In the name of God

the Merciful, the Compassionate

20th

National and 8th

International Congress of Biology,

22-24 August, University of Maragheh, Iran

The congress was held as four distinct confrences included:

Applied, Animal, Cellular and Molecular, and Plant Biology Confrences

Proceeding of

Plant Biology Conference

Welcome Message of Congress President

In the name of God

The history of biology goes back to long time ago, about 3.8 billion years, when the first living

creatures began to exist on the earth as amoebas. Although biology was confirmed as an

independent discipline in the 19th

century, it actually originated in ancient medical science in

Mesopotamia, China, India, and Egypt. Nevertheless, modern biology and its tendency to study the

nature go back to ancient Greece. During the Renaissance and early modern era, biological

thoughts underwent major changes due to development of an inclination toward empiricism and

discovering many types of new living creatures.

It is a pleasure for us to welcome eminent scholars and researchers to the 20th

National and 8th

International Biology Congress in Iran, Maragheh. Maragheh encompasses the most

comprehensive of all scientific, cultural and artistic treasures. Maragheh reminds us the memory of

a "university as wide as a city" culture because it first presented it to the history and world of

science. The development of the City- University of Maragheh, in its historical memory,

commemorates the first girls' school (the dynasty of the Ilkhani), is undoubtedly based on the

revival and stabilization of scientific, cultural and artistic School of Maragheh.

University of Maragheh is proud to hold this glorious scientific congress by the presence of

honorable professors, researchers, students, teachers, and other guests interested in biology.

Wishing you all a heartfelt welcome.

Mohammad-Ali Lotfullahi Yaghin

The Massage of Congress Chairman

In the name of Allah

We are very glad that the Iran‟s 20 th national and 8th international Congress of biology 2018 took

place in the beautiful city of Maraghe with the estimable endeavor and cooperation of chancellor

and faculty members of the University of Maragheh and the managing council of Iranian society of

biology.

This gathering was an opportunity for all Iranian biologists inside and outside the borders of Iran to

obtain the basis of more progresses in this zone of mankind knowledge, with interchanging their

information and achievements together and with scientists from different countries of the world

like Italy, Canada, Turkey, Armenia and...

The society of biology is honored for obtaining the conditions for this affair, and is thankful to

Maraghe university, the academic staff at department of biology and other collaborators of that

university for their heartily host.

The endeavor of the scientific and administrative committees in this congress in creating scientific

and heartily atmosphere during the period of celebration is definitely praiseworthy.

I deem it necessary for myself to heartily appreciate the endeavor of the respectful directorship,

vice chancellors and specially the dear students of Maraghe university.

And to wish grace and success for all my valuable colleagues in Iranian society of biology‟s

executive committee who endeavored in both administration and diplomacies of this congress.

And hope to see all of the participants from all over the world in the next congress.

Mohammad Nabiuni

Executive Board

President

Prof. Mohammad-Ali Lotfollahi Yaghin (Chancellor of the University of Maragheh)

Chairman

Prof. Mohammad Nabiuni (President of the Iranian Biology Society)

Secretary General

Dr. Saleh Shahabivand (University of Maragheh)

Vice-Chairman

Prof. Nader Chaparzadeh (Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University)

Executive Program Committee

Dr. Ahmad Aghaee (General Executive Secretary of Congress, University of Maragheh)

Dr. Reza Masoumi Jahandizi (Accommodation, University of Maragheh)

Dr. Raheleh Majdani (Registration, University of Maragheh)

Dr. Parisa Fathirezaei (Reception,University of Maragheh)

Dr. Mohammad Moshtary (Public Relations)

Dr. Reza Mohammadzadeh (International Affairs, University of Maragheh)

Dr. Mehdi Djahangiri (Secretariat Affairs, University of Maragheh)

Scientific Program Committee

Dr. Farrokh Karimi (General Scientific Secretary of Congress, University of Maragheh)

Dr. Farshad Darvishi (General Scientific Secretary of Congress, University of Maragheh)

Dr. Leila Zarandi-Miandoab (Scientific Secretary of Plant Biology Conference, Azarbaijan

Shahid Madani University)

Dr. Leila Zarandi-Miandoab (Proceeding Collection, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani

University)

Dr. Mehdi Djahangiri (Proceeding Collection, University of Maragheh)

Dr. Younes Aftabi (Abstracts Edition)

Zahra Khoshkam (Abstracts Edition)

Scientific Committee

Afshar Mohammadian Mansour

(University of Guilan)

Hamidiyeh Amir-Ali

(Tehran University of Medical Sciences)

Motallebi Mostafa

(NIGEB)

Aghaei Ahmad

(University of Maragheh)

Hasanpour Halimeh

(Aerospace Research Institute)

Mousavi Gargari Mir Latif

(Shahed University)

Aminzadeh Saeid

(National Institute of Genetic Engineering

and Biotechnology)

Hejazi Mohammad-Saeed

(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences)

Mousavi Movahedi Ali-Akbar

(University of Tehran)

Bahaedini Aminolah

(Shiraz University)

Hoseinpour Feizi Mohammad-Ali

(University of Tabriz)

Nabiuni Mohammad

(Kharazmi University)

Baharvand Hosein

(Royan Institute)

Hosseinzadeh Colagar Abasalt

(University of Mazandaran)

Naderimanesh Hosein

(Tarbiat Modares University)

Bahrami Mohammad-Kazem

(University of Maragheh)

Iranbakhsh Alireza

(Islamic Azad University,Tehran)

Nejad Falatoury Moghadam

Atiye

(Iranian Research Institute of Plant

Protection)

Barzegari Amir-Abbas

(University of Maragheh)

Karimi Farokh

(University of Maragheh)

Omidi Yadolah

(Tabriz University of Medical

Sciences)

Chaparzadeh Nader

(Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University)

Keykhosravi Alireza

(Hakim Sabzevari University)

Rastegar Pouyani Nasrolah

(Razi University)

Chehregani Rad Abdol-Karim

(Buali Sina University)

Khajeh Khosro

(Tarbiat Modares University)

Roayaei Ardakani Mohammad

(Shahid Chamran University of

Ahvaz)

Darvishi Farshad

(University of Maragheh)

Maassoumi Ali-Asghar

(Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands)

Sari Alireza

(University of Tehran)

Ebrahimzadeh Maboud Hasan

(University of Tehran)

Majd Ahmad

(Kharazmi University)

Sariri Reyhaneh

(University of Guilan)

Ehsanpour Ali-Akbar

(University of Isfahan)

Majdani Raheleh

(University of Maragheh)

Sepehri Sepideh

(Tarbiat Modares University)

Ejtehadi Hamid

(Ferdowsi University of Mashhad )

Malboubi Mohammad-Ali

(National Institute of Genetic Engineering and

Biotechnology)

Shahabivand Saleh

(University of Maragheh)

Eslimi Esfahani Delaram

(Kharazmi University)

Masoumi Jahandizi Reza

(University of Maragheh)

Shariati Mansour

(University of Isfahan)

Farid Alaei Gholam-Reza

(Maragheh University of Medical

Sciences)

Mehmannavaz Usef

(Maragheh Branch, Islamic Azad University)

Tanomand Asghar

(Maragheh Faculty of Medical

Sciences)

Fathirezaei Parisa

(University of Maragheh)

Mobasheri Hamid

(University of Tehran)

Valilou Mohammad-Reza

(Maragheh Branch, Islamic Azad

University)

Feizabadi Mohammad-Mehdi

(Tehran University of Medical Sciences)

Moghadam Matin Maryam

(Ferdowsi University of Mashhad)

Zamani Mohammad-Reza

(NIGEB)

Ghareyazie Behzad

(Agricultural Biotechnology Research

Institute of Iran)

Mohajel Kazemi Elham

(University of Tabriz)

Zarandi Miandoab Leila

(Azarbaijan Shahid Madani

University)

Golkari Saber

(Dryland Agricultural Research Institute)

Mohammadzadeh Reza

(University of Maragheh)

Zare maivan Hassan

(Tarbiat Modares University)

Gourabi Hamid

(Royan Institute)

Mohsen Sharifi

(Tarbiat Modares University)

Zeinali Sirous

(Pasteur Institute of Iran)

Referees Afshar Mohamadian Mansour Akhavan Azadeh Akmali Vahid Alavi-Yeganeh Mohammad

Sadegh

Aliahmadi Atousa Alipanah Helen Alivand Mohammadreza Amirahmadi Atefeh

Amiri Gholamreza Amiri Hamzeh Ansarihadipour Hadi Arzani Nima

Asadollahi Mohammadali Ashengroph Morahem Ashrafi Osalou Mostafa Askari Nahid

Assadian Narenji Somayeh Attaran Fariman Gilan Badui Arastu Bagheri Zainab

Barshan Tashnizi Mohammad Barzegari Amir Abbas Basir Zahra Bathai Zahra

Chaparzadeh Nader Cheniany Monireh Dadfar Fereshteh Daihassani Behrokh

Daneshvar Abolfazl Darvishi Farshad Davoodi Parisa Divsalar Adeleh

Eagderi Soheil Ebadi Mostafa Ebrahimi Mohaddese Ebrahimi Vosta Soheila

Ebrahimi Raheleh Ehsanpour Ali Akbar Elikaei Amaneh Enteshari Shokofeh

Esfahani Kasra Esfandiari Neda Falatoury Atiye Farhad Talebi Ahmad

Farhoudi Roozbeh Farzamisepehr Mozhgan Fathi Rezaei Parisa Forghani Amir Hossein

Gashmardi Noushin Gavzan Hakimeh Ghaffarian Sara Ghanbari Sajad

Ghasemi Omran Vali Ollah Ghassemi Farangis Ghezelbash Gholamreza Gholamhosseini Ali

Gholami Parviz Gholipour Abbas Gholizadeh Mohammad Ghorani Mohammadreza

Ghoshooni Hasan Gohari Gholamreza Habibi Ghader Hajipour Orkideh

Hajipour Nasser Hajrasouliha Shadi Hashemipetroudi

SeyedHamidreza

Hasanshahi Mehdi

Hatamnia Ali Asghar Hekmat Azadeh Hosainzadegan Hassan Imani Mahdi

Jafari Yaser Jalali Amir Jalalvand Fateme Jamalomidi Masoomeh

Javanbakht Hossein Joudi Leila Kameli Maryam Karamiani Rasoul

Karimi Zohreh Karimi Shahri Mahmoud Reza Katiraee Farzad Kavyanifard Amirarsalan

Kelij Sedigheh Keshtmand Zahra Keykhosravi Alireza Khakpaay Roghayye

Khalaji Valiyollah Kohan-Baghkheirati Eisa Koochaknejad Emad Loghmani Mehran

MahmoodzadehHossein Hamideh Mahmoudi Fariba Mahmoudi Otaghvari Arman Majdani Raheleh

Maleki Masoume Malekzadeh Parviz Masoomi Jahandizi Reza Mehraban Pooyan

Mianabadi Manijeh Moghimi Hamid Mohadjerani Maryam Mohajel Kazemi Elham

Mohajjel Shoja Hanieh Mohamadi Ghasem Mohamadzadeh Reza Masoumi Seyed Mohammad

Mohammadi Parisa Mohammadi Hasem Mohammadi Habibollah Mobini-Dehkordi Mohsen

Mohseni Mojtaba Mohtadi Ahmad Mollania Nasrin Momeni Lida

Monsef Shokri Maryam Motamedi Hosein Motamedi Javad Mousavi Fateme

Mozafari Hossein Nazari Farzad Negaresh Kazem Nejadhabibvash Fatemeh

Niroomand Azadeh Nofouzi Katayoon Norizadeh Tazehkand Mostafa Nouri Sahar

Panahi Bahman Parishani Mohammad Reza Pazhang Mohamad Pazhang Yaghub

Pouresmaeil Vahid Raeghi Saber Maryam Rahimi Elham Rajabbeigi

Ramak Parvin Rasouli Sohrab Rastgar Somayeh Razavi Mehdii

Razavi Khadijeh Rezaei Tavabe Kamran Roudbari Fatemeh Roumi Vahid

Sadat Hosseini Afrouz Sadat Atri Maliheh Sadeghi Parvin Sadeghi Dehcheshmeh Rasoul

Sadeghi Akram Sajedi Reza Salavatifar Maryam Salehi-Eskandari Behrooz

Salehi- Lisar Seyed Yahya Sarafraz Ardakani MohammadReza Saraygord-Afshari Neda Sari Alireza

Shafaie Sepideh Shafiei Rasoul Shahbazi Samira Shahbazi Hadis

Shahbazi Parisa Shakeri Shahryar Shakhsi-Niaei Mostafa Shamili Mansooreh

Sharifi-Tehrani Majid Shaykh-Baygloo Nima Shirzadian Saeed Siasi Elham

Simaei Mehdi Soltanzadeh Hossein Tafrihi Mjiad Talebi Mehrdar Mahboobeh

Tanomand Asghar Teravati Ali Thidi Fatemeh Toghranegar Zohreh

Vahdatpour Tohid Valipour Masoumeh Yaghoobi Hanif Yaghubi Hashem

Yari Siamak Yazdanbakhsh Nima Zadeh Hosseingholi Elaheh Zamani Abbas

Zarandi- Miandoab Leila Zarrini Gholamreza Zeinalzadeh-Tabrizi Hossein Zolghadri Samaneh

Executive Committee Abbasi Robabeh Ghoutaslu Armita Naderahmadian Aylar

Abdoljabari Mahsa Habibeh Asgari Naghizadeh Parvin

Abedinzadeh Ali Hajian Mahboubeh Najafi Zahra

Adraki Fahimeh Hasanzadeh Saeed Najm Amir

Afkhami Saber Hassanzadeh Mona Narj-Abadian Alireza

Ahadi Adib Hosseini Amir Navaei Anahita

Ahmadi Gelavizh Hosseini Firouz Nemati Faezeh

Ahmadiyeh Amir Hossein Imamzadeh Rohallah Pooya Pegah

Ahmadpour Mohammad Isma'ilian Sara Radan Sahar

Akbari Tara Jaberi Mohsen Rahim fam Rasoul

Alizadeh Saeid Jalilian Elham Rahimi Samin

Amraei Mahtab Kalhor Narges Rahmani Robabeh

Artesh Rezaei Hosein Karbala'i Mehdi Mohammad Rezaie Ali

At'hayi Masoumeh Kermani Elham Rezaie Hanieh

Bandali Amir Hossein Khani Fatemeh Rousta Zainab

Barzegari Amir Abbas Kheirallahi Armin Sadeghi Moslem

Basak Nastaran Kheirallahi Sina Sardari Maryam

Bashiri Saba Khordlou Mona Sarmasti Siavash

Bidar Mohsen Mahdavi Javad Shaghaghi Neda

Danesh Maraghi Amir Majdani Raheleh Sharifi Motlagh Behdad

Darya JavadRashid Mansour Dehghani Sharifi Motlagh Behdad

Dehghan Yaghoub Mansouri Farhad Sharifi Motlagh Tanaz

Dinarvand Behnoosh Marami Rahele Soltani Elias

Djahangiri Mehdi Marzoukian Kimia Soltani Nima

Fathi Leila Moaafi Fatemeh Tafaghodi Behzad

Fathi Rezaei Parish Moghaddami Noushin Taghavi Hamid

Feizi Parisa Moghimi Fam Javad Tamkinvash Solaleh

Fonudi Ehsan Mohaddesi Javad Tanha Mehdi

Fouladi Maryam Mohammadi Arezoo Vand Jalili Mohammad

Ghaeli Bahman Mohammadi Shiva Yari Behnia

Ghasemi Hanieh Mohammadpour Samaneh Yavari Khadijah

Ghasemi Toraj Mohammadzadeh Reza Yousefi Marzieh

Ghasemzadeh Mahin Moshtary Mohammad

Ghasemzadeh Samaneh Mossadegh Arefeh

Sponsor Acknowledgement

The organizing committee sincerly thanks the support of the

following sponsors

Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, I.R. Iran

Iran National Science Foundation (INSF), I.R. Iran

ECO Science Foundation (ECOSF)

UNESCO Chair in Life Sciences, Armenia

Maragheh Office, Department of Environment, I.R. Iran

Dryland Agricultural Research Institute, Maragheh, I.R. Iran

Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, I.R. Iran

Research Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics of Maragha, I.R. Iran

Islamic World Science Citation Center (ISC)

Regional Information Center for Science and Technology (RICeST), I.R. Iran

Islamic City Council of Maragheh, I.R. Iran

Maragheh Municipality, I.R. Iran

Maragheh Grand Hotel, I.R. Iran

Milad Noor Ofogh Company, I.R. Iran

Maragheh Athar Flour (Ard-e-Athar) Company, I.R. Iran

Kaveh Soda Company, I.R. Iran

1

Congress Plenary Invited Lectures

Prof. Khosrow Adeli (University of Torento, Canada)

RNA regulatory network in lipid metabolism: critical rols of micro RNAs and RNA

granuls

Prof. Sinerik N. Ayrapetian (Head of UNESCO Chair in Life Science, Armenia)

The quantum-mechanical nature of cell signaling system

Prof. Mohammad Ghannadi-Maragheh (Institute of Nuclear Science and Tecnology,

I.R. Iran)

Application of nuclear science and tecnology in biology and medicine

Prof. Ali Akbar Moosavi-Movahedi (University of Tehran, I.R. Iran)

Biomimetics and lifestyle

Prof. Luciano Sasso (Sapienza University of Rome, Italy)

Pharmacological applications of modulators of oxidative stress

2

Lectures

3

Plant Biology Conference Invited Lectures Assoc. Prof. Mansour Afshar Mohamadian (University of Guilan, I.R. Iran)

Evolution theory and its academic ambiguities

Dr. Salma Balazadeh (University of Potsdam, Germany)

Unraveling Stress response networks in plant from gene regulatory grids to

proteome control circuits

Prof. Ali Akbar Ehsanpour (University of Isfahan, I.R. Iran)

The role of programmed cell death (PCD) in plant salt stress

Prof. Shahrokh Kazempour Osaloo (Tarbiat Modares University, I.R. Iran)

Papilionoid legumes in Iran: A molecular phylogenetic perspective

4

Lectures Contents Developmental of egg, anther in Physalis divaricata D.

Don. ................................................................................ 5

Microgravity effects on pollen tube growth of

Alstroemeria pelegrina species ...................................... 5

Study of the effect of UV-B radiation on morphological,

anatomical and biochemical traits of Aptenia cordifolia 6

Study on stamen and pollen grain developmental

properties in Salvia verticillata L. collected from

different regions of Iran ................................................. 6

Different role of gibberellic acid and paclobutrazol on

changes of some biochemical and physiological

parameters in sweet sorghum under salt stress ............... 7

Effect of salicylic acid on phenolic compounds content

and antioxidant activity of Salvia Leriifolia Benth. in

vitro ................................................................................ 7

Exogenous application effect of spermine on ascorbate

and glutathione pool changes in three wheat cultivar

(Triticum aestivum L.) flag leaf under well-watered and

drought condition in grain filling stage .......................... 8

Effect of spermidine spray on some morphological

characteristics of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L var. siah

sardasht) under salt stress ............................................... 8

Investigation of lead effects on some physiological

characteristics of Salvia sclarea L. ................................ 9

The effects of polyamine supplement on modifying cold

stress in Stevia rebaudiana from molecular and

phytochemical viewpoints .............................................. 9

Biopriming of lettuce seeds (Lactuca sativa L.) with

Trichoderma fungi and its mutants and study of

germination and some of its morphological

characteristics ............................................................... 10

Study of transcription factors expression in oily

sunflower under salt stress ........................................... 10

The effect of aqueous extract of poplar on the

morphological and physiological parameters of lentil

seedlings ....................................................................... 11

Molecular survey of the genus Hesperis L.

(Brassicaceae) using nuclear and chloroplast markers . 11

Study of polymorphism in Neckera complanata moss

populations based on peroxidase isoenzyme system in

the north of Iran ........................................................... 12

A new variety of Cnicus benedictus (Asteraceae) for the

flora of Iran .................................................................. 12

Chromosome number count of some species of

Centaurea L. sect. Cynaroides Boiss. (Asteraceae) in

Iran ............................................................................... 13

Variation of biomass characteristics of Capparis spinosa

L. under the influence of different management .......... 13

Genetic diversity of Tanacetum polycephalum

populations in West Azerbaijan using ISSR molecular

markers ......................................................................... 14

Genetic diversity of Brachypodium distachyon

(Poaceae) in Iran based on microsatellite markers ....... 14

Effect of putrescine on somatic embryogenesis via

mature embryo in barley .............................................. 15

Evaluation of the interaction effect of two chelators

malic acid and L-histidine on improving growth and

oxidative indices in two new tomato cultivars under

heavy metal stress in hydroponic media ...................... 15

Somatic embryogenesis induction from hypocotyl

explants of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don .............. 16

Characterizing the circadian root growth oscillations in

Arabidopsis thaliana .................................................... 16

Ontogeny of endosperm tissue and seed coat in

Zygophyllum fabago ..................................................... 17

5

Developmental of egg, anther in Physalis

divaricata D. Don.

Elham Moallem*, Alireza Iranbakhsh, Iraj Mehregan

Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University,

Tehran, Iran

* Corresponding author: Moallem.elham@gmail.com

Physalis divaricata D. Don is a medicinal plant from the

family Solanaceae. In traditional medicine, the herb is

used as a diuretic, antipyretic, anti-parasitic, blood purifier.

The buds and flowers of plant developmental

characteristics of Physalis divaricata were studied in this

research. Plants were grown in a greenhouse under

experimental conditions. The structural studies were

performed by a rotary microtome. Staining was carried out

with Hematoxylin-Eosine and prepared specimens were

studied under a light microscope. Results indicated that

anthers are tetrasporangiate the mature pollen grains are

prolate, with furrows disposed along the polar axis. The

disposition of the microspore in the tetrads is tetrahedral.

The pattern of wall formation is the dicotyledonous type.

Pollen grains are two-cell when released. Study of flower

bud and fruits of Physalis divaricata shows, Gynoecium is

sessile and contains two syncarpous carpels. The ovary has

several campylotropous ovules. The female gametophyte

is the polygonum type female gametophyte.

Keywords: Physalis divaricata D. Don, Solanaceae,

Developmental, Tetrahedral, Polygonum

Microgravity effects on pollen tube growth of

Alstroemeria pelegrina species

Fateme Mousavi*

Space Biology and Environment center, Aerospace Research Institute, Ministry of Science Research and Technology, Tehran, Iran

* Corresponding author: moosavi@ari.ac.ir

Plants will be indispensable in BLSS (bioregenerative life-

support systems) for long-term missions to the other

planets because they can provide fresh oxygen and food

for astronauts and absorb carbon dioxide via

photosynthesis. Microgravity is a critical factor in plant

growth during space flights. This research evaluated the

effect of simulated microgravity on pollen germination of

Alstroemeria pelegrina species in order to investigate the

possibility of this species growing in the space

environment. Methodologically, acetocarmine

technique was used to estimate pollen viability. Pollens

were germinated and grown on Poly-D-Lysine coated

coverslips submerged in a thin layer of typical germination

medium both at 1 g and on the clinostat (micro-g). After

incubating for 6 h at room temperature, pollens were

observed under an inverted microscope in order to detect

the percentage of germination and the growth direction.

Our results showed that these parameters under

microgravity conditions were different from ones under

normal 1g ground conditions. However, Gravity is a

crucial stimulus for pollen tube growth and simulated

microgravity affects numerous aspects of pollen tube

development.

Keywords: BLSS, Pollen, Germination, Microgravity,

Coverslip, Plant

6

Study of the effect of UV-B radiation on

morphological, anatomical and biochemical

traits of Aptenia cordifolia

Rana Notaraj, Hanieh Mohajjel-Shoja*, Elham Mohajjel-Kazemi

Department of plant biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz

* Corresponding author: mohajelh@yahoo.com

Increasing of the atmospheric pollution and reducing of

the thickness of the ozone layer has increased dramatically

the absorbance of ultraviolet radiation. Among the UV

radiations, UV-B has the greatest impact on physiological

processes and growth parameters of some plant species. In

this study, the effect of UV-B (40 w.m-2

) was investigated

on Aptenia cordifolia plants in germination and vegetative

stages. The experiments were conducted in a completely

randomized design with three replications in four different

periods of UV-B radiation including 0, 45, 90 and 120

minutes per day during 15days. The results showed that

with increasing of the level of irradiation, the percentage

and rate of germination and growth parameters such as

seedlings height, the fresh and dry weight of root and

shoot were decreased significantly. Concerning anatomical

characteristics, we observed an increase in stem diameter number of vascular bundles. In the transversal section of

roots, we observed a decrease in the root diameter and

number of vascular bundles. Concerning the biochemical

characteristics, the content of photosynthetic pigments and

phenolic substances were decreased with increasing of the

level of stress compared to control conditions.

Keywords: Aptenia cordifolia, Anatomy, Morphology,

UV-B

Study on stamen and pollen grain

developmental properties in Salvia verticillata

L. collected from different regions of Iran

Maryam Kameli1*, Ahmad Majd1, Seyed Mohsen Hesamzadeh Hejazi2,

Mehdi Mirza2 1Department of Biology, College of Basic Science, Islamic Azad

University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran 2Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran

* Corresponding author: Maryam.kameli7278@gmail.com*

In botanical and taxonomical science embryological

studies are especially important. In this research,

developmental stages of Pollen grain and Stamens were

studied in Salvia verticillata L of the Lamiaceae family.

The flower and buds in different developmental stages

were removed, fixed in FAA, stored in70% ethanol,

embedded in paraffin and sliced with a microtome.

Staining was done with hematoxylin and eosin. The

prepared slides from different developmental stages were

studied carefully using a light microscope. On the basis of

this research results, for the three populations Studied,

which includes Chalus, Tehran-Lavasan and Firoozkooh-

tangeh vashi, the organization of the sepal before the

petals and the organization of the petals before the

Stamens. The number of Stamens is four and didynamous.

The anther was bisporangia. In S. verticillata, the tapetum

was plasmodial and secretory with tetra- nucleate and bi-

nucleate cells. In species, microspore tetrads were

observed with the tetrahedral and tetragonal arrangement. Keywords: Pollen grain, Stamen, Microspore, Salvia

verticillata

7

Different role of gibberellic acid and

paclobutrazol on changes of some biochemical

and physiological parameters in sweet

sorghum under salt stress

Amir Hossein Forghani1, 2, Ali Akbar Ehsanpour1*, Abbas Almodares1 1 Department of Biology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran 2 Department of Biology, Payame Noor University, Isfahan, Iran * Corresponding author: ehsanpou@sci.ui.ac.ir

The phytohormones are important in plant adaptation to

abiotic and biotic stresses by facilitating a wide range of

adaptive responses. Application of gibberellic acid (GA3)

and Paclobutrazol (PBZ) as GA3 biosynthesis inhibitors

have been shown to affect salinity tolerance by modulating

phytohormones. The aim of this study was to find out the

potential objectives for GA3 and PBZ as affected by

salinity by altering the phytohormones, morphological,

biochemical and antioxidant parameters in sweet sorghum.

So, following seed germination, seedlings were cultured in

Hoagland nutrient solution containing NaCl (0, 100 and

200 mM) supplemented with 17 µM GA3 and PBZ for 12

days. The results were analyzed by Principal Component

Analysis (PCA) to identify the best target(s) for salinity,

GA3, and PBZ in sweet sorghum. Salinity reduced the

morphological parameters in shoot and root. Also, the

content of photosynthesis pigments increased under

salinity stress. The result of this study indicated GA3 and

PBZ reduced the negative effect of salt on shoot and root

respectively. Paclobutrazol associated with salt improved

root/shoot length, carotenoid, and total chlorophyll by

modulating cytokinin (CK)/GA3, indole acetic acid

(IAA)/GA3, and total polyamines/GA3 ratios. Gibberellic

acid-treated plants notably improved phytohormones

content such as cytokinin, auxin, abscisic acid (ABA), and

polyamines resulting in increased stem growth. Moreover,

the main objectives of GA3 were ABA, spermidine, and

ABA/GA3 ratio in response to salinity. Though GA3 and

PBZ have different roles against salt stress, ABA/GA3

ratio was a similar target of GA3 and PBZ. This work

suggests that altered levels of GA3 resulting from PBZ-

and GA3-treated plants cause different allocation patterns

in sweet sorghum by regulation of CK/GA3, IAA/GA3, and

total polyamines/GA3 ratio.

Keywords: Abscisic acid, Cytokinin, Chlorophyll,

Hormone cross-talk

Effect of salicylic acid on phenolic compounds

content and antioxidant activity of Salvia

Leriifolia Benth. in vitro

Najmeh Rahdar1, Sedigheh Esmaeilzadeh Bahabadi1*, Masoumeh

Modarres2, Morteza Gholami3 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Zabol,

Zabol, Iran 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Farhangian University, Mashhad, Iran 3 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Golestan University,

Gorgan, Iran * Corresponding author: esmaeilzadeh@uoz.ac.ir

Norouzak (Salvia leriifolia Benth.) is a species of the

Lamiaceae family which has anti-inflammatory, anti-

inflammatory, anti-diabetes, and anti-oxidant properties.

Phenolic compounds, such as flavonoids, are secondary

vegetable metabolites with very high antioxidant ability. In

order to increase the production of secondary metabolites

in tissue culture, treatments with biotic and abiotic elicitors

and the addition of precursors are considered in plant cell

cultures. The purpose of this study is to investigate the

effect of various concentrations of salicylic acid (10, 50,

and 100 mM) on the content of secondary metabolites and

the antioxidant activity of the Norouzak plant in vitro.

Thus, the contents of phenol and flavonoids are measured

by Folin-cicoalteu and aluminum chloride, respectively.

Also, the antioxidant activity is evaluated using DPPH

method. The results showed that total phenol content,

flavonoids, and antioxidant activity increased significantly

than control so that the highest contents were observed in

50 mM salicylic acid. Therefore, by optimizing the

concentration of acid salicylic acid, the antioxidant

properties of S. leriifolia can be increased.

Keywords: Salicylic acid, Phenolic compounds,

Antioxidant activity, Salvia Leriifolia Benth

8

Exogenous application effect of spermine on

ascorbate and glutathione pool changes in

three wheat cultivar (Triticum aestivum L.)

flag leaf under well-watered and drought

condition in grain filling stage

Mohammad-Reza Sarafraz-Ardakani*

Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Yazd University

* Corresponding author: sarafraz.ardakani@yazd.ac.ir

In order to study effect of exogenous application of

spermine on antioxidant potential, the experiment based on

the randomized complete block design with four

replications was designed for the effect study of spermine

(25 mg l-1

) on non-enzymatic antioxidant pool content

related to oxidative stress traits changes in three wheat

cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) different from the

direction of tolerance to drought stress grown in

greenhouse under well-watered (100% field capacity) and

drought (50% field capacity) condition starting from spike

formation until its maturity. Results showed drought

significantly alleviated total ascorbate of drought tolerant

(Pishtaz) cultivar and dehydroascorbate and oxidized

glutathione in drought tolerant and semi-drought tolerant

(Sabalan) cultivars. Also, malondialdehyde and hydrogen

peroxide content increased in susceptible cultivar

(Gaspard) more than two other cultivars, significantly.

Although spermine application had no significant effect on

total ascorbate and glutathione content in studied wheat

cultivars under 100 and 50 percent field capacity, it

increased dehydroascorbate and oxidized glutathione

content in Sabalan and Pishtaz cultivars flag leaf,

significantly. Also, spermine caused the significant

amelioration of malondialdehyde more than hydrogen

peroxide in the tolerant cultivar, especially. The

investigation results showed although the exogenous

application of spermine did not cause to significant effect

on total ascorbate and glutathione pool, it decreased

reduced ascorbate/dehydroascorbate and reduced

glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio. Tolerant cultivar

(Pishtaz) benefited from the exogenous application of

spermine treatment in related to non-enzymatic pool

improvement.

Keywords: Field capacity, Hormonal treatment, Hydrogen

peroxide, Malondialdehyde, Non-enzymatic antioxidant

Effect of spermidine spray on some

morphological characteristics of grapevine

(Vitis vinifera L var. siah sardasht) under salt

stress

Ghafar Shokri1*, Jafar Amiri1, Mohsen Barin2

1 Department of Horticultural Science, Urmia University 2 Department of Soil Science, Urmia University

* Corresponding Author: shokrighafar59@gmail.com

To study the effects of salinity on some morphological of

grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. var. siah sardasht) and the

effect of foliar application with spermidine in reduce

salinity stress, Grapevine was subjected to different salt

concentrations (0, 20, 40 and 80 mM) and foliar

application of spermidine (0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mM) in

hydroponic conditions. The experiments were conducted

using a factorial based on a complete randomized design

with four replications. The results indicated that with

increasing the salinity levels in the nutrient solution, leaf

area, numbers of leaves, root length and height of shoot

were reduced. However, without spermidine application

under salinity (80 mM), these reductions were 45.36 and

35.46 percent respectively with spermidine spray at the

rate of 1 mM under NaCl (80 mM) these reductions were

38.25 and 31.48 percent respectively. Results showed that

application of spermidine (especially in 0, 5 and 1 mM)

can be effective in improving the negative effects of

salinity in this cultivar.

Keywords: Grapevine, Shoot height, Leaf number,

Spermidine, Salinity

9

Investigation of lead effects on some

physiological characteristics of

Salvia sclarea L.

Fatemeh Rezaei, Tahmaseb Asemaneh*

Department of biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yasouj * Corresponding author: asemaneh@yu.ac.ir

Lead is the most important metal contaminants threaten

the environmental health and impairs nutrient uptake by

the plant. Phytoremediation has an important use for

remediation of lead-contaminated soils. In order to

evaluate the phytoremediation potential and lead

accumulation, the effects of lead on some growth and

development characters of Salvia sclarea L. were studied.

Different concentrations of lead nitrate (0, 5, 30, 100 µM)

treatment was applied in a hydroponic culture, and the

effects of lead on some physiological characteristics of the

plant were considered. The study results showed that by

increasing the concentration of lead; shoot and root length,

leaf area, the fresh and dry weight of plants, chlorophyll

and total protein content of plant organs decreased, while

plant lead content increased. Due to the amount of

accumulated lead in the plant shoot, S. sclarea is not

considered as a lead accumulator plant species. On the

other hand, in 5 µM lead treatment, about 50 to 60 mg lead

per kg of dry weight of the plant accumulated without

having a significant effect on plant growth indices and

exhibiting toxicity. Therefore, it can be acknowledged that

it is lead resistant to the concentrations of about 5 μM in

the environment and is recommended for lead

phytoremediation to this concentration.

Keywords: Lead, Physiological characteristic, Salvia

sclarea, Stress resistance

The effects of polyamine supplement on

modifying cold stress in Stevia rebaudiana

from molecular and phytochemical

viewpoints

Seyed Mehdi Razavi*, Kamran Moradi, Saber Zahri

Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

* Corresponding author: razavi694@gmail.com

In this study, the role of polyamide supplementation in

modifying the effects of cold stress in stevia was evaluated

from different phytochemical and molecular aspects. In

this regard, Stevia plants were first treated with 48 and 96

hours at 4◦C as individual form and then with polyamide

supplementation. Then, steviol glucosides content and

other secondary metabolites of the plant under different

conditions of treatment were evaluated using HPLC

technique and ultraviolet spectroscopy, respectively. In the

next step, the electrophoretic pattern of stevia plant

proteins and expression of a glycosyltransferase, 74G1,

were determined by SDS-PAGE and real-time PCR

techniques, respectively. The results showed that the

content of total flavonoid, total tannin and total phenol in

the stevia plants treated with cold and polyamine

supplement was higher than that of the cold only treated

plants. Results also showed that the rebaudioside A, a

steviol glucoside, significantly increased to 25-100 % in

the plant treatment with some periods of cold combined

with polyamine compared with cold only treatment at p≤

0.05. The electrophoretic pattern of stevia proteins also

indicated that there were some additional bands in cold-

treated groups. This band was intensified in polyamine-

cold treated groups. The expression of the

glycosyltransferase gene, 74G1, a key gene in steviol

glycosylation biosynthesis pathway, increased 40% in the

cold-polyamine treatment group compared with the

control. Keywords: Stevia rebaudiana, Polyamine, Cold stress,

Steviol glucosides

10

Biopriming of lettuce seeds (Lactuca sativa L.)

with Trichoderma fungi and its mutants and

study of germination and some of its

morphological characteristics

Zahra Rezaloo1, Samira Shahbazi2*, Ghasem Tohidloo1, Hamed Askari2

1 Seed Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture,

Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran. 2 Nuclear Agriculture Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology

Research Institute (NSTRI), Atomic Energy Organization of Iran (AEOI),

Alborz, Iran. * Corresponding author: sshahbazi@nrcam.org

Increase the germination and growth indices using

methods such as biopriming is important. To this end, an

experiment was conducted to study the effect of

germination with five species of native Trichoderma

fungus of Iran on some of the vegetative traits of lettuce

seeds seedlings. The effect of induced-mutation by gamma

irradiation on the Trichoderma genome and probably

increase in the efficiency of biopriming via using mutated

Trichoderma isolates was studied. Experiments with three

treatments: control, inoculated with wild-type

Trichoderma based bio-formulation and inoculation with

mutants Trichoderma, at the Nuclear Agriculture Research

Institute in the form of a completely randomized design

with three replications was done. Evaluation of traits

(germination percentage, stem and root length, fresh and

dry weight) were evaluated using standard ISTA method.

