problem of christianity

7/29/2019 Problem Of Christianity

1/488Publ

icDomain,Google-digitized

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athitrust.org/access_

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The problem of Christianity / by Josiah Royce. v. 1

Royce, Josiah, 1855-1916.New York : Macmillan, 1913.

http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3315710

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2/488

y:TheChristiandoctrineoflifeJosiahRoyce

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3/488PublicDomain,Google-digitized

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O CH RI TIA NITY


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NCOMPA NY

T ON - CH I CA G O - DA L L A S

N F R A NCI CO

C O. , L i mi te d

O MB A Y C A L C UT TA

NCO.O CA NA DA ,L td.


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O CH RI TIA NITY

I V R D A TTH E L OW E L L

T ON , A N D A T M A N -

E G , OX F O RD

ford)

H E H I TO RY O P H I O O PH Y

R I TY

DOCTRIN O L I E

NCOMPA NY

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L A N C O MP A N Y.

d. PublishedMay, 19 3.

B erwick& S mithCo.


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OPOX F ORD

D DI CA T


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eresultof studies

ared,in1908,

oya lty . S incethen,

edphilosophical

withthe same

ThePhilosophyof

Of thesetwolatter

William Jamesand

osophyofLife ;

ertheses,the

ito f loya lty isable

a" philosophyof

w hichis" f reef rom

hisinharmonywith

ftheworld.In

eS cribnersinNew

ctures, whichIhad

f1911,at L ake

is, on" TheSources

neof these" B ross

d" TheR eligionof


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vo lumeinquestioncon-

a futurediscus-

temptto " apply

downto thespecial

esentworkre-

dingtothebest of

mesis defined

hefirstvolume.

llysummedup in

, atthecloseof the

canbeunder-

sreadingofmy

ty , andw ithoutany

rossLectures.

shimselftotally

etationofChris-

,heshouldnotfinally

ttakingthetrouble

seswith those

arystudiesof

religionof loya lty ,

philosophyof


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ng.Itssuccessive

,formaconsistent

freligiousopinion

itsmainout-

e perience, and

ndationfora de-

icalidealism.B ut

idealofloyalty

ntomeasI have

achofmyefforts

foundinthecourse

meanshas con-

ewresults.My

poundthe" re ligion

thledme, inthis

theessenceof

eyhaveany

efullyconsidered.

essentialrespects,

oncernthecentral

velopinionsare,

oses,discoverfor


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undertakethe

eginningwiththe

immediatelyfollows

inthef irstvo lume

oncontains

anoutlinew hich

e, w henthete to f

ManchesterCol-

anuary13andMarch

reliminaryindica-

parethereadera

ollow.i.

ofanhistorian,

logian.Itisthe

ophicalstudyof

gtoethics,tore-

togeneralphilosophy.

ntbooktobe

hebasesof the

forthinvarious

,andespeciallyin

orldandtheIn-

899-1901).Onthe

rkcontainsno


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ere pressionsof

twhichIdid

Ibeganthetask

ocertainmetaphys-

ed,in outline,in

ook,I nowowe

ndundulyneg-

n,Mr.CharlesPeirce,

raditionofrecent

rymuchmorethan

pointofmyown

nt,tothedoctrines

racy,canbejustly

tist ime, Ithink ,

utunjustand

ive" H egelian

nuinelyH egelian

dbyH egelhimself,

Myown inter-

thesevolumes,

tswiththeclassical

fromthatofH egel,

elianschool,inim-

ith aclearcon-

ouslyemphasize,


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ylife,endeavored

carefulhistorical

ppreciation.In

ctlynewinterpreta-

Christianity.

and oneofthe

my" S pirito f

dofmyformer

,in thebookthus

arer tobeinga

erthanadiscipleof

ntthisstatement

ow Ithenstood.

enmore ofan

meIw as. Iam

ore.

yofdisposing

hilosophywho

saythathehas

abstractconcep-

iftheyhaveanyin-

andwhoserelation

ncernsof man-


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ndformal andthat

opularfavorbymis-

phraseology,and

eintellectualism,

calities,withthe

periencesofmankind,

vantageofam-

oapproaches

beforeheunder-

ysicaldiscussions

lumeII anda lso

eenmymeta-

hraseologyin

contained-inL ec-

hesecondvo lume.

myactualopin-

ok,hestill in-

redartificiallyto

preconceivedmeta-

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n,I cannotsup-

timate,butought

mannerof


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heoutcomeofe pe-

ate tendedpracti-

fImayborrowa

sterofromance,

strengtheningofhearts.

iscussionare

saresultof the

ework andtech-

samatterof course,

veltyofsomeof

mysecondvolume,

heiradequate

vemadetheir

vetimetogive it,

ysubjecttomany

haveanticipated

ycase, Ihavenot

dy soldstoryover

gf romthelif e, I

ltotheinspiration

romWill iamJames s

x perience. Ieven

I haveofcourse

s whichIcould


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privatecon-

ti l lbeaddress-

derswhoareable

pssometimesto

lingwhentheyhear

reimportantthat

izeinreligionour

edsandlife-interests

aboutour formulas.

nthisbook , to

eakstoanotherwho

yislongandob-

espect the

onwhich,inthisbook,

profoundlyfrom

Jamesdescribed. He

selftothereligious

s.Mymaintopicis

perience,namely,

e A postlePaul

ceof theChurch.

rienceisthatupon

messupposedthat

eofachurchmust


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, andconsequently

ndinsincerity.

ofoundandamo-

religious philos-

mericanmasterinthe

religiouse perience.

