found to comply with appendices E and F of part 43 of this chapter;

§ 91.413 ATC transponder tests and inspections.

(a) No persons may use an ATC transponder that is specified in 91.215(a), 121.345(c), or §135.143(c) of this chapter unless, within the preceding 24 calendar months, the ATC transponder has been tested and inspected and found to comply with appendix F of part 43 of this chapter

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Class 7 Flight Physiology & Aeronautical Decision Making

Topics

Pilot & Flight Physiology

Vision (night, color, etc.)

Visual illusions (up & downslope runway, autokinesis, haze, wide/narrow runway, false horizon)

Spatial disorientation & vertigo

Motion sickness

Hypoxia, hyperventilation, & use of oxygen

Aeronautical Decision Making

Poor judgment/accident chain

Hazardous attitudes

Single pilot resource & workload management (the 5-P check)

Situational awareness

Forming good safety habits (3-P model)

Decision-making processes (the O-O-D-A Loop, & the D-E-C-I-D-E model)

Risk mitigation (P-A-V-E checklist)

Inflight Pre-flight Risk Assessment

Personal weather minimums & maximums

Quiz

What would you tell your motion-sick passenger to do to feel better?

How does the declining oxygen content at higher altitudes (above 5,000’) affect a pilot?

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List at least 5 examples of being situationally aware.

List at least 2 considerations for maintaining good vision during a night flight.

What is the primary way to avoid the effects of spatial disorientation

Class 8 Performance and Weight & Balance

Topics

Aircraft empty weight

Aircraft loading (pilot, passengers, baggage, fuel)

Weight & balance calculation & envelope location

Normal vs. Utility category

Performance

Takeoff

Climb

Cruise (speed, fuel burn, & range)

Landing

Glide

Quiz

What may the pilot do when in the Utility category that is not allowed in the Normal category?

Can you fly air airplane under its max weight, but outside of its center of gravity envelope?

What airspeed is glide range performance based on?

How will a grass runway affect takeoff or landing performance (distance) compared to a paved runway?

Can you expect to land & stop your airplane near the precise distance the landing performance chart describes?

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PILOT CHECKOUT FORM

ENGINE

Manufacturer _______________

Model _______________

Horsepower _______________

# of Cylinders _______________

Oil Grade _______________

Min. Oil Level _______________

FUEL

Useable Fuel _______________

Grade/ Color _______________

# of Sumps _______________

AIRSPEEDS

VS1 ______________

VSO ______________________

VX ______________________

VY ______________________

VA ______________________

VFE ______________________

VNO ______________________

VNE ______________________

NAME________________________________

AIRCRAFT TYPE

Cessna 172

PROCEDURES

Eng. Fire on Ground________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

Eng. Failure in Flight_______________

_________________________________

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_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

Emg. Descent_____________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

Eng. Fire in Flight__________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

38

Calculate the following weight and balance

Item Weight Arm Moment

Aircraft Empty NA

Pilot & Copilot 380 Loading Graph

Rear Seats 260 Loading Graph

Baggage 120 Loading Graph

Fuel Max 48 Useable. 6lbs/Gal.

Loading Graph

Totals NA

Within Max Gross Weight?

Within C.G. Limits?

►Find the following Performance Items based on the conditions below

Weight: Max Gross Temp: 30°C Press. Alt.: 2,000’

Wind: 0 KT Wind Runway: Dry, Hard Surface

Cruise Altitude: 7,500’ Power: 2,500 RPM

Takeoff: (Ground Roll)_____________ (Over 50’)_______________

Climb Rate________(Feet/Minute) Cruise Speed__________(Knots TAS)

Fuel Burn Rate (GPH)_____________ No Wind Range (Full Fuel)___________

Gallons required for reserve: Day VFR_____________ Night VFR___________

Landing: (Ground Roll)__________ (Over 50’)______________

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40

41

42

43

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45

Class 9 Weather Theory & Interpretation

Topics

Weather sources (FSS, www.aviationweather.gov, Telvent)

FSS briefings (standard, abbreviated, & outlook)

Decoder legend in A/FD

METARs

TAFs

Winds Aloft (FDs)

NOTAMs (Local, Distant, & FDC)

PIREPs

AIRMETs

SIGMETs & Convective SIGMETs

TFRs

Speaker phone call to FSS for example Standard briefing

Quiz

What is the phone number for a weather briefer in the U.S.?