Results showed the highest germination percentage was in

seeds coated with Trichoderma. Due to the use of fresh

lettuce, fresh weight of root and especially shoot, fungal

treatments showed significant improvement. The

important index of stem dry weight was better in fungal

treatments than control. But the length of the seedlings

from the coated seeds was less than the control. By

comparing these two indicators, it can be said that

Trichoderma by providing the food needed for the plant,

avoid wasting plant energy to increase its length. The

amount of root hairs in the roots of buds which had

Trichoderma were much more control. Generally, due to

the use of lettuce, it is recommended to use Trichoderma

biologic fungi to enhance the performance of lettuce.

Keywords: Biopriming, Lettuce, Germination,

Trichoderma

Study of transcription factors expression in

oily sunflower under salt stress

Faezeh Hoseinpour*, Nahid Habibi, Reza Darvishzadeh, Babak Abdollahi

Department Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Urmia

* Corresponding author: Faeze_hoseinpor@yahoo.com

Biotic and abiotic stresses are the most important factors

limiting the yield of crops such as sunflower. Transcription

factors are involved in regulating the genes that

responsible for biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore,

identification and study of transcription factors is an

effective step towards finding targeted strategies for

tolerance of plants to stress. In this research using Real-

Time PCR technology, transcript variations of two

transcription factors WRKY and AP2Domain in different

salinity conditions (2, 5, 8, 11, 14 ds/m) in two resistant

(AS5305) and susceptible (9CSA3) line in sunflower oil

were examined. Sampling from leaves of plants at the 8-

leaf stage was performed at 4 times 6, 12, 24, 48 hours

after applying stress. The results of statistical analysis

showed that the gene expression level of encoding the

transcription factors in the susceptible and resistant lines

of sunflower was different. The rate of gene expression

coding for the transcription factors of WRKY and AP2

Domain in the resistant line (AS5305) increased

significantly compared to the susceptible line (9CSA3). In

other words, higher expression of these genes results in

more tolerance to salinity stress.

Keywords: Sunflower, Transcription factors, Salt stress

11

The effect of aqueous extract of poplar on the

morphological and physiological parameters

of lentil seedlings

Mehdi Simaei1*, Khadijeh Sabetpour2

1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan Branch, Lahijan, Iran 2 Department of Biology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran

* Corresponding Author: m.simaei@liau.ac.ir

Allelopathic is a natural phenomenon and when some

special chemical compounds released by the plant species

may affect plant species around. This study examines the

allelopathic effect of aqueous extract of leaves of poplar

(Populus deltoides) on parameters of the morphological

(fresh and dry weight of shoot and root length and root)

and physiological (germination and the content of

pigments such as chlorophylls, carotenoids, and

flavonoids) in lentil seedlings (Lens esculinaris). To

perform the experiment of distilled water as a control and

water extract of poplar (0.04, 0.06, 0.08 mg.ml-1

) were

used. Germination of seedlings declined in all days with

increasing of concentration of extract significantly. The

concentration of 0.08 significantly increased the fresh and

dry weight of root and reduced shoot fresh weight of

seedlings. Shoot dry weight was unaffected by none of the

concentrations of poplar extract. The concentration of

chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll of leaves of lentil

seedlings under the influence of all three concentrations of

the extract significantly declined but the concentration of

chlorophyll b reduced only in the presence of 0.08 mg.ml-1

of aqueous extract significantly. The content of

carotenoids by 0.08 treatment of aqueous extract declined

while the concentration of flavonoids enhanced

significantly. The study of chromatography showed that

the secondary metabolites found in the leaves of poplar are

belonging to phenolic glycosides and few of phenolic

acids, which are able to inhibit plant growth. The results

show that the poplar leaf extracts have allelopathic effects

on the morphological and physiological parameters of

lentil.

Keywords: Allelopathy, Growth, Lentil (Lens

esculinaris), Pigment, Poplar (Populus deltoides)

Molecular survey of the genus Hesperis L.

(Brassicaceae) using nuclear and chloroplast

markers

Atena Eslami Farouji*, Hamed Khodayari

Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Lorestan University * Corresponding author: eslami.at@fs.lu.ac.ir

Hesperis L. distributed worldwide in Europe, Southwest

Asia, Caucasia, Russia, mountain part of China and

Mongolia, while the phylogenetic relationships among

species remain unclear. In order to accomplish this goal,

sequenced data resulting from nuclear-encoded ribosomal

ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) and trnL-F (chloroplast

DNA) were analyzed by different methods such as

parsimony, Maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods

for more than 100 accessions in world, demonstrating

approximately all species entire distribution ranges,

together with outgroups of selected members of different

tribes of lineage III using *BEAST (ver. V1.7.4), Mega

(ver. 6.06) and MrBayes (ver. 3.2) software programs. The

results have clearly shown high posterior

probability/bootstrap support for more Hesperis specimens

as a monophyletic group. Divergence time estimations,

utilizing both a secondary calibration approach and

published ITS substitution rates, clearly clarified the time

of the origin of Hesperis.

Keywords: Hesperideae, Brassicaceae, divergence time

estimation, Phylogeny, Hesperis

12

Study of polymorphism in Neckera

complanata moss populations based on

peroxidase isoenzyme system in the north of

Iran

Farshad Mohammadzadeh Gharegheshlagh1, Arman Mahmoudi

Otaghvari1, Tahereh A. Aghajanzadeh1*, Habib Zare2 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of

Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran

2 Nowshahr Botanical Garden, Mazandaran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Sari, Iran * Corresponding author: Botany1347@gmail.com

Bryophytes (Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts) are

among the main categories of green plants. Mosses are

small plants, non-vascular, and without flowers. Neckera

complanata is one of the most prominent species in the

Hircanian wetland that has smooth Leaves, not

transversely undulate, lingulate or spatulate, with a short

or sometimes elongated point; margin plane, dentate in the

upper part of the leaf. Seta tall; capsule longly exserted;

stomata small and few at the base of the capsule. Spores

about 24-28 µ and mature in spring. No molecular and

protein-based work has been done on this moss in Iran yet.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences

and similarities among N. complannata moss populations

by using isoenzymes biochemical markers (peroxidase).

Isoenzymes are enzymes that differ in the composition of

amino acids but accelerate the same chemical reaction,

therefore, identification and isolation of these isoenzymes

have a diagnostic value. For this purpose, two populations

are collected from Golestan province (Loveh and

Kourdkoy) and two populations from Mazandaran

province (Hezrajarib and Dodangeh) in the same altitude

in 2017 autumn. According to the results, the number of

isoenzymic bands in populations of Dodangeh and Loveh

are more than the isoenzymic bands of the Kourdkoy and

Hezarjarib populations. The results showed that this

enzymic system has polymorphism in different

populations.

Keywords: Isoenzyme, Neckera complanate moss,

Polymorphism, North of Iran

A new variety of Cnicus benedictus

(Asteraceae) for the flora of Iran

Kazem Negaresh*

Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Khuzestan Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University

* Corresponding author: kazem.negaresh@gmail.com

The genus Cnicus (Asteraceae) is monotypic and only

encompassing C. benedictus L. According to Flora Iranica,

C. benedictus comprises two varieties namely: var.

benedictus and var. kotschyi (Sch.Bip.) Boiss. Both

varieties having glabrous achenes and var. kotschyi differs

from the former by having shorter achenes and pappus.

For taxonomic revision of C. benedictus in Iran, plants

were collected from diff erent regions within the natural

geographical distribution of the species during several

excursions from 2011 to 2017. The collected specimens

were identified according to the treatment in Flora Iranica

and another literature review. A range of taxonomically

important characters in the species was investigated. Some

interesting samples were discovered that having achenes

covered with tomentose hairs. Achene morphology was

analyzed by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

also confirmed above diagnostic character. So Cnicus

benedictus var. tomentosus Negaresh is described and

illustrated here as a new variety. However, holotype and

paratypes specimens are deposited at herbaria of

Khuzestan Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources

University (KhAU) and Bu-Ali Sina University (BASU),

respectively.

Keywords: New variety, Taxonomy, SEM, Cnicus

benedictus

13

Chromosome number count of some species

of Centaurea L. sect. Cynaroides Boiss.

(Asteraceae) in Iran

Soroor Shamouni1, Mohammad Reza Parishani1*, Kazem Negaresh2 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz 2 Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Khuzestan

Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University * Corresponding author: mrparishani@scu.ac.ir

The genus Centaurea L. is one of the important genera that

include 400 to 700 species in the world. The purpose of

this study was to chromosome number count of three

species of Centaurea sect. Cynaroides Boiss. from Iran.

For this purpose, after the germination of the seeds, the

end portion of the root was cut off and after the staining

process, the metaphase plates was prepared by squashing

method. In this study, the chromosome number obtained in

C. alfonsoi Negaresh (2n=18), C. imperialis Hausskn. ex

Bornm. (2n=18) and C. regia Boiss. subsp. cynarocephala

(Wagenitz) Wagenitz (2n=18). Among these, the later

species chromosome count was in the world for the first

time whereas other taxa counts confirm previous reports

and it indicates the chromosomal number stability in other

populations of these taxa.

Keywords: Asteraceae, Centaurea sect. cynaroides,

Chromosome number, Iran

Variation of biomass characteristics of

Capparis spinosa L. under the influence of

different management

Javad Motamedi1*, Esmaeil Sheidai Karkaj2 1 Department of Ecology and Biology of Rangelands, Rangeland Research Division, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands,

Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO),

Tehran, Iran 2 Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural

Resources, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

* Corresponding author: motamedi@rifr.ac.ir

Recognition of plant characteristics is the first step in

recognizing patterns in vegetation and how they respond to

environmental conditions. Therefore, plant characteristics

(Biomass traits) of Capparis spinosa species were

investigated. This species is one of the main elements of

the Marjandian plant communities and the relatively

humid slopes of the semi-arid semi-dry mountain

rangelands of the Azarbaijan region of Iran in the

northwest, whose fruit is used as a by-product with

medicinal and medicinal properties. In order to investigate

the effect of the type of management (grazing exclusion

and non-exclusion) on plant characteristics, a

representative mass in the enclosure and a similar reagent

mass in terms of the physiographic state were considered

in the outside of the enclosure. In each of the

representative masses, systematic random sampling was

performed on 40 square-meter plots that were located

along the four 100-meter transects. At the same time, the

vegetative characteristics of five plant bases that were

healthy and juicy were measured in each of the masses. To

compare the effect of management type on plant

characteristics, two independent samples were used for the

t-test. Based on the results, among the 10 plant

characteristics, only the average weight of 10 leaflets and

an average weight of each leaflet of the inside and outside

of the enclosure were significantly different. The values of

all the measured characteristics are more inwardly

enclosed than the outside, which indicates the positive

effect of capture on plant characteristics. The results of the

research are applicable to the preservation, rehabilitation,

and development of this species as a multifunctional plant

and a sub-producer in rangeland areas. Meanwhile,

measured traits are the essential requirements for

calculating the diversity of performance.

Keywords: Plant characteristics, Marne lands, Semi-arid

rangelands, Grazing exclusion

14

Genetic diversity of Tanacetum polycephalum

populations in West Azerbaijan using ISSR

molecular markers

Mehran Mojarrad Ashena abad1, Ali Sonboli2*, Siavash Hosseini3

1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. 2 Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti

University, Evin, 1983969411, Tehran, Iran. 3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia,

Iran. * Corresponding author: a-sonboli@sbu.ac.ir

Tanacetum polycephalum from Anthemideae tribe of the

Asteraceae family is rangeland species with high

morphological diversity and vast dispersal in northwest,

east and center of Iran. The purpose of this research is

studying genetic diversity of 20 populations of T. polycephalum in West Azerbaijan using ISSR molecular

marker. 10 ISSR primers out of 14 primers could be scored

based on having or not having a band. Overall 208 bands

produced. The range number of bands was between

15(IS24) to 28 (IS20) and an average number of bands was

20.8. Regarding the polymorphism bands percentage, IS8, IS1, IS10, IS13, IS20 markers had a high percentage (100)

and IS24 marker had the lower percentage (80) and mean

percentage of polymorphism in the primers was %96.03.

PIC, RP, EMR and MI means were .30, 6.06, 19.5 and

6.13 respectively. Overall the most effective markers were

IS8, IS1, and IS10. The results of the cluster analysis

revealed the grouping of populations studied in 2 main and

4 subgroups, in which the different populations collected

from the same locality included in one group. Therefore,

the close relationship between geographic location and

genetic diversity was characterized and it may be

concluded that geographic and climatic factors could be

one of the responsible main factors for genetic diversity. Keywords: West Azerbaijan, Cluster analysis, ISSR,

Tanacetum polycephalum

Genetic diversity of Brachypodium distachyon

(Poaceae) in Iran based on microsatellite

markers

Amir-Hossein Rezaei1, Majid Sharifi-Tehrani1*, Pilar Catalan2 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University 2 Scuela Polytechnica Superiur, Huesca, University of Zaragoza

* Corresponding author: sharifi-m@sci.sku.ac.ir

The Brachypodium distachyon complex comprising three

annuals; B. distachyon. B. stacei and B.hybridum is a

model for polyploid grasses and temperate crop evolution.

These species are ephemeral, inbreeding, widely

distributed and energy-crops in their native distribution in

circum-Mediterranean. Several studies have been

performed on the subject of genetic diversity of this model

plant, including using SSRs to study genetic diversity of B.

distachyon populations in Turkey, genetic diversity of B.

hybridum populations using SSRs, evaluating 90000 SNPs

for confirming the hybrid nature of B.hybridum, and

studying 9 populations of tetraploid B.hybridum in Tunes

using 8 indels. New sequences in this species showed that

there are hundreds of new polymorphisms not already seen

in reference sequences. In this study, genetic diversity and

structure of 72 individuals from natural populations of this

species in Iran were studied using 20 SSRs and ISSRs.

PCR products separated by PAGE and showed that all

markers were polymorphic. Our confirming results showed

that there were no relations between groupings of

populations and their geographic origin or elevation and

that long-distance dispersal was a major factor shaping the

genetic structure of the populations. Observations were

comparable to those studied in Tunes.

Keywords: Brachypodium, Microsatellite, Genetic

diversity, Iran

15

Effect of putrescine on somatic embryogenesis

via mature embryo in barley

Arash Hosseinpour1, Kamil Haliloğlu1, Hossein Zeinalzadeh-Tabrizi2* 1 Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey 2 Crop and Horticultural Science Research Department, Ardabil

Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Ardabil (Moghan), Iran

* Corresponding author: h.zeinalzadeh@areeo.ac.ir

Plant tissue culture through somatic embryogenesis plays a

key role in the genetic transformation of barley. The

production of embryogenic calli with higher regeneration

is a prerequisite for an efficient plant regeneration system.

Although immature embryos are the best type of explants

for plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis, the

use of mature embryos has significant advantages over

immature embryos as explants. However, the regeneration

capacity of mature embryos is still lower than immature

embryos. Plant regeneration from somatic embryos occurs

only when they become mature enough. In addition,

maturation of somatic embryos and their transformation

into plants are highly correlated with plant growth

regulators. Polyamines are the main components in the

formation of somatic embryos and plant regeneration. In

this research, the effect of different concentrations of

putrescine on somatic embryogenesis and regeneration of

barley were studied. Although the effect of different

concentrations of polyamines on embryogenic callus

formation did not have a significant effect, its effect on

responded embryogenic callus rate and plant regeneration

efficiency was highly significant. Increasing the

concentration of putrescine increased the rate of

regenerated plants. The highest values for responded

embryogenic callus and regeneration efficiency were

obtained on MS medium containing 1 mM concentration

of putrescine.

Keywords: Callus induction, Plant growth regulators,

Polyamines, Regeneration

Evaluation of the interaction effect of two

chelators malic acid and L-histidine on

improving growth and oxidative indices in

two new tomato cultivars under heavy metal

stress in hydroponic media

Hossein Mozafari1*, Hassan Salari1, Hakimeh Oloomi1, Mohammad

Moghtader2, Mohammad Mohsen salajegheh3 1 Department of Ecology, Institute of Science and High Technology and

Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology,

Kerman, Iran 2 Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Science and High Technology

and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced

Technology, Kerman, Iran 3 Department of Biology, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman,

Kerman, Iran

* Corresponding author: mozafari.hossein@gmail.com

The copper and nickel heavy metals stress causes high-

energy radicals and various cell damage in a sensitive

tomato plant that it is called oxidative stress. When the

intensity of oxidative stress exceeds the ability of the

antioxidant system, the plant decreases its growth and

yield. In this research, we tried to investigate the

interaction of two chelators such as malates and histidine

on growth improvement and reduction of oxidative stress

in two new tomato varieties including Cal j and early

Urbana under copper and nickel stress in hydroponic

conditions. The treatments consisted of 9 treatments

including concentrations of 150 and 300 μm copper and

nickel, 1 mM malate and 300 μm of histidine in a base of

Hoagland solution, which were grown on plants planted at

the surface of 50cc flask tube containing solution

Hoagland was treated in three replicates without bedding.

Parameters such as morphological growth, protein content,

catalase and peroxidase enzymes activity, H2O2 content,

accumulation of Malondialdehyde (MDA), and so on.

Statistical analysis of data was done by one-way ANOVA

with SPSS 18.0 software at a significant level of 5%. The

results showed that co-administration of malate and

histidine chelators had a significant effect on oxidative

stress reduction on tomato cultivars under the stress. In

addition, by adding the chelators to a nutrient medium

containing nickel and copper, oxidant indices have been

shown to show a greater correlation between the plasma

membrane and decrease the absorption and transmission of

nickel and copper. However, Cal j compared to the other

cultivar gave a better growth and oxidation response to

chelators under stress conditions. It seems that chelators

deal with the influence of heavy metals on physiological,

molecular processes, enzymes' activity, and the

replacement of plant nutrients. It is suggested that this

effect of chelators be studied further at the cell molecular

level.

Keywords: Nickel, Copper, Malondialdehyde, Catalase,

Peroxidase

16

Somatic embryogenesis induction from

hypocotyl explants of Catharanthus roseus

(L.) G. Don

Habib Farhadi, Mohammad Bagher Hasanpouraghdam*, Mohammad Ali Aazami

Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University

of Maragheh * Corresponding author: hassanpouraghdam@gmail.com

The current research was conducted to simulate the

efficient in vitro somatic embryogenesis of Periwinkle

Catharanthus roseus. 1 mg/l 2,4-D+0/5 mg/l BAP

significantly affected the calli fresh weight. 1 and 0/5 mg/l

2,4-D concentration had meaningful effect on the

production of pre-embryonic tissue and subsequent

embryogenesis. With the second experiment, radicle,

hypocotyl and leaf explants from in vitro derived plants

were employed. For callogenesis, the interaction effects of

radicle × 2,4-D, hypocotyl × 2,4-D and radicle × NAA

were significant. For calli fresh weight, hypocotyl × NAA

and hypocotyl × 1mg/l NAA+ 1mg/l BAP were the

treatments of choice. For pre-embryonic tissue and the

embryos produced, hypocotyl × 2, 4-D was the best

treatment.

Keywords: Catharanthus roseus, Plant growth regulators,

Somatic embryogenesis, MS medium

Characterizing the circadian root growth

oscillations in Arabidopsis thaliana

Nima Yazdanbakhsh*

Department of Plant Sciences, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

* Corresponding author: yazdanb@ut.ac.ir

Circadian rhythms are biological rhythms with a period

close to 24h which persist in the absence of the external

clues. Although circadian rhythmic leaf expansion have

been well reported for long time, existence of rhythms in

root elongation has just been reported recently. Extensive

experiments performed on different genotypes and

accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana in different

photoperiods and nutrient availabilities demonstrated

rhythmic root elongation patterns. Common to these

experiments, the diurnal root elongation rate pattern

exhibits 5 distinct phases; 1) a peak of enhanced growth

activity 1.5 h after dawn, 2) declining growth rates during

the major part of the light period, 3) increasing root

elongation rates during the last 5 h prior to dusk, 4) an

hour of growth inhibition right after dusk and its

subsequent recovery, and 5) progressive increase of

growth activity throughout the dark period up to shortly

after the next dawn. Extensive experiments demonstrated

that root elongation is mainly controlled by the circadian

clock, and influenced by carbohydrate availability.

Furthermore, light-dark transitions impose a transient

stimulation on root elongation pattern.

Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana, Circadian rhythms, root

elongation

17

Ontogeny of endosperm tissue and seed coat

in Zygophyllum fabago

Elham Mohajel Kazemi*, Mina Kazemian, Fatemeh Majidzadeh,

Mahboubeh Aliasgharpour Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of

Tabriz, Iran.

* Corresponding author: e.mohajelkazemi@tabrizu.ac.ir

Regarding the developmental importance of endosperm

tissue and seed coat, the study of the ontogeny of

endosperm and seed coat sculptures was considered in

current research using microscopic techniques. The

samples were collected from different developmental

stages. Then, the fixed samples were studied by different

histochemical methods. The observations indicated that the

ovule was of the anatropous and bitegmic type which the

inner integument was comprised of 3-4 distinct cell layers.

The inner epidermis cells regularly wrapped around the

embryo sac and are retained up to the end of seed

development, whereas the other layers were removed in

the early stages. Moreover, the outer integument was made

up of two layers of cubic-shaped cells, and the external

layer was changed into the seed coat sculptures during the

seed development. Thus, the seeds of Z. fabago were

categorized of testal type. During the early developmental

stages, the endosperm was of nuclear type and then

changed into the cellular type. In the later stage of seed

development, the formation of starch grains and the

strongly thickening of cell walls were occurred, causing

considerable reduction of cell cavities as well as hardening

of this tissue.

Keywords: Bitegmic , Exotesta, Embryo, Histological

techniques, Nuclear endosperm

18

Posters

19

Posters Contents

Effect of ripening stages on antioxidant enzymes, phenolic

and flavonoid compounds of Rubus caesius L. ........... 25

The effect of some elicitors on in vitro callogenesis of

Hazelnut ...................................................................... 25

Estimation of vegetative growth in Sesamum indicum by a

mathematical model .................................................... 26

In vitro micropropagation of Aglaonema .................... 26

Survey of histo-anatomical features of vegetative organs in

the Hedera helix L. (Araliaceae) ................................. 27

Evaluation of bolting and flower ................................. 27

characteristics in some Iranian spinach landraces ....... 27

Determination of the optimal 2,4-D concentration for

callus induction from different explants of Salvia tebesana

Bunge .......................................................................... 28

The effect of sucrose and activated charcoal on browning

and organogenesis of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)

meristem culture .......................................................... 28

Impact of cyanobacteria as a bioelicitor on the

morphological and physiological characteristics of wheat

plant (Triticum aestivum L.) ........................................ 29

The survey of female gametophyte development and effect

of Sodium Chloride stress on ontogeny of flower's

components in pistacia vera L. ................................... 29

The effect of plant growth regulators on sex determination

and fruit set on a watermelon (Citrullus Lanatus)

population .................................................................... 30

Leaf morphological study of Calotropis procera (Aiton)

R.br. in Iran ................................................................. 30

Effect of temperature and photoperiod on vegetative and

reproductive growth of autumn daffodil flower

(Sternbergia lutea) ...................................................... 31

Pollen morphological diversity in the genus Xanthium L.

(Asteraceae) in Iran ..................................................... 31

Comparative study of heavy metals stress on anatomy and

morphology of different wheat (Triticum sativum L.)

genotypes..................................................................... 32

The effect of petrochemical industry wastewater pollutants

on morphology and...................................................... 32

anatomy of Brasica napus ........................................... 32

Investigating the effect of chemicals on pollen images

produced by SEM ........................................................ 33

Taxonomical study of some species of Fagaceae in Iran33

Functional morpho-anatomical characters of wood in some

species of Fagaceae ..................................................... 34

The development of inflorescence, flower, ovule and

pollen grains in Artemisia aucheri .............................. 34

Study of genesis stages of pollen and ovule development

in Astragalus stevenianus ............................................ 35

Effect of plant growth regulators on micropropagation of

jujube medicinal plant ................................................. 35

Micromorphological investigation of epidermis and

external secretory structures in developing wild Pistachio

leaf ............................................................................... 36

Reproductive organs development in Verbascum

pseudodigitalis L. ......................................................... 36

Study of morphological and internal changes in intact and

gall branches of willow (Salix babylonica) .................. 37

A cytological study in some of the Allium species in Iran

..................................................................................... 37

Study of expression AP1 and LFY genes in leaf and flower

bud of Brassica nigra L. .............................................. 38

Study of the effect of salinity stress on morphological

characteristics of Coneflower ....................................... 38

Trichome properties of Alcea aucheri (Boiss) Alef.

(Malvaceae) and their systematic implications ............ 39

Introduction of significant diagnostic characters in

mericarps of Alcea L. species (Malvaceae) .................. 39

In vitro propagation of Physalis alkekengi using axillary

bud explants ................................................................. 40

Investigating the effect of plant growth regulators on the

propagation of Mooseer (Allium hirtifolium Boiss.) in in

vitro conditions ............................................................ 40

An anatomical study of leaves and petioles of Pistacia

mutica in Maravehtapeh, Golestan province of Iran .... 41

Physiological aspects of redroot pigweed‟s (Amaranthus

retroflexus L.) allelopathic effects on cucumber plants41

Redroot pigweed‟s (Amaranthus retroflexus L.)

allelopathic effects on growth and physiological

parameters of lettuce seedlings .................................... 42

Effects of allelopathic compounds of barley (Hordeum

vulgare L.) on seedling growth and some antioxidant

activities of Chenopodium album ................................ 42

Comparison of germination in two variety of flax at saline

conditions ..................................................................... 43

Germination of Ferula gummosa under effects of drought

stress ............................................................................ 43

The response of rapeseed under salt stress to the

application of zinc sulfate in the rosette stage.............. 44

Expression of genes associated with ethylene during

storage of kiwifruit at low temperatures ...................... 44

Comparative evaluation of crocin antioxidant in three

agronomic and wildlife saffron species ........................ 45

Evaluation of drought stress resistance in two cultivars of

point and bush beans .................................................... 45

The effect of different levels of drought stress on some

physiological parameters of two cultivars of red and bush

beans ............................................................................ 46

Physiological responses of two cultivars of G-17 and

Almas beans under water deficiency stress .................. 46

Endosperm variation and fresh to dry weight ratio during

Trigonella persica germination .................................... 47

Uptake and distribution of phenanthrene and pyrene in

roots and shoots of maize (Zea mays L.) ...................... 47

Toxic effects of phenanthrene on physiological parameters

of maize (Zea mays L.) ................................................ 48

Evaluation of arsenate induced physiological responses in

alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) ......................................... 48

20

Effect of arsenic toxicity on peroxidase, superoxide

dismutase activity and total phenol content in alfalfa

(Medicago sativa L.) ................................................... 49

Study of fatty acids of three populations of Linum

usitatissimum L. .......................................................... 49

Drought stress on electrolyte leakage, H2O2 concentration,

relative water and chlorophyll content and leaf area in

Carthamus tinctorius L. .............................................. 50

Effect of salicylic acid on growth and essential elements‟

content in spring canola plants under lead stress ......... 50

Effect of exogenous salicylic acid on alleviating lead-

induced oxidative stress in leaves of spring canola plants

..................................................................................... 51

Evaluation of varieties effect on plant osmolytes in 5

quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) varieties under

environmental stress condition .................................... 51

The effect cold stress on physiology of Stevia rebaudiana

Bertoni under in vitro culture condition ...................... 52

The effect of gibberellin on the content of some secondary

metabolites in ethylene insensitive cut roses (Rosa hybrida

L.) ................................................................................ 52

Effect of vermicompost on the nutrient elements of the

fennel shoot under saline conditions ........................... 53

Effect of vermicompost on the growth, chlorophyll,

carotenoid, phenol, sugar, and relative water content in

different landraces of fennel ........................................ 53

Response of turnip (Brassica rapa) to UV-B irradiation54

A study on the changes of peroxidase Enzyme in the

process of Rice plant resistance to M. grisea .............. 54

Investigation of interaction between lead and

vermicompost on morphological traits, photosynthetic

pigments, protein content and mineral elements of

sunflower ..................................................................... 55

Investigation of salicylic acid effects on antioxidant

enzymes activities of safflower under drought stress .. 55

The investigation of chitosan effect on phenolic

compounds and antioxidant activity of in vitro cultured

Salvia leriifolia ............................................................ 56

Evaluation of glycyrrhizin content of licorice under salt

stress ............................................................................ 56

Effect of IBA and carbohydrate source on ın vitro rooting

from microcuttings of the apple (Malus domestica Borkh

cv.Gami Almasi) ......................................................... 57

Effect of lanthanum on pistachio plant (Pistacia vera L.)

under salt stress ........................................................... 57

The effect of lanthanum and calcium interaction on

resistance increasing of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) under

salinity stress ............................................................... 58

Evaluation of salicylic acid effect on germination and

growth of Chenopodium murale L. seedling under

treatment of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle ................ 58

Effects of growth factors on induction of callus and

somatic embryogenesis Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni ..... 59

Zinc and iron application on quantitative and qualitative

characteristics of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) ........... 59

The effect of salicylic acid on cell membranes stability of

Maize plants ................................................................ 60

The effect of shrimp shell powder on germination and

seedling growth of rapeseed and wheat ....................... 60

Effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) on seedling growth of

some wild almond (Prunus scoparia) genotypes in

Khuzestan province of Iran .......................................... 61

Effect of Iron deficiency on phosphatase activity in the

root of some Pistacia genotypes .................................. 61

Evaluation of different levels of calcium lactate on

morpho-physiological characteristics of lettuce cv. New

Red Fire under water deficit stress ............................... 62

Study of changes of some phenolic compounds of 4 clones

of tea in three seasons: spring, summer, autumn .......... 62

The effect of LED light quality on the growth and

development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa var cricpa L.) in

floating culture system ................................................. 63

Role of Hydrogen peroxide in the biosynthesis of

Podophyllotoxin inCell Culture of ............................... 63

Linum album ................................................................ 63

Effects of sodium chloride stress salinity on some

physiological and anatomical indices of pistacia vera L.

..................................................................................... 64

In vitro germination and development of synthetic seeds of

orchid Epipactis veratrifolia ........................................ 64

Effect of magnetic field on germination, the content of

pigments and their precursors in Anthemis gilanica .... 65

Improved membrane stability and osmotic adjustment of

Physalis alkekengi under magnetic field ...................... 65

Effects of UV radiation on antioxidant enzymes activity at

4-6 pair leaf stage of Dracocephalum moldavica ........ 66

The effect of salicylic acid on physiological and

biochemical responses of canola (Brassica napus L.) under

salinity .......................................................................... 66

The effect of sodium nitroprusside on some physiological

and biochemical properties of canola (Brassica napus L.)

under lead stress ........................................................... 67

Influence of spermine on pigment, carbohydrate and some

yield traits in three wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.)

during drought exposure in post-anthesis stage ........... 67

Determination of tolerable levels of pH stress in

cyanobacterium Spirulina sp. ....................................... 68

Comparative study of the production of

polyhydroxybutyrate in autotrophic, heterotrophic and

mixotrophic growth conditions in microalgae Spirulina sp.

..................................................................................... 68

Evaluation of growth and physiological responses of

fifteen petunia cultivars to salinity stress for introducing

tolerant and sensitive cultivars ..................................... 69

Determination of salt tolerance in petunia at seed

germination and seedling early growth stages ............. 69

Comparative study of Spirulina sp. growth under

conditions of different concentrations of nitrogen and

phosphorus ................................................................... 70

Comparative study of Spirulina sp. growth under

conditions of autotrophic, heterotrophic and mixotrophic

culture .......................................................................... 70

The effect of melatonin application on the content of

photosynthetic pigments and the activity of antioxidant

21

enzymes in Cannabis sativa under excess copper exposure

..................................................................................... 71

Study of temperature effects on growth parameters and

photosynthetic pigments of Stellaria media in three

habitats in Mazandaran province ................................. 71

Vermicompost increase the antioxidant properties of

Lippia citriodora under salt stress ............................... 72

The effects of root application of silicon on growth and

photosynthetic pigments of wheat under lead stress.... 72

The Effect of silicone root application on the activity of

the antioxidant system, hydrogen peroxide, and

malondialdehyde in wheat plant under lead conditions 73

The effects of Piriformospora indica symbiosis with

tomato on the expression of some membrane transporter

genes and salt tolerance ............................................... 73

Effects of melatonin pretreatment on germination and

growth of Malva parviflora (L.) seedlings under cadmium

stress ............................................................................ 74

Production of phenyl ethanol glycosides in Scrophularia

striata in response to cadmium ................................... 74

Effects of mechanical vibration on growth and some

metabolic changes in Matricaria chamomilla L. ......... 75

Gene expression and enzyme activity of phenylalanine-

ammonia-lyase in Basil (Ocimum basilicum) under salt

stress ............................................................................ 75

The effect of soil properties on morphological characters

of Allium jesdianum Boiss & Buhse. in Lorestan ........ 76

Study of various calcium magnesium quotients on growth

characteristics and phenolic compounds of Thymus

vulgaris L. ................................................................... 76

Morphological responses of perennial ryegrass (Lolium

perenne) to salt stress and application of zeolite in growth

medium ........................................................................ 77

Study of expression of PMP genes and dehidrin in salt

stress resistance in oilseed sunflower .......................... 77

Effect of phenylalanine treatment on antioxidant properties

of tomato fruit during storage period........................... 78

The effects of temperature changes on biochemical

properties of Aptenia cordifolia .................................. 78

Study of the effect of Trichoderma fungi and its mutants

on germination and morphological traits of wheat and corn

seeds ............................................................................ 79

Study of effect of wild type trichoderma fungi and its

mutant on germination and some growth traits of

cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and tomato (Lycopersicon

esculentum) ................................................................. 79

Effect of different cultivation substrates on growth and

biochemical responses of Borzicactus aurantiacus ..... 80

Evaluation of phenolic compounds, anthocyanin and

antioxidant activity of flower in some wild Amygdalus L.

species and hybrid in Iran ............................................ 80

The study of dehydrin gene expression in Carthamus

tinctorius L. plants under drought stress and using

methanol spraying in reducing of stress effect ............ 81

Study of olive pomace effect on physiological properties

of three cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in reproductive

stage ............................................................................ 81

The comparison of enzymatic activity of Antioxidant

Polyphenol Oxidase enzyme between Active Buds and

Inactive Buds through two different tea plant cultivars

(Clone 100 & Hybrid), cultivated in the North of Iran 82

Comparison of antioxidant enzymes activities between

sleep buds and activated pulmonary in tea clone Iran 100

cultivar ......................................................................... 82

Effect of priming on the pot marigold plant (Calendula

officinalis L.) under the ................................................ 83

Chromium and Nickel contamination .......................... 83

To investigate the phytoremediation ability of marigold

(Calendula officinalis L. (under the chromium and nickel

contamination ............................................................... 83

A study on the effect of pomace olive on wheat growth in

the presence of lead ...................................................... 84

Changes in polyamine oxidase enzyme activity and

antioxidant system function in two tolerant and susceptible

maize cultivars under drought stress ............................ 84

Study of growth and defense response of root sunflower

plant under pyrene and phenanthrene stress ................. 85

Effect of magnetic field on lipid peroxidation, proline and

hydrogen peroxide contents of Silybum marianum ...... 85

The effect of different periods of water restriction on the

soluble sugar content of two grapevine cultivars ......... 86

The effect of different periods of water restriction on the

concentration of phenolic compounds and some of the

phenolic acids of two grapevine cultivars .................... 86

Effect of penconazol on physiological and biochemical

parameters in sesame under salinity ............................. 87

Bioagent seed coating effect on polyamine oxidase activity

in maize under cadmium stress .................................... 87

Effect of harmonic waves (traditional music) on growth,

seeds germination and antioxidant effects on Lycopersicon

esculentum Mill ............................................................ 88

Effect of drought stress on total protein content and

antioxidant enzymes activity in Lathyrus Sativus at

germination stage ......................................................... 88

Variability of antioxidant enzymes activity and total

protein content in two different cultivars of Lathyrus

sativus in 50% podding stage under drought stress ...... 89

Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and methyl

jasmonate on photosynthetic pigments content under water

deficit stress ................................................................. 89

Effect of humic acid in the stability of photosynthetic

pigmentation of canola plant under salinity stress ....... 90

Investigation the effect of humic acid on canola

germination traits in salinity conditions ....................... 90

Comparison of total polyphenol content in the tea plant

(Camellia sinensis) under drought stress ..................... 91

Comparison of total polyphenols in some imported black

tea, Iranian black teas and fresh green leaf of the tea plant

..................................................................................... 91

Effect of preharvest selenium sprays on antioxidant

properties of Fakhri grape raisins ................................. 92

(Vitis vinifera cv Fakhri) .............................................. 92

Effect of preharvest sprays of fulvic acid on qualitative

properties of grape the Fakhri cultivar ......................... 92

22

Beneficial effects of iodate in the maintenance of ionic

homeostasis of salt-stressed strawberry ....................... 93

Effect of salicylic acid and salinity on the photochemical

functioning of strawberry using JIP test ...................... 93

Study of the effect of histidine amino acid on chlorophyll

content, membrane stability index and celatine enzyme

activity of rapeseed under heavy metal tension of lead 94

Effect of water stress during anthesis on wheat seed

viability ....................................................................... 94

Effect of salt stress on chlorophyll a and b content: the

effective pigments in wheat plant photosynthesis ....... 95

Impact of nitrogen supply on lead phytoremediation

potential and physiological parameters of Marrubium

cuneatum ..................................................................... 95

Effect of spraying sodium selenate, titanium dioxide and

growth regulator on yield and some physiological traits of

safflower under drought stress .................................... 96

Effect of water stress on yield and yield components of

bean, sesame, and maize in conditions of superabsorbent

application ................................................................... 96

Factor analysis of yield and yield components of bean

affected by organic acids and water superabsorbent ... 97

The evaluate of tolerance threshold of Agaricus bisporus

to different concentrations of various heavy metals .... 97

Interaction of ECM mycorrhiza with Mn2+

heavy metal

and its effect on the oxidative stress in Pistachio threes98

Grouping of sunflower inbred lines under no use and

consumption of phosphorus fertilizer conditions ........ 98

The effect of salinity on the germination of two species

Shores Black Passion (Suaeda fruticosa) and salt grass

(Salsola imbricata) ...................................................... 99

Induced changes in phenylpropanoid compounds of Linum

album hairy roots by chitosan ..................................... 99

Effect of different potassium to nitrogen ratios on some

growth and morphological characteristics of Gerbera

jamesonii ................................................................... 100

Study of allelopathic effects of Artemisia aucheri Boiss.

on some physiological and biochemical parameters of

Brassica napus L. and Eruca sativa L. ...................... 100

Change in ascorbate and tocopherol contents under

hydrogen peroxide oxidative stress in microalga

Dunaliella .................................................................. 101

Application of exogen H2O2 on the photosynthetic system

and chlorophyll fluorescence of two Dunaliella isolates

(D-1 and D-2) alga .................................................... 101

Effect of iron sulfate foliar spray on enzymatic and non-

enzymatic defense of Dracocephalum moldavica L. under

salinity stress ............................................................. 102

The study of the expression of RAV gene family members

in two native bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) landraces

under salt stress ......................................................... 102

The effect of physicochemical factors on the population of

phytoplankton ............................................................ 102

and the quality of Bijar surface water ........................ 103

The effect of different levels of salinity stress on

enzymatic antioxidants activities of three genotypes of

local beans of Guilan (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) .......... 103

Effect of Mycorrhiza and Plant Growth Promoting

Bacteria on Physiological Characters in Fenugreek

(Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) ................................ 104

Investigation of the performance of photosystem II in

Melissa officinalis L. in drought stress and the effect of

salicylic acid on its chlorophyll fluorescence using

measuring instrument (MINI-PAM) .......................... 104

The effect of arsenate and arsenite on some growth

parameters of Isatis cappadocica ............................... 105

Evaluation of the allelopathic effects of redroot pigweed

(Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum

L. cv. Pishgam) plants on growth parameters of each other

in intercropping .......................................................... 105

Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis on

growth parameters of Dracocephalum moldavica L.

medicinal plant under salt stress ................................ 106

Comparison of bean resistance to drought stress during

germination stage using polyethylene glycol ............. 106

The effect of seed priming with salicylic acid,

polyethylene glycol and hydropriming on improving

germination of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) deteriorated

seeds ........................................................................... 107

Study of interactions drought stress and Pb in growth

factors and water content on Matthiola flavida Boiss under

drought stress ............................................................. 107

Effect of different nitrogen to potassium ratios on some

quantitative and qualitative indices of Rosa hybrida L.