eatleastindiv idua l

ssit isa lsosocia le -

holereligiouscom-

unites toshare

tassoundingbrass,

Thistruthis

rockuponwhich

sbuilt.Thisis

.

y " outof the

ghtcancometome, it

at,inthe end,

d tolivethis

ycoreof Chris-

the" R eligionof

g" thevarietiesof

w hichhereconcern

tthisthesis in


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mmarizesthe

scussion,illustra-

phythisbookis

heonewhich,

oya lty , Iw astry ing,

e poundandto

all, bydevotion

enseof thatterm

ttempttoe plain

tImeanby

rd" loyalty endsin

C ommunity is, is

odbymostphilos-

ionsofthistopic

ngall thedutiesof

ction.W henI

meanthepracti-

ividualfor acom-

nenlightenedthose

lyverbalfactthat

a lsoendsinty .

tuntiltheyhave

III, andV IIo f


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mayknowwhat

lse,isatleast

atloyaltyis.Ialso

thisloveof the indi-

w here itactua lly

art ofthevirtues,

hemountains

stclimb ifmanis

(whereitequally

ntofhumanhis-

intw hentheChrist ianideal

andw hentheC hurch

atstil l inv isibleC ommunityof

ndofthe human

artse pect, w asf irst

ahope,asacon-

Iwantto show

thisistrueof the

,in thisbook,are

stianityis,inits

and,sofar inhuman

velopedreligionof

yitselfisaperfectly


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ofthe spirituallife

eryfactabout

of universalloy-

ostlePaullearnedin

ligiouslifeofthe

es,andthenen-

roughhisownwork

.S tillanotherof

vermayhereafter

institutions,or of

igionofloyalty,

nof theotherwise

hroughdevotion

realandUniversal

,andmustdirect

andofmankind,

l. A stow hatthe

ans, andastow hy I

over,ifhechooses,

ectures.

unity,ofL oy-

the naturalindivid-

entasthefunctionin


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munityculminates,

his book,intwo

tionandclosecon-

eemphasizedinthis

trines,andtheideas

e pressed, are

hersocial religious

eretherenoC hris-

stiansinthe

dbeneededtoe -

oyalty,the saving

ofanyhumanin-

ofwhichhe isa

seoflife. These

ogmasofany

hem,and no

metaphysical

tionforthem.

er,theseChris-

eep metaphysical

smorethan

eChristianchurch

anideas.The

faraswe know


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eemsnotto have

Theyfirstcame

ntthroughthe

Churches andthe

eirfirst,although

mulation.Paul

hefounderof Chris-

ommunitiesfirst

nceof Christianity.

ghtwhohave

nists o f theR oman

serting, before

ncharacteristic

wanddeeply

modernistswere,

eirowncommun-

whohaveheld

nthe personof

ewedas thecen-

the " modern-

ersy,noranyotherof

ionsof thehis-

veyetseenthe

nof loya lty asthe


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f hisgreatestmo-

e pressedthat

anguage,regarding

ableasitiswell

perience, andasit is

cidentsoflater

dine haustiblein

swhichitbringsto

nttaskfor amodern

whatis vitalin

therecognitionof

nsociale peri-

,aspectsto whose

firstinempirical

hto faree amina-

lmetaphysical

aredevoted.

oftheChurch,of

ace,andofatone-

firstseparately,

nion.Inthis

hristianityreceivesa

etobe justified

hareemphasized


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e tendeddiscussion,

e " metaphysics

return, atthecon-

ch,to therelation

dernsocia le -

msofto-day.

dofdealing

hristianity invo lves,

so lution, buta

problemsofChris-

l,andofthe rela-

restsof philosophy

ion uponthe

ewhatdimlysee

tionin question

. InL ecture III,

e hew illbeginto

arnessthechar-

yversionof the" re-

notuntilL ectures

tcomeof theclose ly

despitemany

sdevoted,beready

dgment.


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29/488

stallonefairly

orthodo " and

y , astheyusua lly state

opinions,very

gtheirdifferent

Problemof

pontheviewswhich

egardingtheper-

a ith. InLecture

ndinLecture

me,Ihavesumma-

osay aboutthe

ry " libera l

he personality

Weine l, andasmost

scussionsofourtopic

ngsatisfactory.

dissatisfac-

heusual liberal

he personof

mright, amomen-

s,in itsinmost


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of loya lty, there li-

ookIhavecalled

unity , andifPauline

essenceoftheonly

d,throughdevo-

oughloyalty,are

enB uddhismisrightin

of theindividual

ofwoeandofwrong.

humanselfcanbe

ceasingtobeamere

ack sv iew andthe

otheef fectthatthere

anindividual,

sepersonalinfluence,

oblemof human

thisw holev iew isan

edtothedeepest

to theveryes-

f loya lty . Not

hroughlovingany

ngcanwebe

yaltytothe

y


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31/488

Ideclinetofollow

traditionally

oryregardingthe

ds,doubtfulhis-

gmasleaveus,in

nd,tomymind,

ities.

positivethesisto

rsonofthefounder

mpetentto settle

icaldoubtsas

n, andastothedeta ils

sbookisthat

,astheA postle

ependsuponre-

eearly Christian

present,andthe

ook, the" B eloved

esource,through

man.Thisdoc-

iricallyverifiable

perience,andmeta-

e pressionof

gnificanceofthe


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32/488

yuponChristology,

omeof mylec-

onoredmewith

me,however,the

heremention.