Are Winds Aloft (FDs) actual, or forecast wind?

What type of aircraft does an AIRMET apply to? A SIGMET?

At the very least, what should you call FSS & ask for within 1 hour of departure time?

What is the difference between a METAR & a TAF?

46

Text Weather

METARS

KFCM 231353Z 20011KT 10SM OVC100 M04/M10 A3007 RMK AO2 SLP195 T10391100

KFCM 231253Z 19008KT 10SM SCT120 M06/M10 A3010 RMK AO2 SLP207 T10561100

KFCM 231153Z AUTO 19009KT 10SM CLR M06/M10 A3014 RMK AO2 SLP221 T10611100 11061 21089 56028

KBGR 231434Z 00000KT 1 1/4SM R15/5500VP6000FT -SN BR BKN003 OVC021 00/M01 A2994 RMK AO2 P0002

KBGR 231407Z 01004KT 1 1/4SM R15/5500VP6000FT -SN BR FEW003 OVC019 00/M01 A2995 RMK AO2 P0001

KBGR 231353Z 02003KT 3/4SM R15/4000V5500FT -SN BR SCT003 OVC019 00/M01 A2995 RMK AO2 TWR VIS 1 1/4 SLP146 P0002

T00001006

KBGR 231340Z 03003KT 1SM R15/P6000FT -SN BR BKN003 OVC021 00/M01 A2995 RMK AO2 TWR VIS 1 1/4 P0002

KBGR 231253Z 00000KT 1 1/4SM -SN BR FEW003 OVC023 00/M01 A2997 RMK AO2 SLP151 P0002 T00001006

KBGR 231153Z 00000KT 1 3/4SM -SN BR SCT003 OVC023 00/M01 A2998 RMK AO2 SLP154 P0002 60012 70012 T00001011 10000

21006 56012

KMIA 231353Z 11007KT 10SM FEW020 SCT065 24/21 A3018 RMK AO2 SLP219 T02440206

KMIA 231253Z COR 13005KT 10SM FEW020 SCT065 23/21 A3016 RMK AO2 SLP213 T02330206

KMIA 231153Z 11004KT 10SM FEW018 SCT040 22/20 A3015 RMK AO2 SLP208 T02220200 10233 20211 53009

TAF’s

KMSP 231125Z 2312/2418 19007KT P6SM SCT150 BKN250

FM231400 20010KT P6SM SCT060 OVC100 WS020/24050KT

FM231700 23015G22KT 4SM -SN SCT020 OVC040

TEMPO 2317/2320 1 1/2SM -SN FEW009 OVC020

FM232000 26011KT P6SM FEW020 BKN050 BKN100

FM240100 29007KT P6SM SKC

FM241000 20005KT P6SM SCT250

FM241500 22007KT P6SM SCT100 SCT250

KBGR 231438Z 2315/2412 06005KT 1SM -SN OVC012

TEMPO 2315/2318 BKN003

FM231800 02008G15KT 6SM -SN OVC025

FM240400 01009G16KT P6SM SCT025

FM240700 36009G16KT P6SM SCT250

KMIA 231122Z 2312/2412 09004KT P6SM FEW018

FM231400 10008KT P6SM FEW020 SCT050

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NOTAM’s

No Notams For KFCM Found

BGR 12/097 BGR RWY 15/33 PLW 80 WIDE RMNDR PTCHY THN PSR/SLR

WEF 1112231336

BGR 12/096 BGR RWY 33 BOW(Bowmonk Decelerometer) MU 41/27/37 WEF(effective from) 1112231329

