Problems That Lead to School Problems That Lead to School ViolenceViolence

MediaMedia Violence in movies & television programsViolence in movies & television programs Violent music which contains wild rhythms and loud noisesViolent music which contains wild rhythms and loud noises

Easy access to guns and other weapons.Easy access to guns and other weapons.No or inappropriate punishments for acts of violence.No or inappropriate punishments for acts of violence.Lack of ability to cope with emotions and societal problemsLack of ability to cope with emotions and societal problemsSeeing violence as a means of dealing with situations that youth cannot Seeing violence as a means of dealing with situations that youth cannot cope with.cope with.Dysfunctional family.Dysfunctional family.Psychological disorders.Psychological disorders.The degradation of morality in all aspects of lifeThe degradation of morality in all aspects of life

TelevisionTelevision MusicMusic In schoolIn school

Poor Role ModelsPoor Role Models MediaMedia SchoolSchool LeadersLeaders

School officialsSchool officials

Conflict with teachersConflict with teachers

Facts About Youth ViolenceFacts About Youth ViolenceLess than 1% of all homicides among school-aged children (5-19 Less than 1% of all homicides among school-aged children (5-19 years of age) occur in or around school grounds or on the way to years of age) occur in or around school grounds or on the way to and from school.and from school.

65% of school-associated violent deaths involve students65% of school-associated violent deaths involve students 11% involve teachers or other staff members11% involve teachers or other staff members 23% involve community23% involve community members who were killed on school property.members who were killed on school property.

83% of school homicide or suicide victims are males.83% of school homicide or suicide victims are males.

28% of the fatal injuries occur inside the school building28% of the fatal injuries occur inside the school building

36% of fatal injuries occur outdoors on school property36% of fatal injuries occur outdoors on school property

35% of fatal injuries occur off campus.35% of fatal injuries occur off campus.

School Shootings in the USASchool Shootings in the USA

School Shootings Nationwide School Shootings Nationwide by Grade Level 1992-2002by Grade Level 1992-2002

01020304050

92-9

3

93-9

4

94-9

5

95-9

6

96-9

7

97-9

8

98-9

9

99-0

0

00-0

1

2001-

02

Year

Nu

mber

of

Sh

ooti

ngs

Elementary School Junior High SchoolHigh School CollegeTOTAL

Number of Deaths in School Number of Deaths in School ShootingsShootings

5551

20

35

15

36

25

16 18

3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Number of

Deaths

92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 2001-02

Years

0

50

100

150

200

250

Number

Beat / Kicking Hanging Heart Attack Jump Shooting Stab/Slashing Strangling /Asphyx iation

Unknown

Methods of Killing

Shootings vs. Other Methods of Shootings vs. Other Methods of Killing 1992-2002Killing 1992-2002

  School shootings in NYCSchool shootings in NYC1992-20021992-2002

  

0

1

2

3

4

Number

MartinLutherKing Jr.

HighSchool

A bronxhigh

school(name

unknown)

City-As-School

ThomasJefferson

HighSchool

A brooklynhigh

school(name

unknown)

Name of School

Shootings

Peoplewounded

Peoplekilled

Gradual Change in Student Gradual Change in Student ProblemsProblemsPublic School Teachers Rate Public School Teachers Rate

the Top Disciplinary Problemsthe Top Disciplinary Problems

11994400 11999900 22000022TTTaaalllkkkiiinnnggg ooouuuttt ooofff

tttuuurrrnnnDDDrrruuuggg AAAbbbuuussseee VVViiiooollleeennnccceee

CCChhheeewwwiiinnnggg GGGuuummm AAAlllcccooohhhooolll AAAbbbuuussseee DDDiiisssccciiipppllliiinnnaaarrryyyPPPrrrooobbbllleeemmmsss

MMMaaakkkiiinnnggg NNNoooiiissseee PPPrrreeegggnnnaaannncccyyy IIInnnttteeerrrpppeeerrrsssooonnnaaalllPPPrrrooobbbllleeemmmsss