'Dolce Vita' ................................................................. 108

Study of geranyl diphosphate synthase gene expression in

Peppermint plant under drought, salinity and temperature

stresses ....................................................................... 108

Effect of jasmonic acid on total amino acids, proline and

enzymes activity of Karela (Momordica charantia) under

salinity stress .............................................................. 109

Identification of morpho-physiological markers associated

with drought tolerance in barley cultivars .................. 109

The role of osmotic compounds on water relations of

barley genotypes under drought stress ....................... 110

The effect of gamma irradiation on some growth

characteristics of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii) in vitro110

Taxonomic revision of the genus Hesperis L.

(Brassicaceae) and significance of morphological

characters in species circumscription using multivariate

statistical analysis....................................................... 111

Ethnobotanic study of the genus Hesperis L.

(Brassicaceae) ............................................................ 111

Determination of some physiographic factors impact on

plant diversity in Bahlgerd, Southern Khorasan ........ 112

A floristic study of forest plants, case study: Gozoo Taxus

baccata habitat, Savadkouh ........................................ 112

A floristic study of epilithic and epipelic diatoms in

Chehelchay River of Minudasht ................................ 113

Identification of epilithic diatoms in Zrringol River of

Golestan province ...................................................... 113

Study of pollen morphology of three species of

Chamomile ................................................................. 114

23

Introduction of trees and shrubs in Zanjan county in the

northwest of Iran ....................................................... 114

Morphological and micromorphological study of some

species of Apocynaceae family using in Iran ............ 115

The systematics study of fig ecotypes using morphological

characters in Iran ....................................................... 115

Investigation of encystment in Karenia sp. (Dinoflagellate)

in vitro ....................................................................... 116

Cochlodinium polykrikoides cyst with potential to form

HABs isolated from sediment of Konarak Coast (Southeast

Coast of Iran) ............................................................. 116

Anatomical and morphological study of stem, leaf and

peduncle in some species of Potamogeton

(Potamogetonaceae) in the north of Iran ................... 117

Study of pollen morphology of some Solanum L.

(Solanaceae) species in Iran ...................................... 117

Trichome micromorphology in Filipendula L. (Rosaceae)

from Iran and its taxonomic significance .................. 118

Study of species diversity of ferns and microrelief plants

along altitudinal gradients in central Hyrcanian forests118

The survey of vegetation, life form, chorology of Naft-

Chak mountain in Guilan province............................ 119

The main feature of the vegetation and the formation of

mountains step in the along slopes of Samamus in Gilan

province with an emphasis on ecological characteristics

along the mountain slopes ......................................... 119

Survey of floristic, life form, chorology of samamos

montane plant of Rudsar (Gilan) with emphasis on

ecological characteristic along the mountain slopes .. 120

Investigation of the physiognomic and ecological

characteristics of the main vegetation in the mountainous

grassland in western Gilan ........................................ 120

Survey of floristic, life form, chorology, and distribution

of plants in Shah Moalem .......................................... 121

Cladistics analysis of the genera Fragaria and Duchesnea

(Rosaceae) based on the morphological characters in Iran

................................................................................... 121

The study of peroxidase isoenzymes banding patterns in

populations of Forsstroemia remotifolia moss in Golestan

and Mazandaran provinces of Iran ............................ 122

A floristic study of the Shah Moallem region, Masuleh,

Guilan province ......................................................... 122

Floristic Study of the Hyrcanian submountain forests (case

study: Kah-kuh forest) ............................................... 123

Morphological study of allergenic pollen grains in some of

the weeds, crop and garden plants in Kermanshah region

................................................................................... 123

Pollen morphology of some genus of Amaryllidaceae124

Study and identification of pathogenic fungi on the bulb in

some species of Allium spp. in Kermanshah province124

Morphological investigation of pollen consumed by

honeybee, collected from Kermanshah province of Iran125

Pollen morphology of some genus in Iridaceae Juss 125

Study of pathogenic fungi associated with Iridaceae family

in western Iran ........................................................... 126

Introducing Neowestiellopsis gen. nov, a new genus of true

branched cyanobacteria with the description of

Neowestiellopsis persica nov. and Neowestiellopsis

bilateralis nov., isolated from paddy field of Iran ..... 126

Evaluation of genome size of some of Hedera L. taxa

(Araliaceae), Emphasizing on Hedera crebrescens species

................................................................................... 127

Cladogram comparison versus data combinality: A

Comparative analysis of eight chloroplast genes,

application to the phylogeny of the marine clade

(Hydrocharitaceae) ..................................................... 127

Effect of Climate Change Modeling of Habitat

Distribution for Solanaceae Crop Wild Relative species,

using Ecological indicators and Satellite data with

protection priority ...................................................... 128

Taxonomy of the genus Schistophyllidium (Juz. ex. Fed.)

Ikonn. (Rosaceae) from Iran ..................................... 128

Morphometrical study of Plagiomnium genus (Moss) in

Guilan province of Iran .............................................. 129

The study of the presence and absence of Almond

(Amygdalus scoparia Spach.) in relation to topographic

factors in protected area Malé Galle, Fars province of Iran

................................................................................... 129

Introduction of the most important plant species and their

morphological changes in order to adapt to the dry and

desert conditions of Sistan ......................................... 130

Morphological and palynological study of Juniperus

excelsa and Juniperus polycarpos in Golestan Province of

Iran ............................................................................. 130

Identification and separation of two species of juniper in

Golestan province by using quantitative traits of cone and

seed ............................................................................ 131

A comparative anatomical study of Silene latifolia

(Caryophyllaceae) in Iran........................................... 131

Identification and possibility of development of salinity

resistant rangeland plants in salt lands of Rahmanloo

region Ajabshir .......................................................... 132

Taxonomic position of Centaurea stapfiana (Asteraceae)

................................................................................... 132

Identification and introduction of plants of Zarghan region

in Fars province ......................................................... 133

Evolution of trichome and its phylogenic significance in

the genus Phlomoides (Lamioideae; Lamiaceae) ....... 133

Nutlet micromorphology and its systematic implications in

Phlomoides Moench ................................................... 134

Pollen morphology of Poaceae in Ahvaz ................... 134

Genetic diversity of Phlomoides laciniata complex using

ISSR markers in Iran .................................................. 135

Introducing a new variety of Centaurea pseudoscabiosa

(Asteraceae) for Flora of Iran ..................................... 135

Evaluation of some morphological characteristics of six

Guar masses in Sistan and Baluchestan Province of Iran

................................................................................... 136

Pollen morphology study on the suggested species of

Rubus sp. .................................................................... 136

Identification of some endophytic fungi of Crataegus

pentagyna trees from Iran .......................................... 137

Molecular identification of some endophytic fungi from

Pterocarya fraxinifolia branches................................ 137

24

Evolution of plastid gene ycf4 in the inverted repeat

lacking clade of legumes ........................................... 138

Study of indumentum micromorphology and its systematic

implication in Convolvulus L. in Iran ........................ 138

Morphometric study of genus Convolvulus L. in Iran 139

Molecular phylogeny of section Dendrobrychis

(Onobrychis) based on cpDNA rpl32-trnL UAG

sequences................................................................... 139

Recognition of endemic plants in Bagheran Mountains

range of South Khorasan, Iran ................................... 140

Flora, life forms and chorotypes of plants in south of

Birjand ....................................................................... 140

Leaf and peduncle anatomy of species in the genus

Pterocephalus Vaill. ex Adans. (Caprifoliaceae) from Iran

................................................................................... 141

Ecological factors affecting the distribution of vegetation

in the mountain rangelands of Avrin Khoy ............... 141

The diagnosticity assessment of the morphological

characteristics among taxa of Teucrium sect. Polium

growing in Iran .......................................................... 142

Exploration of plant species of Poaceae family in Ilkhji

and Sharafaldin regions of Esat Azarbaijan province of

Iran ............................................................................. 142

Palynological study of five genus of tribe Anthemideae

(Asteraceae) in Iran .................................................... 143

The study of ecological effects on physiological characters

of plant species Hedysarum criniferum in ................. 143

the three provinces of Hamedan, Kurdestan and

Kermansheh ............................................................... 143

The study of ecological effects on total phenol contact of

plant species Euphorbia biglandulosa in the Hamedan and

Lorestan provinces ..................................................... 144

Nucleotide diversity in 5 cpDNA regions in Fritillaria

(Liliaceae) in Iran ....................................................... 144

Genetic diversity of Fritillaria persica (Liliaceae) in Iran

based on ISSRs .......................................................... 145

25

Effect of ripening stages on antioxidant

enzymes, phenolic and flavonoid compounds

of Rubus caesius L.

Aezam Rezaee Kivi*

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Khalkhal, Iran

* Corresponding author: Azam_rezaee_k@yahoo.com

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of

ripening stages on antioxidant content and antioxidant

activity of fruits of Rubus caesius L. grown in Northwest

of Iran. The contents of antioxidant compounds superoxide

dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), total phenols,

flavonoids, ascorbic acid and anthocyanins along three

growth stages of raspberry fruit were determined in this

work. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical

scavenging capacity, the assay was used to screen the

antioxidant activity of extracts. Significant variations in

antioxidant activity and involved compounds were

observed at three different growth stages. Enhanced fruits

ripening were reflected by decreased values for, phenol

and flavonoid contents and increased concentration of total

anthocyanins and ascorbic acid. The antioxidant activity of

raspberries was directly related to the total amount of

phenolic and flavonoids compounds. Our results support

the use of the unripe fruit of raspberry as sources of

antioxidant compounds.

Keyword: Fruit ripening, Antioxidant enzymes,

Antioxidants, Rubus caesius L.

The effect of some elicitors on in vitro

callogenesis of Hazelnut

Roghayyeh Hazrati*, Nasser Zare, Rasool Asghari Zakaria, Parisa

Sheikhzadeh Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural

Technology and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

* Corresponding author: ry.hazrati@gmail.com

Hazelnut is one of the most important nut crops that

containing important fatty acids and sterols. In addition,

can also be used as a source for taxol. In vitro response of

plants influenced by different factors such as genotypes,

explant type, plant growth regulators, and explant

wounding. In this research, the effects of different

concentrations of plant growth regulators, as well as

ultrasound and ascorbic acid on callogenesis of hazelnut

seed explant were investigated. The disinfected seeds of

hazelnuts were divided into four sections and cultured on

MS medium containing different compositions of growth

regulators of 2,4-D with Kin or BAP and with or without

ascorbic acid (150 mg/l). In some treatments, the explants

were exposed to ultrasound for 1 or 3 minutes before

cultivation. The results showed that there is a difference

between different treatments for callus induction and

callus growth, and the percentage of callus induction was

from 100% in the treatment of 2mg/l 2,4-D + 1mg/l BAP

with 1 minute ultrasound treatment to 72.49% in 4mg/l

2,4-D + 1mg/l BAP with 3 minutes of ultrasound treatment

and callus fresh weight of 1.7gr in 1mg/l 2,4-D + 0.5mg/l

Kin with ascorbic acid to 0.64gr in 2mg/l 2,4-D + 0.2mg/l

BAP. ascorbic acid and ultrasound for 1 minute had a

positive effect on callus growth and weight, so that the

highest callus weight was observed in 1mg/l 2,4-D +

0.5mg/l kin with ascorbic acid (1.7gr) and 1mg/l 2,4-D +

0.5mg/l BAP, with 1 minute exposure to ultrasound

(1.42gr).

Keywords: Ascorbic acid, Callus, Corylus avellana,

Ultrasonic waves

26

Estimation of vegetative growth in Sesamum

indicum by a mathematical model

Sedigheh Kelij1*, Alireza Khalili Asboei2, Mohammad Reza Kelich3,

Abdolreza Yadollahpour2

1 Department of biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mazandaran 2 Department of Mathematics, Farhangian University of Tehran 3 Iranian Space Research Center * Corresponding author: bio@yahoo.com

Knowledge of plant growth and development and the time

of its occurrence are essential in order to necessary

management for their function enhancement. Plant growth

and development is affected by various genetic and

environmental factors that understanding the impact of

these factors and their relationships is very hard and

requires time- consuming and costly researches.

Quantifying the events and behaviors of the growth and

development process with the help of mathematical

equations is the most effective methods for an

understanding of the growth and development process and

quality of different factors. In the present research, we

selected Sesamum indicum as a model for presentation of

leaf and stem growth equations because of its short-time

life cycle and the importance of its cultivation in Iran.

After its cultivating and collecting the required data, the

leaf and stem growth functions along with related charts

was presented by MATLAB software. The result showed

that Fourier series functions had the highest degree of

adjustment with the tested samples.

Keywords: Mathematical model, Growth and Sesamum

indicum

In vitro micropropagation of Aglaonema

Mina Kashanchi1, Ghorbanali Nematzade2, Valiollah Ghasemiomran2*,

Seyyed Kamal Kazemitabar1 1 Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnologhy, Faculty of Crop

Science, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources

2 Genetics and agricultural biotechnology institue of Tabarestan, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources

* Corresponding author: ghasemiomran@yahoo.com

Aglaonema is a monocotyledonous genus belonging to the

family Araceae, which inhibit in humid and heavily shaded

forests of southeastern Asia, north eastern India, Malaysia,

Indonesia and china. Tissue culture and micropropagation

of Aglaonema was studied with terminal and axillary buds

taken as explants. Aseptic culture was initiated by

culturing stem nodal segments on Murashige and skoog

(MS) medium containing different concentration of TDZ

(0.5, 1, 1.5 mg/l), Kinetin (0.5, 1 , 1.5 mg/l) and BAP

(0.5, 1 mg/l). The results showed that the appropriate

medium for axillary buds proliferation was MS + 1.5 mg/l

TDZ.

Keywords: micropropagation, Aglaonema, in vitro

27

Survey of histo-anatomical features of

vegetative organs in the Hedera helix L.

(Araliaceae)

Fahimeh Fallah1*, Farrokh Ghahramaninejad1, Maria Hohn2

1 Department Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Kharazmi 2 Department Botany, Faculty of Horticultural Sciences, University of

Szent István, Hungary * Corresponding author: f.falah1221@gmail.com

Hedera helix L. (Araliaceae) is a climbing plant, the stem

and leaves of H. helix possess specific features in

accordance with its climbing nature. Hedera has two types

of fertile and sterile stems. A thick cuticle covers the

epidermis, multicellular trichomes for the protection of

plant are present on the stem surface, petiole and blade.

For investigated histo-anatomical characteristics of the

vegetative organs, samples of leaves and stem prepared

manually transverse sectioned. All samples were cleared

in 20% sodium hypochlorite then stained in methyl blue

and acetocarmine, analysis using a light microscope. The

stem has a secondary structure, thickenings due to the

function of a cambial ring. Cork cambium is also present,

at first superficial, forming a cylinder (circular ring in

cross-section) around the stem. The cortex is severely

reduced, which consists of 3-4 layers of parenchymal cells.

The stele occupies the wide part of the stem. The

mechanical tissue is poorly developed and possess of

septate fiber bundles in the stem, but it is well developed

in the petiole, being displayed by collenchymatous cell

layers, the stele consists of three vascular bundles. Bundle

sheaths are absent in the blade and petiole, the hardness of

blade is given by collenchyma cells located in between the

middle vein and the two epidermises. There are a number

of calcium oxalate cavities in each stem and leaf duct

(particularly around the middle veins). Secretory cavities

are present in both stem and blade, but the petioles lack

them.

Keywords: Cork cambium, methyl blue, middle veins,

collenchymatous

Evaluation of bolting and flower

characteristics in some Iranian spinach

landraces

Seyed Abdollah Eftekhari1*, Mokhtar Heidari2 1 Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran. 2 Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Khuzestan

Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Mollasani, Khuzestan, Iran

* Corresponding author: eftekhari_9t@ yahoo.com

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is a leafy green, cool-season

vegetable that is known for its nutritive value and is

considered one of the most popular leafy vegetables in the

world. It is believed to have originated from Iran and was

transported to India and Asia and then later to the

Mediterranean countries and Europe. Different cultivars are

used for commercial cultivation of spinach in the world, but

seeds of native spinach landraces around many parts of Iran is

being used for cultivation. Spinach is a low-growing annual

plant that grows as rosette plant and spinach plant bolts

rapidly when day length and temperature increase.

Morphological variation of Iranian spinach have been studied,

but there is no information about reproductive growth and

flowering habit of Iranian spinach landraces. This information

may be useful to perform spinach breeding and seed

production programs. In the present experiment, the bolting

and flower characteristics of eighteen Iranian spinach

landraces („Tabriz‟, „Arak‟, „Gorgan‟, „Qom‟, „Qoochan‟,

„Birjand‟, „Koohbanan-Kerman‟, „Shiraz‟, „Shirvan‟, „Janat

Abad‟-Qom, „Urmia‟, „Varamin-1‟, „Varamin-1‟, „Varamin-

1‟, „Qazvin‟, „Karaj‟, „Saleh Abad-Qom‟) were studied. A

Korean spinach cultivar was used as a control. Twenty

reproductive characters of all landraces evaluated according

to standard descriptors. Results showed that Iranian spinach

landraces had significant variability for reproductive

parameters, including number of leaves before bolting,

flower- stalk color and color intensity, flowering height and

smoothness, male and female flower color, branching flower

plant, compaction of the male and female inflorescence. All

landraces presented variation in bolting time, full bloom and

termination time of flowering and three landraces („Qazvin‟,

„Qoochan‟ and „Arak‟) presented precocity. Plants of

„Qazvin‟ and „Qom‟ and produced the lowest leaf before

bolting (6 and 8 leaves, respectively). It was seen that some

genotypes („Qazvin‟, „Urmia‟, „Tabriz‟ and „Shiraz‟) had

more anthocyanin in male and female flower- stalk and

flower- stalk of „Qazvin‟ contain the highest anthocyanin

content. The color of flower-stalk was found to be a

distinctive marker to assess the diversity among Iranian

spinach landraces. „Janat Abad- Qom‟ was the most distinct

landrace due to deep green color in the female and male

flower. Plants of „Tabriz‟ had the highest flower-stalk (92

cm). Results of the present study may be useful to breeders to

identify Iranian spinach landraces.

Keywords: Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), Reproductive

Growth, Genetic Resources, Anthesis, Bolting, Flowering Date

28

Determination of the optimal 2,4-D

concentration for callus induction from

different explants of Salvia tebesana Bunge

Niloofar Hemmati, Monireh Cheniany*, Ali Ganjeali

Departmentof Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

* Corresponding author: Cheniany@um.ac.ir

Salvia tebesana Bunge as a species of Lamiaceae is a plant

with many metabolites including monoterpenes,

diterpenes, sesquiterpenes, various flavonoids and tannins

(with medicinal properties). The tissue culture and

subsequent callus production is a way to produce and

increase plant secondary metabolites. The aim of this study

was the investigation of callus induction rate from "apex

meristem", "rootstock meristem", "leaf" and "petiole"

explants on MS medium with different 2,4-D

concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 mg l-1

) and finally, the

determination of the optimal concentration of this hormone

for inducing callus in order to subsequent use in the

production of secondary metabolites. Affected samples by

mentioned concentrations of 2,4-D on the MS medium

were evaluated at the end of the 8th

week in terms of

induction rate, form and fresh weight of callus. Based on

the results, "apex meristem" and "petiole" explants showed

a better response to callus induction ("rootstock meristem"

and "leaf" explants were not able to produce callus).

Among the investigated hormonal concentrations, 1.5 mg

l-1

2,4-D had a better effect on the induction and growth of

callus.

Keywords: Salvia tebesana, Callus induction rate, 2,4-D.

The effect of sucrose and activated charcoal

on browning and organogenesis of Date Palm

(Phoenix dactylifera L.) meristem culture

Masoumeh Eskandari, Payam Pour Mohammadi*, Khalil Alami Saeid

Department Plant Production and Genetic, Faculty of agriculture, Khuzestan Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University

* Corresponding author: Mohammadi@ramin.ac.ir

Iran is allocated to about 14% the cultivated area and 18%

world production for date palm. Date palm propagates

either by seeds or offshoots, but resulted seedlings

generally differ considerably in fruit quality, harvesting

time, and production potential. Seed propagation method

has been used more often by the fact that date palm

produces relatively few offshoots suitable for transplanting

in its lifetime. Tissue culture propagation method is the

most promising technique or production of sufficient plant

materials of high quality. Several problems are still

associated with the micropropagation of date palm;

probably the most important being explant browning and

embryogenesis initiation. To control date palm (Phoenix

dactylifera) cv. Estamaran explant browning in vitro

condition the effect of sucrose and activated charcoal in

tissue culture media was investigated. In this experiment

effect of different concentration of sucrose (30, 40 and 50

g.l-1)

and 2 concentration of activated charcoal (0.5 and 2

g.l-1

) on organogenesis and explant browning were studied.

The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a

completely randomized design (CRD) with three

replications. The result shows that shoot regeneration was

enhanced when sucrose concentration was used at 30 or

40 g l−1

, but 50 g.l-1

of sucrose reduce that. Also, the use of

0.5 g.l-1

and 2 g.l-1

activated charcoal was not significantly

different to reduce the browning of explants. This result

developed an initial protocol for micropropagation of date

palm. The concentration of sucrose was found to have a

significant effect on organogenesis and browning of

explants. Treatment with higher levels of antibiotic

(especially cefotaxime) increased browning. This

successful protocol would facilitate the vegetative

propagation, conservation, and genetic engineering of this

species.

Keywords: Tissue Culture, Date Palm, Sucrose, Activated

Charcoal, Direct Organogenesis

29

Impact of cyanobacteria as a bioelicitor on the

morphological and physiological

characteristics of wheat plant (Triticum

aestivum L.)

Elham Shadmoghadam1, Hossein Riahi1, Zeinab Shariatmadari1*, Majid

Ghorbani Nohooji2 1 Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti

University, G.C. Tehran, Iran 2 Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran

* Corresponding author: z_shariat@sbu.ac.ir

Blue-green algae or cyanobacteria have a crucial role in the

agriculture. In particular, heterocystous cyanobacteria which

are increased plants growth through the production of

hormonal and non- hormonal stimulants and also the ability to

fix nitrogen. Considering the special role of these

microorganisms in production of biofertilizers, in present

study the impact of cyanobacteria on plant growth was

evaluated through the study of morphological and

physiological characteristics of Triticum aestivum L.

seedlings treated with six isolates of terrestrial cyanobacteria.

These studied cyanobacteria were four isolates of Nostoc

spongiaeforme var. tenue, one isolae of Anabaeana

vaginicola and one isolate of Hapalosiphon fontinalis. It

should be noted that these taxa were isolated from the bed soil

of medicinal plants of Guilan Province. Among the evaluated

characteristics, we can mention the seed germination

percentage, morphological characteristics such as shoot and

root length and physiological parameters such as quantity of

chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and

carotenoids. For this purpose, 30 air-dried seeds of Triticum

aestivum L. were soaked in algal extracts (2.0 g fresh algal

material in 1000 mL of distilled water; experimental) for 24

h. For controls, seeds were soaked in distilled water for 24

h. Then, the seeds were placed on filter papers wetted with

distilled water (control samples) or with 5 mL of algal

suspension (treatment samples). The experiment was carried

out in three replications based on a randomized design. Based

on the results of this study, all treated plants showed a

significant increase in the rate of germination and growth

parameters at the 0.05 level. In other words, cyanobacteria, in

addition to increasing the seed germination rate, significantly

increased the root and stem growth parameters of treated

plants. Among the treatments, the maximum vegetative

growth of root and stem was related to the seedlings treated

with Nostoc spongiaeforme var. tenue respectively. The result

of pigment evaluation also showed the significant increase of

photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll a, b and total

chlorophyll in treated plants compared to controls at the 0.05

level, which the highest amount of them were meseaured in

the plants treated with Hapalosiphon fontinalis and Anabaena

vaginicola. Altogether, our findings suggest that the selected

cyanobacteria, isolated domestically, can serve as potential

biofertilizer candidates to promote economic plants growth.

Keywords: Cyanobacteria, Biofertilizer, pigmentation

measurement

The survey of female gametophyte

development and effect of Sodium Chloride

stress on ontogeny of flower's components in

pistacia vera L.

Elahe Sadeghirad1*, Ahmad Majd2, Alireza Iranbakhsh1*, Amanolah

Javanshah3 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Science and Research

Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 3 Pistachio Research Center, Rafsanjan, Kerman, Iran

* Correspondin auther: majda.iautnb@gmail.com

One of the most important environmental stresses is

salinity, which can affect plant growth. The pistachio is a

scientific pistacia vera of the Anacardiacea family and the

spindales order. the first non-oil product of Iran is

pistachio. In this research, the effects of NaCl stress on the

characteristics, anatomy, morphology and development of

pistachio cultivars Akbari and Kalho Guchchi, flowers

were collected from two Golshan farms, a village

belonging to the central part of Anar city in Kerman

province. These two gardens are side by side. The two

gardens have the same climatic conditions, but an orchard

with anchor (14.7 ° C) and the other with relatively sweet

water (5.5 EC =) are irrigated. Sampling of flowers was

performed in different stages of development from small

and medium sized young buds. Micrtom slice were used to

study the anatomical and developmental characteristics.

The results showed that organelles. The results showed

that femal gametophyte in both Pistachio cultivars Kalho-

Quchi and akbari under salt stress compared to control and

compared with each other have the same development.

Keywords: NaCl, stress, pistacia, development of flower

30

The effect of plant growth regulators on sex

determination and fruit set on a watermelon

(Citrullus Lanatus) population

Mohadeseh Meysami1، Mohammad Javad Arvin2,3*, Hakimeh Oloumi1 1 Department of Ecology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology,

Kerman, Iran 2 Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran 3 Plant Products Division, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran

* Corresponding author: mjarvin@mail.uk.ac.ir

The cultivation of Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus,

Cucurbitaceae) has long been considered in Iran due to its

nutritional and health importance. The main issue in

Japanese watermelon cultivation in Iran is the low seed

yield per hectare. In this project, the effect of some plant

growth regulators on the sex determination and fruit set of

a citrus population were studied under field condition. An

experiment was conducted in a completely randomized

block design with three replications at the Research Farm

of the Graduate University of Advanced Technology,

Kerman, Iran in May-June 2017. Treatments were applied

during the vegetative phase of plant growth. One month

after cultivation, plants sprayed with 200 and 100 ppm of

benzylaminopurine (BAP), 50 ppm gibberellin (GA) and

0.75 ppm brassinosteroid (Br). After the appearance of the

first flowers, the number of male, female and bisexual

flowers was daily counted for three weeks, the total

number of fruits was also accounted until the end of crop

vegetation. Based on the results, GA treatment resulted in

the highest number of male, female and bisexual flowers

production in comparison with other treatments. The mean

of male flowers per plant was 173.97 in GA, 116.68 in

BAP-200 ppm, 107.16 in Br, and 53.33 in BAP-100 ppm.

BAP treatment in both concentrations produced the highest

number of female flowers. The number of fruit set per

plant was similarly raised in BAP-200 ppm and GA 50

ppm compared to other groups. From our results, it can be

concluded that benzyl amino-purine has considerably

promoted feminine and increased female flower

production in watermelon. Gibberellin treatment

encourages androgenesis as well as bisexual flower

development and yield production. Therefore, applications

of plant growth regulators are recommended for

agricultural usages and breeding experiments.

Keywords: Plant growth regulators, Bisexual flowers,

Watermelon population, Yield production

Leaf morphological study of Calotropis

procera (Aiton) R.br. in Iran

Amir Mohammad Avazzadeh, Hojjatollah Saeidi*, Ali Bagheri

Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

* Corresponding author: ho.saeidi@sci.ui.ac.ir

Calotropis belonged to Apocynaceae, subfamily

Asclepiadoideae. Calotropis procera (Aiton) R. Br. is

widely distributed in the desert, tropical and subtropical

regions of Africa, Saudi Arabia, East of Afghanistan,

Pakistan, West of India also Southern regions Iran. The

species is distributed in Sistan-and-Balouchestan, Kerman,

Hormozgan, Fars, Khuzestan, and Bushehr provinces. In

this study, 54 individuals from 30 populations of

Calotropis were collected from different regions of Iran

and analyzed using quantitative and qualitative characters

such as length and width of the leaf, leaf tip, leaf base, the

density of hairs, leaf attachments etc. A total of 22

morphological characters were analyzed using NTSYS

software ver.2.2, and a dendrogram was drawn. The results

showed that the morphological characters are constantly

changing with respect to their geographic distribution, and

there is a considerable morphological gap in the leaf

characters between Southwestern and other populations.

Keywords: Calotropis, Leaf morphology, Iran

31

Effect of temperature and photoperiod on

vegetative and reproductive growth of

autumn daffodil flower (Sternbergia lutea)

Hamila Manafi*, Farzad Nazari

Department of Horticultural Science, Collage of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan

* Corresponding author: h.manafi@agri.uok.ac.ir

Autumn daffodil is one of wonderful ornamental bulbous

of Amaryllidaceae family from Iran which grows wildly in

the north and west of the country. This species has many

potentials as an ornamental plant for its attractive yellow

golden flowers and the bright color of the leaves. In this

research, the effect of 5, 15 and 25°C temperatures, as well

as short (8 hours), neutral (12 hours) and long (16 hours)

day lengths on vegetative and reproductive growth as a

factorial based on completely randomized design with 9

treatments and 5 replications (each replication a pot with

two bulbs) was investigated. After applying the mentioned

temperatures for 30 days on its bulbs in summer and their

cultivation and after the sprouting, day length was applied.

The results of this research showed that in the 15°C with

neutral day length and 5°C with long day length, the

highest and lowest fresh and dry weight of leaves was

obtained, respectively. The temperature of 5°C delayed the

sprouting time of bulb and 15°C accelerated it, also the

temperature of 5°C with short day length decreased the

percentage of bulb sprouting. Treatments of 15 and 5°C

with short day lengths accelerated and delayed flowering,

respectively. The temperature of 25°C with a neutral day

length increased the percentage of flowering. Generally,

according to the obtained results, the treatment of 15°C

with a neutral day length recommended for the growth and

flowering of this plant.

Keywords; Autumn daffodil, Bulb, Flowering,

Temperature

Pollen morphological diversity in the genus

Xanthium L. (Asteraceae) in Iran

Fariba Noedoost1*, Sedigheh Nikzat Siahkolaee2

1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Behbahan Khatam alanbia

University of Technology 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Biotechnology,

University of Shahid Beheshti

* Corresponding author: noedoost@bkatu.ac.ir

Pollen grains of 19 geographical populations (representing

4 species) of the genus Xanthium L. distributed in Iran

were investigated by light and scanning electron

microscopy. pollen grains type of all studied species

belongs to X.strumarium type except X. spinosum. There

were mainly 3-zonocolporate and rarely 4-zonocolporate

pollen grains with very short, narrow and ends acute

colpus. Apocolpium index was large. Cavea is distinct.

Based on exine sculpturing pattern, two types are

distinguished: in three species that belongs to X.

strumarium complex was scabrate (echinate with spines <1

μm), acute at the top and very broad in base, and in

X.spinosum was conical echinate with obtuse tip of

echinate. Outlines of pollen in equatorial view were

oblate- spheroidal, spheroidal, subprolate and prolate-

spheroidal. Twelve quantitative and seven qualitative

palynological features were examined by multivariate

analysis. The result of multivariate analysis and exine

sculpturing pattern indicated high diversity among

different specimens even in specimens of a single species.

Only X. spinosum was separated from other overlapping

species (X. strumarium, X. sibricum, and X. brasilicum).

Pollen morphology confirms separation of species and

subspecies in the genus Xanthium. Keywords: Xanthium, Plant systematic, Pollen diversity,

Asteraceae

32

Comparative study of heavy metals stress on

anatomy and morphology of different wheat

(Triticum sativum L.) genotypes

Fariba Noedoost*, Shokoofeh Hajihashemi

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Behbahan Khatam alanbia University of Technology

* Corresponding author: noedoost@bkatu.ac.ir

The petrochemical industry is one of the most polluting

industries in the world. The aim of this study is comparing

the effect of heavy metals of petrochemical sewage on

anatomy and morphology of two wheat cultivars

(Bahraman and Chamran). The plants were irrigated with

different concentrations of wastewater (0, 25%, 50% and

100%) polluted with heavy metals (cadmium, lead,

manganese, copper, chrome) for one month. All works

were accomplished by using a Randomized Complete

Design with 4 repeats. Data analysis was done using a

statistical package of SPSS with the 0.05 probability level.