ys, " thatearlyC hris-

gnificanceofits

certainbodyof

nechurches,were

o theidealcharity,

esavingworkof

em,and totheir

akofthisearly

twere itsown

grew upspontaneously ,

universalloyalty

anyoumake

einthis way

Whoinspired

otthefounderthe

w couldthechurch

founder Must

essed,asan in-

equivalentto

Mustit notthen


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ndnotthe Com-

e c hu r ch , w hi c h is t h e

ty Otherwise

inthea ir B ut

dthis community

wholemeaning

cemore centrein

ndinhisperson "

kindlycritic

reIIIcarefullypoints

atevertoofferas

unityoriginated.

pe,in mypresent

hingwhateverabout

estcommonplaces.

andis insufficient

riginated.The

oblem.I havea

uallydeclinetoe -

detailsabout

ounder.F or

al evidencesare

tomenatural to

ndthe parables

othefounder


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leauthor,con-

ablypossesssome

ngthe essenceof

nechurchesand con-

hosechurches,wepos-

s,informationwhich

ous thereligion

universalform,and

nidease pounded,

hatherefollows.

historical,but

,andofreligious

ponanadequate

econsiderations

onewho under-

or totakeaway

y,andnotto solve

y,but simplyto

theChristiandoctrine

heChristianideas

ha fewwords

fe planation.


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ndF ellowsof

abodyw hichisalso

ation appointedme,

e endowment

e llowship, w ith

oulddevotesome

search.Inthe

myworkwas,fora

heH arvardCor-

dditionalobliga-

traordinaryleave

havebeen allowed

write these

offermadeinthe

steesof the

n tode liverthisentire

ofChristianity

ford w hilethe

entL owell,who

asTrusteeofthe

on, hasenabledme

hecourse(the

olumeIof this

forethe L owell

Decemberof1912.


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onthe" H ibbert

ctureshavebeenread

arch,1913,and

ghoutthewhole

entofphilosophy

fficial andtoper-

nceto perform

ytothankthe

stmentioned,and

conditions,the

regardedas

dsternly.

horswhohave

ftheideaof A tone-

oberly,whose

tandPersona lity a lso

treatmentofthe

fessorSanday s

tandModern Iow e

s" A tonementin

cameintomyhands

onofA tone-

veshape.

swhohaveaided


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t, Ioughttomention

ofessorJames

essorGeorgeH .

rsity.ProfessorL aw-

erCollege,O -

hebeginningof

annothereac-

tefashion.Ihave

ssistanceofPrincipal

ofessorCharlesM.

sity,andofDr.and

on. Dr. J. L oew en-

nlywithstimu-

sivelyeffective

theygrew,but

idinpreparing

efailme to

riends,both at

ohaveaccompanied,

myefforts.

ts,


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T NT

DOCTRIN O L I E

od....1

ommunity.47

ndividual.. .107


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T NT

ife.

hristianIdeas


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esw eredeliveredat

ford,thehear-

ollowingoutline

P lanofLectures

ity. Thisplan

eadingsasthey

ogramme.

ntotwoparts:

n" TheC hrist ian

a rt I I ( e c tu r es I X -

orldandtheC hris-

manandempirical

dingandessential

deals withthe

problemstowhich

I andIIare

s,thefirst part

erience,thesecond

hysicalfoundations.


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recloselyconnected

ttheclose, inLectures

ionsbetweenthemeta-

aspectsof thewhole

.

whichthelecturer

adingandessential

Community

ytheChurch)

ostStateof theNat-

eaof " A tonement,

atmoregeneral

e .

orthepurposesof

alizedas wellas

munity e ists, in

sdifferentforms

sible andhistorical

ance.Theideal

rdingtoChristian

itf indsitse pression,

cannotbeade-

nsideringwhether

not,insomesense,

vinebeing.The

a lman isadoctrine

saboutthenature


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charemostchar-

pirit.

enareligion,

oya lty . B y loya lty

gandlovingdevo-

mmunity.The

ndividua l, w hohasnot

hichtobe loyal,or

tcommunity,has

ghanact ofdeliber-

gtosuch areligion)

yfurtherindivid-

orto regainthe

sof " grace and

etodowiththequestion

the individual,

(accordingtothis

restore,can, never-

adeed" nothis

w hichthecommunityor

mmunityinwhom

mayaccomplishon

.In thisfashion

wourthreeChris-

uldbegeneralized

sentlectures.

s thatofthe


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ndividual,andof

veaclosere lationtoadoc-

lygeneralized,can

asapurely human

ty , andcanbeesti-

apartfromanyuse

partfromanymeta-

ommunity isthe

due. The" L ost

thosewhohavenever

g,havethenlost

ment and" Div ine

redasif theywere

yhumanprocess

eeksandsaves,

ntsandits S pirit,

mpiricalstudyof

ec an,byitself,

questions.It is

derthebasisin

ligionofloyalty

herelationof this

perienceofmankind

rtof theselectures

eliminarystudy


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44/488

nideasdemandsa

rmsofa theoryof

be e perienced

physics but(if

e ll-know nuseofaS crip-

t whoeverhas

thew ill o f the loya l

vorto" k now the

achwhether,andin

heCommunity,and

egenuinerealities,

umanembodiments.

oftheselectures

neglectedphilo-

nsein whichthe

tarerea lit ies. F or

ewformofIdeal-

w chapterinthe

bestudied.

