problems vs. opportunities duke haise lovell mattingly swigert liftoff of apollo 13 “houston,...
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Problems vs. Opportunities
Duke
Haise
Lovell
Mattingly
Swigert
Liftoff of Apollo 13
“Houston, we’ve had a
problem here.”
Mattingly has a problem caused by
Duke…
…which creates an opportunity for Swigert…
…which soon becomes a
new problem.
Scientific Problem Solving
Scientist
Analyst
Observe a phenomenon
Recognize a variance
Formulate a Hypothesis
Conduct an experiment
Investigate Propose a solution
Ishikawa Chart
Root Problem
Symptom Category
Symptom Category
Symptom Category
Symptom Category
Possible Symptom Categories
4Ps: People, Place, Procedure, Policy4Ms: Manpower, Machines, Methods, Materials4Ss: Surroundings, Suppliers, Systems, Skills
Possible Symptom Categories
4Ps: People, Place, Procedure, Policy4Ms: Manpower, Machines, Methods, Materials4Ss: Surroundings, Suppliers, Systems, Skills
Observed Symptom or Variance
SecondarySymptom
The Problem Space
OK SolutionsOK Solutions Good SolutionsGood Solutions Best SolutionBest Solution Great SolutionsGreat Solutions
Search SpaceSearch Space Problem SpaceProblem Space
Open vs. Closed Systems
Known, Defined,
Predictable
Known, Defined,
Predictable
Known, Defined,
Predictable
Known, Defined,
Predictable
Known, Defined,
PredictableSubject to Unknown,
Undefined, and UnpredictableUnknown,
Undefined, Unpredictable
Unknown, Undefined,
Unpredictable
Closed System
Open System
INPUTS PROCESSES OUTPUTS
Functional Decomposition
Continually redefining the system under study into subsystems until reaching a point where no further value is gained from additional subsystem identification.
SDLC
PreliminaryInvestigation
PreliminaryInvestigation
AnalysisAnalysis
LogicalDesign
LogicalDesign
PhysicalDesign
PhysicalDesign
ImplementationImplementation
MaintenanceMaintenance
Service Agreements
29%
22%
49%
Part of Full ServiceAgreement
Linked to ApplicationDevelopment
Maintenance Only
Typical PIECES AnalysisSymptom P I E C E SManagement reports are often not received on time. X Production line throughput is below expected standards. X Product rework is high. X X Inventory control reports are inaccurate. X Exceptions occur frequently and must be processed by hand.
X
Production time is higher than industry average. X Orders are often cancelled due to excessive delivery wait time.
X Required information to process an order not available on demand.
X Organizational data redundancy is high. X Production lines are often down for repair or maintenance. X Line personnel are often not aware of their production quota.
X Data transferred from production system to sales system by hand.
X X
Several incidents of system sabotage have been recorded. X
Totals 4 5 1 1 2 2
Preliminary Investigation
• Key Activities– Problem definition
– Estimate problem scope
– Estimate project feasibility
– Estimate resource commitment
– Go/no go decision
• Primary Deliverables– Preliminary feasibility
report
– General problem statement
Analysis
• Key Activities– Create logical models
of current system
– Refine problem statement via detailed symptom analysis
– Determine requirements for new system
• Primary Deliverables– DFD of current system
– ERD of current system
– Formal problem statement
– Formal requirements definition
Logical Design
• Key Activities– Revise current system
logical models to reflect proposed system changes
– Validate logical model of proposed system against requirements determination
• Primary Deliverables– DFD of proposed
system
– ERD of proposed system
– Final performance specifications
Physical Design
• Key Activities– Determine hardware
specifications– Determine software
specifications– Conduct feasibility analysis
and cost justification for new system
– Estimate implementation schedule
– Design data structures– Prepare training guidelines– Prepare preliminary testing
procedures
• Primary Deliverables– Detailed hardware
specifications
– Detailed software specifications
– Final feasibility report
– Physical data structures and data dictionary
– Implementation schedule
Implementation
• Key Activities– Acquire hardware and
software
– Determine location requirements
– Install the new system
– Create test data and conduct initial system tests
– Train all end users
– Verify all end user and system documentation
• Primary Deliverables– Final performance test
metrics
– Fully trained end user community
– Fully installed system
– Fully converted data files