For the anatomical study, the cross-sections were prepared

from leaves and roots, stained, viewed and photographed

using a light microscope. The leaf xylem increased in

Chamran in parallel to pollutants concentrations, while it

increased in Bahraman just at 25% concentration and

decreased in other concentrations. The leaf sclerenchyma

thickness increased in both cultivars in response to

increasing wastewater concentrations. The thickness of the

leaf cuticle of Chamran increased with increasing

pollutants, while no changes were observed in Bahraman.

The thickness of root xylem increased in both genotypes

with increasing wastewater concentration. No changes

were observed in other anatomical features of roots in

response to wastewater treatment. Also, the height, fresh

and dry weight of plants, and leaf area decreased with

increasing wastewater concentrations, in both cultivars.

According to the results, two cultivars showed various

responses to wastewater pollutants. Based on the

morphological and anatomical results, Bahraman cultivar

was more sensitive than Chamran in response to heavy

metal stress-induced by petrochemical wastewater and

Chamran cultivar performed a better function in the heavy

metal-polluted agricultural area.

Keywords: Anatomy, Morphology, Heavy metal, Wheat

The effect of petrochemical industry

wastewater pollutants on morphology and

anatomy of Brasica napus

Shokoofeh Hajihashemi, Fariba Noedoost*

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Behbahan Khatam alanbia University of Technology

* Corresponding author: noedoost@bkatu.ac.ir

The wastewater of petrochemical industry is one source of

heavy metals and water pollution. The Mahshahar

petrochemical industry wastewater is polluted with heavy

metals (lead, cadmium, manganese, copper, chrome). In

this study, the effect of petrochemical wastewater

pollutants studied on morphology and anatomy of Brasica

in the controled condituion of green house. The plant

irrigation with different concentrations of wastewater (0,

25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) started at two leaves stage and

continued for one month. Then, for anatomical study the

cross-sections were prepared from stems, roots and leaves,

stained and then viewed and photographed using a light

microscope. The stomatal and epidermal cell density and

length and width of guard cells significantly decreased in

50%, 75% and 100% of wastewater concentrations. Also,

the wastewater pollutants caused a significant reduction in

epidermal and cortex thickness in stems and roots. The

xylem of stem significantly decreased under 75% and

100% of wastewater treatments. The results showed that

wastewater treatment had no significant effect on

epidermal and mesophyll thickness and xylem of leaves.

The plant height, fresh and dry weight, and leaf area

significantly reduced with increasing the wastewater

concentrations. This study showed the negative effect of

pollutants on agriculture and importance of sewage

treatment of petrochemical industry.

Keywords: Anatomy, morphology, heavy metal,

wastewater

33

Investigating the effect of chemicals on pollen

images produced by SEM

Masoumeh Habibi*, Mohammad Reza Siahpoosh, Fatemeh Nasernakhaei

Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz

* Corresponding author: masoumehhabibi1390@gmail.com

The study of pollen using scanning electron microscope

(SEM) often involves the use of chemical substances e.g.

different percentages of ethanol, acid acetic, acid acetic-

ethanol and formalin- acid acetic- ethanol in the

preparation stage. The purpose of this study was to

investigate the effect of some mentioned chemicals on the

quality of SEM images of pollen grains. The results

showed that the use of one treatment does not determine

all the characteristics of pollen grain morphology, for

example, ethanol caused the formation of shading and an

exponential halo around pollen grains of Heliotropium

europaeum and Physalis divaricata respectively. On the

other hand, all treatments cannot show all the

characteristics of pollen grain morphology of one taxon,

for instance, the effect of 3 treatments acetic acid-alcohol,

formalin-acetic acid-alcohol and ethanol on P. divaricata

showed different views on pollen grain morphology. The

results show that due to the nature of exine, utilizing

proper chemicals in the preparation stage is very essential.

Keywords: Chemicals, Pollen morphology, Pollen

preparation, SEM

Taxonomical study of some species of

Fagaceae in Iran

Zohreh Karimi*, Azam Ghaviandam, Afzalsadat Borhani

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Golestan University * Corresponding author: z.karimi@gu.ac.ir

The Fagaceae family has eight genera and over 1000

species of trees and shrubs that are almost all distributed in

the northern hemisphere. The genera Fagus and Castanea

with one and Quercus with 17 species are in Iran. Species

in this family are used in wood industrial products. Despite

its economic and ecologic importance, it constitutes

species especially Quercus that raise many taxonomic and

evolutionary questions. This work was initiated with the

objective of morphology and anatomy of the leaf of

existing taxa in Iran to identify and establish their

similarities and dissimilarities relationship between them.

Thus, we observed 52 quantitative and qualitative

characters from the leaf. Cluster analysis and Principal

components analysis (PCA) were done based on Euclidean

distance and covariance characteristics, respectively. PCA

obtained the same result of the cluster analysis. Results

showed that Quercus macrantheraFisch. & C.A.Mey. and

Q. cardachorum C. Koch and also two other species Q.

castaneifoliaC.A.Mey. and Q. libani Oliv. had the most

morphological similarities in PCA and cluster analysis.

These findings are useful for species identification. It

appears that differences and similarities among species are

related to ecological environment and habitat conditions

besides their genetic characteristics.

Keywords: Cluster analysis, Ecology, Principal

components analysis

34

Functional morpho-anatomical characters of

wood in some species of Fagaceae

Zohreh Karimi*

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Golestan University * Corresponding author: z.karimi@gu.ac.ir

The Fagaceae family is one of the most important elements

of forest ecosystems in North of Iran. Despite its economic

importance, because of the presence of unidentified and

hybrid species, numerous synonymous and influences of

environmental changes on morphological traits, as well as

the use of different diagnostic characters for species

identification, leaf polymorphism, have further

complicated the confusion over species grouping in the

Fagaceae especially in Quercus. This work was initiated

with the objective of morphology and anatomy of wood of

existing taxa in Iran to identify and establish their

similarities and dissimilarities relationship between them.

Thus, we observed 18 quantitative and qualitative

characters from wood. Cluster analysis and Principal

components analysis (PCA) were done based on Euclidean

distance and covariance characteristics, respectively. PCA

obtained the same result of the cluster analysis. Results

showed that the color of young shoot branches, the

presence or absence of lenticels, the presence or absence of

stipules, the presence or absence of groove on young

shoots, are important morphological traits in the Fagaceae

family. Wood characteristics such as shape and size of

vessel elements and fiber and tracheids, growth rings,

wood porosity, vessel arrangement and vessel grouping,

solitary vessel outline, perforation plates and inter-vessel

pits arrangements and their shape and also wood density,

varied from species to another. These findings are useful

for species identification. It appears that differences and

similarities among species are related to ecological

environment and habitat conditions besides their genetic

characteristics.

Keywords: Wood morphology and anatomy, Fagaceae,

PCA, Cluster analysis

The development of inflorescence, flower,

ovule and pollen grains in Artemisia aucheri

Elham Ghaseminoor, Abdolkarim Chehregani, Fariba Mohsenzadeh,

Nayereh Tanaomi Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Bu-Ali Sina University,

Hamedan, Iran

* Corresponding author: ghaseminoor2341@gmail.com

Flower development is a mystery and provides a useful

means for understanding cell differentiation and genetic

mechanisms needed for organogenesis. For this purpose, in

this research, the structure and developmental stages of

inflorescence and pollen grains were studied in Artemisia

aucheri. A. aucheri is an herbaceous species belonging to

the family Asteraceae. The flower and buds in different

developmental stages were removed, fixed in FAA, stored

in70% ethanol, embedded in paraffin and sliced with a

microtome. Results showed that transition of vegetative

meristem to generative one is observed as increasing of the

dimension of meristem and its dyeability. The

inflorescence is of capitulum type in which involucral

bracts were developed and then floret primordial were

initiated centripetally on flatten generative meristem . Each

primordium causes to form a floret with its segmentation.

Each inflorescence contained some peripherally located

sterile radial florets and a large number of central fertile

liguliform florets. Both florets consisted of small bracts

like sepals, inferior ovary, anatropous ovule, bitegumic

and tenuinucellate ovules. Embryo sac development was

of the Polygonum type. Antipodal cells increased up to 6-

8that is an exceptional character for this species. Anthers

are tetrasporangiated and development of anther wall is of

dicotyledonous type and composed of the one-layered

epidermis, an endothecium, one middle layer and tapetum.

Tapetal cells showed high polyploidy level that is

necessary for its function. Tapetum is of the secretory type

at the beginning and plasmodial type at the final stages of

development.The endothecium was fibrous and anther

dehiscence was longitudinal and extrose. Microspore

tetrads are tetrahedral, in the main, and tetragonal or linear

in some cases. Pollen grains are triapertures (tricolporate).

Traits such as the formation of capitulum inflorescence, its

color, and secretory (papillate) epidermis on the adaxial

surface of petals, color, and sculpture pollen grains, grown

and bifid stigmata attract insects as pollinators and

improve pollination.

Keywords: Artemisia aucheri, Pollen grain, Ovule,

Development

35

Study of genesis stages of pollen and ovule

development in Astragalus stevenianus

Faezeh Cheraghi*, Abdolkarim Chehregani, Fariba Mohsenzadeh,

Nayereh Tanaomi

Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Bou Ali-Sina University,

Hamedan, Iran

* Corresponding author: fa.cheraghi95@gmail.com

In this research, the developmental stages of ovule and

pollen in Astragalus stevenianus of the Fabaceae family

were studied. For this purpose, fluorescence and

polarization optical microscopes and

various cytohistological techniques were used. The results

of this study showed that anthers have tetrasporangiate and

its tapetum layer is of secretory type. The cytokines were

synchronous and the microspore tetrads are of both

tetrahedral and tetragonal type. Pollen grains were three-

cells and triporated at the time of pollination. In polar

view, they are circular shaped and in elliptical view, they

are oval shaped. The ovule is

anatropous, crassinucellated and bi-

integuments. The endothelium layer is made up of one

layer cells, and the genesis of the embryo sacs

of polygonom type. After the meiosis

division, megasporetetrads has a linear arrangement. On

the outer surface of the pistil, many trichomes were

observable. In this spices, the number of antipodal cells is

more than three. Based on our bibliographical studies, this

is the first report about the development of reproductive

organs of the species.

Keywords: Development, Embryo sac, Fagaceae,

Astragalus stevenianus

Effect of plant growth regulators on

micropropagation of jujube medicinal plant

Seyedeh Tahereh Nabavi1*, Farah Farahani2 1 Department Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University of Isfahan (Khorasgan) 2 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad

University of Qom * Corresponding author: Tahereh.Nabavi@yahoo.com

The jujube tree is considered one of the most important

medicinal plants due to its valuable medicinal properties,

such as purifying blood and soothing the nerves. The

reproduction rate of this plant is low through traditional

methods, and the use of tissue culture techniques can

increase reproduction and produce plants that are

consistent and lack of contamination. The study

investigated the effects of different treatments of plant

hormones on the amount of regeneration and proliferation

of jujube. Stem samples of jujube trees of South Khorasan

were used as explant in May and June. Ethanol (70%) and

sodium hypochlorite (10%) were used for sterilization.

Samples were cultured in 6 different hormonal treatments

containing IBA (0.05, 0.1, 0.2 mg/l) and BAP (0.5, 1, 2

mg/l) in MS medium and analyzed by SPSS software

using randomized block design. The studied traits were the

mean of length and number of stem, branch, and number

of nodes. The results comparing the means of the

evaluated traits showed a significant difference at the 0.05

probability level between different hormonal treatments

compared to the control treatment . In the treatment

containing hormones, IBA (0.05 mg/l) + BAP (2 mg/l)

was observed the highest mean number of stems and nodes

and the medium containing hormones IBA (0.2 mg/L) +

BAP (2 mg/l) showed the highest mean shoot length. The

highest number of stem branching was in the medium IBA

(0.05 mg/l) + BAP (0.5 mg/l).

Keywords: Ziziphus jujuba, In vitro culture, Plant growth

regulators, Proliferation

36

Micromorphological investigation of

epidermis and external secretory structures in

developing wild Pistachio leaf

Sahar Arabi*, Homa Rajaei

Department Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Shiraz * Corresponding author: sahararabi168@gmail.com

Wild Pistachio (Pistacia atlantica Desf.), of the family

Anacardiaceae, is a dioecious valuable plant growing wild

in southern Iran. Previous studies have mostly focused on

the resin ducts, resin constitution and its multiple

medicinal uses. Existing morphological and anatomical

studies have only been performed on mature leaves, and

with taxonomic concern. The present research aimed to

study the external secretory structures in wild Pistachio,

with emphasis on the relationship between the secretion

process and leaf development. The leaves were collected,

from their emergence to maturity, from male and female

trees in Fars Province. After screening by the stereo

microscope, pieces of leaflets were double fixed in

glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide and dehydrated in

graded acetone. Dried samples were coated with gold and

viewed under the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).

Epicuticular wax showed the striated and reticulated

pattern on abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces, respectively.

The leaf was hypostomatic, with level or sunken stomata

on both leaf surfaces of male and female trees. Short and

long multicellular protective trichomes, and four types of

secretory trichomes were observed on both surfaces of the

leaves emerging from the buds in spring. Peltate and

capitate trichomes were the most prominent, but digitiform

and needle-like ones were also observed. The trichomes

decreased in number and density along with the leaf

development. SEM observation revealed three functional

stages: Pre-, during and post- secretion along with the

ontogeny of identified trichomes. Results of the present

research can lead to a better use of the wild Pistachio

potentials.

Keywords: Pistacia atlantica, Development, Leaf,

Secretory trichomes, Micromorphology

Reproductive organs development in

Verbascum pseudodigitalis L.

Bahareh Mohammadi*, Abdolkarim Chehregani Rad, Massoud Ranjbar,

NayerehTanaomi Department of Biology, Faculty of science, Bu-Ali Sina University,

Hamedan, Iran

* Corresponding author: b.m.robo2016@gmail.com

Flower development is a mystery which provides a useful

means for understanding cell differentiation and genetic

mechanisms needed for organogenesis. The aim of this

research was reproductive organ development in

Verbascum pseudodigitalis, as a medicinal plant, that is

necessary for understanding its reproduction and survival.

In this study, microsporogenesis, megasporogenesis and

gametophyte development of V. pseudodigitalis belonging

to Scrophulariaceae were investigated. The flower was

collected at different developmental stages, fixed in FAA,

embedded in paraffin wax and sliced using a microtome

after dehydration and then stained. The developmental

stage of generative organs was studied and photographed

using an alight microscope. The results showed that

stamens are five, filaments usually woolly, young anthers

wall development followed the dicotyledonous type and

anther is tetrasporangiate witch composed of an epidermal,

an endothecium, a middle layer and then tapetum layer. In

this species the endothecium is fibrillar, and the tapetum

cells possess in all developmental stages characteristics of

the secretory type. Tapetum layer cells have a long

stability and are binucleate. Pollen grains were radially

symmetrical, tricolpate and the microspore tetrads have a

tetrahedral and tetragonal arrangement .The ovary is

superior, bicarpelly, syncarpous whit a large number of

ovules arising on a swollen axile placenta. The ovule is

anatropous unitegmic and crassinucellate. Development of

the embryo sac conforms to the Polygonum type

Keywords: Development, Microsporogenesis,

Megasporogenesis, Gametophyte

37

Study of morphological and internal changes

in intact and gall branches of willow (Salix

babylonica)

Mohsen Kaviani1*, ٭Behrooz Salehi Eskandari1, Marym Mazaheri Tirani2

1Department of Biology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of science, University of Jiroft, Jiroft,

Iran

* Corresponding author: mkaviani790@gmail.com

The deformation of plant tissues induced by some insects

is called gall that is induced by various parasitic

organisms, mainly insects, and generally served as

nutrition and protection from both abiotic factors and

natural enemies. Galls on willow trees (Salix babylonica

L.) is the effect of a series of morphogenetic changes in

plant cells, in contrast, the Eriophydae mites attack. In this

study, randomly sampling from intact, and gall branch of

willow trees of Najvan Park, Isfahan city was done.

Changes in length, leaf weight, and the distance between

nodes, total chlorophyll, and phenolic compounds were

studied. Length, leaf weight, distance between nodes, total

chlorophyll statistically significant decrease in infected

branches compared to intact branches. But the amount of

phenolic compounds in infected twigs was more than

intact one. These increases were statistically significant.

Reduction in the amounts of photosynthetic pigments

probably was the cause of oxidative damage in gall

branches. Since the host survival causes remaining of the

parasite, therefore accumulation of phenolic compounds in

infected branches raises plant resistance against oxidative

stresses. Keywords: Gall, Willow, Morphological change, Total

chlorophyll, Phenolic compounds

A cytological study in some of the Allium

species in Iran

A. Akhavan Roofigar*

Natural Resources Research Department, Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Isfahan, Iran

* Corresponding author: a.akhavan@areeo.ac.ir

Cytological studies are performed to compare the

differences between species and to reveal the evolutionary

process of the chromosomes that construct the genome.

The study of karyotype plays an important role in

determining the relationship between species and can be

considered as the first step in the analysis of the genealogy

and evolution of species. In this study, the characteristics

of karyotype and chromosome number of four endemic

species of Iran from Allium including A. ubipetrense, A.

zagricum, A. derderianum, and A. alamutense have been

investigated. This study was based on mitotic observation

of root tips meristem cells according to Agayev method.

the chromosome length and the ratio of the arms were

measured and symmetry indices such as DI, Syi, Rec, AI

and indicators related to the diversity of centromere

position such as TF%, AsK % and A were calculated. The

results confirm the close relationship between the species

and also indicate that there are approximately symmetric

karyotypes containing metacentric and submetacentric

chromosomes. The mitosis analysis showed that these

species have a chromosome number of 2n=2x=16 and the

basic chromosome number is x=8. Based on all indices, A.

ubipetrense is the most symmetric and A. zagricum is the

most asymmetric species. Regarding the high

morphological and karyological similarities between

species, it can be concluded that diversity in this group of

species has recently been made and speciation is not

accompanied with significant changes in chromosome

number and structure but was probably connected with

changes at the DNA level that are not reflected in

chromosome structure.

Keywords: Iran, Cytotaxonomy, Karyology, Allium

38

Study of expression AP1 and LFY genes in

leaf and flower bud of Brassica nigra L.

Farzad Ganjalikhani Hakemi1, 2, Farkhondeh Rezanejad 1* 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman 2 Young Researchers Society, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman

* Corresponding author: frezanejad@uk.ac.ir

Transition to the reproductive phase is one of the

important changes in the plant's life. Various genetic

factors and pathways are involved in this phenomenon and

identification of these factors and their interaction could

help to understand the mechanism of flower and seed

formation. In addition, it also helps the planning of

production of early-flowering plants and seeds for food

and pharmaceutical uses. In this research, the expression

of two stimulating genes LFY and AP1 in black mustard

(Brassica nigra L.) was studied. After planting and

growing plants in greenhouse conditions, the total RNA

was extracted from the leaf and flower buds at the

generative phase. After cDNA synthesis, gene expression

was investigated using designed primers and the Real-

Time PCR technique. The expression of these two genes in

each organ did not show any significant difference that

indicates a direct relationship between these two genes.

However, the expression of these genes is higher in flower

buds than leaves that show reproductive tips are the main

expression places of LFY and AP1. Expression changes of

these genes can regulate flowering or change its time.

Keywords: Brassica nigra, Expression, Inducing

flowering, cDNA, Real-Time PCR

Study of the effect of salinity stress on

morphological characteristics of Coneflower

Asiyeh Asadi Rekabdar Kalayi*, Mahnaz Aghdasi, Mohammad Fatemi

Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gorgan * Corresponding author: mh.assii@yahoo.com

Salinity is one of the main factors in reducing the growth

and yield of many agricultural products around the world.

The main object of the present study was to investigate the

effect of salinity stress on morphological and physiological

characteristics of Echinacea purpurea. For this purpose,

seedlings were grown in hydroponic medium containing

different concentrations of NaCl (0, 25, 50, 75,100 Mm)

for twenty days. The obtained results showed seedlings

growth were decreased by increasing salt in the culture

media. The highest amount of root dry and fresh weight

was observed by 25 mM NaCl treatment. But the highest

amount of aerial part dry weight was obtained by 75 mM

NaCl treatment. Meanwhile increasing NaCl concentration

in the medium culture caused an increase and decrease in

total sugar of aerial and root parts, respectively. The

highest level of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll was

obtained in 25 mM NaCl treatment. By adding a higher

concentration of NaCl, chlorophyll amount was decreased.

Keywords: Salinity stress, Chlorophyll, Sugar,

Hydroponic medium culture, Echinacea purpurea

39

Trichome properties of Alcea aucheri (Boiss)

Alef. (Malvaceae) and their systematic

implications

Mahnaz Arabameri*, Hamed Khodayari

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran

* Corresponding author:mahnaz.arabamery@yahoo.com

The trichome distribution on the aerial parts of Alcea

aucheri (Boiss.) Alef was studied in order to understand

the usefulness of these characteristics for systematic

purposes. The cross-sections of stems, leave and petiole

were prepared and studied with light microscopy.

Generally, two basic types of trichomes can be

distinguished: glandular and non-glandular trichomes. The

glandular trichomes are multicellular and stalked. The

stalk is also uni or multi-cellular. Non-glandular trichomes

can be subdivided into subtypes, simple unbranched and

branched trichomes. Based on the size, non-glandular

trichomes of the simple type are short or long. The

branched (stellate) trichomes are composed of 5−20 uni

cellular arms and based on variations observed can be

subdivided into subtypes: stalked, subsessile or sessile.

Stalked glandular trichomes show variation in the size and

cell number, the stalk in this trichomes can be up to ten

cell layers.

Keywords: Trichome types, Alcea L., Systematic

Introduction of significant diagnostic

characters in mericarps of Alcea L. species

(Malvaceae)

Mahnaz Arabameri*, Hamed Khodayari

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran

* Corresponding author:mahnaz.arabamery@yahoo.com

A schizocarp is a dry fruit that, when mature, splits up into

mericarps. The fruit in Alcea genus is schizocarp and

mericarp is one of the most important parts in grouping

within the genus. In this study, the mature mericarps from

seventy populations of Alcea from different parts of Iran

(west, northwest, north, Northeastern, center) was studied

using stereomicroscope. The results show that the most

Diagnostic characters of mericarp which varies among

species groups are: the presence or absence of wing,

smooth or rugose wings, tomentose or glabrous wings, the

presence or absence of trichome on either side of the

mericarp, the color and size of mericarp, number of

mericarps in fruit, flat or canaliculate dorsal surface of

mericarp and various trichome types (simple or branched)

and trichome density in dorsal surface of mericarp.

Keywords: Mericarp, Alcea L., Systematic

40

In vitro propagation of Physalis alkekengi

using axillary bud explants

Zahra Sadeghi*, Ebrahim Dorani, Mostafa Valizadeh

Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz

* Corresponding author: Sadeghi_z.1989@yahoo.com

Chinese lantern (Physalis alkekengi), due to its physalin, is

known as an important medicinal herb. This plant widely

is used to treat various diseases. Therefore, developing a

repeatable micropropagation method for this plant would

be valuable. In this study, shoot tip and axillary buds of

Chinese lantern treated with different growth regulators

(IAA, NAA, and BAP) with various concentrations and

combinations. The experiment carried out in

complimentary randomized design with 5 repeats. The

seeds were put in MS medium after treating at low

temperature for a week for germination. Explants of lateral

buds were prepared from one-month seedlings and put in

the culture medium. After a month, a number of shoots,

shoot length and number of internodes were recorded for

each treatment and data were analyzed statistically using

SPSS. In another experiment effects of culture-media salt

strength was investigated. The results showed that using

axillary bud as an explant in full strength MS

supplemented with 0.5 or 2 mg/l BAP alone or in

combination with 0.5 mg/l IAA gives the highest shoot

induction percent, internodes and shoot length.

Keywords: Chinese lantern, Organogenesis,

Micropropagation, Axillary buds

Investigating the effect of plant growth

regulators on the propagation of Mooseer

(Allium hirtifolium Boiss.) in in vitro

conditions

Raheleh Ebrahimi1*, Mohamad Reza Hassandokht2, Zabihollah Zamani2,

Abdolkarim Kashi2 1 Department of Horticultural Science and Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Food Science, Islamic Azad University Science

and Research Branch. 2 Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran.

* Corresponding author: rebrahimi@srbiau.ac.ir

In order to determine the best hormone composition for in

vitro multiplication of Khansar accession of Mooseer, an

experiment was carried out in a factorial based on

completely randomized design with different

concentrations of BA (0, 2 and 4 mg/L) and NAA (0, 0.3

and 0.6 mg/L) in Murashig and Skoog medium. The basal

plate of Mooseer was used as an explant. The results

showed that the highest number of bulblet per explant

(11.83) and the largest basal plate width (3.63 cm) were

found in the culture medium containing 4 mg/l BA. The

lowest number of bulblet per explant (4.53) and the

minimum basal plate width (1.72 cm) were observed in a

cultural medium without BA. Also, the highest percentage

of callus production (51%) was found in the culture

medium without BA. Results showed that the highest

number of bulblet per explant was found in the culture

medium containing 4 mg/l BA and 0.6 mg/l NAA.

Keywords: Regeneration, Tissue culture, Basal plate,

Bulblet

41

An anatomical study of leaves and petioles of

Pistacia mutica in Maravehtapeh, Golestan

province of Iran

Ehsan Jani1*, Ali Sattarian2, Abolfazl Daneshvar2, Razieh Kasalkheh2 1 Department of Jungle, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Gonbad-e- Kavous, Gonbad-e- Kavous 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Gonbad-e-

Kavous, Gonbad-e- Kavous * Corresponding author: e.jani13666865@gmail.com

The genus Pistacia family an Anacardiaceae has 33

species in the world four of which have been reported

from Iran. The purpose of this study is to compare the six-

member anatomical structure of wild pistachio male and

female and measure the taxonomic use of these traits. In

this study, the trait characteristics of leaf and petiole of a

species P. mutica from Maravehtapeh area of Golestan

province were investigated. The vegetative samples

collected in the carnivorous fixative solution were then

prepared in a manual manner after being colored with

carmen and methyl green color and slides they were

studied by optical microscopy. The results of the leaflet

analysis showed that the leaf type was seen from the type

of curvature and in the central vein of the tissues of the

collenchyma, Parenchyma, Sclerenchyma and elliptical

vascular beds. The petiole anatomical structure is similar

to the ellipsoidal cross section of the leaflet vein. Also,

there was no significant difference between male and

female pedigrees in terms of leaf and petiole anatomical

traits.

Keywords: Leaflet, Petiole, Wild pistachio, Parenchyma,

Golestan

Physiological aspects of redroot pigweed’s

(Amaranthus retroflexus L.) allelopathic

effects on cucumber plants

Hamideh Bakhshayeshan-Agdam1*, Seyed Yahya Salehi-Lisar1,

Rouhollah Motafakkerazad1, Amir Hosein Talebpour2, Nader Farsad Akhtar1

1 Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University

of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran 2 Agricultural and Natural Resources Research center of East Azerbaijan,

Tabriz, Iran

* Corresponding author: h_agdam@yahoo.com

Allelopathy is one of the most important interactions

among plants in the natural ecosystems and agricultural

fields. Weeds could reduce crops yield in farms due to

competition as well as their allelopathic effects. Redroot

pigweed is one of the most common weeds in the world-

wide with well-known allelopathic effects. In order to

evaluation of physiological aspects of redroot pigweed

allelopathic effects on cucumber, an experiment was

conducted as factorial based on completely randomized

design with three replications. Cucumber plants were

cultivated hydroponically at greenhouse conditions on a

solid substrate (perlite) and treated with 0 and 0.25% of

the redroot pigweed leachate. Redroot pigweed's leachate

caused 1) increasing in stomata opening probably by

interference of some allelopathic compounds such as

ferulic acid with the plant hormonal system, 2) increasing

in photosynthetic pigments contents, especially in

carotenoids content that is involved in the xanthophyll

cycle, 3) reduction in relative water content due to higher

stomata opening and reduction in water uptake, 4)

decreasing in total soluble protein content possibly by

reduction in either biosynthesis or half-life, 5) induction of

oxidative stress followed by increases in the antioxidant

enzymes activity including catalase and peroxidase, and

consequently reduced plants growth and biomass

production in treated plants. Therefore, allelopathic effects

of redroot pigweed, which finally reduce treated plants

growth and ultimately lead to plant death happen because

of the negative effects of the allelochemicals on various

physiological aspects of the receiver plants.

Keywords: Allelopathy, Growth, Physiological

parameters, Redroot pigweed, Cucumber

42

Redroot pigweed’s (Amaranthus retroflexus L.)

allelopathic effects on growth and

physiological parameters of lettuce seedlings

Elnaz Radpour, Seyed Yahya Salehi-Lisar, Hamideh Bakhshayeshan-

Agdam* Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of

Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

* Corresponding author: h_agdam@yahoo.com

Allelopathy is one of the most important interactions

among plants. Weeds extracts have an allelopathic

potential thus lead cause decline in growth and

development of other plants. Redroot pigweed is one of

the most common weeds in the world-wide and obtained

extracts from it, have the allelopathic effects as well. In

order to evaluation of growth aspects of redroot pigweed

allelopathic effects on the lettuce seedlings, an experiment

was conducted as factorial based on completely

randomized design with three replications. Lettuce seeds

were sowed on Petri containing sterile filter paper at

greenhouse conditions and treated with amaranth different

concentration leachate including 0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, and

0.1%. Germination decline, decreasing in shoot length,

increasing seminal root and seedlings length, decreasing

shoot to root length ratio were the effects of redroot

pigweed leachate on growth and development of lettuce

seedlings which were observed in the treated plants.

Physiological effects of redroot pigweed on lettuce

seedlings were including alteration on the function of the

enzymatic antioxidant system (catalase and peroxidase)

and non-enzymatic antioxidant system (phenols and

flavonoids) and amounts of total protein as well. It is

worth noting that with increasing leachate concentration,

the mentioned effects were accelerated. Considering that

lettuce due to the unique characteristics is a model plant in

the allelopathic researches, the study of more

physiological as well as molecular aspects of amaranth

allelopathy is suggested.

Keywords: Allelopathy, Redroot pigweed, Growth

parameters, Antioxidant system, Lettuce seedling

Effects of allelopathic compounds of barley

(Hordeum vulgare L.) on seedling growth and

some antioxidant activities of Chenopodium

album

Roozbeh Farhoudi*, Reza Alavi Nia

Department of Weed Science, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran

* Corresponding author: rfarhoudi@gmail.com

This study was conducted to study the allelopathic

potential of barley (Hordeum vulgare) compounds on

Chenopodium album germination and enzyme changes.

Allelopathic extracts were one phenolic and three alkaloids

compounds (strychnine, atropine, and quinine). The

experiment was arranged in a randomized complete blocks

design with three replications. Results indicated that the

alkaloids atropine and strychnine had the highest negative

impact on germination percentage, germination rate,

seeding fresh weight, activities of catalase, peroxidase, and

alpha-amylase enzymes. Also, these treatments caused to

increase cell membrane‟s damage and malondialdehyde

(MDA) concentration in the tissue of the treated plant. The

highest concentration of MDA of Chenopodium album

belonged to strychnine treatment with 0.076 nmol/g

weight of seedling. The highest activity of catalase,

peroxidase (6.3 and 17.1 mg observed in 60 seconds,

respectively) and alpha-amylase (9 nmol of seeds per

minute) was observed in quinine text to control treatment,

suggesting the low impact of this alkaloid in the treated

plant, compared to the others. Generally, allelopathic

extracts of barley including phenolic, strychnine and

atropine compounds had higher negative effects on seed

germination and enzymes activities of Chenopodium

album seedling.

Keywords: Allelopathy, Alkaloids, Phenol, Alpha-

amylase, Malondialdehyde

43

Comparison of germination in two variety of

flax at saline conditions

Leila Zarandi-Miandoab*, Zohre Rahimi

Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Azarbaijan Shahid

Madani University, Tabriz, Iran * Corresponding author: zarandi @ azaruniv.ac.ir

Linum usitatissimum L. is an annual herb that is cultivated

in the area of East and West Azarbaijan in the local name

of locust. Due to the increasing amount of salinity in

Azerbaijani lands, in order to study the effect of salinity on

germination of two varieties, brown and golden yellow

flax, a factorial experiment designed with three

replications. The seeds first Disinfected with sodium

hypochlorite 10% for 5 minutes and so washed with

distilled water. Then seeds placed in sterilized petri dishes.

Salinity treatments were performed at 4 levels of zero

(control), 50, 100 and 200 mM of NaCl by adding 3

milliliters of saline solutions to each petri. Petri dishes

placed in the germinator at 25 ± 2 °C and in relative

humidity of 30%. The number of germinated seeds studied

on the seventh day. The results showed that salt

concentration affect the different varieties of flax in different manner, so that in yellow flax with increasing

salinity, germination percentage decreased significantly,

but brown seeds germination was less affected by salinity.

According to the obtained results, it is possible to use flax

varieties with brown seed color for salting in lands up to

200 mM of sodium chloride. Keywords: Yellow flax, Brown flax, Salinity,

Germination

Germination of Ferula gummosa under effects

of drought stress

Marzieh Pakdaman, Hasan Ebrahimzadeh, Nima Yazdanbakhsh*, Vahid

Niknam Department of Biology, and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living

Organisms in Iran School of Biology College of Science University of

Tehran * Corresponding author: yazdanb@ut.ac.ir

Ferula gummosa is a monocarpic plant, part of the celery

family Apiaceae, which is native to Iran. Due to its resin

content, endogenous gum, and volatile oil, Ferula is being

used in traditional medicine as well as cooking.

Lengthening droughts in the natural habitat associated with

climate changes, together with overharvesting by

indigenous people have subjected Ferula to extinction.

Recruitment of this species to its natural habitat relies on

seed germination. With this respect, in this study, we

examined how drought affects the germination of F.

gummosa seeds. With this respect, seeds were initially

surface-sterilized by submerging in water for 48 h

followed by ethanol and sodium hypochlorite. After

rinsing with distilled water, seeds were placed in Petri

dishes covered with wet filter paper and kept for 90 days

in cold and dark conditions. The drought was imposed by

applying 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% concentrations of

polyethylene glycol 6000 )PEG). Experiments were

designed in a completely randomized form and performed

with three replicates for each treatment, with 25 seeds per

plate. Rate and percentage of seed germination declined

with increasing PEG concentrations. Notably, there was no

seed germination observed among seeds treated with 15%

PEG. The mass of seedlings (both fresh and dry weight)

declined as PEG concentration rose. Protein content was

initially elevated in 5% PEG but declined thereafter. As a

consequence, the maximal level for total protein was

detected as 2.65 μg / g FW which was recorded for 5%

PEG treatment. The activity of antioxidant enzyme

catalase increased in parallel to PEG concentration while

other antioxidant enzymes presented a progressive

decrease in their activity as PEG concentration rose. In

case of the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and

ascorbate peroxidase (APX), no significant difference was

detected upon application of increasing PEG

concentrations. These results indicate that the seed

germination of Ferula is sensitive to drought. Thus drought

not only affects intact plants but also prevents their

recruitment by inhibition of the germination of dispersed

seeds.

Keywords: Drought stress, Ferula gummosa, Medicinal

plant, Seed germination

44

The response of rapeseed under salt stress to

the application of zinc sulfate in the rosette

stage

Torfeh Akhavan Hezaveh*

Technical and Vocational University, Uremia, Iran * Corresponding author: torfeha@yahoo.com

A greenhouse study was conducted to explore the effect of

various rates of Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) on rapeseed

(Brassica napus L.) growth and physiological response

under salt stress (0, 50 and 100 mM) and four ZnSO4

treatments consisting of, 0, 20, 40 and 80 mg-1L of the

were applied. Increasing ZnSO4 at the 40 mg-1

L resulted in

increasing shoot dry weight, and root length and root dry

weight in rapeseed but the increase did not have a

significant effect. The different foliar application at the

full rosette stage affected significantly Na/K ratio and the

concentrations in plant tissue. The application of ZnSO4 at

the 40 mg-1L rate enhanced the plant‟s physiological

response to salt stress by reducing electrolyte leakage,

increasing catalase and MDA content, and increasing

antioxidant enzymes, activity. The highest activities of

catalase and guaiacol peroxidase were observed in plants

treated with 100 mM of NaCl, but the application of

ZnSO4 declined these antioxidant activities.