RRRuuunnnnnniiinnnggg iiinnn ttthhheeeHHHaaallllll

SSSuuuiiiccciiidddeee SSSuuuiiiccciiidddeee

CCCuuuttttttiiinnnggg iiinnn llliiinnneee RRRaaapppeee GGGaaannnggg

DDDrrreeessssss CCCooodddeeeVVViiiooolllaaatttiiiooonnn

RRRooobbbbbbeeerrryyy HHHaaattteee

LLLiiitttttteeerrriiinnnggg AAAssssssaaauuulllttt BBBuuullllllyyyiiinnnggg

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Number

AccidentalBully

GangHate

InterpersonalRobbery

Sexually MotivatedSuicide

Unknown

Reasons

Reasons for Deaths 1992-Reasons for Deaths 1992-20022002

Causes of School ViolenceCauses of School ViolenceDepreciating social Depreciating social and moral valuesand moral valuesSocial pressuresSocial pressuresAcademic pressures Academic pressures School StandardsSchool StandardsDepressionDepressionIsolation and peer Isolation and peer rejectionrejectionBreakdown in Breakdown in communicationcommunicationPoor parenting Poor parenting Emotional DisturbanceEmotional DisturbanceProof of Manhood Proof of Manhood RevengeRevenge

Alcohol or drugs Alcohol or drugs Emotional GratificationEmotional GratificationSchool bullyingSchool bullying

verbal & physical abuseverbal & physical abuseLack of counseling Lack of counseling Victim of violenceVictim of violenceMedia Media

by age 18, a child has by age 18, a child has seen 40,000 murdersseen 40,000 murders

most of one’s life is most of one’s life is spent watching spent watching

PovertyPovertyTV Internet porn TV Internet porn Violent computer gamesViolent computer gamesTemptation of accessible Temptation of accessible gungun

Economic Makeup of Where Economic Makeup of Where School Shootings OccurredSchool Shootings Occurred

4 41

4

28

16

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Number of Shooting Incidents

Rich

Middle Class

Poor

Mostly W

hite

Religio

us/Churc

h Going

Safe/Quiet

Ethnic or Economic Makeup

Seriousness of ProblemsSeriousness of Problems

MOST SERIOUS CAUSESMOST SERIOUS CAUSES

Poor Parenting

Temptation of aGun

School Bullying

Lack of Counseling(home, school, andcommunity)Other

BULLET COMPARISONSBULLET COMPARISONSA gun leaves its markings on the bullet A gun leaves its markings on the bullet as the bullet passes through the gun.as the bullet passes through the gun.

Bullet comparisons are made between Bullet comparisons are made between the bullet found at the crime scene and the bullet found at the crime scene and the test fired bullet to link suspect to the test fired bullet to link suspect to crime.crime.

The diameter of the gun barrel is The diameter of the gun barrel is measured between opposite lands.measured between opposite lands.

If a bullet found at the crime scene has If a bullet found at the crime scene has the same caliber as the firearm, it most the same caliber as the firearm, it most probably was fired from the gun.probably was fired from the gun.

If rifling impressions found on the bullet If rifling impressions found on the bullet match the rifling pattern found in the match the rifling pattern found in the barrel of the question firearm, attempts barrel of the question firearm, attempts are made to make a match between the are made to make a match between the individual markings of the barrel and the individual markings of the barrel and the bullet. bullet.

Bullet StriationsBullet Striations

Bullet found at Crime Scene

Test-Fire bullet

Types of Striation Marks Types of Striation Marks Chamber MarksChamber Marks

The most common type of striation The most common type of striation marks.marks.

Develops after a cartridge is fired. Develops after a cartridge is fired.

Produced when guns are fired and the Produced when guns are fired and the cases expand and press against the cases expand and press against the walls of the chamber.walls of the chamber.

Sides are scratched as the bullet exits Sides are scratched as the bullet exits the chamber.the chamber.

Shear MarksShear MarksMade by GLOCK pistols Made by GLOCK pistols

Found on cartridge case primers. Found on cartridge case primers.

Marks are produced when the case Marks are produced when the case moves backwards from recoil and the moves backwards from recoil and the primer sets in the firing pinhole.primer sets in the firing pinhole.