BGR 11/079 BGR TWY J CLSD

MIA 12/214 MIA RWY 27 PAPI OTS

MIA 12/240 MIA RWY 9/27 RCLL OTS WEF(effective from) 1112222009-1201241500

MIA 12/233 MIA OBST TOWER 292 (287 AGL) 7.52 WNW LGTS OTS (ASR

1027237) TIL 1201051933

MIA 05/114 MIA NAV RWY 9 ILS MM DCMSND

MIA 12/227 MIA NAV ILS RWY 9 LLZ OTS

PIREPS

***** PIREPs For KFCM *****

PEX UA /OV STC270025 /TM 1415 /FL060 /TP C550 /SK OVC043-TOP218

/TA 00 /IC LGT RIME

FRM (FAIRMONT, MN) UA /OV FRM/TM 1355/FL250/TP MD83/TB CONT MOD CHOP DURGC 250-265

***** PIREPs For KBGR *****

PWM (PORTLAND, ME) UA /OV PWM /TM 1352 /FL190 /TP B752 /TA M03 /IC LGT RIME

HUL (HOULTON, ME) UA /OV CYYT121230/TM 1339/FL370/TP B762/TB CONT MOD 370/RM

AWC-WEB:COA

***** PIREPs For KMIA *****

FLL (FORT LAUDERDALE, FL) UA /OV FLL090004 /TM 1328 /FL020 /TP SF34 /SK SCT014

FD’s

FD1US1 DATA BASED ON 231200Z VALID 231800Z FOR USE 1400-2100Z. TEMPS NEG ABV 24000 FT 3000 6000 9000 12000 18000 24000 30000 34000 39000

AXN 3027 3142-09 3240-15 3250-19 3476-25 8507-33 850849 850456 346858 DLH 2525 3021-12 2921-17 2824-22 2820-35 3237-40 346447 346450 335551 INL 3106 3508-11 3410-16 3417-22 3529-33 3688-36 860848 359954 346755

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MSP 2930 3037-09 3039-16 3036-22 3057-31 3378-36 349248 348452 325653

AIRMET’s

WAUS43 KKCI 231445 CHIS WA 231445 AIRMET SIERRA UPDT 2 FOR IFR AND MTN OBSCN VALID UNTIL 232100 AIRMET IFR...MN WI LS MI FROM 60NW INL TO YQT TO 60NE SAW TO GRB TO 20SSW ODI TO 60SE RWF TO 80ESE ABR TO FAR TO 60NW INL CIG BLW 010/VIS BLW 3SM PCPN/BR. CONDS CONTG BYD 21Z THRU 03Z. OTLK VALID 2100-0300Z...IFR MN WI LM LS MI LH BOUNDED BY 30N INL-YQT-30ESE SSM-30SE TVC-20SSW ODI-30N INL CIG BLW 010/VIS BLW 3SM PCPN/BR. CONDS CONTG THRU 03Z.

WAUS43 KKCI 231445 CHIT WA 231445 AIRMET TANGO UPDT 2 FOR TURB VALID UNTIL 232100 AIRMET TURB...KS MN IA MO WI LM LS MI LH IL IN KY FROM YQT TO SSM TO YVV TO 30SE ECK TO 20N FWA TO CVG TO 20SSW BWG TO RZC TO OSW TO YQT MOD TURB BTN FL200 AND FL390. CONDS CONTG BYD 21Z THRU 03Z.

WAUS43 KKCI 231445 CHIZ WA 231445 AIRMET ZULU UPDT 2 FOR ICE AND FRZLVL VALID UNTIL 232100 AIRMET ICE...ND SD NE MN IA WI LM LS MI LH IL FROM 30N INL TO YQT TO SSM TO 30NW ASP TO 50SE IOW TO OVR TO 20W ANW TO 60S BIS TO 60S YWG TO 30N INL MOD ICE BLW 140. CONDS CONTG BYD 21Z THRU 03Z. OTLK VALID 2100-0300Z...ICE MN IA MO WI LM LS MI LH IL IN BOUNDED BY 20NNW INL-YQT-YVV-30SSE ECK-FWA-20SW TTH-20SE IRK-50W DSM-20NNW INL MOD ICE BLW 120. CONDS CONTG THRU 03Z. FRZLVL...RANGING FROM SFC-070 ACRS AREA MULT FRZLVL BLW 070 BOUNDED BY 60NNE ISN-40E DIK-70E BIS-50N RWF-40NW MCW-30SSE OVR-30WSW PWE-20NE ICT-50W LBL-GLD-BFF- 70SW RAP-50NNW ISN-60NNE ISN SFC ALG 30E RZC-40W FAM-20NNW BVT-30S GIJ-40NE FWA 040 ALG 50SE BWG-20ENE LOZ-50WSW BKW