Keywords: Rapeseed, ZnSO4, Salt stress, Antioxidant

enzymes

Expression of genes associated with ethylene

during storage of kiwifruit at low

temperatures

Seyyed Fatemeh Fallah1, Mansour Afshar-Mohammadian2* 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Golestan, Iran 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Iran

* Corresponding author: afshar@guilan.ac.ir

Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) is a climacteric fruit,

sensitive to low concentrations of ethylene. Given the fact

that ethylene causes early kiwifruit softness and reduces its

shelf life, in current study, the expression of transcription

factors (ERF1 and ETR1) and the enzymes related to

ethylene biosynthesis (ACO1, ACO2, and ACS) in

kiwifruit have been examined at low temperatures (0, -0.5

and -0.8ºC). According to the results, for all examined

genes, the highest expression level observed at -0.8 and -

0.5°C, respectively, and the lowest expression level

occurred at 0 °C after about 3 months of fruit storage.

Also, the expression of ACC oxidase genes (ACO1 and

ACO2) was higher than the other examined genes.

Considering that kiwifruits are usually kept at

temperatures below 0°C, according to the result of this

study, if the kiwifruit is stored at 0°C in the refrigerator

and also after entering to the market, it will possibly

remain for a longer period of time. To our knowledge, this

is the first report in this regard. Keywords: Actinidia deliciosa, ACC oxidase, ACC

synthase, Ethylene, Low temperature

45

Comparative evaluation of crocin antioxidant

in three agronomic and wildlife saffron

species

Mansour Afshar-Mohammadian1*, Fatemeh Shahinfar1, Sara Taghikhah-

Khomami1, Davoud Bakhshi2 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, P.O.

Box 41938-33697, Rasht, Iran 2 Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, P.O. Box 41447-84475, Rasht, Iran

* Corresponding author: afshar@guilan.ac.ir

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is used extensively in the food

industry as a coloring and flavoring natural material.

Saffron stigma contains water-soluble carotenoids such as

crocin, and forms the main pigment of C. sativus stigma

which prevents the growth and spread of cancer cells.

Comparative analysis of crocin in the stigmas and stamen

of C. sativus and two wild species of saffron in Guilan

province, namely C. caspius and C. speciosus was the

main aim of this study. The results showed that the

concentration of crocin in the stigma of wild species of C.

caspius and C. speciosus was significantly higher than C.

sativus. Also, the amount of crocin in the stamen was

significantly lower than stigma in all examined species.

Regarding the importance of the active constituent of

crocin, two wild species of saffron in Guilan province can

be a good source of this valuable antioxidant. So far, no

report has been published in this regard.

Keywords: stigma, stamen, C. sativus, C. caspius, C.

speciosus

Evaluation of drought stress resistance in two

cultivars of point and bush beans

Motahareh Omidipour*, Mansour Afshar Mohamadian, Fatemeh Jamal

Omidi Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht,

Iran

* Corresponding author: motahare.omidipour@gmail.com

Among abiotic stresses, drought is one of the most

important environmental factors that limit the production

of crops and sometimes reduces the average of the yield up

to 50 percent. In order to investigate the effect of drought

stress on some of the biochemical and physiological

characteristics of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), a factorial

field experiment was conducted in the form of randomized

complete block design with three replications at the

University of Guilan in which drought stress was applied

at three levels (30, 60 and %100 (control)) of crop capacity

using two cultivars including point bean (Ghaffar cultivar)

and bush bean (G-18) for 12 days from three-leaf stage

(V3) onward and was harvested 33 days after planting.

The results of ANOVA showed that at the levels of %30

and %60 of FC, water stress led to a significant reduction

in the relative water content (RWC) and a significant

increase in protein, proline, malondialdehyde (MDA) and

soluble carbohydrates, compared to control level. At the

level of %30 of FC, the protein content and soluble sugars

had a significant increase in Ghaffar cultivar compared

with G-18 cultivar. Increased protein accumulation under

drought stress is sometimes performed to produce nitrogen

storage to be used in plant cellular metabolic processes

during drought stress. Also, in drought stress of %60 of

FC, Ghaffar, and G-18 cultivar showed an increase in

proline content with the average of 4.19 and 2.1 mg/g

fresh weight, respectively, in comparison to controls with

2.36 and 1.48 mg/g fresh weight. The results of the current

study showed that Ghaffar cultivar was less affected under

drought stress by using different mechanisms of water

stress tolerance such as increasing proline and soluble

sugars content, compared with G-18 cultivar. Since the

studied characteristic in this study is suitable criteria to

identify drought tolerant cultivars, according to the current

results, Ghaffar cultivar was recognized as drought

tolerant cultivar compared with G-18 cultivar.

Keywords: Physiological characteristics, Drought stress,

Bean cultivars

46

The effect of different levels of drought stress

on some physiological parameters of two

cultivars of red and bush beans

Mona Sayad Ghanbari Nejad*, Mansour Afshar Mohamadian, Fatemeh

Jamal Omidi Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht,

Iran

* Corresponding author: mona.sayyadghanbari@gmail.com

Drought is one of the most important environmental

stresses in many parts of the world, especially in warm and

semi-arid areas, which significantly reduces the efficiency

of the products. In order to investigate the effect of

drought stress on some of the biochemical and

physiological traits of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), a

laboratory experiment was conducted on two cultivars of

bush bean (G-13 cultivar) and red beans (Yaghout

cultivar) in three treatments of water stress (30, 60) and

100 (control) percentage of field capacity in a randomized

complete block design with three replications in Guilan

University. The results showed that water stress at 30 and

60% crop capacity significantly reduced the relative

humidity (RWC) and significantly increased proline,

malondialdehyde (MDA) and soluble carbohydrates

compared to control. The proline content in bush been

was significantly more than red bean and MDA content of

red bean was significantly more than a bush bean.

Therefore, it can be concluded that bush bean is more

susceptible to drought stress than red beans.

Keywords: Physiological characteristics, Water

deficiency, Bean

Physiological responses of two cultivars of G-

17 and Almas beans under water deficiency

stress

Sanaz Taghidoost, Mansour Afshar Mohammadian, Fateme jamal Omidi

Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht,

Iran,

* Corresponding author: sanaz.taghidust@gmail.com

Among beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L. with 18-22 percent of

the protein and annual production of more than 20 million

tons is the world's first. Drought is one of the most

important environmental stresses that limit the production

of plant products around the world. On average, more than

50 percent of the yield of many plant products is reduced

due to drought stress. In this research, the effects of

drought stress on some physiological traits of two bean

cultivars (G-17 and Almas) in three levels of water stress

(30, 60 and 100 (control)) of field capacity in a factorial

arrangement and a completely randomized design with

three replications. The results showed that the studied

physiological traits such as leaf relative water content

(RWC) and photosynthetic pigments were significantly

reduced by drought stress (p≤ 0.05). Almas cultivar

compared to G-17, apparently through the application of

different mechanisms of drought tolerance was less

subjected to drought stress, so that in Almas cultivar,

proline, total carbohydrate, and MDA increased

significantly under drought stress. Therefore, it can be

concluded that the Almas cultivar is more tolerant than

G_17 under drought conditions.

Keywords: Bean, Drought stress, Physiological response

47

Endosperm variation and fresh to dry weight

ratio during Trigonella persica germination

Ehsan Bakhshy, Fateme Zarinkamar*

Department Plant Sciences, Faculty of biology, University of Tarbiat modares

* Corresponding author: zarinkamar@yahoo.com

Trigonella persica Boiss. is an annual herbaceous plant of

Fabaceae family, which is considered as one of the

endemic species of Iran (legumes). This aromatic plant has

cylindrical long stem (30-60 cm), pinkish color, shoulder

leaves, three leaflets and triangular shapes stipule.

Galactomannans are heterogeneous polysaccharides

consisting of galactose and mannose subunits. In the

family of legumes, galactomannans of the endospermic

cell wall have a largely conserved role, and their

abundance in the seed is such that in many species of this

family, formed the main part of the grains dry weight

Galactomannan in Trigonella persica Boiss. Seeds (as the

major component of the cell wall) endosperm decreases

with the advent of germination days. Endosperm plays an

important role in absorbing water and preventing water

stress in the germinating seed due to the presence of

polysaccharides. In this research, with the aim of

measuring the T. persica seeds galactomannan in the first

three days of germination, the amount of dry and, fresh

weight of endosperm in dry seeds (non-germinated seeds)

and germinating seed at 24.48.72 after the imbibition was

investigated. According to the results, the endosperm of

seed germinating at 48 hours (after imbibition) had the

heist dry weight and due to the presence of

galactomannans, the fresh to dry weight ratio of the

endosperm in 48 hours after imbibition was the highest.

Also, radicle fresh to dry weight ratio along with growth

(in during germination) increased but cotyledons weight

variation in during germination there is no significant

relationship between fresh to dry weight ratio. Keywords: T. persica, Galactomannan, Germination,

Endosperm

Uptake and distribution of phenanthrene and

pyrene in roots and shoots of maize (Zea mays

L.) Mahdieh Houshani*, Seyed Yahya Salehi-Lisar, Ali Movafeghi, Ruhollah

Motafakkerazad Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of

Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

* Corresponding author: mhoshani@yahoo.com

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as a byproduct

of carbon-based fuel combustions and are an important

group of pollutants with a wide distribution in the

environment. PAHs are toxic for almost all organisms, and

plants can uptake such compounds by roots and translocate

to various aerial parts. Accordingly, the aim of this study

was to investigate the uptake, translocation, and

accumulation of pyrene and phenanthrene, as frequent

PAHs in the environment, in maize plants using an

experimental study under controlled conditions. Seeds

were cultivated in perlite containing 25, 50, 75, and 100

ppm of phenanthrene and pyrene and their concentrations

in the roots and shoots of the plants were measured by

using High-Performance Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC)

after 7, 14, and 21 days. The results have demonstrated

that phenanthrene naturally existing in maize and its

concentration in shoots and roots decreased over time. In

contrast, pyrene concentration increased in the roots but

reduced in the shoots. In addition, pyrene had higher

uptake rate than that of phenanthrene by roots of maize.

However, its translocation factor was lower than that of

phenanthrene. According to these findings, phenanthrene

could be metabolized in maize in both shoot and roots, but

pyrene had more tendencies to be accumulated in roots.

Keywords: Maize, Phenanthrene, Pyrene, Uptake rate,

Translocation

48

Toxic effects of phenanthrene on physiological

parameters of maize (Zea mays L.) Mahdieh Houshani*, Seyed Yahya Salehi-Lisar, Ali Movafeghi, Ruhollah

Motafakkerazad Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of

Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

* Corresponding author: mhoshani@yahoo.com

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are an

important group of pollutants which are released into the

environment mainly due to the incomplete combustion of

organic materials. These compounds could reduce the

growth of plants and affects their different physiological

aspects. In this study, Zea mays plants were grown

hydroponically and treated by different concentrations of

phenanthrene (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm) and its effects

on some physiological and biochemical parameters were

evaluated. The results showed that the increase in

phenanthrene concentration reduced all studied growth

parameters and significantly increased H2O2, Chlorophyll

a, and carotenoids contents of plants. Also, an increased

trend was observed in anthocyanin's content compared to

the control and the highest value (118.44%) was recorded

at the level of 100 ppm, but there was no significant

difference between plants treated. Therefore, these

findings supported the concept that phenanthrene toxicity

induced oxidative stress in the plant as was shown by H2O2

accumulation in the plant being physiological reasons for

plants growth reduction in phenanthrene contaminated

environments.

Keywords: Growth parameters, Phenanthrene, Zea mays

Evaluation of arsenate induced physiological

responses in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)

Farnoosh Zargari 1*, latifeh Pourakbar1, Seyed Yahya Salehi-Lisar 2, Jafar

Razeghi 2, Rouhollah Motafakkerazad2 1 Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Urmia,

Iran 2 Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Iran

* Corresponding author: farnooshzargari@yahoo.com

Arsenic (As) is a ubiquitous environmental toxic metalloid

that exists in both organic and inorganic forms and it‟s

concentration in the environment increases due to both

industrial and agriculture activities. The excessive

presence of Arsenic in the environment is a serious threat

to the ecosystems and human health in many regions of the

world. This metalloid has not the specific nutritional role

and some studies have reported its toxic effects on plants.

Arsenic entrance into crops such as alfalfa can lead to a

threat to consumers of plant products including human. In

order to evaluate the physiological responses of alfalfa to

arsenic toxicity, in the present research, effects of different

concentrations of sodium arsenate solution (0, 10, 15 and

20 ppm) on growth, photosynthetic pigments as well as

soluble and insoluble sugars contents in shoots and roots

of alfalfa plants was investigated in the hydroponic culture

and under controlled conditions. Results indicated that all

concentrations of arsenate led to a significant reduction

(P≤0.05) in growth parameters, contents of photosynthetic

pigments, soluble and insoluble sugars in roots and shoots

compared to the control. Concerning the results, it seems

that arsenate caused growth and development disruption in

alfalfa via inducing phytotoxicity by interaction with

physiological activities and damaging photosynthetic

apparatus.

Keywords: Arsenic, Phytotoxicity, Alfalfa

49

Effect of arsenic toxicity on peroxidase,

superoxide dismutase activity and total

phenol content in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)

Farnoosh Zargari1*, Latifeh Pourakbar1, Seyed Yahya Salehi-Lisar2, Jafar

Razeghi2, Rouhollah Motafakkerazad2 1 Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Urmia,

Iran 2 Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Iran * Corresponding author: farnooshzargari@yahoo.com

Arsenic is a non-essential metalloid with high toxicity

potential for all organisms such as plants, which can

accumulate in the environment naturally or by

anthropogenic activities. Arsenic enters food chains and

can cause serious risk to human health after absorbing by

plants. In different plant species, arsenic causes oxidative

stress by stimulating ROS generation. Therefore, this study

was conducted in order to assess antioxidant defense

response of alfalfa to oxidative stress due to the

application of different concentrations of arsenic (0, 10, 15

and 20 ppm). Contents of total phenol and

malondialdehyde as lipid peroxidation index, as well as

POD, SOD activities of root and shoot in control and

treated plants were measured. The results indicated that

MDA content increased about 1.14 times in roots in

presence of 10 ppm, and 1.50 times in shoots in presence

of 10 and 15 ppm of arsenic compared to control (p≤0.05).

As well as, in roots POD activity in all treatments and

SOD activity in the highest level showed higher values. In

shoots, both enzymes showed significantly decreased

activity (p≤0.05) in all treatments. Total phenol content

increased in all concentrations and the highest increase

was shown in treated plants by 20 and 15 ppm of arsenic

in shoots and roots, respectively. Regarding acquired

results, it can be concluded that alfalfa partially moderated

oxidative stress by altering in antioxidant system activity.

Keywords: Alfalfa, Antioxidant, Arsenic, Oxidative stress

Study of fatty acids of three populations of

Linum usitatissimum L.

Maryam Farahani*, Fariba Amini, Mehri Askari, Seyed Mehdi Talebi

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University * Corresponding Author: maryamfarahani994@gmail.com

Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is an annual plant and

grows in arid, warm and temperate regions. Flaxseed is

rich in fat, protein, and fiber in the diet. The aim of this

study was to determine the amount of fatty acids of 13

populations of Linum usitatissimum L. species. Seeds of

three populations of Arak, Qom, and Tehran provided

from Jahad Agriculture Research Center of Markazi

Province in August 2017 and were cultivated in controlled

conditions in Arak University. Gas chromatography was

used to analyze fatty acids. ANOVA test showed a

significant difference between all compounds of fatty acids

except palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, C17: 1, stearic acid,

C18: 2t and linoleic acid. Among the saturated fatty acids

(Lauric acid, merisic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid,

stearic acid, arachidic acid, beanic acid and lignosulphuric

acid) palmitic acid and stearic acid had the highest

percentage. Among the unsaturated fatty acids (myristolic

acid, palmitoleic acid, C17: 1, C18: 1t, C18: 1c, C18: 2t,

linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, gamma-linolenic acid

and erucic acid) alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid had

the highest percentage. Keywords: Linum usitatissimum L., Fatty acids

50

Drought stress on electrolyte leakage, H2O2

concentration, relative water and chlorophyll

content and leaf area in Carthamus tinctorius

L.

Zhila Toupchi Khosrowshahi1*, Seyed Yahya Salehi-Lisar1, Kazem

Ghassemi-Golezani2, Rouhollah Motafakkerazad1, Karim Hasanpour3

1 Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University

of Tabriz 2 Department of Plant Eco-physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz 3 Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of

Tabriz

* Corresponding author: toupchi@tabrizu.ac.ir

Water deficit is the most important abiotic limiting factor

for plant growth and performance. Drought induces

oxidative stress and improves oxygen free radicals such as

hydrogen peroxide in plants. Reactive oxygen species

combine with lipids and cause membrane injuries via lipid

peroxidation. Membrane injuries affect selective

permeability and electrolytes leak to the outside of the cell.

In this research, safflower plants were irrigated up to 100,

80, 60, 40, 20% field capacity after three leaves stage for

14 days in a greenhouse based on complete randomized

block design with three replications. For measuring water

value needing for the pots, was used from the weighting

method. Physiological parameters of plants were measured

after plant harvesting. Results showed that drought stress

had a significant effect on all traits. Electrolyte leakage

and H2O2 concentration enhanced in leaves and roots with

increasing of stress levels, but RWC, chlorophyll a and b

contents and leaf area reduced compared with the control.

The highest electrolyte leakage, H2O2 concentration in

safflower plants observed under the irrigation regime of

20% field capacity. Decreasing water potential in the

severe stress of 20% field capacity can induce osmotic

stress, decrease chlorophyll content and by increasing

membrane damages cause the death of safflower plants.

Keywords: Drought stress, Physiological characteristics,

Safflower

Effect of salicylic acid on growth and essential

elements’ content in spring canola plants

under lead stress

Nader Kazemi1, Zahra Asadi2* 1 Department of Biology, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran 2 Department of Genetics, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University,

Zanjan, Iran * Corresponding author: zahra.asadi.genetic@gmail.com

In this research, the interactive effects of lead (Pb) and

salicylic acid (SA) on canola plants were studied. 25-day-

old plants were exposed to concentrations of Pb (NO3)2 (0,

250 μM ) and SA (0, 100 μM) for 10 days. This research

was done in the form of factorial, in a completely

randomized design at four repeats with lead and salicylic

acid treatments each one at two levels. Lead toxicity

symptoms, such as chlorosis and necrosis were observed

on leaves of Pb-treated plants. Treatment with Pb resulted

in a significant decrease in fresh and dry weight of roots

and shoots (p<0.05). Mineral elements content (Mg, Fe,

Ca, P, K) extremely decreased in roots and shoots of Pb-

stressed canola plants (p<0.05), while, the content of N in

these plants significantly increased in roots and decreased

in shoots (p<0.05). Pb was more accumulated in roots than

in shoots. In Pb-stressed plants, application of SA

improved the growth and decreased the toxicity symptoms

as compared to Pb-treated plants. SA considerably reduced

root-to-shoot translocation of Pb and significantly

increased the content of mineral elements in roots and

shoots of Pb-stressed plants. The results showed that by

sequestration of Pb in roots and amelioration of mineral

nutrition, SA markedly reduced the toxic effects of lead on

canola plants.

Keywords: Salicylic acid, Lead toxicity, Mineral

elements, Canola

51

Effect of exogenous salicylic acid on

alleviating lead-induced oxidative stress in

leaves of spring canola plants

Nader Kazemi1, Zahra Asadi2* 1 Department of Biology, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran 2 Department of Genetics, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University,

Zanjan, Iran * Corresponding author: zahra.asadi.genetic@gmail.com

In this research, the interactive effects of lead (Pb) and

salicylic acid (SA) on canola plants were studied. 25-day-

old canola plants were exposed to different concentrations

of Pb(NO3)2 (0, 250 and 500 μM) and SA (0 and 100 μM)

for 10 days. In the absence of SA, excess Pb decreased the

dry weight of roots and shoots and reduced chlorophyll

content in leaves, while SA moderated these effects. In Pb-

treated plants, level of lipoxygenase activity and the

contents of malondialdehyde and H2O2 increased, as well

as changes in the activities of the antioxidant enzymes,

catalase, guaiacol peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, in

leaves indicated that Pb caused an oxidative stress in

canola plants. Addition of SA together with Pb ions

significantly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes

and reduced H2O2 content and the level of lipid

peroxidation in leaves. SA also decreased root-to-shoot

translocation of Pb in plants under Pb stress.

Consequently, salicylic acid by sequestration of Pb in roots

and with an increase in the activities of antioxidant

enzymes markedly reduced Pb-induced oxidative damage

on canola plants.

Keywords: Lead, Oxidative stress, Salicylic acid, Canola

Evaluation of varieties effect on plant

osmolytes in 5 quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)

varieties under environmental stress

condition

Aezam Rasekhi Kazeruni1*, Asma Rasekhi Kazeruni2, Mohammadreza

Zamani1, Fatemeh Heidaryan Naeini1 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, NourDanesh Institute of Higher Education, Meimeh, Isfahan, Iran 2 Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture,

University of Islamic Azad Yasuj Branch, Yasuj, Iran * Corresponding author: rasekhi.biologist1395@gmail.com

Drought is one of the major environmental factors limiting

growth of crop plants worldwilde. Many plant species such

as quinoa naturally accumulate proline as major osmolyte

when subjected to different abiotic stresses. Proline has an

effective role to save water in leaves. In the present study,

varieties effect was investigated to analyze plant osmolytes

in five quinoa cultivars (named Q29, Q22, Q18, Red Carina

and Titicaca) under environmental stress condition. Proline

content determination in leaves proceeded according to

Bates et al (1973) and total soluble protein determined by

Bradford method (1979). Experiments were performed in

triplicates and the data were analyzed with ANOVA using

SPSS 16 software. Duncan's multiple range test was

performed to test the significance of difference between

the treatments. The analysis results showed the highest

proline content in Titicaca (23.28±0.74 μg/gFW) and the

lowest in Q29 (11.83±1.55 μg/gFW ). Considering the

protective role of proline in cell membrane damage during

drought stress, the most tolerant variety was Titicaca. Q18,

Q29 and Q22 had significantly higher levels of total soluble

protein and statistically were the same. The highest content

of soluble protein was determined in Q18 (2.62±0.31

mg/gFW) and the lowest was determined in Red Carina

(0.43±0.09 mg/gFW). This results were significantly

different.

Keywords: Varieties, Quinoa, Proline and Soluble protein

52

The effect cold stress on physiology of Stevia

rebaudiana Bertoni under in vitro culture

condition

Nasrin Shirzadi1, Maryam Nasr Esfahani1*, Shokofeh Hajihashemi2

1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Lorestan University 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia

University of Technology

* Corresponding author: esfahani_nm@yahoo.com

The Stevia rebaudiana is a plant native to Paraguay's semi-

humid area and has a medicinal stevil glycosides

sweetening compound. Cold stress is one of the most

factors limiting the growth and production of plants

worldwide, including Stevia. In this study, changes in the

activity of antioxidant enzymes, growth parameters such

as dry weight, fresh weight, pigments content (chlorophyll

a, b, total and carotenoids), total amino acid, proline,

hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), flavonoids, anthocyanins,

phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, total antioxidant, as

well as the rate of peroxidation of lipids in leaf and stem

tissues of Stevia under cold stress conditions (5 and 10 °

C). Cold stress can significantly reduce the vegetative

growth of the Stevia plant so that the reduction in the

steady fresh weight of plants under cold stress was

observed. In addition, the amount of H2O2 in leaf and stem

of the Stevia plant increased in response to cold stress,

which confirms the increase of reactive oxygen kinds

(ROS) in the Stevia plant under cold stress. H2O2

accumulation in the stoichi straw and stalks under cold

stress was detected by peroxidation of the lipid

membranes, so a significant increase in malondialdehyde

(MDA) in Stevia plants under cold stress was observed.

Stevia plants used different mechanisms to reduce the

destructive effects of cold stress. Among these

mechanisms, it is possible to increase the activity of

antioxidant enzymes. Under cold stress, the activity of the

enzymes Catalase (CAT), Ascorbate peroxidase (APX),

Guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), Polyphenol oxidase (PPO),

Superoxide dismutase (SOD), and Phenylalanine ammonia

lipase (PAL), Tyrosine alanine ammonia lyase (TAL)

showed a significant increase compared to the control. In

addition, total amino acids, proline, anthocyanins, phenol

compounds, flavonoids and total antioxidant showed a

significant increase compared to the control, as well as

temperature low content of photosynthetic pigments

(chlorophyll a, b, total and carotenoids) and dry weight

decreased the fresh weight of Stevia. Reductions in

parameters such as fresh weight, dry weight indicates the

sensitivity of this plant to cold stress. Thus, according to

the results of this study, it can be concluded that the Stevia

plant is susceptible to cold, while also increasing some

parameters such as proline, antioxidant enzymes indicating

it is the plant that tries to tolerant its tension. Keywords: Cold stress, Enzyme, Antioxidants, Stevia

rebaudiana

The effect of gibberellin on the content of

some secondary metabolites in ethylene

insensitive cut roses (Rosa hybrida L.)

Faezeh Khatami1*, Farzaneh Najafi1, Fataneh Yari2, Ramazan Ali Khavari

–Nejad1, 3 1 Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi

University, Postal Code: 1571914911, Tehran, Iran. 2 Department of Agriculture, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Postal Code: 33535111, Tehran, Iran. 3 Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad

University, Tehran, Iran. * Corresponding author: std_khatami@khu.ac.ir

Roses have been one of the top ten cut flowers in the

world that many studies have focused on their high-quality

after harvest. Ethylene accelerated senescence in sensitive

cut flowers and it seems that gibberellin prolongs their

longevity by neutralizing the activity of abscisic acid.

Therefore, in this work, ethylene-insensitive cut roses

containing etr1-1 gene were evaluated. Cut roses prepared

from an isolated greenhouse at commercial stage, after

transferring to the laboratory, were treated by GA3 (0, 40

and 80 mg l-1

) and then the content of some secondary

metabolites assessed. Evaluations were carried out in

control and transgenic lines in the bud and half-open

stages. The research was performed in completely

randomized factorial design by four replicates. After

measuring and applying the statistical differences at the

P≤0.05 level via SAS software was done. The results

showed that gibberellin significantly increased chlorophyll

a, b and carotenoid contents in the bud and half-open

stages in control and transgenic lines. Maximum pigment

content was observed in transgenic line in the bud and

half-open stages treated by 80 mg l-1

gibberellin which had

a significant difference in comparison with the same stages

in the control line. Also, anthocyanin and flavonoid

contents decreased in control and transgenic lines with

higher concentrations of gibberellin in all developmental

stages, it seems that gibberellin by reducing senescence

oxidative damage could be prolonged the vase life. The

minimum amount of these compounds was observed in the

bud and half-open stages in transgenic line by 80 mg l-1

gibberellin which had a significant difference in

comparison with the same stages in the control line.

Therefore, genetic manipulation of ethylene receptor genes

of ethylene-sensitive flowers as well as roses accompanied

by gibberellin treatment could be considerably improved

longevity.

Keywords: Cut roses, Gibberellin, Secondary metabolites

53

Effect of vermicompost on the nutrient

elements of the fennel shoot under saline

conditions

Abdollah Beykkhormizi1*, Siavash Hosseini Sarghein1, Mohammad Reza

Sarafraz Ardakani2, Seyed Mohammad Moshtaghioun2, Seyed Mousa

Mousavi Kouhi3 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Urmia 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yazd 3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Birjand * Corresponding author: abdollahbeyk@gmail.com

Salinity as an abiotic stress is one of the most important

factors reducing plant products in most regions of the

world. Fennel that all its parts, including grain, shoot, and

root, are used by human in different ways, is relatively

sensitive to salt stress. On the other hand, vermicompost

organic fertilizer has physical properties and a high

content of minerals that may reduce the negative effect of

this stress on the plants. In this study, the effect of 0 and

5% vermicompost treatments in the exposure of 0, 40, 80

and 120 mM NaCl on Bushehr and Mashhad fennel

landraces was investigated as a factorial design in a

randomized complete block design with three replications.

Plants were cultured in the research greenhouse of Yazd

University. After five weeks, the plants were harvested

and some mineral elements of the shoot were measured.

The results showed that salinity stress increased sodium

content and reduced the amount of potassium, calcium,

zinc, molybdenum, magnesium, iron, phosphate and

nitrate of the shoot in fennel landraces. Application of

vermicompost reduced the sodium content and increased

other studied minerals. However, this increase was not

significant in the case of zinc and iron elements of

Bushehr landrace, and zinc and magnesium of Mashhad

landrace. Vermicompost, due to having micro and macro

elements, improved the mineral elements of the shoot of

two fennel landraces of Bushehr and Mashhad, so it can

limit the effect of salinity stress on this plant.

Keywords: Abiotic stress, Mineral elements, Organic

fertilizer, Medicinal plant

Effect of vermicompost on the growth,

chlorophyll, carotenoid, phenol, sugar, and

relative water content in different landraces

of fennel

Abdollah Beykkhormizi1*, Siavash Hosseini Sarghein1, Mohammad Reza

Sarafraz Ardakani2, Seyed Mohammad Moshtaghioun2, Seyed Mousa

Mousavi Kouhi3 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Urmia 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yazd 3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Birjand * Corresponding author: abdollahbeyk@gmail.com

Today, the use of organic products is very popular. In this

regard, there is a huge demand for organic fennel.

Moreover, due to the use of fennel in various industries,

the demand for this medicinal plant is rapidly increasing in

the global market. Vermicompost has a high capacity of

ventilation and water storage, useful aerobic

microorganisms, plant growth regulators and a large

amount of macro and micro-nutritional elements and can

play an effective role in the growth and quality of plants.

In order to investigate the application of vermicompost on

the fennel plant, the effect of 5% volumetric ratio of

vermicompost-loam soil on the fennel landraces of Urmia,

Bushehr, Shiraz, and Mashhad was investigated as a

factorial experiment in the randomized complete block

design in three replications. Plants were cultured in the

greenhouse conditions and after five weeks they were

sampled. The results showed that with the application of

vermicompost the length, dry weight, and soluble sugar

content of shoot were significantly increased in all four

fennel landraces. In these conditions, the insoluble sugar

content of Shiraz and Urmia landraces was decreased

significantly. In all studied landraces, the content of total

chlorophyll, carotenoid, and total phenol were

significantly increased in the presence of vermicompost,

except for Urmia, Bushehr, and Mashhad, respectively. An

increase in relative water content was also observed in

Urmia and Bushehr landraces. Therefore, the use of

vermicompost regarding its physicochemical properties

can be beneficial for producing organic products with high

quantity and quality.

Keywords: Growth regulators, Greenhouse conditions,

Organic fertilizers, Medicinal plant, Organic products

54

Response of turnip (Brassica rapa) to UV-B

irradiation

Elham Rajabbeigi*

Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

* Corresponding author: elham_rajabbeigi@yahoo.com

The response of plants to stress such as UV-radiation or

drought highly depends on the species, cultivar, plant

organ, developmental stage, and furthermore, is influenced

by ecophysiological interactions. In this study, turnip

plants were exposed to UV-B and phenolic compounds,

anthocyanins and the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-

lyase were assessed. The results showed that anthocyanin

compound was declined, however, some phenolic

compounds, and campherol, Isolutein, and quercetin

increased. It seems that UV stress can induce phenolics,

but not through PAL activation.

Keywords: Anthocyanin, Phenolic compounds, Turnip,

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)

A study on the changes of peroxidase Enzyme

in the process of Rice plant resistance to M.

grisea

Hadi Pourmirzaei1, Ali Moumeni2* 1 Sowmesara-guilan- Tehran Azad University, hadi255353@gmail.com, 2 Gilan - Rasht - Biotechnology Research Center- Agricultural Jihad in

Guilan Province,

* Corresponding author: amoumeni@areeo.ac.ir

To affect the action of Pox Enzyme in three genotype rice

of includes: khazar (resisting) Binam (Sensitive) and

Isogenic line C104 P.K.T with a particular resistance

genome in a affection of being touch with M. griseea the

agent of Blast disease. After one week passed from

vaccination in marked and sing leafs, after constantration

and biopsy by Spectrophotometry and Electrophorese

method, have been investigated. In type of resisting

khazar, and isogenic line , 144 hours after vaccination , a

great deal of increases in pox Enzyme compare to the

quantity of sensitive have been seen and has been observed

2 thickness is isoseismic bands in khazar. (for pox

Enzyme). After that investigation and research the

impression and effect this Enzyme in metabolism of rice

resistance against the Blast disease by producing lignin on

the impression of pox and comparison the resisting type

and sensitive type and Isogenic line is particularize with

resistance genes are due to recognize.

Keywords: Rice, Blast Disease, Resistance induce Pox, M.

grisea

55

Investigation of interaction between lead and

vermicompost on morphological traits,

photosynthetic pigments, protein content and

mineral elements of sunflower

Seyed Mousa Mousavi Kouhi 1*, Mohammad Reza Sarafraz Ardakani2,

Abdollah Beykkhormizi3 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Birjand 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yazd 3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Urmia

* Corresponding author: smmousavi@birjand.ac.ir

The addition of organic materials such as vermicompost to

soil can improve plant growth and increase the solubility

of heavy metals, resulted in an increase in their absorption

by the plant. In order to investigate the interaction of

different concentrations of heavy metal lead (0, 1000,

1500 and 2000 mg L-1

) and vermicompost fertilizer on

sunflower growth and absorption of lead in its different

parts, an experiment was conducted as a factorial design in

a randomized complete block design with three

replications. Plants were cultured in greenhouse conditions

and were harvest after six weeks. The results showed that

heavy metal lead had no effect on the shoot length and dry

weight of sunflower, but in high concentrations (2000 mg

L-1

), the amount of iron, zinc, and calcium was decreased

and the amount of lead was increased in both shoot and

root. In the presence of lead, the protein content of the

plant was decreased and the total chlorophyll content and

carotenoid were increased. In the interaction of lead and

vermicompost, the level of lead and zinc was increased in

the root and shoot, respectively, and the content of other

elements was decreased. In these conditions, the increased

and decreased content of protein and carotenoid,

respectively, were observed. There was no significant

difference in the length and dry weight of shoot and total

chlorophyll. Therefore, the sunflower can accumulate a

high level of lead without a decrease in growth in the

vegetative stage. On the other hand, vermicompost also

improves the phytoremediation of lead by sunflower.

Keywords: Growth properties, Organic fertilizer,

Phytoremediation, Protein content

Investigation of salicylic acid effects on

antioxidant enzymes activities of safflower

under drought stress

Maryam Chavoushi1*, Farzaneh Najafi1, Azam. Salimi1, S. Abdelhamid,

Angaji2

1 Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi

University, Tehran, Iran 2 Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran

* Corresponding author: chavoosh_m@yahoo.com

Salicylic acid is one of the growth regulators that plays a

protective role against biotic and abiotic stresses. Drought

is one of the abiotic stresses that limit plant growth and

production. In this study, the effect of salicylic acid on the

reduction of drought stress in safflower (Carthamus

tinctorius L.) was studied. Plants aged 23-days were

sprayed with SA (0, 0.25 mM) and after 2 days irrigated

with different field capacity (FC) volumes of water (levels

100%, 75%, 50% and 25% FC). After seven days, plants

again were sprayed by SA. After two weeks plants were

harvested for experimental analysis. The results showed

that drought stress 25%FC increased activities of catalase,

peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and contents of H2O2

and malondialdehyde. Interaction of SA and drought

increased antioxidant enzymes activities however, H2O2

and malondialdehyde contents reduced. These results

suggest that salicylic acid had a significant role in the

reduction of free radicals of drought stress in safflower

plants.

Keywords: Water stress, Salicylic acid, Hydrogen

peroxide, Oxidative stress, Safflower

56

The investigation of chitosan effect on

phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity

of in vitro cultured Salvia leriifolia

Somayeh Jami1, Sedigheh Esmaeilzadeh Bahabadi1*, Masoumeh

Modarres2 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Zabol,

Zabol, Iran 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Farhangian University, Mashhad, Iran

* Corresponding author: esmaeilzadeh@uoz.ac.ir

Salvia leriifolia Benth (Lamiaceae family) is native of

tropical areas of South Khorasan, Semnan and part of

Afghanistan with various medical properties including

antimicrobial and anti-fungi effects, anti-diabetics, anti-

pain and anti-inflammatory characteristics that are

dependent on secondary metabolites including terpenoids,

saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids. The use of

elicitors such as chitosan in the tissue culture is one of the

main methods for increasing the production of secondary

metabolites. The aim of the present study was to

investigate the effect of various concentrations of Chitosan

(10, 50 and 100 mM) on secondary metabolites and

antioxidant activity of S. leriifolia in in vitro condition.