DIVIDUA L L E CTUR S

C H R I T IA N D O CT RI N O

eProblemandtheMethod

anity stated.The

an. Themodernman


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45/488

hehumanrace. The

nthis study.Q uestion:

, doestheDiv ineSpirit

F irstglimpsesof the

eIdeaof theUniversa l

alsespeciallye em-

eidealoftheChurch.

tter.Thebasisof

heidealof loyalty

ThePaulinedevelop-

oftheoriginaldoctrine

edoctrineof charity

ancommunity.

heMora lB urdenof the

trine whichisstatedin

pistletotheRomans.

torinthedevelopmentof

enaturalandsocialculti-

a traininginself-will.

processwhichwas

ostle.Individualismand

ityofhateandthe

rdenoftheindividual


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espirit ofloyalty.The

TheRealmofGrace

nity,asa Religionof

natura loriginandinits

Thedoctrineofthe

annature . Theproblemof

edcommunity andof the

thespirit . R e lationsof

insof Christiandogma.

nity,andthepersonal

yTheF ounderandthe

ures. The" tw ona-

ve ls. Il lustrationf romthe

me a n d Gu i lt

tanismandon" getting

weenthemodernspirit

endlesspenalty o f sin.

onflicts.Therational

morta lsin. There lation

me-process.E very

quenceincaseofthe

.Repentancenoade-

bilityofthe traitor

on.Therationaldoc-

y notamorbid, ora


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47/488

octrine.Decisiveness

self-judgment." I

willbe myownhere-

ressionofw eak brooding, but

t o n e me n t

reviewedwithreference

traitor. Typica land

em.Conscienceand

tor sownself-estimate

atoneforhis guilt,pro-

pletelyawakenedtoan

facts.Inadequacy

faction theoriesandof

theoriesofA tonement.

onement.Neitherby

yawakeningthankful-

accomplished.S tate-

yofA tonementthrough

rvantofthecommunity.

rsalityandverifiability

he lifeofthecom-

heC hrist ianDoctrineof

hismandChristianity.

nideas.Resultingesti-


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48/488

fortheserviceand

.TheChristianW ill.

TheModernMindandthe

survivalofChristianity

Thesocia lprospectsof

.Thepowerof the

oftheforegoingstudy

R A L W O R D A N D TH E

TheC ommunityandtheT ime-

ristiantheology,and

ysicsofthe community.

and" thecompoundingofcon-

neofthecommunitynot

sasessentialtothe

nity.Communitiesof

e mo r y.

T h e B o d y an d t he M em b er s

urrectionasameans

nessofthe community.

munitiesofcooperation


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49/488

altydepends.The

ation.

Perception, C onception, and

asbeendominated

betweenPerception

herecognitionofa

arlesPeirce sdoc-

thirdandatriadic

allysocialinitstype.

sv iew of the idea lo fk now l-

heMetaphysicsof

T h e W i ll t o I nt e rp r et

nto CharlesPeirce s

rison. C omparisonand

dualandsocialcondi-

ommunityofInterpreta-

a community.Its

whichthe" lifeofthe

amples, andgenera lization

TheWorldof Interpreta-

smdeterminedbythe

nofthecognitiveprocess


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50/488

toB ergsonandto

ommunityofInterpre-

heMany insuchaw orld.

ontoTime.Thesis:

tsow ninterpreter. The

not" static. R esult ing

natureandtheunity

ommunity.

T h e Do c tr i ne o f S i g n s

rm" S ign. TheSigns

gory,correspondingto

erpretation.The

elationto" R adica l

P ragmatism. Theprimacy

s.L oyaltyastheloving

terpret. Themeta-

ss.Theirrevocable

T h e H i s to r ic a l an d t he

fidealismtotradi-

Christianityand

on.F inalstatement

tianity.


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S ummaryandC onclusion

helargerteleolog-

world.TheChurch

chandtheworld the

ousdevelopment.

ry.


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52/488

NDTH E M TH OD


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54/488

NDTH E M TH OD

rseof these lec-

odefendcertain

ndessentialchar-

eligion.In the

stbewhollycon-

ringthewayfor

af irstbrie f lye -

atewhatImean

stianity . Then

s ofthisproblem

holecourseof our

catethenatureof

o follow.S ince

dsocomple , I

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O CH RI TIA NITY

steriousandmo-

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arkedbyanew

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tonly ofastudent

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NDTH E M TH OD

ffectedbynewmo-

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ofeffortswhich

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ononeanother.

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O CH RI TIA NITY

g h o pe , w i th

advantagefromthe

mthe religious

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edtoreconsider

odernproblemsof

Theselectures

fewoftheseefforts

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eengagedin analo-

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NDTH E M TH OD

fChristianityis

sswealthof varia-

aithmay adhereto

eChristianchurch.

radition fromthe

ncalledthatof

stianity. Or w hat-

e hemay lay

mepractical task,

of amissionary.

ayemphasize

tions.F inally,he

echurch orofthe

hroughall such

nthewords and

uirersand teachers,

hat unifies,and

theposit iveten-

topropagate,and,

renderefficacious

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O CH RI TIA NITY

riticofChristianity,

tianitywitha

atelythoughtful,in-

nent,orsuchan

roftheChristian

ativeofsomeother

entOrientalcritics

been or, in o ther

someaspectofthe

nthespiritand

ce,on theone

he faithofChris-

averyrecent time

andiscussion,such

or ofthoughtful

stianitywerepromi-

andoccupied a

mind.S uchwas

helastcentury,

he controversies

ciallyintheyears

saphilosophical

dunderthe

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NDTH E M TH OD

fcriticalindiffer-

stilitytowardstradi-

entin ourworld

butsidebysidewith

becomeprominent

thirdgroup,

meto be,intheir

neitherpredomi-

ominantlyhostile,

Thisthirdgroup

edtomethe title

ieflytocharac-

fdealingwith

eitscontrast

problemsof

hristianityinpar-

onforagreeingwith

w iththedefendersof the

ibutingtoChrist ianity, v iew ed

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61/488

O CH RI TIA NITY

andintheendlessly

,endeavorofman-

movetowards,

ch astudentit

f irst, thatw hat-

maybe,theoffice,

n arethemost

etasks,the offices

ndly,thatbothby

ndbyreasonofits

tiontothe religious

eedsofmen, C hris-

he mosteffective

ngingwhichthe

ainuntil now,has,

s yet,beenable

ationasavision,

late,bythe labor

tsownreallife.

