problem solving riddle steps scientists use to solve problems: 1. make observations about the...
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Steps Scientists Use to Solve Problems:
1. Make observations about the environment / State Problem or question
2. Gather information3. State a hypothesis4. Conduct Experiment5. Collect data6. State a conclusion7. Repeat many times
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD!
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The Scientific Method
Step 1: Objective (state the problem or question)
Example: Does exercise affect pulse rate?
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Step 2: Gather information
• Study previous research in order to understand how the topic has already been explored
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Step 3: State Your Hypothesis
• Educated testable guess
• Never a question!
• Example: Exercise will increase pulse rate
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Step 4: Conduct the Experiment
• Experimental Group:
receives the treatment (ex.
Participants that exercise)
• Control Group:
receives NO treatment and is used as a comparison (ex. Participants that don’t exercise)
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Two types of variables: (components that CHANGE during the experiment)
1) Independent Variable (X-axis)
This is what the researcher manipulates! (ex. Amount of exercise)
2) Dependent Variable (Y-axis)
“depends” on the original variable and is measured in the end (ex. Pulse rate)
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Step 5: Collect Data
• In the form of a table, chart, or graph
Resting Group
Exercising Group
Trial 1
Trial 2
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Step 6: Conclusion
• A few statements relating back to the hypothesis and discussing the outcome.
• ex. The data did/did not support our hypothesis. The average pulse rates of the participants that exercised were higher than those of the resting group. This could be due to…
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In order for an experiment to be valid/reliable, it must have these
components… • Many trials• Large sample size• A control group
(most, not all!)• Other researchers are
able to repeat it!• Only test 1 variable at
a time (everything else remains constant!!)
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Skittles Experiment
Problem: How many of each
color Skittle are in each bag?
Gather Information:
Read the back for info, feel and count through the bag, look at the colors on the bag
Hypothesis
There are…
___ red Skittles
___ blue Skittles…
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What was missing from this experiment???
• Sample size too small! / not enough trials
• Independent variable missing
• No control group (more of a ‘study’ than an experiment)
• Not enough info to make an educated guess
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Any Hypothesis is Valuable!
• Why?
• Because even if it is NOT supported by the data, it can still lead to further investigation!!
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When does a hypothesis become a theory??
• When it becomes a well accepted body of knowledge that has been supported by many experiments over time!
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Graphs
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Today I want you to help me make a graph.
I want to make a graph that shows the change in temperature throughout the day yesterday.What kind of graphs could we make to show this?
Line Graph!!
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Bar Graph vs Line Graph
• What is the difference between a bar graph
and a line graph?
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Line Graph•A line graph is a graph
used to show change over time!!
Time can be measure in…Seconds - Minutes - Hours – Days - Weeks - Months – Years - Decades -
Centuries - etc.
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When to use a line graph? Would we use a line graph
in the following situations:•To show how many people like pizza in this class? NO
•To show how many people live in Bellmore? NO
•To show how much it rained each month this year? YES- because months and years deal with time.
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YOU TELL ME….
What color is the y-axis?
What color is the x-axis?
Y
X
D ependent
R esponding
Y M anipulated
I ndependent
X
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Line Graphs
• Show a comparison between 2 variables
• Show how the independent v. affects the dependent v.
U.S. Corn in Acres
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
Years
Acre
s o
f co
rn (
in m
illi
on
s)
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Bar Graphs
• Are descriptive and compare amounts or categories
• Are best for comparisons
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Bar GraphPresents “categorical data”, data that fits into categoriesEx. Type of donut
HistogramPresents “continuous data”, the numbers can take on any value in a certain range Ex. weights of individuals