Phenolic and flavonoid contents have been measured by

Folin-Ciocalteu and chloride aluminum methods

respectively. Antioxidant activity was investigated by

DPPH method. The results indicated that the total phenol

and phenaloid rate and the antioxidant activity

significantly increased compared to the control group and

the highest rate was observed by 10 mM chitosan. Thus,

by optimization of chitosan concentration, it is possible to

increase antioxidant properties of S. leriifolia.

Keywords: Chitosan, Secondary metabolites, Antioxidant

activity, Salvia leriifolia

Evaluation of glycyrrhizin content of licorice

under salt stress

Roghayeh Nazarian Sirzar1, Elaheh Vatankhah1 ⃰, Setareh Amanifar2,

Mahnaz Vafadar1

1 ⃰Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Iran

2 Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Iran

* Corresponding author: elahe_vatankhah@znu.ac.ir

Salinity is one of the most severe problems of agriculture

worldwide, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. The

root of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) which is a

halophytic plant, contains a large amount (up to 15%) of

glycyrrhizin, oleanane-type triterpene saponins, which are

known to have various food, industrial, cosmetic and

pharmaceutical applications. The production of plant

secondary metabolites is strongly associated with the

growth and stress conditions. In this research, licorice

seeds after germination and transfer into pots filled with

sterile perlite, have been cultured in a growth chamber

under conditions 16h photoperiod and irrigated with the

nutrition solution (Long Ashton) once every 2 days. After

2 months, plants were exposed to the concentrations of 0,

100, 200 and 300 mM NaCl for five weeks. After harvest,

glycyrrhizin extraction from roots was done using

methanol 80% and analyzed via HPLC. The results

showed that glycyrrhizin content increased under salt

stress in comparison with the control plants and the highest

glycyrrhizin content was observed at the salinity

concentrations of 200 and 300 mM NaCl. These results

suggested that cultivation of licorice in saline soils

potentially could increase glycyrrhizin accumulation in

licorice roots and may be considered as a strategy to use

salt-affected soils.

Keywords: Licorice, Glycyrrhizin, Salt stress

57

Effect of IBA and carbohydrate source on ın

vitro rooting from microcuttings of the apple

(Malus domestica Borkh cv.Gami Almasi)

Asghar Mohammadi1*, Gholamreza Gohari1, Mahtab Adib Rad3, Seyed

Mohammad Farjzadeh 1 Department of Horticultur, Faculty of Agriculture, University of

Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran. 2 Department of Genetics and Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran. 3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Rabe Rashidi.

Tabriz. Iran * Corresponding author: asghar69.mohammadi@ gmail.com

Apple is one of the important productions in Iran and all

over the world. Gami Almasi is a dwarf rootstock of apple

(Malus domestica Borkh) suitable for different cultivars of

apple that grow on North West of Iran. The

micropropagation is very effective method for propagation

in dwarf rootstock of apple. The most likely commercial

opportunity for micropropagation of apple is the use of

micropropagated plants for conventional propagation

either by cuttings or layering. The main purpose of this

research were evaluation of two kinds of Carbohydrate

Sucrose and Sorbitol (30mg/l) and IBA (0, 1 and 2 mg/l)

on the rate of In vitro root regeneration in the leaves in a

genotype of Gami Almasi. We used factorial design based

on completely randomized design with 4 replications that

contain 4 samples in each replication to analyze this exam.

The role of IBA and carbohydrate source was significant

effect on rooting rate. We found that IBA and

carbohydrate source were critical material in the culture

medium for root regeneration. The combination of IBA

and Sucrose and Sorbitol had the best results in

proliferation of apple root. Sucrose (30mg/l) with IBA

(2mg/l) showed the higher callus formation and the

number of root per cutting.

Keywords: Apple, Carbohydrate, Gami Almasi, In Vitro,

Sorbitol

Effect of lanthanum on pistachio plant

(Pistacia vera L.) under salt stress

Haniyeh Ziaeezadeh1*, Nazi Nadernejad1, Hossein Mozafari2 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman 2 Department of Ecology, Institute of Science and High Technology and

Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran * Corresponding author: haniyeziaee@yahoo.com

Lanthanum is a member of the rare metals group that has

multiple roles in plant growth and is used to cope with

various stresses. In order to investigate the effects of

interaction between lanthanum and salt treatment on some

physiological indicators of pistacia, the present study was

carried out based on a factorial experiment in a completely

randomized design with three replications. Experimental

factors included in the experiment include different

concentrations of lanthanum (0, 1.5.and 10 mM) and

different levels of salt (0, 100 mM). The parameters

studied included chlorophyll a, b and total,

malondialdehyde and other aldehydes. The results showed

that chlorophylls significant decreased during treatment

with salt stress, while the level of malondialdehyde

increased. The lanthanum in the most cases increases the

chlorophyll content in the control plant, while the levels of

lipid peroxidation are reduced. The results of this study

showed that lanthanum is somewhat able to increase the

resistance of pistachio plants to salt stress.

Keywords: Lanthanum, Salinity, Pistachio, Photosynthetic

pigments, Malondialdehyde

58

The effect of lanthanum and calcium

interaction on resistance increasing of

pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) under salinity

stress

Haniyeh Ziaeezadeh1*, Nazi Nadernejad1, Hossein Mozafari2 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman 2 Department of Ecology, Institute of Science and High Technology and

Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran * Corresponding author: haniyeziaee@yahoo.com

Lanthanum is a member of the rare metals group that has

multiple roles in plant growth and is used to cope with

various stresses. In order to investigate the effects of

interaction between lanthanum and calcium on some

physiological indicators of pistacia under salt stress the

present study was carried out based on a factorial

experiment in a completely randomized design with three

replications. Experimental factors included in the

experiment include different concentrations of lanthanum

(0, 1.5 and 10 mM) and different levels of calcium (0 and

10 mM) and salt (0 and 100 mM). The parameters studied

included chlorophyll a, b and total, malondialdehyde and

other aldehydes. The results showed that chlorophylls

significant decreased during treatment with salt (100 Mm),

while the level of malondialdehyde increased. The

lanthanum and calcium (10 mM) treatment in the most

cases increases the chlorophyll content in the control plant,

while the levels of lipid peroxidation are reduced. The

results of this study showed that possibly, lanthanum has

been able to exert a positive effect on calcium and

consequently the resistance of the pistachio plant to salt

stress increases.

Keywords: Lanthanum, Calcium, Salinity, Pistachio,

Photosynthetic pigments, Malondialdehyde

Evaluation of salicylic acid effect on

germination and growth of Chenopodium

murale L. seedling under treatment of zinc

oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle

Sadieh Taherbahrani1*, Parzhak Zoufan1, Behrooz Zargar2 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz 2 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran

University of Ahvaz * Corresponding author: sadieh.bahrani@gmail.com

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of

salicylic acid (SA) on germination and stability of

Chenopodium murale L. seedlings under treatment of zinc

oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle. The nanoparticle of ZnO, as a

metal nanoparticle, due to its unique properties has many

applications in the production of industrial, commercial

and medical products. Increased application of metal

nanoparticles can lead to the entry of these particles into

the food chain, which ultimately affects the health and

performance of organisms. Salicylic acid (SA), as a plant

growth regulator, controls some physiological processes

and affects plant resistance and tolerance against biotic

and abiotic stresses. In this study, sterilized seeds were

pretreated for 12h with different concentrations of SA,

including 0 (control), 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200 μM. Then 25

seeds were sown in petri dishes containing moistened

filter-paper with 50 mg/L of ZnO nanoparticle. Due to a

sharp decline in growth in higher concentrations during a

preliminary study, 50 mg/L of ZnO nanoparticle was

chosen as the appropriate concentration. The petri dishes

were transferred into the incubator with 25 ± 2˚C. This

experiment was performed in 4 replicates for each

experimental treatment and some germination indices were

evaluated after seven days. The results showed that with

the exception of pretreatment of 10 μM SA, the other

concentrations resulted in an increase in germination

percentage in the seeds treated with ZnO nanoparticles.

Maximum germination percentage and rate were observed

in the pretreatment of 25 μM SA, other pretreatments did

not show a significant difference compared to the control

for germination rate. Under SA pretreatments, ZnO

nanoparticle decreased seedlings length compared with the

control, but it increased seedlings fresh weight. In all

pretreatments of SA, ZnO nanoparticle treatment led to a

significant decrease in seed vigor compared to the control.

The highest level of this index was measured in 25 μM SA

pretreatment. Based on these results, SA pretreatment is

thought to improve the germination rate, germination

percentage and fresh weight in seedlings treated with ZnO

nanoparticles, but it has no significant effect on other

germination indices. Keywords: Salicylic acid, ZnO nanoparticles,

Germination percentage, Germination rate, Seed vigor

59

Effects of growth factors on induction of

callus and somatic embryogenesis Stevia

rebaudiana Bertoni

Marziyeh Asad1*, Fariba Mohsenzadeh1, Hassan Sarikhani2, Abdolkarim

Chehregani Rad1 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Bu-Ali Sina University,

Hamedan, Iran 2 Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran

* Corresponding author: marziyehasad@gmail.com

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni from Asteraceae family is a

useful medicinal plant that prevents and cures diabetes,

blood pressure, weight gain and tooth decay. Due to the

sweetness and health of the sweet leaf, this plant is highly

regarded in terms of economics and science. In order to

investigate the characteristics of callus induction in stevia,

a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design

(CRD) with three replications was done. In order to create

callus from a single node of this plant, it was cultured in

MS medium containing hormone. Explants were cultured

on Ms medium containing different concentrations of

cytokinins and auxins. Results showed that the hormones BAP (with concentrations 1 and 1.5 mg/L) and NAA (0.5

and 1.5 mg/L) were the effective ones on callus induction;

after two weeks, the calluses reached about 0.5 cm.

Somatic embryogenesis has served as a model to

understand the physiological and biochemical events that

occur during plant developmental processes as well as a

component to biotechnological. The acquired calluses

were transferred to the embryonic hormone containing

somatic embryo for induction. Results showed that the

hormones 2,4,5-T with concentrations (0.2 and 0.3 mg/L )

and kinetin with a concentration of 2 mg/L were the most

effective ones regarding somatic embryogenesis. The

results showed also that the composition, ratio, and

concentration of growth regulators differed in the degree

of callus induction and embryogenesis of the stevia plants.

Keywords: Development, Growth factors, Callus, Somatic

embryogenesis, Stevia rebaudiana

Zinc and iron application on quantitative and

qualitative characteristics of bean (Phaseolus

vulgaris L.)

Mozhdeh Oftadeh Vajari1, Majid Majidian1*, Gholam Reza Mohsenabadi1, Mohammad Rabiee2

1 Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural

Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran 2 Rice Researcher Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research Education and

Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran

* Corresponding author: ma_majidian@guilan.ac.ir

In order to investigate the effects of foliar application and

soil utility of zinc and iron on the quantitative and

qualitative yield of common bean black line, an

experiment was conducted in University of Guilan, Rasht

province. A field experiment was conducted in a

completely randomized block design with ten treatments

and three replications. Treatment consisted of iron soil

application (20 kg ha-1

secostrine), zinc soil application (30

kg ha-1

ZnSo4), iron and zinc soil application, iron foliar

application (2 parts per thousand), ZnSo4 foliar application

(3 parts per thousand), iron and zinc foliar application, iron

and zinc foliar application+ soil application, iron foliar

application and zinc soil application, iron soil application

and zinc foliar application and control. The treats of plant

height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod,

number of seeds per plant, seed yield, biological yield,

harvest index, absorption of iron and zinc and protein

percentage was evaluated. Results showed that the effects

of the treatment on plant height, number of pods per plant,

number of seeds per plant, seed yield, biological yield,

uptake of iron and zinc and protein percentage were

significant (P<0.01) and 100 seed weight and harvest

index were significant (P<0.05).The maximum and

minimum levels of characters were obtained from the soil

and foliar application of iron+ zinc treatments and control

respectively. Results of showed foliar and soil application

of Fe + Zn, soil application of Fe+ foliar application of Zn

as 42.64 and 42.47 gr reached the maximum 100 seed

weight. In contrast, the minimum 100 seed weight was

observed in control. Also, mean comparison showed there

was a significant difference in yield under Fe and Zn

treatments so that the highest seed yield was obtained in

foliar application of Zn + Fe as 1515.52 kg ha-1

and the

lowest seed yield was observed in 1159.55 kg ha-1

. Use of

iron and zinc had positive results on yield and yield

components. Foliar and soil application of iron and zinc

had the greatest efficiency in the use of these elements and

by comparison with foliar and soil application methods the

foliar elements have a greater impact than the use of soil. Keywords: Biological yield, Micro element, Quality,

Secostrine, Seed yield

60

The effect of salicylic acid on cell membranes

stability of Maize plants

Nader Chaparzadeh*, Leila Ahmadi

Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran

* Corresponding author: nchapar@azaruniv.ac.ir

Salicylic acid, a lipophilic phenolic acid, and a plant

hormone have important roles in growth and development,

some physiological process and endogenous signaling of

plants. Plant cell membranes act as a boundary and have a

pivotal function in providing structural integrity of cells.

The objectives of the current study were to investigate the

effect of salicylic acid treatment on cell membranes

stability of Maize (Zea mays L.) plants. The seedlings

were sprayed at concentrations of 0 or 2 mM for one week.

The result showed that salicylic acid treatment increased

significantly membrane stability. Data, also, showed that

the effect of salicylic acid spray on maize plants markedly

decreased membranes lipid peroxidation. On the other

hand, considerable differences were not observed in

concentrations of hydrogen peroxide between treated and

untreated (control) plants. It may be assumed that treating

maize plant with salicylic acid improved the stability of

cell membranes. Our results suggest that pre-treatment of

maize plants with salicylic acid could be used under stress

conditions. Keywords: Zea mays, Salicylic acid, Cell membrane

The effect of shrimp shell powder on

germination and seedling growth of rapeseed

and wheat

Mohammad Keshavarz, Sasan Mohsenzadeh*

Biology Department, University of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran * Corresponding author: mohsenzadeh@susc.ac.ir

Chitin possess polysaccharide and nitrogen and is white

colored that produce by shrimps, crabs and so on many sea

shellfish. To increase the quality of crops, reduce

environmental hazards and reduce herbicides, it is

essential to use natural herbicides. Therefore, we now need

new herbicides that are safe and efficient for the

environment. After cleaning, shrimp shells washed, dried

and powdered. A solution of 10% was prepared and for

concentration of 0, 3, 6 and 10% was used for each petri

dish, 20 seeds of rapeseed cultivar Sarigol and 20 wheat

seeds cultivar Cirvan used. According to the results, the

effect of shrimp shell powder on germination and seedling

growth of wheat, the germination rate, stem and root

length in concentration of 3% had growth similar to the

control. However, at the concentrations of 6% and 10%,

the germination and seedling growth decreased

significantly. Germination rate of rapeseed and seedling

growth of root in all concentrations in particular 6 and

10% had a significant decrease compared to the control.

Shrimp shell powder at 3% concentration had no effect or

had a positive effect on germination and seedling growth

of wheat. The concentrations of 6 and 10% decrease the

rate of seedling growth in all treatments. Shrimp shell

powder had more negative effect on rapeseed as a

dicotyledon than wheat as a monocotyledon, significantly.

Therefore, shrimp shell can used in the natural herbicides

especially for dicotyledons.

Keywords: Shrimp shell, Natural herbicides, Wheat,

Rapeseed, Seedling growth, Germination

61

Effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) on seedling

growth of some wild almond (Prunus

scoparia) genotypes in Khuzestan province of

Iran

Mokhtar Heidari*, Mahdi Rahimi

Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Khuzestan Agricultural and Natural Resources University, Mollasani, Khuzestan,

Iran

* Corresponding author: mkheidari@ramin.ac.ir

The wild almond (Prunus scoparia) belongs to the

Rosaceae family and is considered as one the important

wild almond species in Iran. Seeds of P. scoparia with a

stony endocarp exhibit physical and physiological

dormancy. Slow seed germination and poor seedling

growth are important problems in the propagation of this

species. Several seed treatments have been suggested for

overcoming physical and physiological seed dormancy but

sufficient information is not published about the treatments

that accelerate the early seedling growth of P. scoparia. In

the present study, the effects of gibberellic acid (0, 125

and 250 mg/L) on seedling growth of four genotypes of P.

scoparia from the Khuzestan province were studied. After

the seed nicking (mechanical scarification) and

stratification for 30 days at 7+1oC, seeds of four genotypes

of wild almond (Masjed Sloeyman, Izeh, Behbahan, and

Dezful) were planted in sand and irrigated daily with

Epstein nutrient solution. Foliar application of Gibberellic

Acid (125 and 250 mg/l) was carried out 30 days after

seedling emergence. Distilled water sprayed as a control.

After 90 days, data was recorded and analyzed statistically

based on completely randomized design. Results showed

that the GA3 application with foliar significantly affected

leaf number, stem and root length, stem diameter, root and

stem dry weight, root/shoot dry weight ratio, leaf dry

weight/ total dry weight ratio, shoot index (shoot dry

weight/ main stem length) and root ratio (root dry weight/

main root length) in all genotype. Effect of GA3 on both

leaf dry weight and leaf dry weight/ root dry weight

showed no significant difference in all genotypes. The

results suggested that foliar application of gibberellic acid

is an effective treatment for increasing the vegetative

growth of wild almond (P. scoparia) genotypes in the

Khuzestan province.

Keywords: Plant Growth Regulators, Wild Almond,

Genetic Resources, Propagation, Biomass

Effect of Iron deficiency on phosphatase

activity in the root of some Pistacia genotypes

Roya Nadi, Mokhtar Heidari*

Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Khuzestan Agricultural and Natural Resources University, Mollasani, Khuzestan,

Iran

* Corresponding author: mkheidari@ramin.ac.ir

Iron is an essential micronutrient for plants and plays

critical roles in various physiological and biochemical

processes such as photosynthesis and respiration. An

imbalance between the solubility of iron in the rhizosphere

and the demand for iron by root are the causes of iron

deficiency in plants. Several metabolic changes have been

described in Fe-deficient plants, including the

accumulation of organic acids, shifts in the redox state of

the cytoplasm, and changes in the activities of several

enzymes in roots. Iron deficiency induces iron reductase

activity in root but there isn‟t enough information about

the role of iron deficiency in changing the activity of

enzymes that participate in macro-element uptake. In

present experiment, seedlings of ‛Beneh‟ (Pistacia mutica

F. & M.), ‛Badami Riz Zarand‟ and ‛Sarakhs‟ (Pistacia

vera L.) exposed to iron treatments (Epstein solution

containing Iron or Epstein solution without iron) sand

culture system and were quantified for alkaline

phosphatase and acid phosphatase activity in roots. Results

showed that in two wild Pistacia genotypes (P. mutica and

‛Sarakhs‟), iron deficiency induced a significant increase

in acid phosphatase activity. A significant increment in the

activity of acid phosphatase activity in roots of P. mutica

and ‛ Badami Riz Zarand‟ (P. vera L.) were observed as a

result of iron deficiency. Alkaline and acid phosphatase

showed the similar response to iron deficiency in roots of

P. mutica but the increase was greater in acid phosphatase

activity. The changes observed in acid phosphatase and

alkaline phosphatase in roots of Pistacia genotypes under

iron deficiency suggest the role of iron in phosphorus

assimilation under iron deficiency condition and the

importance of genetic factors in response to iron

deficiency in roots of Pistacia species.

Keywords: Enzyme, Pistacia, Micro-element, Deficiency,

Phosphorous, Soilless Culture

62

Evaluation of different levels of calcium

lactate on morpho-physiological

characteristics of lettuce cv. New Red Fire

under water deficit stress

Arezoo Khani, Taher Barzegar*, Jafar Nikbakht, Zahra Ghahremani

Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan

* Corresponding author: tbarzegar@znu.ac.ir

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is an annual plant and the most

important vegetable salad in the world. Water stress is one

of the most important environmental stresses that limits

the growth and production of plants around the world.

Calcium plays a role in the regulation of various

mechanisms of plants under environmental conditions

such as water stress, heat, cold and salinity. In addition,

calcium is needed to reduce the adverse effects of water

stress on plants and increase the tolerance to dehydration.

Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate the

effect of calcium lactate (CL) on some of the

morphophysiological characteristics of lettuce cv. New

Red Fire under water deficit stress conditions, a split-plot

experiment based on randomized complete block design

with three replications was conducted in Zanjan climatic

conditions during 2017. Experiment treatments consisted

of three different irrigation regimes (70, 85 and 100

%ETc) as the main factor and calcium lactate at three

levels (0, 0.75 and 1.5 g.l-1) as a sub-factor. The water

requirement of the plant for control treatment was

estimated using the long-term average of daily data and

current year data of meteorological indicators recorded at

Zanjan Meteorological Station and the FAO-Penman-

Mantis standard. Water requirement of other treatments

was estimated and distributed based on the water

requirement of control treatment and water stress. Based

on the results of this study, water deficit stress

significantly increased the peroxidase and catalase

enzymes activity and decreased the chlorophyll a, b and

total contents, leaf number, leaf fresh and dry weight and

yield. The foliar application of 1.5 g l-1 CL under water

deficit stress significantly increased leaf number

chlorophyll content and plant yield. According to the

results, application of 1.5 g l-1 CL treatment under water

deficit condition with increasing growth and enzymes

activity improved plant yield that this positive effect of

calcium in improving stress tolerance can be attributed to

regulate of water status, antioxidant activity systems,

osmolithics accumulation, improving photosynthetic

pigment content, and nutritional balances.

Keywords: Water deficit stress, Catalase, Peroxidase,

Calcium lactate, Yield

Study of changes of some phenolic compounds

of 4 clones of tea in three seasons: spring,

summer, autumn

Sareh Ebrahimi Nokande1*, Maryam Mosayebi2, Mansour Afshar

Mohammadian3

1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh

Ardabili, Iran 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Urmia, Iran 3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Iran

* Corresponding author: sareh.ebrahimi714@gmail.com

Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) is a plant rich in antioxidant

compounds in the world and due to weather condition,

season, age and genetic diversity the compounds of tea are

different due to weather conditions. In this study, fresh tea

shoots of clones 100, 278, 451 and DN, in three harvest

seasons (spring, summer, and autumn) were collected from

Tea Research Institute of Iran (Lahijan). Quercetin

content, caffeine, and catechin were assayed using HPLC.

The results of this study showed that the amount of these

antioxidant compounds changed significantly from first

harvest (spring) to third harvest (autumn) under seasonal

changes. So, it can be said that environmental changes in

different season are the determining factor for the

biochemical composition changes of tea clones.

Keywords: Tea, Quercetin, Caffeine, Catechin

63

The effect of LED light quality on the growth

and development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa var

cricpa L.) in floating culture system

Eide Chenani Karami1, Naser Aalamzadeh Ansari1*, Payman Hassibi2 1Department of Horticulture Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Shahid Chamran of Ahvaz 2Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture,

University of Shahid Chamran of Ahvaz * Corresponding author: alemzadehansari@yahoo.com

LED lights are an effective light source for plant growth.

In order to recognize the effect of LED light quality on

growth and development of red salad bowl cultivar of

lettuce, an experiment was conducted at Shahid Chamran

University of Ahvaz during 1396 in a randomized

complete block design. The test treatments consisted of:

blue (B), red (R), white (W), red: blue (RB) ratio (1: 4),

red: blue: white (RBW) ratio (1: 1: 4) LED light and

fluorescent (FL) (as a control). This experiment was

carried out in a floating culture with Resh nutrient solution

(Resh, 2005) with a light exposure period of 6 hours of

light and two hours of darkness (3 cycles per day) at 24 ±

2 ° C and a relative humidity of 65 ± 5% and

photosynthetic photon flux densities of 250 μmol m-2s

-1

was performed by The LED illumination in the growth

chamber for 35 days after transplantation. The results of

the experiment showed that the effect of different light

treatments on the leaf fresh and dry weight, stem fresh

weight and weight per plant were significant at 5%, but

stem dry weight, leaf number, the fresh and dry weight of

root at 5% was not significant. The highest and lowest

number of leaves were observed in B (45) and RBW (38)

light respectively. The highest and lowest weight per plant

were observed in W (259.1 gr) and RBW (159.6 gr),

respectively.

Keywords: Light, Biomass, Red salad bowl

Role of Hydrogen peroxide in the biosynthesis

of Podophyllotoxin inCell Culture of

Linum album

Safieh Fakhari*, Mohsen Sharifi, Faezeh Ghanati

Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, 14115-154, Tehran, Iran

* Corresponding author: safiehfakhari@gmail.com

Linum album accumulate Podophyllotoxin (PTOX), with

antiviral and anti-cancer properties, is used as a precursor

for the semi-synthesis of established cancer therapeutics

such as etoposide, teniposide and etopophos. Reactive

oxygen species are toxic molecules that can react with

vital molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and

carbohydrates and cause damage to them whether

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays an important role as a

key signaling molecule in response to various stimuli and

is involved in the accumulation of secondary metabolites.

The aim was to study the relationship between PTOX

accumulation and H2O2 production. Using H2O2

scavenger, dimethylthiourea (DMTU), we investigated the

role of H2O2 in the induction of PTOX accumulation. In

single treatment experiments, sterile DMTU in

concentrations (0, 50, 100, 250 μM) were added to 7-day-

old cell cultures and were harvested after 2 days. They

were separated from medium by filtration under suction,

weighted and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. The

results showed that Minimum PTOX production was

achieved by the addition of 100 μM DMTU 4.08 μg/g FW

in compared to control 7.3 μg/g FW. This results

suggested accumulation PTOX strongly decreased by

DMTU and this compound increased PAL activity,

flavonoide and phenol contents in cell culture linum

album. Taken together, these findings suggest that DMTU

is scavenger H2O2 and it appears H2O2 up-regulates

accumulation PTOX in cell culture of Linum album.

Keywords: Podophyllotoxin, Dimethylthiourea, Hydrogen

peroxide, Linum album

64

Effects of sodium chloride stress salinity on

some physiological and anatomical indices of

pistacia vera L.

Elahe Sadeghirad1, Ahmad Majd2*, Alireza Iranbakhsh1, Amanolah

Javanshah2 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Science and Research

Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 3Pistachio research center, Rafsanjan, Kerman, Iran

* Correspondin auther: majda.iautnb@gmail.com

One of the most important environmental stresses is

salinity, which can affect plant growth. The greatest effect

of salinity on plant growth is through the reduction of

chlorophyll content and photosynthesis. The pistachio is a

scientific pistacia vera of the Anacardiacea family and the

spindales order. the first non-oil product of Iran is

pistachio. In this research, the effects of NaCl stress on the

enzymatic, anatomical, pomegranate morphology of

pistachio cultivars Akbari and Kalho Guchchi, aerial part

were collected from two Golshan farms, a village

belonging to the central part of Anar city in Kerman

province. These two gardens are side by side. The two

gardens have the same climatic conditions, but an orchard

with anchor (14.7 ° C) and the other with relatively sweet

water (5.5 EC =) are irrigated. Sampling of flowers was

performed in different stages of development from small

and medium sized young buds. Micrtom slice were used to

study the anatomical and developmental characteristics.

The results showed that organelles. The results showed

that Changes in vegetative growth. There was also a

significant decrease in photosynthetic pigmentation and a

significant increase at p <0.05. Antioxidant activity in leaf

and fruit was observed in pistachio cultivars under stress

compared to control.

Keywords: Pistacia, Salinity, Stress, Antioxidant Capacity

In vitro germination and development of

synthetic seeds of orchid Epipactis veratrifolia

Zahra Mahdavi, Shirin Dianati*

Department of Horticultural Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran

* Corresponding author: dianati@ut.ac.ir

Synthetic seed production technology is a modern and efficient

approach for propagation and storage of valuable plants. This

technique can be adapted for the propagation of orchids to

overcome the sexual propagation problems of these valuable

species. This study was conducted to establish a protocol for

production of synthetic seeds of orchid Epipactis veratrifolia

from 6-8 week-old protocorms. The protocorms were obtained

from a culture of seed on modified FAST medium. For

encapsulation, different concentrations of sodium alginate (3 and

4%) and calcium chloride (75, 100, 150 mM CaCl2⋅2H2O)

solution were investigated to achieve the best matrix gel for

production of the synthetic seeds. The protocorms were

encapsulated in the matrix gel for 20 to 25 minutes. After

encapsulation, the seeds were cultured on the modified FAST

medium for examination of their seedlings performance. 17 days

later, growth parameters including the percentage of germination

were measured. The best percentage of germination (100%), was

obtained by using 4% sodium alginate and 75 mM

CaCl2⋅2H2O.seeds made of 3% sodium alginate and 75 mM

CaCl2.2H2O were showed the minimum percentage of

germination (45%). Seeds made of this concentrations were very

soft and No capsules were produced. Keywords: Encapsulation, Sodium alginate, Protocorm, Orchids,

Synthetic seed

65

Effect of magnetic field on germination, the

content of pigments and their precursors in

Anthemis gilanica

Minoo Nasiri1*, Vahid Nikhnam1, Halimeh Hassanpour2 1 Department of Plant Sciences, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Iran 2 Aerospace Research Institute, Ministry of Science Research and

Technology, Tehran 14665-834, Iran * Corresponding author: minoo.nasiri@gmail.com

Anthemis gilanica, is a medicinal plant, belonging to the

Asteraceae family, is distributed in the north of Iran. The

magnetic field is one of the abiotic stresses that can affect

the growth and development of living organisms. Today,

much attention has been paid to the biological effects of

these fields and is used as a technique in biological studies

such as plant growth, germination percentage, and

secondary metabolites changes. In this research, in order to

study the leaching processes, A. gilanica seeds were

placed in the Murashige and Skoog (MS) media under

magnetic field intensities (0, 2, 4 and 6 millitesla) for one

hour and after one month were harvested for physiological

and biochemical analyzes. The results showed that the

magnetic field in 4 millitesla resulted in a significant

increase of chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, magnesium

protoporphyrin, protochlorophyllide, protoporphyrin (P ≤

0.05). Increasing the intensity of the magnetic field

resulted in a significant increase in the germination

percentage of the seeds compared to the control sample

and the highest content of the pigments and precursors in

the treatment were observed at 4 millitesla. It seems that

magnetic field in proper intensity can be used as a suitable

method for enhancing the germination and content of A.

gilanica plant pigments.

Keywords: Magnetic field, Anthemis gilanica,

Germination, Pigments

Improved membrane stability and osmotic

adjustment of Physalis alkekengi under

magnetic field

Halimeh Hassanpour1*, Minoo Nasiri2

1 Aerospace Research Institute, Ministry of Science Research and Technology, Tehran 14665-834, Iran 2 Department of Plant Sciences, School of Biology, College of Science,

University of Tehran, Iran * Corresponding author: hassanpour@ari.ac.ir

The magnetic field is an environmental factor which

naturally applies to live organisms at a lower intensity of

100 microtesla (µT) from the Earth. Using electronic

devices in everyday life cause to increase of

electromagnetic field intensities and can affect many

biological processes of living organisms including plants.

In this research, different intensities of magnetic fields (0,

2, 4, 6 and 8 µT) were applied on the Physalis alkekengi

seedlings under in vitro conditions and then were

harvested for physiological and biochemical analyzes after

4 weeks. Results showed magnetic field induced a

significant change in fresh and dry weights comparing to

control and the highest growth rate was observed at 6 µT.

Magnetic field up to 6 µT decreased gradually

malondialdehyde content comparing to control, but at 8 µT

increased this parameter. Proline content increased with

the increase of magnetic field intensity and showed a

36.2% increase of proline at 6 µT comparing to control. It

seems that magnetic field at proper intensity can be used

as a tool for plant resistance to environmental stresses with

increasing membrane stability and osmotic adjustment. Keywords: Physalis alkekengi, Magnetic field, Proline,

Malondialdehyde

66

Effects of UV radiation on antioxidant

enzymes activity at 4-6 pair leaf stage of

Dracocephalum moldavica

Sima Jabbarzadeh*, Rouhollah Motafakkerazad, Hanieh Mohajjel Shoja,

Elham Mohajjel Kazemi

Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of

Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

* Corresponding author: S_Jabbarzadeh@Tabrizu.ac.ir

Over the past few decades, the growing ozone depletion

could lead to an increase in solar UV radiation reaching

the Earth‟s surface. Ultraviolet radiation negatively affects

plant cells, causing reactive oxygen species (ROS) to be

generated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the

effects of ultraviolet radiation (under 320nm) on

antioxidant activities of Dracocephalum moldavica as

herbal medicine. In this study, plants in (4-6) pair leaf

stage were exposed to different doses of ultraviolet

radiation (7, 15, 22, 30, 37, 51 kjm-2

d-1

) for 12 days. After

treatment antioxidant enzymes activity (catalase,

peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase and ascorbate

peroxidase) evaluated. Data were analyzed using SPSS

software and ANOVA test. The results showed that by

increasing the ultraviolet radiation, catalase and peroxidase

showed a similar trend in the significant increase in doses

of 15 and 30 kjm-2

d-1

and a significant reduction in higher

doses of UV. The activity of superoxide dismutase had

reverse trend compared with above mentioned enzymes.

However, the amount of ascorbate peroxidase enzyme was

decreased in all doses compared to the control.

Keywords: Dracocephalum moldavica, ROS, Catalase,

Peroxidase, Superoxide dismutase

The effect of salicylic acid on physiological

and biochemical responses of canola (Brassica

napus L.) under salinity

Nader Kazemi1, Faezeh Baniardalan2* 1 Department of Biology, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran 2 Department of Microbiology, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University,

Zanjan, Iran * Corresponding author: faezehbaniardalan@gmail.com

Soil salinity is one of the most important environmental

stresses that leads to ionic toxicity and osmotic stress in

plants. Salinity especially sodium chloride stress

stimulates the generation of reactive oxygen species and

induces oxidative stress with peroxidation of membrane

lipids. The aim of the present research is the study of

salinity stress in canola plants and the role of probable

protection of exogenous salicylic acid against sodium

chloride salt stress. In this research, the interactive effects

of NaCl salinity and salicylic acid (SA) on canola plants

were examined. 21-day-old canola plants were exposed to

different concentrations of NaCl (0, 75, 150 mM) and SA

(0, 0.1 mM) for 10 days. Treatment with salinity decreased

the dry weight of roots and shoots and reduced chlorophyll

content in leaves, while SA moderated these effects. In

NaCl-treated plants, level of lipoxygenase activity and the

contents of malondialdehyde and H2O2 increased, as well

as changes in the activities of the antioxidant enzymes,

catalase, guaiacol peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, in

leaves indicated that salinity caused an oxidative stress in

canola plants. Adding of SA in the nutrient solution,

increased the antioxidant enzymes activities and decreased

lipid peroxidation in leaves of NaCl-treated plants.

Consequently, SA by an increase in the activities of

antioxidant enzymes markedly reduced NaCl salinity

induced oxidative damage on canola plants.

Keywords: Salinity Stress, Salicylic Acid, Canola,

Antioxidant Enzymes

67

The effect of sodium nitroprusside on some

physiological and biochemical properties of

canola (Brassica napus L.) under lead stress

Nader Kazemi 1, Faezeh Baniardalan2* 1Department of Biology, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran 2Department of Microbiology, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University,

Zanjan, Iran * Corresponding author: faezehbaniardalan@gmail.com

In this research, the interactive effects of lead and sodium

nitroprusside (SNP), a donor of nitric oxide (NO) on

spring canola plants cv. PF were examined. 21-day-old

canola plants in Hoagland's nutrient solution were treated

with different concentrations of Pb(NO3)2 (0, 250, 500

µM) and SNP (0, 200 µM) for 10 days. Treatment with Pb

decreased dry weight and Fe content of roots and shoots

and reduced chlorophyll content in leaves. In Pb-treated

plants, the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as

catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase

significantly decreased in leaves, while, the level of lipid

peroxidation increased. The results indicated that Pb

caused an oxidative stress in canola plants. The results of

Pb content assay in roots and shoots of plants showed that

application of SNP reduced root-to-shoot translocation of

Pb in Pb-stressed plants. Moreover, adding of SNP in the

nutrient solution of Pb-treated plants increased Fe content

of roots and shoots and chlorophyll content of leaves and

improved the growth of plants. SNP also increased the

activities of the antioxidant enzymes and decreased the

level of lipid peroxidation in leaves of Pb-treated plants.

Consequently, SNP markedly reduced Pb induced

oxidative damage on canola plants.