uch astudent

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hhascharacterized,

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62/488

NDTH E M TH OD

mIhave just

logists,then,and

houghtfullyindif-

,sucha student

mthe philosophyof

hilosophyofreli-

itstaskthe office

lysympathetic

f Christianity,

tthatthe Chris-

t least, man smost

ion,andhisprin-

andofthe spirit.

llsee,forrea-

eoutsetofour

erousarethe

ed,thereasonable

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istoricalproblems

ediesofpractical

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tto bereunited,

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63/488

O CH RI TIA NITY

efendingthetrue

nthetruthof

sists,andwhatthe

ndin whatform,

s destinedto

r towin,that

chithas illumined,

rbrought,notpeace,

isneitherpredomi-

the main,any

the topictobe

nreflectionscon-

ionwouldbee -

Christianity.

uldapproach

leastprovision-

thtobe taught,

ditiontobetreated

rence,butasa

eresting,life-prob-

reciated,tobe

fullyreviewed,with

estriving forrea-


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64/488

NDTH E M TH OD

ughnesswhichwe

wherewithhuman

rwoven.

proachtothestudy

lectureswill

achisin nowise

h,atthe present

ethoughtfulpublic

resandmostdeeply

athas beenalready

directionofthe

linterpretationof

mpleworkyet to

eofapproachto

rthe clarifying

rthestrengthening

ousinterests.

problemof

stage,provision-

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picsthatweare

eralmethodtobe


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65/488

O CH RI TIA NITY

employingforthe

dequatee pression.

nsiderinthese

tofan answerto

ense,ifin any,

stentlybe,in creed,

omofstatementindi-

callsin amost

actdefinit ionof

uenessofthe

ssuggestwillhelp

ce toamoredefinite

modernmancon-

hrist ian You

retospeakofsome

nsistencywith

aynotholdthat

wn " problem

selectures, istobe

astodowith the

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NDTH E M TH OD

tselfconsidered,

onsof ourown

blem,anintensely

teresting,issue,the

religion.B utwe

mreflectively,and

reststhatare

ut alsothoseof

mitationof our

ot undertakingto

onitself,but only

meof theproblems

gest.Inso far,

atementofour

reed, andthe

he" modern

nsomemeasure

on.A safact,

theselecturescer-

alcreed ofthe

rm" modern

yprov isionalstate-


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67/488

O CH RI TIA NITY

meaningwhose

we shallhardly

until thevery

es." Canthe

holdaChristian

youw illask , isthis

heconceptionof

oneof themostarbi-

onsof current

rtypesofviews

cteristicofthe

anyofusw illw ho lly

thereis anytypical

ouldseem, atf irstsight,

o-morrowsome

must takehis

rnmanofafuture

enknowtherace,

ouldseem, there ligiouscreed.

n,Christianornon-

eatureofa day

urycallsthe modern

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NDTH E M TH OD

entofourproblem

words.

ediscussion,if

the meaningthat

seof thephrase

rentdiscussion, and

terestin thesup-

sbeing calledthe

w illseethateventhis

latingtheproblem

ll,guideus toa

not fictitiousand

rmanentreligious

man mostofusmean

pposedto bein

storical result,but

whattheageshave

modernman

hypothesis,the

racehasbeen sub-

coherentprocessof

anissupposedto

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69/488

O CH RI TIA NITY

m. Theageshave

manknowssome-

hesis,orpostulate,

modernman so

s,thispostulate,

tata lleventsits

nnectedwithacer-

viewofhuman

of time, av iew

art inthehistory

rticular,has well-

nbelief.

eapostlePaul

asincludingapro-

modernman of

onceivedhimself

d thelessonof

ostulate,whether

rtedin Paul stime

ristianinitsfor-

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e inourinquiry,

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70/488

NDTH E M TH OD

andsignificantspirit-

omere flowand

desa growthin

utthemodern

ghtofthiscommon

bythewholerace,

d and,ifneedbe,

man, def inedinterms

onceivedasthe

asuryof wisdom

dand whichour

ut,fromsuch

etherthemodern

creedaChristian,

Christianity,con-

ousbeliefs,isrelated

gioushistory,and

cationofthe human

s,in spirit,inmean-

on,aChristian

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realscopeof this


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71/488

O CH RI TIA NITY

errelationsto the

snot atall

stagethatthe

,namely,the

acehas beensub-

ssof education,

mansome moreor

thatthe modern

his firstprovi-

oblemofChris-

tionofChristianity

nman,isintended

totwoaspectsof

vealready

speaking,one

fmankindtofind

apparentlythus

d,in thissense,the

effort.Ourprob-

ssomeattemptto

igionmostessen-

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NDTH E M TH OD

isthe problem

ermanentandindis-

tianityinthelight

elessonthatthe

,viewed,if pos-

e,hastaught men.