Sliding Chamber Mark

Shear Mark

Properties of Cartridge CasesProperties of Cartridge CasesMost cartridge cases are made out of plastic, steel, and brass.Materials used to make cartridge cases are softer than the ones used to make the firearm. Any surface of the cartridge case that comes in contact with the interior of the firearm may be scratched.Pulling the trigger releases the weapon’s firing pin, causing it to strike the primer, which in turn ignites the powder.Expanding gases generated by the burning gunpowder propel the bullet forward through the barrel.As the bullet is marked on its passage through the barrel so is the shell impressed with markings by its contact with the metal surfaces of the weapon’s firing and loading mechanisms.With the use of a comparison microscope, test fired cartridges are compared with cartridges recovered from a crime scene

Unknown Cartridge Cases

Identifying Marks on Cartridge CasesIdentifying Marks on Cartridge Cases

Loading a cartridge into the firearm Loading a cartridge into the firearm would lead to the transfer of unique would lead to the transfer of unique identifiable marks. identifiable marks. Marks can be transferred without Marks can be transferred without the firing of the cartridge.the firing of the cartridge.Two types:Two types:

Striated Action MarksStriated Action Marks““Scratches” are formed as Scratches” are formed as the cartridge case collides the cartridge case collides against the the firearm’s against the the firearm’s inner surface. inner surface.

Impressed Action MarksImpressed Action Marks ““Scratches” produced when Scratches” produced when the cartridge case impacts the cartridge case impacts the firearm with enough the firearm with enough velocity or pressure to leave velocity or pressure to leave an indented mark.an indented mark.

Image of pieces of recovered bullets.

PRIMER RESIDUE ON HANDSPRIMER RESIDUE ON HANDSAs a weapon is fired, gunpowder and primer residue are deposited.Primers begin the ignition process in cartridges.Primers commonly contain lead styphnate, barium nitrate, and antimony sulfide compounds. Most modern primer compounds are lead and/or barium free. Detection of residues provides information as to whether or not an individual recently fired a weapon.Dermal Nitrate Test

Requires the application of hot paraffin to the suspect’s hand.

After drying into a solid crust, the paraffin is tested with the chemical diphenylamine.

Measuring the Amount of Barium and Antimony on Relevant Hand

Swab hands with cotton moistened with 5% nitric acid

Test for barium and antimony.Major Elements of Primer Residue on Hand

Antimony (Sb) Barium (Ba) Lead (Pb)

Less Common Elements of Primer Residues Aluminum (Al) Sulfur (S) Tin (Sn) Calcium (Ca) Potassium (K) Chlorine (Cl) Silicon (Si)

Gunshot residue, containing lead, antimony, and barium

GUNPOWER RESIDUESGUNPOWER RESIDUESPressure behind the bullet as it exits the muzzle blows the gunshot residues out of the barrel under high velocity. Gunshot residues are ejected from the barrel in a cone-shaped pattern.The farther the gun was fired, the wider and less concentrated the “smoky cone-shaped pattern” becomes.Different Forms of Gunpowder

ball- more aerodynamic, travels quickly flake disc others

The distance from which a gun or rifle was fired is determined by comparison of the powder residue pattern located on the victim’s clothing or skin against test patterns made when a suspect’s weapon is fired at varying distances from the target.

Powder residue left on fabric.Powder residue left on fabric.

Gunpowder Residues Used to Determine the Gunpowder Residues Used to Determine the Distance From Which the Weapon Was FiredDistance From Which the Weapon Was Fired

At distances of less than12 inches At distances of less than12 inches heavy concentrations of visible heavy concentrations of visible gunshot residues will usually be gunshot residues will usually be deposited. deposited.

As the firearm gets closer to its As the firearm gets closer to its target the residue concentrations target the residue concentrations increase and the actual size or increase and the actual size or diameter to the pattern gets diameter to the pattern gets smaller. smaller.

At around 18-24 inches most At around 18-24 inches most firearms will start to deposit firearms will start to deposit considerable concentrations of considerable concentrations of gunshot residues.gunshot residues.

When the muzzle of the firearm When the muzzle of the firearm gets next to or is in contact with gets next to or is in contact with the target the shot will rip, tear, the target the shot will rip, tear, and/or melt the material of the and/or melt the material of the target. A great deal of gunshot target. A great deal of gunshot residues will be found around the residues will be found around the margins of the area of contact or margins of the area of contact or near the entrance hole.near the entrance hole.