SIGMET’s (& Convective)

WAUS43 KKCI 231445 CHIZ WA 231445 CNVCTV SIGMET UPDT 2 VALID UNTIL 232100 ND SD NE MN IA WI LM LS MI LH IL FROM 30N INL TO YQT TO SSM TO 30NW ASP TO 50SE IOW TO OVR TO 20W ANW TO 60S BIS TO 60S YWG TO 30N INL LINE OF SVR TS MOV NW-SE 40KTS. TOPS TO FL470. MOD TURB IN CONVCTV ACT. OTLK VALID 2100-0300Z...ICE MN IA MO WI LM LS MI LH IL IN BOUNDED BY 20NNW INL-YQT-YVV-30SSE ECK-FWA-20SW TTH-20SE IRK-50W

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DSM-20NNW INL MOD ICE BLW 120. CONDS CONTG THRU 03Z.

TFR’s

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52

Class 10 Cross Country Flight Planning

Topics

Chart design (overlapping)

E-6B Wind Side

Cruise performance

Course calculation & compensation

E-6B Computer Side

Pilotage & navigation planning

Timing considerations & ATC coordination

Completion of Navigation Log

Fuel planning

Radio navigation assistance & awareness

Operational considerations & airport planning

Weight & balance calculation

Completing & filing a flight plan

Standard brief with FSS

Opening & closing VFR flight plans with FSS

Search And Rescue (SAR) briefing from FSS

Quiz

When moving from True Course (TC) to True Heading (TH), what have we corrected for?

List at least 3 considerations when determining a desired cruise altitude?

Where do you find the Planned True Airspeed for cruise flight?

When planning Estimated Time Enroute (ETE), what consideration should be given to account for extra time in climb,

descent, & traffic patterns?

53

List at least 3 examples of good enroute checkpoints for navigation.

Where do you find fuel burn rate information for the flight?

What is the benefit of filing & opening a VFR flight plan with FSS?

What will happen if you forget to close your flight plan with FSS at your destination?

Where do you find airport information, including airport diagrams for your destination?

What is the benefit of identifying VOR’s along your route of flight?

54

CROSS COUNTRY FLIGHT PLANNING PROCEDURES (ASA FLT PLAN FORM)

1) Draw a straight pencil line from your departure airport to your destination airport and highlight it. Use the 2

Minute overlap trick if necessary.

2) Use your plotter to determine True Course (TC) and record that number in the gray box directly under the TC on

the Navigation Log.

3) Select appropriate Altitude for each segment of flight. Consider the following: Airspace, Terrain, Obstructions,

Winds, Performance, Temperature, Ceilings, Visibility, Flight Distance.

4) Obtain and record the forecast Predicted Wind (from FSS or WX Computer) for your selected cruise altitude.

5) Find and record your Planned True Airspeed (TAS) [* not CAS] in the Cruise Performance chart.

6) Use the Wind Side of your E6-B to determine your Wind Correction Angle (WCA). Record the correction ( -L or

+R ) in the gray box under the white WCA box. The number you get after doing the math is your True Heading

(TH).

7) Find your estimated Ground Speed (GS) and record it in the gray box under the white GS/EST/ ACT Box.

8) Record the TH in the gray box directly under the white True Heading box on the Navigation Log.

9) Find your Variation on the Sectional (relatively straight dashed magenta lines running vertically) and record the

correction ( -L or +R ) in the gray box under the True Heading number you just recorded. The number you get is

your Magnetic Heading (MH).

10) Record the MH in the gray box directly under the white Mag Heading box on the Navigation Log.