blemofChristianity

erthemodernman

d,a Christian,

emstorefertothe

ent,butthat at

roblemof the

theages, fromthe

viewedasawhole.

en,ourproblem

enweconsider

lfeaturesof Chris-

fa creedthat

onsistentwiththe

canyetlearn,the

andthecourseof

regardingreligious

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73/488

O CH RI TIA NITY

hesisof certain

nhistoricalprob-

nfurnishesthe

utcomeofalong

octrineaboutlife

aretoestimatethis

ofitshistory,

sophicalstudyof

this history.

roblembrings

is, Isuppose, themost

ehas tomeetwho

ord" Christianity

spiritofrecent

resherea brief

palandcontrast-

thefirstplace,

ancientandfamiliar

hwastaughtand

dividualperson,

w eltamongmen, w ho


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74/488

NDTH E M TH OD

,whoarousedand

rit, andw hotaught

sli fe,thewayof

rallmen.This

ianitysuggeststo

ourproblemwhich

hasizedinrecent

whichconsistsin

eeptheproblemof

itsessence,an

em.

omentthegroundsof

llknown.A sa

ingto persons

path oftheirown

ppearsas anart

heattainmentof

tence. Whatever

ur doubtsabout

emysteriesofour

ould insofar

odernman,you

eboththeMaster

fthe practical


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75/488

O CH RI TIA NITY

ndthatyoucould

ou canbeincr eed

eringanyvery

cision," Iam

, asamodernman,

mightmean,from

is: " Ifindthat

sonalinspirationof

mevalue andmy

attheChristianplan

tothoseoflike

spiritual success.

stianitywould

rsonale ample,and

one spersona l

hatthisteaching,this

tare , f romone sow n

or theproblemof

be,and wouldbe,

ncreeda Chris-

ertionjustrepeated

tionis true,our

mpleproblem.

tedawell-known


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NDTH E M TH OD

usattemptstosim-

anity,cando so

elseminimizingthe

ofthe twochar-

eligion,whose

ntioned. Histori-

yhasneverap-

ontaught bythe

an interpretation

igioninthe light

nghismission,and

andman ssalva-

ew hich, eveninitssimplest

sgonebeyondwhatthe

allyreportedto

ytheMasterandthe

nandof histeach-

contrasted,itis

ttentiontothe

interpretationof

nd ofhismission,

rsincetherew asany


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77/488

O CH RI TIA NITY

nedependent

etrustworthiness

ne tradition.

all itsforms,has

and e tensively

ownaccountofthe

s deeds,ofhis

owninterpretation

ty,andofthedivine

plished.The

rpretationofhis

mthefirst con-

eencontrastedby

we owethereport

standsintheway

mplifyourproblem

avejustoutlined.

earliestformsof

ionastaughtby

pression. Tradi-

sinwhichthe

g.It alsotells

o fhissuf feringand

sthathisteach-


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78/488

NDTH E M TH OD

ausesthatbrought

ath,anyaccount

ablycontainssome

hy,accordingto

lthatChristshould

easons, astradit ionstates

edsomeaccountof

o fhismission, an

yondwhat,during

aving become

ohisdisciples. While

these(so the

ngs.In these

stedhispersonand

ad sufferedand

asearly reported hadrisen

anifest,according

searthlylife,

ento thosewhowere

portsthe matter,

theverybegin-

heMasterto

butedand theinter-


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79/488

O CH RI TIA NITY

mission,which,

tion,onlyhis

portedresurrec-

spiritintoanew

ld begintomake

andtheinter-

distinguished.

shedthroughout

s beingwhomI

f o r hi m a ls o ,

sidertheproblem

stsoonerorlater

hathecannot

sincreeda Chris-

onhisattitude,

ndtowardsthe

oryhasgiventothe

nore,or even

ceoftheseinter-

tChristianitycan

mainly,asthe

founder slif eby

nk,tomissthe


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80/488

NDTH E M TH OD

ree unworthyof

ricalsensewhich

modernman.

ayhavetodecide,

ed,no Christian

ay havetoreject

tationswhichtra-

rueofthemission

f theMaster.

be unable,inmy

wnhistoricalsense

of Christianity,

ristianreligion

ricallyspeaking,

giontaughtbyany

ciples,but always

has consisted,at

etationwhichlater

ssionandthe

nterpretation

eoflife. Ifso,

ks so,the

stentlybeand

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O CH RI TIA NITY

nheconsidersthe

ristianity,canlong

ewthatChris-

effectivefeatures,

simplestatement

ion,theMaster

hewas alive,

hristianityhas,

ntrastedaspects.

resentedbythis

r onewhich,at

approachesthe

stomeet.You

sthisissue I

sentedbythe

trastingaspects

tonlyhistori-

edeeper,the more

nentlyimportant

ehistoryof


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82/488

NDTH E M TH OD

tisin preparing

not alonefurnish

tthispointw eare

sonforasserting

e intrinsicnature

nvolved,will

ures,tolayour

ctof Christianity

e , cameintoe ist-

e sow nreported

isreason atonce,

dequately,but

rsethat weare

as heissaid

manycounsels,

lman,regarding

gthewayof

alledtheK ingdom

ounsels,thispreach-

eaven, theyap-

edin briefoutlines

nparables.Itappears

tudeswholistened,


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83/488

O CH RI TIA NITY

selves,theparables

dthatthesayings

ght ofaninsight

esewords were

rneverin the

whowerenearest

ingtothe same

hat,aswasheld,

Master sspirit

dto hisdisciples.

irTeacherspeaking

asweare told,

ndwhathemeant.

eportedsayingsand

ssess,sideby side

rectnessand

wellknownbut

hich,inall the

ed,haveled to

hattheMaster

t centraldoctrines

nce,preciselywhat

nd workoflove,


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84/488

NDTH E M TH OD

ndaboutcasting

w suchthingshave

.

eproblematicfea-

gsof theMaster

aterChristian

tationsthatitbe-

udanceof theMaster s

einevitablycon-

ardinghis own

incetheselater

withmattersthat

rables,sofar as

ssproblematic,so

iry andsinceall

attersareindeed

ewholeestimate

ife, wemayindeed

primitiveChris-

Masterwasboth

theinterpretation

unitygavetohis

hiswholereligion.

e.