Firearms Evidence Collection and Firearms Evidence Collection and Processing PolicyProcessing Policy

Take photographs of the weapon.Take photographs of the weapon.

Keep notes on the condition of the weapon found and take action to render Keep notes on the condition of the weapon found and take action to render it safe.it safe.

Unload the weapon unless blood, hair, fibers, prints, etc. prohibit handling.Unload the weapon unless blood, hair, fibers, prints, etc. prohibit handling.

Process the weapon for prints.Process the weapon for prints.

Package weapon in an envelope or paper bag separately from the Package weapon in an envelope or paper bag separately from the ammunition and/or magazine.ammunition and/or magazine.

The ammunition should be placed in a paper envelope or paper bag.The ammunition should be placed in a paper envelope or paper bag.

Ammunition found in a gun must be submitted to the crime lab. Ammunition found in a gun must be submitted to the crime lab.

Any boxes of similar ammunition found in a suspect’s possession should be Any boxes of similar ammunition found in a suspect’s possession should be placed in a paper container and sent to the crime lab.placed in a paper container and sent to the crime lab.

Bullets and/or cases found at a crime scene should be packaged separately Bullets and/or cases found at a crime scene should be packaged separately and placed in paper envelopes or in small cardboard pillboxes.and placed in paper envelopes or in small cardboard pillboxes.

Label gun with name, caliber, serial number, investigator’s initials and Label gun with name, caliber, serial number, investigator’s initials and request specifying what the weapon is to be examined for.request specifying what the weapon is to be examined for.

Maintain a chain of custody.Maintain a chain of custody.

Maintain standards at crime scene and in the crime lab.Maintain standards at crime scene and in the crime lab.

Federal PolicyFederal PolicyDevelop a Develop a Comprehensive Communities ProgramComprehensive Communities Program to to suppress violence in target neighborhoodssuppress violence in target neighborhoodsImprove intergovernmental and community relationshipsImprove intergovernmental and community relationshipsDevelop strategies to identify causes of violenceDevelop strategies to identify causes of violenceDevelop a comprehensive strategy for serious, violent, and Develop a comprehensive strategy for serious, violent, and chronic Juvenile offenders:chronic Juvenile offenders:

Community-based prevention based on risk and resource Community-based prevention based on risk and resource assessment, interventions, and institutional care services.assessment, interventions, and institutional care services.

Develop & EnforceDevelop & Enforce a crime gun interdiction initiative: a crime gun interdiction initiative: Tracing crime gunsTracing crime guns Identifying patternsIdentifying patterns Understanding connections among firearms and youth violenceUnderstanding connections among firearms and youth violence Developing strategies for illegally trafficking firearmsDeveloping strategies for illegally trafficking firearms Working with firearm dealers to reduce illegal firearm salesWorking with firearm dealers to reduce illegal firearm sales Working with courts to prosecute cases effectivelyWorking with courts to prosecute cases effectively

New York State PolicyNew York State Policy

Fight Crime: Invest in New York KidsFight Crime: Invest in New York Kids Anti-crime organizationAnti-crime organization 125 police chiefs, sheriffs, prosecutors and crime 125 police chiefs, sheriffs, prosecutors and crime

victimsvictims

The After School CorporationThe After School Corporation Non-profit organizationNon-profit organization Establishes quality after-school programs in the Establishes quality after-school programs in the

state.state.

Students walk through the doors of Columbine High to reclaim their school for the first time since the

April 20 shootings.

New Security Policy After Columbine New Security Policy After Columbine TragedyTragedy

On April 20, 1999 at Columbine High School

• Two students from the school fired from a multi-gun arsenal and tossed homemade bombs throughout the school.

•12 students and one teacher were killed.

•Both shooters committed suicide.

Security improvements after the tragic shooting •Identification badges to be worn by all students and faculty at all times

•16 color video cameras were installed inside the school and on the school grounds. • The number of outside entrances was reduced. •A third uniformed guard was enlisted to join a roving patrol, which includes an armed sheriff's deputy.

New York City PolicyNew York City PolicyTarget Gun Trafficking:Target Gun Trafficking:

Interrogation of perpetrators and accomplices in gun crime cases Interrogation of perpetrators and accomplices in gun crime cases about where guns were obtained.about where guns were obtained.