11) Find your Deviation correction ( + or - ) on the Compass Deviation Card for your general direction of travel in

the white box under the gray Dev. Box. The number you get is the Compass Heading (CH).

12) Record the CH in the gray box under the white Compass Heading box.

13) Find your 1st checkpoint (preferably within 8 NM of your departure airport) * Be sure to use the Sectional Scale

on the Nautical Miles side of your Plotter or you will have extensive problems as you complete your Navigation

Log, and will have to redo the entire Log.

14) Find enroute checkpoints with a maximum of 20 NM between checkpoints.

15) Find your last checkpoint (preferably within 8 NM from your destination airport)

16) Record your checkpoints on the En Route section of the Navigation Log beginning with your Departure airport

listed as the 1st checkpoint, and your Arrival airport listed as your final checkpoint.

17) Use your plotter to measure the total distance in NM from your departure to your destination. Record that

number in the gray box under the white Dist/Leg/ Rem Box.

18) Then find each leg distance, record it in the next gray box down, subtract it from the remaining total distance in

the box above, and record the new remaining total distance in the next box down. Repeat this process until you

have finished all legs for the flight. * Be careful not to skip or repeat any legs or you will have to redo all of your

calculations. * You should end up in the final box with 0, or close to 0 NM remaining.

19) Use the Computer Side of your E6-B to calculate your Estimated Time Enroute (ETE) and record it in the gray box

under the white ETE/ ATE box. Record the total ETE in the white TOTAL box at the bottom.

20) You may skip the Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA)/ Actual Time of Arrival (ATA) Column.

21) Find your estimated Fuel Burn in the Cruise Performance Chart and record it in the white EST GPH box in the

upper right corner of the flight plan form.

55

22) Use the Computer Side of your E6-B to calculate your fuel burn for each leg and for the total length of the flight.

Record the total estimated fuel burn in gallons in the white TOTAL Fuel Used box at the bottom.

23) Find VOR’s along your route of flight and record their info in the 2 VOR columns.

24) Transponder Code (SQUAWK) will be either 1200 or a discreet code assigned by ATC for Flight Following.

25) Write any Notes for yourself that will be useful for the flight in the Notes section and the Terminal Information

section.

26) Using the Weight and Balance section on the back of the form, ensure that tour airplane’s weight and C.G. will

be within limits prior to flight, based on the amount of fuel you plan to depart with.

27) Complete the Flight Plan Form on the back side of your Navigation Log.

28) Call a Flight Service Preflight Briefer at 1-800-WX BRIEF (992-7433) and ask for a Standard Briefing for your flight.

Record the important weather, NOTAM, and TFR information on your Weather Briefing section.

29) File your VFR Flight Plan with the Preflight Briefer.

30) After starting the airplane and prior to taxi, complete the section in the upper right of the flight plan form.

31) Track your progress (time enroute, fuel burn, checkpoints, notes, etc.) and issue Pilot Reports as time permits.

32) Have a good flight!!!

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Private Pilot Ground School Critique

Was the course content presented in a clear, organized manner? Scatter-brained 1 2 3 4 5 Drill Sergeant Comments:________________________________________________________________________________ Were the Instructors prepared to present each topic? Caught by Surprise 1 2 3 4 5 Knew the material inside & out Comments:________________________________________________________________________________ Was the Instructor inviting to questions & comments? Scolded for asking 1 2 3 4 5 Answered everything Comments:________________________________________________________________________________ Would you recommend this class to another person interested in becoming a pilot? Not at all 1 2 3 4 5 Absolutely Comments:________________________________________________________________________________ How likely are you to begin your flight training? Just browsing, thanks 1 2 3 4 5 Sign me up tomorrow! Comments:________________________________________________________________________________ Do you feel you learned enough in ground school to move effectively into the flight training? Completely in the dark 1 2 3 4 5 Gimme the controls! Comments:________________________________________________________________________________ What was your favorite class, topic, or activity? What did you like best about the course? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What would you improve in the course?...be honest, we can take it. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Please use the back of this form to include any other comments on the course. Thank you again for attending.