Keywords: Lead, Oxidative stress, Nitric oxide, Canola

Influence of spermine on pigment,

carbohydrate and some yield traits in three

wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) during

drought exposure in post-anthesis stage

Mohammad-Reza Sarafraz-Ardakani*

Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Yazd University * Corresponding author: sarafraz.ardakani@yazd.ac.ir

Water deficit is a major threat for yield cereals during the

origin of impregnation phase, especially. In the meantime,

application of hormonal treatment is one of the ways to yield

increment in plants when environmental stresses as drought

appeared. Therefore, the pot experiment as completely

randomized designs with for replications was conducted to

study of exogenous application of spermine (25mgl-1

) on flag

leaf chlorophyll and total soluble carbohydrate in related to

weight of thousand grains and grain yield in three wheat

cultivars differing in post-anthesis drought tolerance Gaspard

(drought-sensitive), Sabalan (drought-semi tolerant) and

Pishtaz (drought-tolerant)- in field capacities of 100% and

50% (drought stress) from grain filling starting stage until

spike maturity. Samples separated to flag leaves and spike

and biochemical and yield traits were analyzed. Statistical

analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Significant differences were determined at P≤0.05, according

to Turkey‟s HSD multiple comparison test. Results showed

that chlorophyll a, b and a+b of Gaspard cultivar showed

more significant reduction as regards two other cultivars

under drought stress, although the significant decrease of

carotenoid and chlorophyll a/b was only showed in the

sensitive cultivar. Also, the significant decline of flag leaf

total soluble carbohydrate, starch and total soluble

carbohydrate/starch ratio in Gaspard and Sabalan cultivars

was showed under drought stress. The weight of thousand

grains and grain yield decreased significantly under drought

stress with regard to well-watered that was more insensitive

cultivar (39% and 33% reduction of weight of thousand

grains and grain yield, respectively). It was only showed a

significant correlation between soluble carbohydrate and

pigment reduction with the weight of thousand grains (R=

0.56) and grain yield (R= 0.24) insensitive cultivar. Results

showed that exogenous application of spermine caused more

increment of flag leaf chlorophyll a, b, a+b and total soluble

carbohydrate as compared with a partial elevation of starch

content in all cultivars under drought stress that was higher in

the tolerant cultivar. Hormonal treatment of spermine resulted

in the significant increment of soluble carbohydrate/starch,

although it had not the significant effect on chlorophyll a/b. In

a total conclusion; despite improvement of flag leaf pigment

stability and increment of carbohydrate sink, the exogenous

application of spermine caused only raise of the weight of

thousand grains in semi-tolerant and tolerant cultivars. Also,

the spermine treatment did not cause significant correlation

between the weight of thousand grains and grain yield. Keywords: Correlation, Flag leaf, Hormonal treatment,

Carbohydrate, Weight of thousand grains

68

Determination of tolerable levels of pH stress

in cyanobacterium Spirulina sp.

Azita Dorri*, Akbar Norastehnia, Fatemeh Moradi

Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan * Corresponding author: a.dorry11@gmail.com

Some microorganisms produce biopolymers from the

polyhydroxyalkanoate group. Polyhydroxyalkanoates have

mechanical properties similar to polyethylene and

polypropylene, with the advantage that they are

completely decomposed. Polymer polyhydroxybutyrate

belongs to this group that accumulates under the

conditions of stress inside the microorganism. The effect

of pH stress (to increase the production of

polyhydroxybutyrate) on the growth of cyanobacterium

Spirulina sp. and tolerance to different levels of pH stress

in this cyanobacteria was studied. Growth carve of

samples were studied and measurement of protein,

anthocyanin, malondialdehyde (MDA), phenol and

flavonoid in controlled conditions (light and temperature)

was performed in three replications. Treatments including

pH of 10 (control), 6, 8 and 12 were considered. In

general, changes of the growth curve for treatments with

acidic medium were dropping compared to control and it

was similar to control at pH=12. In all treatments, MDA

levels showed meaningful changes and the amount of

protein remained unchanged and the anthocyanin, phenol

and flavonoid levels increased compared to control

independently to treatments. According to the results of

this study, although pH changes, in the long run, are

readjusted and approach its optimum values again (about

10), they increase stress reactions in the short term.

However, such short-term and temporary reactions cannot

result in significant increases in defense reactions and

subsequently, secondary compounds associated with

stress, including polyhydroxybutyrate. Therefore, it seems

that despite the stress occurrence at pH 6 and 12, the use of

pH stress did not cause to increase polyhydroxybutyrate

significantly.

Keywords: Spirulina sp., pH, Malondialdehyde,

Anthocyanin, Phenol

Comparative study of the production of

polyhydroxybutyrate in autotrophic,

heterotrophic and mixotrophic growth

conditions in microalgae Spirulina sp.

Tahereh Nobakht, Azita Dorri*, Akbar Norastehnia

Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan * Corresponding author: a.dorry11@gmail.com

Polyhydroxyalkanoates are biopolymers that are usually

accumulated in the form of granular inside the cells of

some microorganisms under uneven growth conditions.

Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a polymer of

polyhydroxyalkanoates, which has properties similar to

synthetic plastics, with the advantage of being

biodegradable. In order to compare the production rate of

PHB in laboratory conditions of autotrophy, heterotrophy

and mixotrophy in microalga Spirulina sp., experiments

were conducted with three replications. The microalga was

grown within Zarrouk‟s medium. The basic conditions of

the culture chamber were regulated at 25 ± 2 °C and 2500

lux light intensity with a 12-hour light period and 12 hours

of darkness, under air conditioning treatment. The

heterotrophic conditions were determined by wrapping

black plastic around the container of samples and

mixotrophic conditions by adding 0.1% sucrose as a

carbon source in the culture medium. All three culture

media were incubated under basic conditions for 20 days

and the microalgae were harvested using a centrifuge.

Extraction of PHB from microalgae by ultrasonic,

centrifuge and chloroform, methanol and hexane solutions

was performed in several steps. The presence of PHB was

confirmed using Black Sudan coloration and FTIR. The

amount of PHB accumulation extracted from microalgae

under autotrophic, mixotrophic and heterotrophic

conditions were 0.11, 0.16, and 0.26 percent w/w

respectively, considering chromatograms resulted from gas

chromatography (GC). According to the results, PHB

accumulation in heterotrophic conditions appears to be

higher than the other two cultures quantitatively. Keywords: Biodegradable, Autotrophy, Heterotrophy,

Mixotrophy, PHB, Spirulina sp.

69

Evaluation of growth and physiological

responses of fifteen petunia cultivars to

salinity stress for introducing tolerant and

sensitive cultivars

Fahimeh Solbi, Maryam Norouzi, Soheil Karimi*, Sasan Aliniaefard

Department of Horticultural Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran

* Corresponding author: skarimi@ut.ac.ir

Soil and water salinization has become the most important

factors limiting the development and maintenance of urban

landscape in Iran. Petunia (Petunia hybrida) is an

important seasonal flower which understanding of

tolerance level and the responses of its cultivars to salt

stress is critical for preservation and development of this

species in landscapes. The present study was aimed at

evaluation of salt tolerance of fifteen petunia cultivars by

investigating the effects of salt stress on the plants‟ growth

and physiological responses. The petunia cultivars

consisted of five Persian, five Dutch and five English

cultivars which were subjected to three concentrations of

NaCl in the Hoagland‟s nutrient solution (0, 25 and 50

mM NaCl) from seed sowing to flowering stage. The

treatments were arranged as a factorial experiment based

on a completely randomized design with three replications.

60 days after sowing the seeds, survival percent, biomass,

leaf number, leaf area, root length, stem length, root

volume of the plants and traits related to relative

chlorophyll content and efficiency of chloroplast

photosystem centers in the plant leaves were evaluated.

Salt stress significantly reduced the plants‟ growth and by

reducing leaf chlorophyll content and affecting the

chloroplast photosystem centers, reduced the plants‟

efficiency in light harvesting. Under salt stress, „White

Calibrachoa‟ (Persian) and „Prism White‟ (English) had

the highest survival, growth, chlorophyll content and

chloroplast health level than the other cultivars, and

therefore introduced as the most salt tolerant cultivars.

These cultivars were suggested for developing urban

landscapes in salt prone areas and for using in controlled

hybridizations to obtain new salt-tolerant petunia cultivars.

Keywords: Biomass, Growth, Photosystem efficiency,

Chlorophyll content, Petunia hybrida

Determination of salt tolerance in petunia at

seed germination and seedling early growth

stages

Fahimeh Solbi, Maryam Norouzi*, Soheil Karimi, Sasan aliniaefard

Department of Horticultural Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran

* Corresponding author: mnorouzi91@ut.ac.ir

Identification of salt tolerant plant species and cultivars is

important for preserving and developing urban landscape

and increasing water use efficiency in these plantings.

Petunia (Petunia hybrida) is of the most important outdoor

plants; therefore, identification of salt tolerant petunia

cultivars is critical. Screening during seed germination and

seedling early growth is considered as a rapid and accurate

approach for determining plant salt tolerance. In this study,

the effects of sodium chloride derived salt stress (0, 25 and

50 mM NaCl in the Hoagland‟s nutrient solution) were

investigated on germination and early growth of 15

cultivars (five Persian, five English and five Dutch

cultivars) as a factorial experiment based on a completely

randomized design with three replications and 20 seeds per

replicate. Seeds were grown in trays containing uniform

media of perlite, cocopeat, and sand were irrigated with

different concentrations of NaCl in the Hoagland‟s

nutrition solution. Number of germinated seeds was

recorded every day and 60 days after seed cultivation,

plant growth indices including fresh and dry mass of stem,

leaves, and roots shoot: root ratio, mean leaf area, number

of damaged leaves, relative water content of the plants,

and membrane stability index were recorded. Salt stress

reduced seed germination rate and final seed germination

percentage and reduced shoot and root growth of all

cultivars. Furthermore, salt stress reduced the membrane

stability index and increased the water content of the

plants. Under salt stress, White Calibrachoa (Persian) and

Prism White (English) cultivars represented lower growth

limitation and damage than other cultivars; therefore, these

cultivars were introduced as the most salt tolerant and

Prism Ruby and Prism Red cultivars were introduced as

the most sensitive cultivars.

Keywords: Membrane stability index, Osmotic stress,

Seed germination, Germination rate, Plant growth, Petunia

hybrida

70

Comparative study of Spirulina sp. growth

under conditions of different concentrations

of nitrogen and phosphorus

Davood Dadashi*, Akbar Norastehnia, Fatemeh Moradi

Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan * Corresponding author: dadashi.gilan@gmail.com

Spirulina sp. algae are able to produce various secondary

materials, including polyhydroxybutyrate, which is a

biopolymer and has various applications in industry and

business. It can be also used as a degradable bio-material

to replace some of the synthetic compounds that are low or

non-degradable. Whenever this alga is exposed under

stress conditions, the production of this substances is

intensified. Determination of stress levels due to changes

in the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus were

investigated by deficiency or high levels of these two

elements in the algal growth medium. Based on the

malondialdehyde index, N concentration changes could

not induce stress meaningfully, but treatments resulting

from different concentrations of phosphorus increased

stress. Studies showed that none of the nitrogen and

phosphorus concentrations used in this experiment can

significantly reduce growth, and protein content of these

treatments remained almost unchanged. The amount of

phenol was significantly affected by the shortage or

increased level of nitrogen and phosphorus content.

Flavonoids and anthocyanins remained virtually

unchanged against to deficiency and high level of nitrogen,

but they have shown significant changes in content by

changes in phosphorus concentrations. Therefore, although

this level of limited variation of N concentrations cannot

induce significant stress in the growth medium,

phosphorous concentrations have more stress effects and

can lead to an intensification of the processes which are

involved in the production of secondary compounds,

including polyhydroxybutyrate.

Keywords: Spirulina sp., Stress, Nitrogen, Phosphorous

Comparative study of Spirulina sp. growth

under conditions of autotrophic,

heterotrophic and mixotrophic culture

Tahereh Nobakht, Davod Dadashi*, Akbar Norastehnia

Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, University of Guilan * Corresponding author: dadashi.gilan@gmail.com

Spirulina algae are among the algae that have been adapted

to feed and supply energy in different environments. As a

result, it can use different sources to obtain carbon. In

order to produce the highest amount of biomass, growth

conditions can have a significant impact on the carbon

source by autotrophic, heterotrophic or mixotrophic

methods. Accordingly, the growth of Spirulina microalgae

in these three conditions was studied in a logarithmic

growth stage and in order to compare the growth and

amount of the produced biosynthesis. In this study, the

growth curve and some growth factors including

carbohydrates, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls a

and b), beta-carotene and total protein were measured. The

results showed that although the growth curve in

autotrophic and mixotrophic culture conditions was almost

similar, they were in better conditions than heterotrophic

culture and were significantly different. Biomass

production, protein, and photosynthetic pigmentation rates

also confirm the difference between the growth curves of

autotrophic and mixotrophic cultures and show that these

growth indices have higher levels in autotrophic and

mixotrophic cultures. In contrast, the oxidative stress index

(malondialdehyde) was the highest in heterotrophic

culture, indicating a better adaptation of spirulina for

growth in autotrophic and heterotrophic cultures.

Keywords: Autotrophy, Heterotrophy, Mixotrophy, Beta-

carotene, Chlorophyll, Malondialdehyde, Spirulina sp.

71

The effect of melatonin application on the

content of photosynthetic pigments and the

activity of antioxidant enzymes in Cannabis

sativa under excess copper exposure

Ali Zamani Babgohari1 ،Hakimeh Oloumi1, Hossein Mozaffari1,

Mohammad Javad Arvin1,2

1 Department of Ecology, Institute of Science and High Technology and

Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology,

Kerman, Iran 2 Plant Products Division, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran

* Corresponding author: Ali Zamani babgohari .alizamani65@ymail.com

In the last decade melatonin, an anti-oxidants compound

with various effects on plant growth has known as a plant

growth regulators. In this study, the effects of 100 µM

melatonin on photosynthetic pigment contents and

antioxidant enzymes activity of Cannabis sativa under

CuSo4 (0, 50 and 150 µM) treatments was assessed in

greenhouse conditions on a randomized design with 3

replications. Copper treatment on both concentrations 50

and 150 µM significantly decreased chlorophyll a, b, total

chlorophyll and carotenoids content, while the activity of

catalase and guaiacol peroxidase increased by copper

treatment. Melatonin 100 µM increased photosynthetic

pigments in plant treated by excess Cu. Melatonin also

caused a significant decrease in CAT and GPX comparing

to the plants treated only by excess Cu. According to the

results, it seems that in cannabis plants melatonin thereby

improving effect on photosynthetic pigments might

improve plant growth under excess Cu stress. Regarding

the decrease in the activity of catalase and peroxidase as

antioxidant enzymes, the role of this compound on the

antioxidant system under copper stress conditions needs

further investigation.

Keywords: Cannabis sativa, Chlorophyll, Catalase,

Peroxidase, Melatonin

Study of temperature effects on growth

parameters and photosynthetic pigments of

Stellaria media in three habitats in

Mazandaran province

Maryam Karimi Dastkandehkolaii, Naser Jafari, Tahereh A.

Aghajanzadeh* Department of biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mazandaran,

Babolsar, Iran

* Corresponding author: T.Aghajanzadeh@umz.ac.ir

Stellaria media belongs to the Caryophyllaceae family, has

beneficial therapeutic effects and is used in green and

cooked for human food consumption. This plant is highly

distributed in Iran. The growth and synthesis of primary

and secondary compounds of plants in natural habitats are

affected by climatic factors including temperature. In order

to study the impact of temperature on growth parameters

such as plant dry matter content and protein and also

photosynthetic pigments, to determine the appropriate

climate and habitat in terms of the amount of parameters

mentioned for use in medicinal and nutritional uses, S.

media was collected from three regions with different

temperature range (5, 10, 17 oC) in five replicates in each

region. Then the samples were transferred to the laboratory

at 4 oC. Some samples were used to determine the plant

dry matter content and some others to determine protein

using the Bradford method and also photosynthetic

pigments using spectrophotometric method. After

statistical analysis, the results showed that the percentage

of plant dry matter content has been increased by

decreasing of temperature but no significant changes were

observed in the content of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids

due to temperature changes. In addition, the findings

showed that the protein content in both shoot and root was

highest at 17 oC. Generally temperature can be considered

as one of the environmental factors affecting growth

parameters and photosynthetic pigments.

Keywords: Growth, Mazandaran, Photosynthetic

pigments, Stellaria media, Temperature

72

Vermicompost increase the antioxidant

properties of Lippia citriodora under salt

stress

Hamideh Zamnpour Shahmansouri*, Sasan Mohsenzadeh Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Shiraz University * Corresponding author: hzamanpour@yahoo.com

Lippia citriodora (Verbenaceae) is an herbal species

mainly used as a spice and medicinal plant. It grows

spontaneously in South America and is cultivated in North

Africa and Southern Europe. Given the common use of

vermicompost in agriculture, forestry, landscaping and

environmental restoration, it is essential that it is perfectly

compatible with plant growth and, if possible, that it

increases production and quality of plant biomass.

Vermicompost can enhance soil fertility physically,

chemically and biologically. Although vermicomposts

have been shown to improve plant growth significantly,

the application of vermicomposts at high concentrations

could impede growth due to the high concentrations of

soluble salts available in vermicomposts. Therefore,

vermicomposts should be applied at moderate

concentrations in order to obtain maximum plant yield.

Salinity reduces water potential, thereby restricting water

and nutrient uptake by plants. Salinity may also cause

ionic imbalance and toxicity . Salt stress is a major abiotic

stress of plants in many areas of the world due to

increasing use of poor quality of water for irrigation and

soil salinization. Under saline conditions, plants have to

activate different physiological and biochemical

mechanisms in order to cope with stress. In this research, a

total of 18 pots were planted in a greenhouse. The plants

were treated with three levels of vermicompost (0, 10 and

30% volume of pots) and a two level of salinity (0 and 70

mM). The results showed that salinity increased

antioxidant of L. citriodora. The highest antioxidant

activity was observed in plants treated with 10%

vermicompost and then the 10% vermicompost and

salinity stress showed the highest antioxidant activity

compared to the control plant.

Keywords: Vermicompost, Lippia citriodora,

Antioxidant, Salinity

The effects of root application of silicon on

growth and photosynthetic pigments of wheat

under lead stress

Sakineh Hosseini, Masoumeh Abedini*

Department of Biology, Payame Noor University of Tabriz, Tabriz * Corresponding author: ms_abedini@pnu.ac.ir

In this research, the effect of silicon application (as

potassium silicate; 0, 100 and 200 mM) was studied on

Thriticum aestivum cv. Chamran and cv. Shiroudi under

lead stress (as lead acetate; 0 and 0.126 g/ Kg). For this

aim the experiment was conducted as a completely

randomized design in a pot method. Results showed that

the lead stress decreased the fresh and dry weights of shoot

in cv. Chamran. Moreover, lead stress significantly

decreased the photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and

b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids) contents of cv.

Chamran. The induced decreases by lead in photosynthetic

pigments content of cv. Shiroudi were not significant.

Silicon application at concentration of 100 mM in lead

stressed plants significantly increased the relative water

content of cv. Chamran and at concentration of 200 mM

significantly increased the length and dry and fresh

weights of shoot in cv. Shiroudi. Furthermore, silicon

application in cv. Shiroudi significantly increased the

chlorophyll a content at both concentration and total

chlorophyll at concentration of 100 mM. Even though the

effect of silicon application on photosynthetic pigments

content of lead stressed plants in cv. Chamran was not

significant. The results of this study showed that cv.

Shiroudi is relatively resistant to lead stress compared to

cv. Chamran and silicon application could improve the

growth parameters by protection the photosynthetic

pigments in this cultivar.

Keywords: Lead, Photosynthetic Pigments, Silicon,

Wheat

73

The Effect of silicone root application on the

activity of the antioxidant system, hydrogen

peroxide, and malondialdehyde in wheat

plant under lead conditions

Sakineh Hosseini, Masoumeh Abedini*

Department of Biology, Payame Noor University of Tabriz, Tabriz * Corresponding author: ms_abedini@pnu.ac.ir

Lead (Pb) in soil poses a major threat to plant growth and

productivity. Silicon supplementation has been reported to

reduce the lead toxicity and increase plant resistance. In

this research the effect of Si application at different

concentrations (0, 100 and 200 mM) via root system was

studied on Triticum aestivum cv. Chamran and Shiroudi

under Pb stress (0.126 g. kg-1

of soil). The experiment was

conducted as a completely randomized factorial design by

three repeating in a pot method. The results showed that

the Pb stress significantly increased the H2O2 content of

both wheat cultivars and MDA content of cv. Chamran. Pb

also significantly stimulates the activity of antioxidant

enzymes. So, the activity of SOD and POD in cv. Shiroudi

and the activity of APX in cv. Chamran increased

significantly. Si application in Pb-treated plants decreased

the studied parameters except to CAT activity. The

induced decreases by application of 100 mM of Si in the

studied parameters were significant for all parameters

except to MDA content in both cultivars and SOD and

APX activities in cv. Shiroudi. The induced decreases by

application of 200 mM of Si in the studied parameters all

were significant in wheat both cultivars. The results of this

study showed that Si application in Pb stressed plants

could ameliorate the oxidative stress by inhibition the

H2O2 and MDA accumulation and retention the membrane

integrity.

Keywords: Antioxidant System, Lead, Proline, Silicon,

Wheat

The effects of Piriformospora indica symbiosis with tomato on the expression of some

membrane transporter genes and salt

tolerance

Seyed Mehdi Razavi1*, Abouzar Ghorbani1, Valliolah Ghasemi2,

Hemetollah Pirdeshti2 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh

Ardabili 2 Department of Agronomy, Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan, Sari agricultural Science and Natural Resources

University, Sari, Iran

* Corresponding author: razavi694@gmail.com

In this study, the positive role of the Piriformospora

indica, an endophytic fungus, in increasing the tolerance

of tomato plants to salt stress through the expression of

several genes such as NHX3, NHX4, CNGC15, SOS1,

PIP1/2, PIP2/4, TIP1/2 and TIP2/2 was investigated. For

this purpose, the expression of these genes was evaluated

in leaves and roots of the inoculated and un-inoculated

tomato plants using real-time PCR technique. The

experiments were conducted at 150 mM of salt during 0,

24, 48, 120 and 240 hours of treatment courses. The results

showed that in vitro inoculation of tomato plants by the

endophytic fungi resulted in the improvement and

expression of some genes, such as plasma membrane

carriers, NHX3 and NHX4, SOS1 and CNGC15, and

reduced the expression of aquaporin genes in the tonoplast.

As a general conclusion, it can be said that the endophytic

fungus alters the expression of some effective genes of

cellular membrane transporters in tomato plants. It can

tend to maintain ion homeostasis, diminish sodium to

potassium ratio, and an increase in water absorption

promoting tolerance to salinity.

Keywords: Salt stress, Tomato, Priformospora indica,

Transporters

74

Effects of melatonin pretreatment on

germination and growth of Malva parviflora

(L.) seedlings under cadmium stress

Saham Toosi1*, Parzhak Zoufan1, Afrasyab Rahnama Ghahfarrokhi 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz 2 Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture,

Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz * Corresponding author: toosi.saham91@gmail.com

Cadmium (Cd), as a heavy metal, is one of the most

important environmental pollutants. This toxic metal

affects the plant physiology due to induction of oxidative

stress and reduces germination and seedling growth.

Melatonin is an animal hormone that has recently been

recognized as a growth regulator and stimulant, as well as

an antioxidant in the plants. Some studies have shown that

melatonin content increases under various biotic and

abiotic stresses to increase the plant tolerance against

stress conditions. This study was conducted to survey the

effect of the melatonin on germination and growth of

Malva parviflora L. seedlings under Cd treatment. The

seeds were surface sterilized with 20% sodium

hypochlorite and washed three times with distilled water.

After pretreatment with different levels of melatonin

including 0 (control), 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200 μM, 25

seeds were sown at regular intervals in petri dishes

containing 50 μM cadmium nitrate and incubated at 25 ± 2

°C. The experiment was performed in 4 replicates for each

treatment for 8 days. Germination parameters were daily

evaluated. At the end of the eighth day, the results showed

that Cd treatment leads to a reduction in the germination

percentage and rate, root and shoot length, fresh weight

and seed vigor. All the melatonin pretreatments resulted in

a significant increase in mentioned indexes in Cd-exposed

seedlings. However, the highest germination percentage

and rate and seedling length were observed in pretreated

seeds with 10 μM melatonin. Results of this study suggest

that seed pretreatment with melatonin, especially at the

concentrations less than 25 μM, could reduce the effects of

Cd toxicity and improve germination and growth in M.

parviflora seedlings.

Keywords: Melatonin, Cadmium, Seedling establishment,

Malva parviflora

Production of phenyl ethanol glycosides in

Scrophularia striata in response to cadmium

Elham Sadat Beshamgan1, Mohsen Sharifi1*, Fatemeh Zarinkamar1,

Najme Ahmadian2 1 Department of plant biology, Faculty of biological science, University

of Tarbiat Modares 2 Department of plant biology, Faculty of biological science, University of Mazandaran

* Corresponding author: msharifi@modares.ac.ir

Scrophularia striata is a native plant in Iran that has

valuable compounds including phenylethanoid glycosides

such as echinacoside and acteoside. These compounds

have strong antioxidant properties and are produced by the

plant to deal with various environmental stresses such as

heavy metals. Cadmium is the heavy metals that enter the

soil due to industrial contaminants. Plants display different

physiological responses to this contamination. In order to

study the physiological responses, these plants were placed

in a Hoagland medium containing cadmium at

concentrations of 0, 50,200,400 micromolar and collected

at 12,24,48,72 hours. HPLC was used to measure the

phenylethanoid glycosides composition in both root and

shoot organs in test and control groups. The results

showed that both compounds in both organs at

concentrations of 200 micromolar at 48 times increased

significantly compared to control groups. Also, it was

found that there is a direct relation between the amount of

metal in the food solution and the amount of metal

absorption and accumulation in the plant. With increasing

cadmium concentration in the medium, dry weight of the

shoot and root decreased significantly compared to the

control, but there was no significant difference at 12, 24

and 48 hours. In general, it can be concluded that the

resistance of the plant to cadmium contamination is 200

micromolar for 48 hours during the defensive reactions

against this stress occur.

Keywords: Acteoside, Echinacoside, Phenylethanoid

glycosides, Scrophularia striata

75

Effects of mechanical vibration on growth

and some metabolic changes in Matricaria

chamomilla L.

Sadaf Salami1*, Vahid Niknam1, Halimeh Hassanpour2 1 Department of Plant Sciences, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Iran 2 Aerospace Research Institute, Ministry of Science Research and

Technology, Tehran 14665-834, Iran * Corresponding author: sadaf.salami@gmail.com

Mechanical vibration is one of an abiotic stress which can

affect plant cell growth and development. German

chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) is a medicinal plant

of the Asteraceae family and is widely used in the

pharmaceutical industries. In this study, the seeds were

sterilized and cultured in a Murashige and Skoog (MS).

For callus induction, leaf explants were placed in MS

medium supplemented with 2, 4-D (1 mgL-1

) and Kin (1

mg L-1

). After subculture, different frequencies of

mechanical vibration (0, 5, 10 and 15 Hz) were applied.

Results showed that mechanical vibrations at 5 and 10 Hz

reduced the protein content and increased this parameter at

15 Hz frequency comparing to the control. The content of

photosynthetic pigments (total chlorophyll, Chla, Chlb,

and carotenoids) showed a decreasing trend at 5 and 10 Hz

mechanical vibration. Although, the pigment content

increased slightly at 15 Hz, but showed a decrease

compared to the control. It seems that vibration at lower

frequency has more destructive effects than the 15 Hz

frequency, which can be related to the production of free

radicals and induction of oxidative stress in cells under

stress.

Keywords: German Chamomile, Callus tissue, Protein,

Mechanical vibrations

Gene expression and enzyme activity of

phenylalanine-ammonia-lyase in Basil

(Ocimum basilicum) under salt stress

Nastaran Rashidi1, Ramezan Ali Khavari Nezhad1, Parvin Ramak2*, Sara

Sa'adatmand1 1 Department of Biology, Islamic Azad Univ. Branch Tehran, Tehran,

Iran 2 Research Division of Natural Resources, Lorestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO,

Khorramabad, Iran

* Corresponding author: ramak@rifr-ac.ir

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is the key enzyme of

the phenylpropanoid pathway, a route that involves

numerous branches that lead to the production of a wide

range of metabolites that can play an important role in the

response to a different kind of environmental stress. In the

present work, the gene expression levels and enzyme

activity of phenylalanine-ammonia-lyase (PAL) were

investigated in plants of the Ocimum basilicum under

control and salt stress conditions. This study was carried

out as a factorial experiment based on a completely

randomized design with three replications. The treatments

were salinity at five concentrations including 0, 25, 50, 75

and 100 mM NaCl. Semi-quantitative RT- PCR was used

for the analysis of PAL expression level. The PAL mRNA

level increased in response to salinity and was different

significantly (P < 0.05) among treatments. Salinity effects

on the PAL activity were significantly (P < 0.05) different

from those of controls in all treatments. These findings

confirm that PAL protein is a marker of salt stress

conditions in this species and it can be a good candidate

for the technology of genetic engineering of Ocimum

basilicum towards the salt tolerant.

Keywords: Basil, Gene expression, Phenylalanine

ammonia-lyase, Salt stress

76

The effect of soil properties on morphological

characters of Allium jesdianum Boiss & Buhse.

in Lorestan

Parvin Ramak1*, Yones Asri2, Mehrdokht Navaei2 1 Research Division of Natural Resources, Lorestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO,

Khorramabad, Iran 2 Research Division of Botany, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran 3 Research Division of Medicinal Plant, Research Institute of Forests and

Rangelands, Tehran, Iran * Corresponding author: ramak@rifr-ac.ir

Allium jesdianum is an endemic species of Iran that

unfortunately, in recent years because of uncontrolled

harvesting, had put it on to the endangered list. This

research was carried out based on a nested design with

three replications from eight habitats in Lorestan province

during two years. The results showed that Venaei habitat

had the highest shoot fresh (10.65 g) and shoot dry weight

(4.1 g). Soil texture of this habitat was Sandy clay loam

and higher organic matter and potassium content than

other habitats. The highest plant height (41.16 cm)

was recorded in kakareza in the first year. The Soil of this

habitat rich in phosphorus. The results of this research can

be useful in proper managed, breeding and domestication

of this rare and endangered species.

Keywords: Allium jesdianum, Habitat, Soil elements

Study of various calcium magnesium

quotients on growth characteristics and

phenolic compounds of Thymus vulgaris L.

Kolsoom Sattar, Tahmaseb Asemaneh*

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yasouj * Corresponding author: asemaneh@yu.ac.ir

Thymus vulgaris L. is a medicinal plant belonging to the

Lamiaceae. Different amounts of calcium and magnesium

carbonate have shown a significant positive relationship

with some of the active pharmaceutical ingredients.

Accordingly, in this study, using calcium and magnesium

carbonate and magnesium sulfate, the effects of different

calcium to magnesium quotients (0.28, 0.8, 2, 3 and 8),

which respectively contain 1 to 3.5, 2 to 2.5, 3 to 1.5, 1.5

to 0.5 (control) and 4 to 0.5 mM calcium to magnesium

concentrations on some physiological indices of thyme

were investigated in a completely randomized design.

After about two months from the time of sowing, seedlings

were transferred to a hydroponic culture medium that

contained a Hoagland solution. After four weeks, the

plants were harvested and the indices were measured. The

results showed that the ratio of 0.8, resulted in significant

increase of the most growth characteristics of thyme,

including average leaf area, the fresh and dry weight of

root and shoot compared to the control. The highest

amount of phenolic compounds of thyme was observed at

level 8 of calcium/magnesium treatment. The amount of

phenolic compounds in the plant decreased compared to

the control by increasing available magnesium. In general,

it can be stated that 0.8 calcium to magnesium quotient

was the best for the growth of the plant species, and 8

quotients was the best for phenolic compounds production.

Keywords: Calcium, Magnesium, Physiological Indices,

Thyme

77

Morphological responses of perennial

ryegrass (Lolium perenne) to salt stress and

application of zeolite in growth medium

Farzad Nazari1*, Ebarhim Rahimi1, Taimor Javadi1, Saadi Samadi2 1 Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan. 2 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan

* Corresponding author: f.nazari@uok.ac.ir

Turfgrass refers to the use of grasses for functional,

recreational and ornamental purposes and also,

agriculturally and economically important perennial crops.

Today, turfgrass have faced many problems due to water

scarcity, lower groundwater levels, and water salinity. Therefore, finding ways to reducing the effects of salt

stress is inevitable. Zeolites as one of the amendment

materials in horticulture for soil mixtures can be used to

reduce the adverse effects of salt stress. This research was

conducted to investigate the effects of natural zeolite and

zeolite charged with K+ on some morphological

characteristics of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)

under salt stress. The experiment was performed as a

completely randomized design in the framework of

factorial with two factors salt stress (threes levels: 0, 50

and 100 dSm−1

) and zeolite (three levels: 0, natural zeolite

and zeolite charged with K+) with 4 replications (pot).

Results showed the highest leaf and root fresh and dry

weights and root volume also were obtained in control

treatment by zeolite charged with K+. The lowest root

fresh and dry weights and root volume also were observed

in 100 dSm−1

salt stress without using zeolite. Generally,

the results showed that zeolite and especially K+-charged

type can partly reduce the adverse effects of salinity stress. Keywords: Perennial ryegrass, Turfgrass, Zeolite, Salinity

Study of expression of PMP genes and

dehidrin in salt stress resistance in oilseed

sunflower

Nahid Habibi*, Faezeh Hoseinpour, Reza Darvishzadeh, Babak Abdollahi

Department Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Urmia

* Corresponding author: Habibi_morteza@yahoo.com

Non-biotic stresses, especially salinity, have a very

important contribution in reducing the yield of plants like a

sunflower. The sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is from

the Asteraceae family and it has three types: oily, honey

and ornamental. In order to study the effect of salinity

stress on the expression of PMP and dehydrin genes, two

different lines of susceptible (CSA39) and resistant

(AS5305) oilseed sunflowers were selected. Genotypes

were studied in a factorial arrangement with a completely

randomized design with 3 replications and 5 salinity levels

(2, 5, 8, 14 dS) and 6 sampling times, in potted conditions.

Stress was applied at the 8-leaf stage. Sampling was

carried out at 0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours after application of

stress using liquid nitrogen. Expression of the genes was

evaluated using Real-Time PCR. The results show that the

expression of the studied genes in the sensitive and

resistant lines is different and the level of PMP and

dehydrin expression in resistant line (AS5305) was

significantly increased.

Keywords: Oilseed sunflower, Salinity stress, Real-time

PCR

78

Effect of phenylalanine treatment on

antioxidant properties of tomato fruit during

storage period

Mohsen Moradi1, Farhang Razavi1*, Vali Rabiei1, Morteza Soleimani

Aghdam2, Leila Salehi3

1 Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of

Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran 2 Department of Horticultural Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran 3 Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Zanjan University, Zanjan,

Iran * Corresponding author: razavi.farhang@znu.ac.ir

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruit is one of the most

important vegetables in the tropical region, which plays an

important role in human health due to its high levels of

antioxidants such as lycopene, vitamin C, vitamin E and

phenolic compounds. In order to investigate the effect of

phenylalanine treatment on some antioxidant properties of

tomato fruit, a factorial experiment was conducted in a

completely randomized design with three replications at

the postharvest laboratory of Zanjan University. fruits

were harvested at the green stage and were dipped in

different concentrations of aqueous solutions of 0

(control), 0.1, 1 and 5 mM of phenylalanine for 10 min

and control ones dipped in distilled water. All fruits were

then air dried for approximately 60 min and stored at 3°C

and 80–85% RH for 28 days. During cold storage control

and phenylalanine treated fruits were subjected to

physicochemical analysis once a week. The results showed

that phenylalanine treatment had a significant effect on the

vitamin C, phenol, flavonoid and total antioxidant

properties of the fruit compared with the control and

increased these traits. The maximum amount of

antioxidant capacity and flavonoid content was observed

in the treatment of 5 mM and the highest content of

vitamin C and total phenol at 1 and 0.1 mM concentration,

respectively. These results suggested that exogenous

phenylalanine treatment could be a useful technique to

enhance the antioxidant capacity of tomato fruit during

cold storage.

Keywords: Postharvest, Vitamin C, Flavonoid,

Phenylalanine

The effects of temperature changes on

biochemical properties of Aptenia cordifolia

Sakineh Valizadeh, Elham Mohajel Kazemi*, Hanieh Mohajjel Shoja

Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural Science University of Tabriz

* Corresponding author: e.mohajelkazemi@tabrizu.ac.ir

Plants have been exposed to environmental stresses during

their growth. Low or high temperature is an important

limiting factor in vegetative and reproductive plant

growth, also it is the factor which affects the metabolism,

anatomy, and morphology of plants. Aptenia cordifolia

(belongs to Aizoaceae family) is a medicinal and

ornamental plant which is resistant to some stress

condition. In this research, we have examined the

biochemical components of this plant under different

temperatures (-4, 4, 23 and 30°C) according to a

completely randomized method with three replications.