Receipts for gun purchasesReceipts for gun purchases Use of metal detectors and hand-held metal detectorsUse of metal detectors and hand-held metal detectors

The The No More Fear KitNo More Fear Kit A student survival kit that includes:A student survival kit that includes:

A pocket bibleA pocket bibleReading packets concerning the 9/11 tragedy and the Columbine Reading packets concerning the 9/11 tragedy and the Columbine shootingsshootings

The Advantage After School ProgramThe Advantage After School Program The extended Day/Violence Prevention program and New York The extended Day/Violence Prevention program and New York

City’s Beacon programCity’s Beacon programProvides major funding for after-school programs to reduce violence Provides major funding for after-school programs to reduce violence after schoolafter school

School Safety Plan at the Bronx High School of School Safety Plan at the Bronx High School of ScienceScience

1. Notification to Principal/designee, Superintendent and the NYPD SSA.

2. Follow the “Intruder Procedures” as outlined in the School Safety Plan.

3. Decision to evacuate to be made by Principal in consultation with NYPD/SSD.

4. Notify the Emergency Information Center (EIC) (718) 935-3210.

5. Evacuate the premises following the Egress Route(s) outlined in the School Safety Plan.

6. Evacuated students and staff with attendance information are to be sent to the Evacuation Location as identified in the School Safety Plan if the building can not be re-entered.

7. Floor Wardens as per the School Safety Plan should be appointed to each floor to assist in the evacuation.

8. Floor Plans are to be readily available in the Principal’s Office, Library, Custodian’s Office, Security Office and Neighboring School(s).

9. Identify means of communicating with perpetrator(s) e.g. Telephone, Payphone or PA system.

10. Identify location, number of shooter(s). If possible, identify the number and names of shooter(s). If possible retrieve the pedigree of shooter(s) with home contact numbers.

11. Identify location, number and extent of injured. If possible retrieve the pedigree of victims with home contact numbers and make notifications as necessary.

12. SSA and Principal will notify their respective Supervisors and arriving agencies, with pertinent and vital information.

13. If the building can not be re-entered, the Office of Pupil Transportation must be notified for those children who take the bus home. For those children who are picked up from school, the parents/guardians need to be called and advised of the situation and staff should remain at the evacuated school to direct the parents/guardians to the Evacuation Location for pickup.

Strengths of Existing Strengths of Existing PoliciesPoliciesEducational programs for teachers, students, parents, and members of Educational programs for teachers, students, parents, and members of

the community:the community: InformationInformation Counseling servicesCounseling services Conflict resolutionConflict resolution

After School ProgramsAfter School Programs Beneficial to the students without good home lives, so that they have a Beneficial to the students without good home lives, so that they have a

place to be instead of the streets where violent activities can ensue.place to be instead of the streets where violent activities can ensue.

Metal Detectors in SchoolsMetal Detectors in Schools Seize weapons from the students that can potentially be used against other Seize weapons from the students that can potentially be used against other

students, faculty, parents, and members of the communitystudents, faculty, parents, and members of the community

Gun Control LawsGun Control Laws Age requirementAge requirement PurchasingPurchasing Seizing Illegal weaponsSeizing Illegal weapons

The number of shootings decrease if the students cannot obtain weaponsThe number of shootings decrease if the students cannot obtain weapons

Weaknesses of Existing Weaknesses of Existing PoliciesPolicies

Metal detectors give students & faculty the feeling of Metal detectors give students & faculty the feeling of distrust and humiliation.distrust and humiliation.

Walk-through metal detectors are:Walk-through metal detectors are: ExpensiveExpensive Not suitable for the physical design of schoolsNot suitable for the physical design of schools Cause inconvenience for students & facultyCause inconvenience for students & faculty

Metal detector searches can face legal challenges Metal detector searches can face legal challenges under the Fourth Amendment which states that people under the Fourth Amendment which states that people be free of unreasonable searches and seizures.be free of unreasonable searches and seizures.