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85/488

O CH RI TIA NITY

forthsomeof

opinion.These

rnedwiththehis-

ourdiscussionscon-

ianitywillbe

rin theessentials

erefinements

eoneofmytheses

hristianityinclude

pplement,butwhich

ulfil,theviewof

he originalteach-

the K ingdomof

gisreportedby tradi-

whoheardhim.

f,atthispoint,

opinion,arethe

thehistoryof

sicimportanceof

lved,willmakeit

sider,forthesake

he problemof

Christianideas,

andshalllater


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86/488

NDTH E M TH OD

eyareall of

e mindofthe

eof laterefforts

aningof theorigina l

ingdomofH eaven.

egardedthemas

efounder sspirit

hentheyfirst came

features,which

arablesofthe

soe plicitasthey

piritwhich,asthe

ve,wasin duetime

ruth,washeldto be

edthesenewthings.

erenotinthe theo-

pmentwhichled

cernsusis that

redintheChris-

pretationofwhat

hile,asweshall later

etoconstitute

softhe religious

tyhadformankind.


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87/488

O CH RI TIA NITY

selectionofthese

tioningthefact

founder sreported

mofHeavenhave

ages,tostandin

hichthefounder s

ollyfurnish.The

nwere firstdevel-

ristiancommunity

fortstoreachthis

hatthefounder

at wereattributed

are,forthe most

edsayings,to

e ithertosomeoneindi-

man( Thousha lt

elf ) , o rtocom-

edasofsuch nature

iesequallyto any

a lsa lik e( B lessed


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88/488

NDTH E M TH OD

B e y e p e r fe c t as y o ur F a t he r

eanwhile,theMas-

e callstheK ingdom

ingdomofH eaven

o besomesortof

ollective life,some

reportedsayings

mselves,make

atsocialorder,what

hthe nameK ing-

edtoapply.Tradi-

tinterpretationof

ofChristthemselves,

tothem,as, in

ss doubtful.Was

obeof thisw orld, or

obeamoreorless

er Wasittobe

r spirituallivesof

individuals( The

w ithinyou ).

rineoftheK ing-

pressionwassuch

lopment,andfora


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89/488

O CH RI TIA NITY

nyoneofthe par-

soriginallyreported,

theK ingdomwas

onal,anddeep,

omethingyettobe

weatonceremind

ncommunity,

dthroughthespirit

todevelopthe

mintothedoctrineof

nsider,notthehis-

e e ternalshow,

ofthisdoctrine

,weareled tolook

specialdogmasand

and thepractice

hurchhas found

and oftenavery

ndw earea lso led

deepersenseofthe

yof theChurch,

so fC hrist ianity ,

ourstudy.


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90/488

NDTH E M TH OD

his firstChristian

s,namely,asthe

tionoftheindividual

esort ofmembership

munity, are ligious

stnature,a divine

heChristianvir-

heste pressionand

oobtainits earthly

rds: ' There isa

espiritualcom-

atcommunityis

ofman.

ures,toconsider,

anydetail,the

urch,butthe mean-

thofthis firstof

the ideaof the

alcommunityofthe

eathatsuchacommunity

ndisanindispensable

ndividualman,and

nalonetheK ingdom

sterpreachedcan


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91/488

O CH RI TIA NITY

w hereina lonethe

ectivelypractised.

hefoundationof

tmean Inessence,

tsensedoesit

valueto-day,and

n sofaraswe can

destinedtoguide

willconstitutean

oftheProblemof

fthethreeChris-

etothementionof

standin the

sfirst ideaand

with thefirsta

hall latersee,the

humansignificance,

blemofChristianity

hoftheseideasgrew

ngof theK ingdom

ppealedtotheindivid-

spectsofthisap-

equestion,W hat


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92/488

NDTH E M TH OD

hoftheindividual

rof seriousheart

easseemsat

hthegentleand

heMaster sbest-

tements.Weshall

eperconnectionof

the Mastertaught

tis thegrave,

anbestated,inthe

Theindividual

ubject tosome

enfromwhich,if

e. Thisburdenis

nceandaburden

ecauseofwhathas

ginalsin,and be-

mselfhascom-

omedtoa spiritual

neintervention

al,asPaul first

om divinegrace,

dsins. His sa lvation,


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93/488

O CH RI TIA NITY

lveaquickening,

edead.

opposedinseem-

gandhopefulof

r,thusalso very

meofournowmost

concerningthemoral

ndconcerningthe

tionof manfrom

ages, thuspara-

f thethreeC hrist ian

scussion,weshall

threecentral

aw,the assertion

s intheunionof

nuniversal spiritual

ftheseideas,the

theindividual,in-

himself,andapart

itywhichthedivine

the individualis

hisinnateand ac-

acterofa lostsoul,or,

eadman, w hoisby in-


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94/488

NDTH E M TH OD

soby hisowndeeds

Youmaywell

makeanything

uestion, asw eshall

artofourproblem

hristianitywhich

theonethatmany

estrangest,as the

atic,ofthethree.It

tiontotheoriginal

emsmostproblem-

ssedby theasser-

e individual,

vinespiritualcom-

n,is providedby

emptionofman-

ewhichincludes

snsandfortheguilt

nt,andthisalone,

ceoftheindividual

edivinespiritual

hefullmeaningof

theK ingdomof


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95/488

O CH RI TIA NITY

ment,nosalvation.

