Problems With Industry

Problems With Industry

• The rapid expansion of ___________ required a larger ________________________. Industrialists recruited women, _____________________, ethnic minorities and women to play large roles.

industry

work force

children

Women• By way of example, by

1910, over _________ percent of all Jewish girls _________ years and older were working. Women were typically paid less than men. Women could work up to 10 hours for ____________ a day.

70%

16

10 Cents

Children

• With poverty rampant, _____________ million child laborers joined the industrialized work force in the late 1800’s. These laborers were mostly between the ages of __________ and _________, but some where as young as __________ .

1.75

10

15

6

Minorities While whites worked both skilled and unskilled jobs, nonwhite laborers were forced into _____________ positions with __________ wages. For example, Chinese workers in San Francisco in 1889 made up ________ percent of the city’s cigar workers, making just _____________ dollars a year. During the same year, white laborers claimed 91 percent of the seamstress and tailor jobs, making ____________ a year. This motivated many Chinese to get into their own business, such as ___________________ and restaurants.

unskilledlower

92$287

588

laundries

Organized Labor

• During the late 1800’s, as working conditions worsened, ______________appeared in the hope of influencing big business. The ________________ of Labor, established in 1879, opened membership to women, African Americans, and most industrial workers. They tried to secure an 8 hour work day, the elimination of _____________________, and equal pay for men and women.

unions

Knights

Child Labor

AFL• The American

__________________ of Labor was established in 1886 by Samuel Gompers. They scorned the Knights as too ___________________. The AFL focused on more practical ideas like higher ________________, _________________ work conditions, and the rights of the union to represent workers in bargaining with employers.

Federation

idealistic

wages

safer

Business Retaliates

• Business mounted a fierce resistance to unions. Supported by the ______________________ elements in government and a large supply of willing _________________, they had an advantage over the unions. They convinced many Americans that the labor movement was plotting a _________________________________.

laissez-faire

laborers

social revolution

Strikes & Violence• As relations between the corporations and labor unions

broke down, workers went on _________________. These strikes most often ended in _________________ between security thugs or police and strike workers.

strike

violence

Strikes & Violence

• In 1877, a strike in Pittsburgh on the railway – workers’ payments were cut while the company paid high dividends to stock owners – 650 soldiers opened fire on a crowd, killing ___________ people. Local miners then joined the strike when sympathy turned toward the strikers. A battle ensued, the state militia came in, but $6 million dollars in damage had been done.

• Twenty years later, in 1897 more troops went into Chicago to stop strikers and _______ workers ended up dead.

25

6

Henry Clay Frick• Henry Clay Frick became the largest producer

of _______from coal. Mr. Frick was a millionaire by the age of 30. This caught the eye of_____________ , since coke is a key ingredient in the production of steel. Eventually, Mr. Carnegie brought Mr. Frick into the Carnegie Brothers and Company, to assure his steel mills a constant supply of coke. Henry Clay Frick and Andrew Carnegie were both aggressive business competitors. In 1892, the labor strike at the of the Carnegie Steel Company turned into violence and death.

Andrew Carnegie

coke

Homestead Works

Homestead, PA• Although it was Andrew Carnegie's intention to

eliminate the unions in his mills(despite earlier writings favoring collective bargaining), it was who took the actions which set-back the labor movement for decades. Although, Andrew Carnegie did his best to distance himself from the deaths and violence which occurred at Homestead, Frick brought in the notorious

to threaten, beat, kidnap, and union leaders.

Henry Clay Frick

Pinkerton Securitiesintimidate

Corporations & Fraud

• Along with poor working conditions, corporations also found creative ways to rip off the public. For example, an unregulated drug industry fooled the public into buying millions of dollars of “__________________,” cures that were filled with ________________________________________, and other narcotics.

• Canned foods contained dangerous chemical additives hidden from the consumers in containers without ingredient __________________.

Snake Oil

alcohol, cocaine, morphine

labels

Meatpacking Plants• As unethical practices rose, government and

newspaper journalists were calling attention to them. _____________wrote a book called:Upton Sinclair

Yummy.

• This book reflected the conditions in meatpacking plants. Spoiled and diseased pork was dressed and sold as fresh meat. Sausage was combined meat made of diseased cow, sawdust, dirt, potato flour, and some spices. From time to time a ______ or ________________________ also made its way into the meat.rat dismembered human body part

Muckrakers• Sinclair was part of a group of writers

known as _____________________, so called because as President Teddy _____________________said, “They would rather rake filth than look upward to noble things.” Indeed, muckrakers concentrated on exposing the ills of society than proposing solutions to them—however they brought to light political corruption, suppression of minorities, slum conditions, and dishonest ___________________ practices.

muckrakers

Roosevelt

big business