The Most Effective and The Most Effective and Feasible PolicyFeasible Policy

Stricter gun control laws for the purchase and use of guns.Stricter gun control laws for the purchase and use of guns.Use of metal detectors and security cameras strategically placed to help Use of metal detectors and security cameras strategically placed to help locate and seize weapons.locate and seize weapons.Individual and group guidance and educational programs for students, Individual and group guidance and educational programs for students, parents, faculty and community to develop strategies to identify the parents, faculty and community to develop strategies to identify the causes of violence and learn how to effectively deal with areas of causes of violence and learn how to effectively deal with areas of concern.concern.Increase the number of security guards and roving patrols (teachers, Increase the number of security guards and roving patrols (teachers, administrators, parents, retirees, members of the community) inside the administrators, parents, retirees, members of the community) inside the school building, on school grounds and in the community.school building, on school grounds and in the community.Create prevention task forces with school officials, the Department of Create prevention task forces with school officials, the Department of Education and local government to develop prevention policies and Education and local government to develop prevention policies and actions.actions.Clear and simple reporting procedures.Clear and simple reporting procedures.Immediate contact of law enforcement agencies.Immediate contact of law enforcement agencies.More severe penalties of offenders.More severe penalties of offenders.Development of an evacuation plan.Development of an evacuation plan.Hot line to notify parents/guardians.Hot line to notify parents/guardians.

I will never bring a gun to school;

I will never use a gun to settle a dispute;

I will use my influence with my friends to keep them from using guns to settle disputes.

My individual choices and actions, when multiplied by those of young people throughout the country, will make a difference.

Together, by honoring this pledge, we can reverse the violence and grow up in safety.

The Bronx High School of Science

Forensic Science 2002-2003

Ms. Mary Villani, Teacher

Sections: SBF6-01, SBF6-03, SBF6-05, SBF6-06

Slide 1: www.time.com/time/daily/special/photo/denvershooting/4.html www.time.com/time/daily/special/photo/denvershooting/5.html www.the-eggman.com/rants/guns_viol_1.html www.time.com/time/daily/special/photo/denvershooting/2.html

Slide 2: www.politicsol.com/popup.html www.ericcass.uncg.edu/virtuallib/violencebook.html iume.tc.columbia.edu/chocies/briefs/choices05.html www.parentssource.com/give.article.11.20.00.html

Slide 3: www.cdc.gov/ncipc/factsheets/schoolvi.htmSlide 4:

abcnews.go.com/sections/us/DailyNews/schoolshootings990420.html

Slide 5: www.nssc1.org/savd/savd.htmSlide 6: news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/247783.stm www.nssc1.org/savd/savd.htmSlide 7: www.nssc1.org/savd/savd.htm

Slide 8: cnn.com/2002/US/01/15/ny.school.shooting/ www.educationupdate.com/april01/cover_stancik.html www.cnn.com/US/9805/22/school.reduced.violence/index.html www.abcnews.go.com/sections/us/shootings_side1205

Slide 9: www.rppi.org/education/ps234.htmlSlide 10: www.nssc1.org/savd/savd.htmSlide 11: www.alfred.edu/teenviolence/shootings/html

www.alfred.edu/teenviolence/dangerous_students.htmlwww.alfred.edu/teenviolence/potential_violence.htmlkidshealth.org/parent/emotions/feelings/

school_violence_p2.htmlSlide 12: www.afsc.org/youthmil/200104/schoolshoot.htmSlide 13: www.cmpa.com/mediamon/mm070899.htmSlide 14: www.alfred.edu/teenviolence/shootings.html

www.tlc.state.tx.us/research/facts/youthviolence.htmlwww.bctf.cca/researchreports/94wlc01/report.pdf

Slide 15: www.cnn.com/specials/maps

Slide 16: www.firearmsid.com/A_BulletID.htmSlide 17: www.firearmsid.com/A_BulletID.htm

www.firearmsid.com/Galleries/BulComp/a_bcompgal.htmSlide 18: www.firearmsid.com/A_CCID.htm

www.geocities.com/j_ksinha/cidch.htmlwww.adtdl.army.mil/cgi-bin/atdl.dll/fm/19-20/Ch9.html

Slide 19: www.firearmsid.com/A_CCID.htmlwww.adtdl.army.mil/cgi-bin/atdl.dll/fm/19-20/Ch9.htmlwww.cci.ca.gov/Reference/peb/peb15.pdf