infactprovidedand

work.

mmunityin

owinsalvation,the

ilty burdenof

edbydivinegrace,

, theseare , for

ntralideas ofChris-

econd,and still

rst sight,especially

d,as mostofus

da llthreeappearto

fthe mindofthe

istenceonlyafter

nghad ceased.

ingandthe truth

asistoconstitute

totheProblemof

onofourenter-

amiliarasthese

ll almostwholly


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96/488

NDTH E M TH OD

eapologistswho

aditionaldogmas,

ailtheletterof

sp thespirit.

howwedefine

y.W ehaveenu-

weareto regardas

tianity.W ehave

weareto follow

nd ingraspingand

problem.Our

unionofaneffort

rywithaneffortto

blebasis,thephi-

gion.A lready,

ment,wehaveen-

nionof historical

calreflection.


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98/488

E UNIV R A L COMMUNITY


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100/488

E UNIV R A L COMMUNITY

n setforthat

e,webeginour

istianityby a

deaof theChurch,

.

en,ascharacterized

ountandinthepara-

misestothe indi-

thatalsopossesses,

Masterleftforthe

cial meaning.To

esays, " TheKing-

you. B utw henin

allcome,thewillof

oneonearth asit

withthekingdoms

esocia lorderasitnow is

w il lpassaw ay. Then


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101/488

O CH RI TIA NITY

eunionofthe

r,andalso,asappears,

avenlyrealmwhich

forthem.

oveisnotde-

cordedwordsofthe

geryfamiliartothose

atdealwith the

lyused andthis

tandthatthe con-

unite inaheav-

oaresaved.B ut

nistration,theranks

gdomofHeaventhe

chbegan,inthe

kv isible form, the idea

rche pressedthe

ancommunitycame

icationsofthe

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COMMUNITY

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O CH RI TIA NITY

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COMMUNITY

sarerecordedstand

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O CH RI TIA NITY

rch,butratherto

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COMMUNITY

sts,aswehave

onthatthere isa

nddivinelysignifi-

towhichallmust

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O CH RI TIA NITY

atureswhich,when

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COMMUNITY

tureofthings

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O CH RI TIA NITY

es,andnotany

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COMMUNITY

conflictsof spirit

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O CH RI TIA NITY

ristianChurch

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nsformedthe

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munitybeforeus.

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COMMUNITY

mesabrie f rev iew

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tiandoctrine,

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O CH RI TIA NITY

ulo famanortoa

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COMMUNITY

higherand higher

edinempires languages

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tiesofmanycommu-

stillveryincom-

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O CH RI TIA NITY

oregoingstatements

munity(assuch

horical.A com-

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COMMUNITY

ties,asheinsists,

ho les, ande hibit

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ychologicallaws,

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O CH RI TIA NITY

elysketchedwhat,

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COMMUNITY

may lovehiscommunityas

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O CH RI TIA NITY

entandhismoral

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munitiesinthisway.

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COMMUNITY

terestofhisown.

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PhilosophyofL oya lty (New York , 1908).


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O CH RI TIA NITY

waywardand

nessisaconstant

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C OM MU NI TY

farloyaltycontends

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O CH RI TIA NITY

riseofaconscious-

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COMMUNITY

ofoneideally

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O CH RI TIA NITY

yalmenshouldbe

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on,towardsthe

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entifyingthat

nd.Thehistory

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COMMUNITY

rtedteachingofthe

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O CH RI TIA NITY

problem.L etme

mind.

ultitudes,the

ewordswhich tradi-

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COMMUNITY

ndsecondly,Imust

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ora furtherde-

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ustgrow . Tothatenditw as

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entofthe problems

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O CH RI TIA NITY

teachingwasan

ftheprocess.Jesus

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hanew lightcameindue

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terwhichalsocon-

ey , Paul snew contribution

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orheheldthat the

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htheevolutionand

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COMMUNITY

hedhasoften

cs,aswellasmis-

steachings,have

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elf-abnegation,

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O CH RI TIA NITY

istin mereself-

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132/488

COMMUNITY

,willnotforgivehis

eedhowworthless

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ternthedemandsof

iringtheindividual

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be soviewed.

ullo f callstose lf-e -

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O CH RI TIA NITY

over,asJesus

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ut hedoesthis

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COMMUNITY

hevictorythat

edoctrineofChris-

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issureof theF ather s

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recognizing.A nd

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ssence,the deepest

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O CH RI TIA NITY

ichcometomind

sedirections re-

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ation, butw iththe

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COMMUNITY

othere lationof love

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O CH RI TIA NITY

eloverofhis neighbor

eproblemofhumane

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thropiclife.

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COMMUNITY

olvedpracticalissues.

limitationtowhich

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ditionsthatap-

ticalliving ofthe

ghbor. B utw henw e

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O CH RI TIA NITY

hattodo forhim,

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COMMUNITY

pirit oftheparables

benevolence,and

whatsense,the

uidanceforour

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O CH RI TIA NITY

to bereadyforhis

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shisonly toactinthe

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COMMUNITY

nd leavestothe

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Documents