Slide 20: www.firearmsid.com/A_CCID.html

www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay.html?DOC=vc/2my/my2_bullet.html

Slide 21: www.firearmsid.com/A_distanceGSR.htmwww.microbeam.com/applications/Gun%20Shot

%20Residue.htmSlide 22: www.firearmsid.com/A_distanceGSR.htmSlide 23: ojjdp.ncjrs.org/pubs/gun_violence/sect08-a.html

Slide 24: www.ed.gov/pubs/SafeandSmart/www.50states.com/flag/nyflag.htm

Slide 25: www.rockymountainnews.com/drmn/columbine/www.crime-sceneinvestigator.net/evidenc3.html

Slide 26: www.nyssba.org/adnews/employee/employee052200.3.html Slide 27: The Bronx High School of Science security Slide 28: N/ASlide 29: N/ASlide 30: N/ASlide 31: www.pledge.org/pledges/pledge_older.html

Jessica Sarah Jessica Sarah BaynerBayner

Kaity ChengKaity Cheng

Theresa DiuTheresa Diu

Dorota PazdrowskaDorota Pazdrowska

Shari SchultzShari Schultz

Nicole Tracy CarlosNicole Tracy Carlos

Kaity ChengKaity Cheng

Erin DickersonErin Dickerson

Theresa DiuTheresa Diu

Marina GoldenbergMarina Goldenberg

Irina GusinIrina Gusin

Jihea ParkJihea Park

Adina ZilbermanAdina Zilberman

Amit BaggaDonald BrownJesun ChunErica FinkDrew GewuerzBabitha HaridasRachel HerrmannIvy LauKimberly LiaoCassie Magesis

Elizabeth NungeJihea ParkJintana PornpitaksukRyo ShibataRondette-Amoy SmithRobert WuTina YaoJane YuAdina Zilberman

Jordan Alexander

Lashawn Ayrers

Ursula Bailey

Sheena Balasubramanian

Peter Bazyluk

Elizabeth Berger

Dianna Bryan

Benjamin Calev

Jessica Carr

Rebecca Chaikin

John Chang

Nadia Chaudhury

Joyce Chen

Luiza Chiacu

Jaclyn Christoforatos

Monica Clavijo

Adrian Cohen

Carly Creed

Jacqueline Cruz

Danielle Davis

Kal Dellaportas

Amanda Diaz

Heather Dieguez

Tess Dougherty

Kai-Marie Edwards

Matthew Fortier

Keri Galitsis

Maria Gervits

Leora Giacoia

Marina Goldenberg

James Hartnett

Rebecca Hetey

Lauren Hinds

Michael Huang

Tiffany Huang

Erica Huie

Catherine Iftode

Pavlyn Jankov

Joanna Jia

Hee Jee Jo

Erin Johnson

Maheswanri Kadiya

Edie Kaminsky

Michael Kang

Elsie Kauffmann

Justin Kern

Rejendra Khairam

Emran Khan

Grace Kim

Jessica Kwok

Joanie Kwok

Venita Latchman

Loretta Lau

David Lee

Erica Lee

Irene Lee

Susan Lee

Eva Lei

Lin Leung

Charles Poladian

Olga Putilina

Stephanie Rix

Christopher Rojas

Sean Roken

Patrice Thompson

Manny Sabatino

Shikha Sangeeta

Daniel Satterwhite

Lenny Sher

Andrew Sofer

Billy Song

Christina Stolz

Joanna Thapa

Michael Tomm

Montgomery Tong

Danielle Turso

Carlos Valencia

Milton Lewis

Jacob Ling

Leonardo Lospoto

Alexander Mackler

Sara Mantin

Jane Mao

Sofia Mavronasios

Phillip McCook

Michael Melendez

Denika Mitchell

Maarit Moran

Alison Moy

Paul Novaro

Adenike Olanrewaju

Leonard Pak

Angela Pang

Lisa Pao

Chris Pavlou

Jesse Vilinsky

Mai Van Vu

Cindy Wang

Martin Weisz

Nick Williams

Kenneth Wong

Timothy Bodine Wright

Adam Yarina

Keila Zambrana

Xingjian Zhao

Julia Zhu