Biochemical characteristics such as phenol, flavonoids,

photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll, carotenoids),

soluble and insoluble sugars have been studied for third

and fourth leaves from each treatment. The results

indicated that stress at -4°C, increased the amount of

phenol and flavonoids and decreased chlorophyll a and b.

Moreover, the results showed a decrease in carotenoids

and an increase in soluble and insoluble sugar at 30°C

relative to the control plant (23°C).

Keywords: Temperature stresses, Aptenia cordifolia,

Biochemical factors

79

Study of the effect of Trichoderma fungi and

its mutants on germination and

morphological traits of wheat and corn seeds

Zahra Rezaloo1, Ghasem Tohidloo1, Samira Shahbazi2*, Hamed Askari2

1 Seed Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran. 2 Nuclear Agriculture Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology

Research Institute (NSTRI), Atomic Energy Organization of Iran (AEOI), Alborz, Iran.

* Corresponding author: sshahbazi@nrcam.org

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of

biopriming on isolates of Trichoderma fungi )T.

harzianum, T. viride, T,atroviride, T. virence and T.

konigi) on morphological traits and seed germination of

corn and wheat. Effect of the mutation was caused by

gamma radiation, to increase their efficiency in biopriming

of seeds were compared. Experiment with three levels of

inoculation: control (non-inoculation), inoculation with

sporulation formulations of wild-type of Trichoderma, and

inoculation with mutant isolates of the same species, in a

completely randomized design with three replications at

the Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute, the Atomic

Energy Organization Iran was done. Germination

percentage and other traits: longitudinal, fresh and dry

weight and vigor index were evaluated based on the ISTA

method. Results showed, biopriming corn seeds with the

formulation of Trichoderma species (wild-type and

mutant), at a probability level of 5%, in dry and wet

weight and Vigor index, it was superior to control. In other

traits, Improvement was also observed, but there was no

statistically significant difference. Wheat germination of

fungal treatment was 100%. Length of seedlings primed by

fungal treatments was higher. The remaining traits were

not statistically significant, but the fungal treatments were

better. Overall, the results of this experiment showed, use

of biopriming third cereal seeds with Trichoderma fungi

improve most of the morphological traits of plants,

especially initial stages of development and establishment.

Which, of course, is effective on the final performance of

the product. Therefore, use of this biological fungus,

which has an antagonistic property, to enhance the

performance and use instead of chemical pesticides to

farmers is recommended.

Keywords: Biopriming, Wheat, Corn, Germination,

Trichoderma

Study of effect of wild type trichoderma fungi

and its mutant on germination and some

growth traits of cucumber (Cucumis sativus

L.) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)

Zahra Rezaloo1, Samira Shahbazi2*, Ghasem Tohidloo1, Hamed Askari2 1 Seed Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.

2 Nuclear Agriculture Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology

Research Institute (NSTRI), Atomic Energy Organization of Iran (AEOI), Alborz, Iran.

* Corresponding author: sshahbazi@nrcam.org

Germination and vegetative components are number of

factors that determine final performance of plants. The

present study was carried out to determine effect of tomato

and cucumber seed biopriming with mixture of five

species of Trichoderma antagonist fungus was performed

on germination and vegetative traits of seedlings. Also,

effect of biopriming with superior mutants of Trichoderma

species was one of the goals of this study. Experiments

with three treatments: control (non-inoculation),

inoculation with bio-formulation prepared from wild type

Trichoderma species and inoculation with its mutant

isolates, at the Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute in

the form of a completely randomized design with three

replications was done. Evaluation of traits (germination

percentage, stem and root length, fresh and dry weight)

were evaluated using standard ISTA method. The results

of both experiments showed, Biopriming, significantly

increased germination percentage at 1% level. The highest

germination percentage of cucumber and tomato seeds,

was for Biopriming treatment associated with Trichoderma

mutant isolates. However, length of seedlings of cucumber

and tomato in the control was higher than treatment with

Trichoderma (wild type and mutant). In dry weight index,

biopreimine with Trichoderma isolates (parent and mutant)

was higher than control its indicate that seedlings were not

needed to increase length for producing biomass. In other

measured components, there was no statistically

significant difference with control. Overall, the results of

this study showed, use of seeds biomass with Trichoderma

fungi in cucumber and tomato improved most of the plant

growth factors, especially during its initial development

and growth stages.

Keywords: Biopriming, Tomato, Cucumber, Germination,

Trichoderma

80

Effect of different cultivation substrates on

growth and biochemical responses of

Borzicactus aurantiacus

Mostafa Saadati, Assieh Behdad*, Zohreh Ghanbarzadeh, Sasan

Mohsenzadeh Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shiraz University

* Corresponding author: Behdad_a@yahoo.com

Cultivation substrates have an important role in providing

favorable conditions for the growth of plants. Borzicactus

aurantiacus is the species of columnar cactus, which is a

suitable base for transplantation. In this survey, the effect

of different cultivation substrates on growth, relative water

content (RWC) and biochemical responses (chlorophyll,

carotenoids, proline, anthocyanin and phenolic

compounds) of Borzicactus in a randomized design with 9

treatments and 3 replications were evaluated. The results

showed that the highest stem length and a maximum of

RWC were observed in substrate D (vermicompost, coco

peat, peat moss and perlite in the ratio of 1:2:1.5:0.5), but,

dry weight of shoots was not significant. The maximum

length and dry weight of roots were related to substrate H

(vermicompost and peat moss in the ratio of 1:0.5). There

was an inverse relationship between proline content and

RWC, so the highest amount of proline and the lowest of

relative water content were related substrates C (coco peat,

peat moss, and perlite in the ratio of 1:1:1). In addition,

chlorophyll, carotenoids, and anthocyanin of plants in

substrate E (vermicompost, coco peat, peat moss and

perlite in the ratio of 1:1:1:1) were reached the maximum.

The highest phenolic compounds were in the substrate of

G (vermicompost). As a result, cultivation substrate

containing coco peat, peat, perlite and vermicompost due

to the presence of organic matter and high cation exchange

capacity, have recommended as suitable for cultivation.

Thus, substrates H and D are the best substrates for

planting and maintenance of Borzicactus.

Keywords: Borzicactus, Vermicompost, Perlite, Coco

peat, Peat moss

Evaluation of phenolic compounds,

anthocyanin and antioxidant activity of flower

in some wild Amygdalus L. species and hybrid

in Iran

Sima Sadat Rafiei*, Kazem Mahdigholi, Sedighe Ahmadi Sakha, Vahid

Niknam, Farideh Attar Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tehran

* Corresponding author: Rafieisima@gmail.com

The genus Amygdalus L. from (Rosaceae) family with 29

species and 6 hybrids in Iran is distributed mainly in the

central, southeastern and eastern parts of Iran. Amygdalus

species are rich in minerals and phenolic compounds

(flavonoids, flavonols, and anthocyanins) that they are

known as natural antioxidants and play an important role

in preventing the activity of free radicals. The aim of this

study was to investigate phenolic compounds including

total phenol, flavonoids, flavonol, total anthocyanin and

antioxidant activity using free radical scavenging method

2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The collection of

flowers from A. arabica, A. lycioides, A. scoparia, and

hybrid A* keredjensis was carried out and then after

identification, were kept in Central Herbarium of Tehran

University (TUH). Quantitative assay of chemical

compounds was performed by spectrophotometry method.

The results showed that the highest and lowest amounts of

phenolic, flavonoid and flavonol compounds respectively

in A. lycioides and A. scoparia. The highest and lowest

amounts of anthocyanin respectively in A. lycioides and A.

scoparia and finally, the highest and lowest percent of free

radical scavenging respectively in A.scoparia and

A.lycioides. Evidence showed a positive correlation

between phenolic compounds, but this trend does not

correlate with the amounts of anthocyanins and antioxidant

activity. All of species and hybrid were studied contain

phenolic compounds and have antioxidant properties. It

seems that the use of antioxidant properties of these

species in the food and pharmaceutical industry is

important as a substitute for synthetic antioxidants.

Keywords: Amygdalus, Antioxidant, Phenolic

compounds, Anthocyanin

81

The study of dehydrin gene expression in

Carthamus tinctorius L. plants under drought

stress and using methanol spraying in

reducing of stress effect

Ali Kheiri1, Hanieh Mohajjel shoja1*, Mansour Sarajuoghi2

1 Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Azad University of

Karaj * Corresponding author: mohajelh@yahoo.com

Drought is one of the environmental stresses for plants

which causes the significant reduction in agricultural

production. Under drought stress, various responses occur

in the plant including different changes in gene expression

such as chaperonins, Dehydrins, and aquaporins genes,

which directly affect drought tolerance of the plant.

Dehydrin proteins belong to the group 2 of LEA (late

embryogenesis abundant) proteins which are synthesized

in various tissues of a plant in response to different

stresses such as drought, freezing, salinity and heavy

metals toxicity. Synthesis and storage of Dehydrin proteins

occur not only in response to stress condition but also it is

a part of the events occurred during the final

developmental stages of a seed. In this study, the effect of

drought stress on the expression level of Dehydrin gene

family was investigated using the qRT-PCR technique at

the seedling stage of safflower plants. The impact of

methanol spraying was also investigated in the reduction

of the stress effects. The results showed that in the highest

level of drought stress (50% of field capacity), which was

associated with methanol spraying (30%), the highest level

of gene expression was achieved.

Keywords: Dehydrin gene, Drought stress, Carthamus

tinctorius L.

Study of olive pomace effect on physiological

properties of three cultivars of rice (Oryza

sativa L.) in reproductive stage

Azadeh Niroomand1*, Seyyed Mansour Seyyed nejad2, Farshad

Abrahimpour3, Abdolali Gillani4, Gholamreza Bakhshi Khaniki3

1 Department of Biology, Payame Noor University 2 Department of Biology, Shahid Chamran University 3 Faculty of Agriculture, Payame Noor University 4 Seed and Plant Improvement Research Department Khuzestan

Agricultural and Natural Resource Research Center

* Corresponding author: a-niroomand@pnu.ac.ir

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a monocots plant of Poaceae

family and considered as a strategic crop. Currently,

chemical fertilizer use has expanded as the fastest way to

recover the shortage of soil nutrients and also to increase

agricultural production. Application of chemical fertilizers

has caused many environmental impacts, including water

and soil pollution, and human health problems. Therefore,

replacing organic fertilizers rather than chemical fertilizers

that have a biological origin and no contaminating effects

seems necessary. In this regard, olive pomace can be one

of the best options for plant life due to the presence of

various useful compounds. In this study, the effect of

olives pomace on the Physiological properties of three

cultivars of rice plant and its effect on physiological

factors in the reproductive stage were studied. A pot

experiment was factorial based on completely randomized

design with three replications. Three cultivars of Rice,

Champa, Red Anboori and Danial were planted in soils

mixed with 1,3,5,7 percent of olive fruit pomace. Treated

plants were harvested after growth during the reproductive

stage. Plant length, fresh weight, dry weight of shoot and

root, total chlorophyll and carotenoid, soluble

carbohydrates were measured. The amount of K, P, N, and

Zn in the different treatments was measured. The results of

this study showed that application of olive pomace

increased plant height, fresh and dry weight of root and

shoot compared to the control treatment. Also, changes in

photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrate content, proline,

showed that application of olive pomace resulted in an

increase in the mentioned indices compared to the control

treatment. The optimal concentration was 5% and the

growth indices increased. Since olive pomace is a rich

source of nutrients and organic substances needed for plant

growth, it is recommended to increase in agricultural

production.

Keywords: Rice, Olive pomace, Organic fertilizer,

Physiological properties

82

The comparison of enzymatic activity of

Antioxidant Polyphenol Oxidase enzyme

between Active Buds and Inactive Buds

through two different tea plant cultivars

(Clone 100 & Hybrid), cultivated in the North

of Iran

Seyde Mehri Javadi1*, Mona Kashanchi1, Behnaz Bagheri2 1 Department of Plant Physiology and Genetic, ACECR, Research Institute of Applied Science, Tehran, Iran 2 ACECR, Research Institute of Applied Science, Tehran, Iran

* Corresponding author: Ghazalehjavadi.z@gmail.com

The Polyphenol oxidase enzyme with its catalytic role in

fermentation and black tea production catalyzes a set of

oxidative reacions, and it serves a key role in evaluating

the quality of black tea during the fermentation process.

According to importance of enzymatic activity of

Antioxidant, in fermentation process, the comparison

between Active Buds and Inactive Buds through two

different tea plant cultivars (Clone 100 & Hybrid), the

archived result was follow: although the level of

polyphenol Oxidase enzyme activity through Active Buds

was higher than the Inactive Buds in both mentioned

cultivars, the level of polyphenol Oxidase enzyme in

Clone 100 was higher than the Hybrid cultivar.

Keywords: Polyphenol oxidase, Active bud, Banji bud

Comparison of antioxidant enzymes activities

between sleep buds and activated pulmonary

in tea clone Iran 100 cultivar

Seyde Mehri Javadi1*, Mitra Parsa1, Mona Kashanchi1, Behnaz Bagheri2 1 Department of Plant Physiology and Genetic, ACECR, Research Institute of Applied Science, Tehran, Iran 2 ACECR, Research Institute of Applied Science, Tehran, Iran

* Corresponding author: Ghazalehjavadi.z@gmail.com

The growth of the shoots is one of the most important

physiological stages that determines the final performance

of the tea plant. The number of shoots depends on the

activity and growth of the lateral bud. In some tea plant

cultivars, the number of shoots per unit area is limited by

creating a sleep bud phenomenon, which increases the

distance between harvesting leaves, so, decreasing the

yield. Sleep sprout like other environmental stresses

activates a series of plant defense responses. One of these

responses is the activation of the enzyme system. In this

study, we are discussing the molecular mechanism of the

sleep mode of bud in tea plant, comparing the biochemical

structure of sleep state and activated bud as well as

attempting to break the sleep state artificially in the clone

100 cultivar, the promising tea plant in Iran. Enzyme

activities were measured in order to achieve peroxidase

enzymes, ascorbate peroxidase and catalase amount in the

plant. The results showed that the activity of these

enzymes was higher in the Banji bud compared to the

active bud in the cultivar.

Keywords: Peroxidase, Catalase, Tea clone Iran100,

Active bud, Banji bud

83

Effect of priming on the pot marigold plant

(Calendula officinalis L.) under the

Chromium and Nickel contamination

Mahnaz Bagheri1*, Mehrab Yedgari1, Ramin Iranipour2 1 Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch, Iran 2 Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Chaharmahal

and Bakhtiari Province, Iran * Corresponding author: mahnazbagheri35@gmail.com

In order to evaluate the effect of pot marigold (Calendula

officinalis L) priming on the refining of heavy chromium

and nickel elements, an experiment was conducted under

laboratory and pot experiment in 2017 in a laboratory and

research farm of Shahrekord Islamic Azad University. The

experimental design was based on a completely

randomized design with factorial arrangement of three

factors with four replications, and after obtaining the best

results in the laboratory, the continuation of the work in

the pot, based on a completely randomized design, was

carried out in a factorial arrangement of three factors with

three replications. Treatments in the laboratory were

polyethylene glycol 6000 (0 and 1 bar), potassium nitrate

(0, 5, 10 and 15%) and salicylic acid (0, 1, 10 and 20

mmol / l) and potassium treatments, primer seeds and non-

permeable, different levels of chromium (0, 25, 75 and 100

mg / kg) and nickel (0, 20, 60 and 120 mg / kg). According

to the results of this study, all seeds of pot marigold

primed with a salinity of 1 mmol per liter were superior to

other treatments in terms of germination traits. The results

of flowering experiment also showed that pot marigold

priming had a positive effect on the purification of

chromium and nickel from the soil. The highest

accumulation of heavy metals was observed in primed

plants treated with the highest levels of chromium (100

mg/kg) and nickel (120 mg/kg) and the lowest

accumulation in non-perforated control plants. The plant is

always an overgrowth plant spring that is able to

accumulate heavy metals of chromium and nickel in

different parts of the plant, especially the aerial part.

Keywords: Enrichment, Elemental refining, Germination

traits, Heavy metals, Contamination levels

To investigate the phytoremediation ability of

marigold (Calendula officinalis L. (under the

chromium and nickel contamination

Mahnaz Bagheri1*, Mehrab Yedgari1, Ramin Iranipour2 1 Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch, Iran 2 Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Chaharmahal

and Bakhtiari Province, Iran * Corresponding author: mahnazbagheri35@gmail.com

In order to investigate the ability of marigold (Calendula

officinalis) in phytoremediation of chromium and nickel

heavy metals, and the effect of these elements on yield and

growth traits of this plant, a field experiment was

conducted in a factorial and completely randomized design

with four replicates at the Islamic Azad University of

Shahrekord in 2017. The test factors included chromium at

four levels (100, 75, 25 and 0 mg/kg dry soil) and nickel at

four levels (120, 60, 20, and 0 mg/kg dry soil). The results

showed that different levels of chromium and nickel had a

significant effect on estimated traits such as total dry

weight, dry matter and aerial parts, leaf area and plant

extract per plant. The dry weight of the aerial part and the

root and the accumulation of chromium and nickel in the

plant and soil were influenced by experimental treatments.

By increasing the concentration of metals, the dry matter

and root dry matter significantly decreased compared to

the control. With increasing the chromium concentration,

the amount of chromium accumulation in the plant and the

amount of absorbed nickel of the soil increased, and

chromium moved to the aerial parts along with more

airborne aerial parts. The highest amount of airborne

chromium was observed in the individual treatment of

chromium (100 mg/kg) and the highest amount of nickel in

the shoot and root of the plant treated with the highest

levels of chromium (100 mg/kg) and nickel (120 mg/kg).

Pot marigold is an overwintering plant that can accumulate

heavy metals chromium and nickel in different parts of it,

especially in the aerial part.

Keywords: Threshold tolerance, Chromium, Nickel,

Purification plant, Pot marigold

84

A study on the effect of pomace olive on wheat

growth in the presence of lead

Sanaz Allasvand*, Seyyed Mansour Seyyednejad, Abdolali Gilani

Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz

* Corresponding author: Sanazallasvand@yahoo.com

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a monocot plant

belonging to Poaceae family that is the first crop of the

world. It is considered the most pivotal agricultural

product as the basis of food for human. Indiscriminate use

of chemical fertilizers pollutes the environment as well as

having adverse effects on human health. Heavy metals are

a potential hazard to living organisms due to toxicity

persistence and bio-accumulation. The use of biofertilizers

to supply the nutritional need of the plant is aimed to

reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and reducing the

effects of heavy metals to overcome these problems. This

experiment was conducted with the aim of the study was

an investigation of the improvement effect of olive

pomace on the adverse effects of chemical fertilizers and

also heavy metal. This experiment was factorial based on a

completely randomized design with three replications on

morphological and physiological factors at 20-days old

seedling stage in wheat (Tritium aestivum L.). The amount

of olive pomace in soil was five regarded at treatments (0,

3, 6, 9, 12) percent and the amount of lead heavy metal

was (0. 20, 60. 100) %. The result showed that application

of olive pomace cause improvement morphological

factors: root length, stem length, yield and physiological

factors: plant pigments, chlorophyll, carbohydrate, and

carotenoids. Root length yield, plant pigments, and

carbohydrates showed a significant difference. Between

the concentrations studied 3 to 9% range was found

appropriate.

Key words: Wheat, Pomace extract, Physiological

parameters, Biochemical parameters, Lead

Changes in polyamine oxidase enzyme activity

and antioxidant system function in two

tolerant and susceptible maize cultivars under

drought stress

Anahita Ahangir1*, Francoise Bernard1, Ali Akbar Ghotbi Ravandi1,

Hassan Rezadoost 2 1 Department of plant Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life

Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran 2 Department of phytochemistry, Medicinal plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

* Corresponding author: anahitaahangir@yahoo.com

Drought stress is one of the most important environmental

stresses that disrupt metabolism, decrease the growth and

yield of plants. The response of maize (Zea mays L.) to

drought stress highly depends on genotype and plant

growth stage. In this study, the activity of polyamine

oxidase (PAO) and antioxidant enzymes, as well as H2O2

content in susceptible (260) and resistant (Karoon)

cultivars in response to drought stress, were evaluated in

maize seedlings. For this purpose, 10-day-old seedlings

were exposed to drought stress via withholding water for 7

days. Our results showed that under drought stress, H2O2

content differs between two cultivars, where the

significant increase in H2O2 level was observed in roots of

tolerant and shoots of sensitive genotype. In general,

drought stress resulted in an increase in the activity of

Polyamine oxidase (POA), the function of PAO at pH 8

and pH 6.5 is slightly different between cultivars. The

higher activity of PAO at pH 8 in root and shoot of Karoon

genotype under drought could be considered as a result of

the activity of peroxisomal PAOs. Furthermore, the

activity of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide

dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase increases under

drought stress. In the Karoon cultivar, increase in

superoxide dismutase activity was observed in root and

shoot, where the rise in peroxidase was only recorded at

shoots. The activity of catalase enzyme showed a

reduction in shoots of tolerant Karoon. Our results

demonstrated that superoxide dismutase and peroxisomal

PAO are two key enzymes that can play a role in

regulating and homeostasis of H2O2 in tolerant cultivars.

Keywords: Polyamine oxidase, Antioxidant enzymes,

Drought, Maize, H2O2

85

Study of growth and defense response of root

sunflower plant under pyrene and

phenanthrene stress

Maryam Nemati*, Seyed Yahya Salehi Lisar, Ali Movafeghi, Rouhollah

Motafakkerazad Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Natural Science, University of

Tabriz

* Corresponding author: maryam.n136262@gmail.com

PAHs are of the most important environmental pollutants,

which enter into the environment from various sources.

The presence of these compounds in the soil creates a

variety of stresses in plants which is unfavorable for plant

growth and development. This study was conducted to

evaluate the effect of pyrene and phenanthrene

concentrations (50 and 100 mg/l) on germination, growth,

accumulation, and induction of oxidative stress in

sunflower root. The results showed that increasing the

pyrene and phenanthrene concentration reduced root

growth indices (fresh and dry weight and root length) but

they have no significant effect on germination. On the

other hand, the amount of malondialdehyde of the root that

is the index of the membrane peroxidation of root cells in

both concentrations increased significantly in comparison

with the control. This is indicative of oxidative stress.

Keyword: Helianthus annuus, Oxidative stress, Growth

indices

Effect of magnetic field on lipid peroxidation,

proline and hydrogen peroxide contents of

Silybum marianum

Maryam Mansourkhaki1, Halimeh Hassanpour2*, Malak Hekmati1

1 Chemistry Department, Islamic Azad University, Buinzahra Branch, Buinzahra, Iran 2Aerospace Research Institute, Ministry of Science Research and

Technology, Tehran 14665-834, Iran * Corresponding author: Hassanpour@ari.ac.ir

Silybum marianum is a medicinal plant belonging to

Asteraceae family. The magnetic field is an abiotic stress

and is used for the growth and secondary metabolite

induction. In this study, the effect of magnetic field on

H2O2, proline and lipid peroxidation were studied in leaves

and roots of S. marianum seedlings. After seed

germination, seedlings were exposed under different

magnetic field (0, 2, 4 and 6 mT) for 1 hour. Seedlings

were cultured in Hoagland medium and were placed in

greenhouse conditions for daily 16/8 h light-dark

photoperiod, and day/night temperature regime of

20/18°C. The seedlings were harvested for physiological

analysis and growth after 4 weeks. Results showed that the

magnetic field increased significantly lipid peroxidation at

6 mT, while decreased this parameter at 2 and 4 mT.

Proline content decreased significantly in root and leaf

with an increase of magnetic field intensity. The H2O2

level was decreased at 2 and 4 mT and increased to 6 mT.

It seems magnetic field at proper intensity can decrease

free radicals by induction of antioxidant activity.

Keyword: Silybum marianum, Magnetic field, Lipid

peroxidation, Proline, Hydrogen peroxide

86

The effect of different periods of water

restriction on the soluble sugar content of two

grapevine cultivars

Azam Moayedinezhad1*, Behrouz Mohammadparast 1, Ghasem Hosseini

Salekdeh2, Mohammad Ali Nejatian3, Ehsan Mohsenifard4 1 Department of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Grape and Raisin, Malayer

University 2 Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Karaj 3 Research center of Agricultural and Natural resources of Qazvin, Qazvin 4 Department of Agronomy and plant breeding, Faculty of agriculture,

Zanjan University * Corresponding author: Azam1064@gmail.com

This research was carried out with the aim of investigating

and comparing changes in the concentration of some

soluble sugars of two grapevine cultivars, differing in

drought tolerance, to different levels of water restriction.

For this purpose, a factorial experiment was conducted in a

completely randomized design with six replications in

greenhouse conditions. Drought stress was performed by

the method of cut off irrigation in four levels of 0

(control), 6, 12 and 18 days on the two Yaghuti and

Bidanesefid cultivars. With increasing the drought period

from 6 to 18 days, total soluble sugar (TSS) concentrations

increased significantly in leaves of both cultivars

compared to respective controls. TSS contents of

„Yaghuti‟ were remarkably higher than those in

„Bidanesefid‟ in all drought stress treatments. 0, 6, 12 and

18 days of drought stress, caused respectively18, 30, 51

and 46% higher content of TSS in „Yaghuti‟ than

„Bidanesefid‟. There were no significant differences

between the glucose, sucrose and fructose concentrations

of the two cultivars in control treatment. Glucose, fructose,

and sucrose exhibited a significant increase in drought-

stressed vines of both cultivars. In 12days water stressed

plants of „Yaghuti‟, the glucose, fructose, and sucrose

concentration were found to be 35, 23 and 59% higher

than those in „Bidanesefid‟. Compared to less drought

tolerant cultivar of Bidanesefid, the glucose and sucrose

concentration of drought tolerant cultivar (Yaghuti) was

respectively 35 and 112% higher in 18 days water-stressed

vines, while there was no significant difference between

fructose concentrations of both cultivars in this level of the

drought period. Totally, higher accumulation of soluble

sugars, especially glucose and sucrose in drought tolerant

cultivar, „Yaghuti‟, confirms the important role of these

sugars in drought tolerance.

Keywords: Soluble sugars, Grapevine, Glucose, Fructose,

Sucrose

The effect of different periods of water

restriction on the concentration of phenolic

compounds and some of the phenolic acids of

two grapevine cultivars

Azam Moayedinezhad1*, Behrouz Mohammadparast 1, Ghasem Hosseini

Salekdeh2, Mohammad Ali Nejatian3, Ehsan Mohsenifard4 1 Department of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Grape and Raisin, Malayer

University 2 Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Karaj 3 Research Center of Agricultural and Natural resources of Qazvin,

Qazvin 4 Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of agriculture,

Zanjan University

* Corresponding author: Azam1064@gmail.com

This research was carried out with the aim of investigating

and comparing changes in the concentration of phenolic

compounds and some of the phenolic acids, in two

grapevine cultivars, differing in drought tolerance, to

different levels of water restriction. For this purpose, a

factorial experiment was conducted in a completely

randomized design with six replications in greenhouse

conditions. Drought stress was performed in the summer

by the method of cut off irrigation in four levels of 0

(control), 6, 12 and 18 days on the potted seedlings of the

two Yaghuti and Bidanesefid cultivars. Total phenolic

compounds were measured by reaction with Folin-

Ciocalteu reagent, and phenolic acids were quantified by

HPLC method. Based on the results of this research, in 6

dws plants of both cultivars, no significant change was

observed in the content of total phenolics compared to

respective control vines, but two other stress levels caused

a significant increase in the content of phenolic

compounds of both cultivars. Six phenolic acids, including

ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, Gallic acid, chlorogenic

acid, caffeic acid, and resveratrol, were identified by

quantitative estimation of phenolic acids in the leaves of

two cultivars. Depending on the duration of the stress and

the cultivar, each of the measured phenolic acids showed a

different reaction, but, generally, the concentration of most

detected phenolic acids increased under the influence of

different periods of drought stress. Among these

compounds, gallic acid had the highest, and chlorogenic

acid had the lowest concentration in leaves of control, and

stress samples in both cultivars. These results indicate that

identified phenolic acids play a key role in protecting

grapevine cultivars in drought stress conditions.

Keywords: Phenolic acids, Grapevine, Drought, Gallic

acid

87

Effect of penconazol on physiological and

biochemical parameters in sesame under

salinity

Hamideh Heydari, Vahid Niknam*, Hassan Ebrahimzadeh

Department of Biology, and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms in Iran, School of Biology College of Science University of

Tehran

* Corresponding author: vniknam@khayam.ut.ac.ir

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is a drought tolerant plant.

However; this species is sensitive to drought at

germination and seedling stages. Sesame is one of the

oldest and important oilseed crops. It is usually cultivated

in arid and semi-arid regions of the world for its high-

quality edible oil and it is very responsive to the changing

environmental conditions. The aim of the present study

was to investigate the effect of salt stress on some

physiological and biochemical parameters and to assess

the possibility of improving salt tolerance of sesame by

application of penconazol (PEN). Four weeks after

sowing, plants were treated with different concentrations

of NaCl (0, 50, 100, and 200) with or without PEN (15 mg

l−1). The results showed that salt stress decreased

pigments content that this is more abundant in Darab and

Naz tak shakheh than Ultan. Under NaCl concentrations,

MDA content increased Darab and Naz tak shakheh was

superior to Ultan. Under 200 mM NaCl concentrations

proline content increased Ultan and Naz tak shakheh but

decreased in Darab. PEN treatment with 200 mM NaCl

concentration increased pigments content. Darab more

than two other cultivars. In addition to PEN application

with 200 mM, NaCl concentration increased proline

content in Ultan and Darab. Also, PEN application with

200 mM NaCl concentration reduced the MAD content in

Ultan and increased in Darab and Naz tak shakheh.

Keywords: Sesame, Salt stress, PEN

Bioagent seed coating effect on polyamine

oxidase activity in maize under cadmium

stress

Françoise Bernard, Elham Mohebbifar*, Seyedeh Batool Hassani

Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University G.C., Tehran,

Iran

* Corresponding author: e.m.mis.mohebbifar@gmail.com

The pollution of agricultural land with heavy metals such

as cadmium provide challenges for the quality of

environment and food supply. According to recent

researches, cadmium stress leads to structural,

physiological and biochemical changes in plants. One of

the biochemical changes in plant cells under cadmium

stress is the changes of catabolism polyamines via the

alteration of polyamine oxidase activity. Using seed

coating technique with biological compounds (salep) can

decrease the negative effects of heavy metals in plants.

Considering the economic and agricultural importance of

maize, the effects of maize seed coating (salep) and

cadmium contamination (cocopeat containing 100 mg/l

cadmium chloride) on polyamine oxidase enzymes activity

at buffer pH 6.5 and 8 was analyzed. The measurements of

enzyme activity performed at 3, 6 and 12 days after

cultivation. The results showed that the enzyme activity of

polyamine oxidase varied in different pH. At buffer pH

6.5, a lower enzyme activity was shown compared to

buffer pH 8. The activity of polyamine oxidase in root was

higher than stem, which indicated more cadmium effects

on the root than the stem. Under cadmium contamination,

seedlings grown from coated seeds showed high activity of

polyamine oxidase and its activity decreased in without Cd

contamination. This result was more obvious at pH 8, that

seems as a result of its peroxisomal isozyme activity.

Further research on analysis of the other enzymes such as

diamine oxidase that are involved in polyamine catabolism

provide a better understanding of polyamine catabolism in

maize under cadmium stress.

Keywords: Cadmium, Polyamine oxidase, Salep, Zea

mays

88

Effect of harmonic waves (traditional music)

on growth, seeds germination and antioxidant

effects on Lycopersicon esculentum Mill

Leila Thahery Nia1*, Ahmad Majd2, Sedigeh Arbabian2, Taher

Nezhadsattari1 1 Department Biology, Factually of Sciences, University Science of

Research of Tehran. 2 Department Biology, Factually of Sciences, University North Tehran. * Corresponding author: leilataherynia@yahoo.com

Until today it has been demonstrated that plants respond to

sound waves (music) and genotype of plants, kind of

music, time of effect and quality of exposing cause the

different effects on plant growth and activities. In this

study, the effect of harmonic (traditional music) sound

waves on seeds germination, seedling development and

antioxidant capacity of Lycopersicum esculentum L. were

investigated and compared with controls (no-music

treated). We analyzed data by statistical program, SPSS

and drew a diagram by Excel. The result showed the

Lycopersicom esculentum seed that was exposed to

harmonic sound waves (traditional music) showing better

growth. Antioxidant studied in courses using FRAP, which

showed traditional music increased antioxidant capacity

(P< 0.05).

Key Words: Sound waves, Seeds germination, Seedling

development, Antioxidant

Effect of drought stress on total protein

content and antioxidant enzymes activity in

Lathyrus Sativus at germination stage

Mitra Parsa*, Mona Kashanchi, Amineh Zeinali, Behnaz Bagheri

Plant Physiology and Genetic Department, Applied Science Institute (ACECR), Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

* Corresponding author: mitraprs@gmail.com

The problem of drought and water scarcity in Iran has

always been one of the greatest challenges in an

agricultural industry affecting the production and yield of

plants. In this research, the resistant cultivar of grass pea

was treated with two mild and severe stresses (50% and

25% field capacity). Finally, in the four-leaf stage, total

protein content and activity of oxidative enzymes in two

leaf and stem samples were measured and compared to

normal irrigation conditions (100% field capacity). The

results showed that protein content in each leaf part

increased considerably, but there was no significant

difference in the stem. Evaluation of defense mechanisms

by the activity of antioxidant enzymes showed that in the

leaf sample and 50% field capacity treatment, the activity

of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), guaiacol

peroxidase (POX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)

enhanced, while with increasing stress, the activity of

these enzymes was reduced. The stem part, catalase

activity raised in both drought stress treatments, while with

increasing drought stress, the activity of the other three

enzymes decreased significantly. The results showed that

between four antioxidant enzymes, peroxidase enzyme had

the highest activity in two parts of leaves and stems in the

germination stage.

Keywords: Lathyrus sativus, Catalase, Peroxidase,

Ascorbate peroxidase, Drought stress

89

Variability of antioxidant enzymes activity

and total protein content in two different

cultivars of Lathyrus sativus in 50% podding

stage under drought stress

Mitra Parsa*, Amineh Zeinali, Mona Kashanchi

Plant Physiology and Genetic Department, Applied Science Institute (ACECR), Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

* Corresponding author: mitraprs@gmail.com

Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is an annual pulse crop

belonging to the Fabaceae family which can grow in low

fertility and poor soils. In this study, the seeds of two

cultivars of Lorestan and Isfahan of grass pea were

collected and grown in pot condition. Theses seeds

cultivated under two different water deficit treatment (50%

and 25% field capacity) from the beginning of planting to

the 50% podding stage. Normal irrigation conditions

(100% field capacity) were also considered as control.

Finally, in 50% podding stage, the total protein content

and activity of oxidative enzymes in two parts of leaf and

pod were measured. The results showed that in the

Lorestan cultivar, the amount of protein in both leaves and

pods increased significantly, while there was no significant

difference in pod part in Isfahan cultivar. The study of

defense mechanisms by evaluation of antioxidant enzymes

activity indicated that in the Lorestan cultivar and in the

leaf part, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and

peroxidase (POX) enzymes decreased, but in the pod

section, a significant increase was observed. The activity

of these both enzymes, however, in Isfahan cultivar

decreased considerably in both leaves and pods. Catalase

activity (CAT) in the leaves of Lorestan cultivar increased,

however, there was a decrease in the pod sample. In

Isfahan cultivar, in both plant parts, the activity of CAT

enhanced. With the increasing of drought stress in both

Lorestan and Isfahan cultivars, ascorbate peroxidase

(APX) had more activity in leaves and pods. To sum up,

between four antioxidant enzymes, the peroxidase enzyme

had the highest activity in both parts of leaves and pods in

two cultivars of Lorestan and Isfahan in the 50% podding

stage.

Keywords: Lathyrus sativus, Superoxide dismutase,

Peroxidase, Ascorbate peroxidase, Drought stress

Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

and methyl jasmonate on photosynthetic

pigments content under water deficit stress

Zeynab Hajiloo1, Setareh Amanifar1*, Elaheh Vatankhah2 1 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan

* Corresponding author: amanifar@znu.ac.ir

The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis enhances

plant tolerance to water deficit. Hormonal regulation and

symbiotic relationships provide benefits for plants to

overcome stress conditions. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is a

phytohormone related to multiple developmental and

growth processes, which might play an important role in

the mycorrhizal symbiosis. The aim of this study was to

evaluate the effects of exogenous MeJA application and

AM symbiosis on photosynthetic pigments content of

alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) under drought. A combined

factorial design was performed with three factors: (1)

plants inoculated or not (NI) with the AM fungi

Rhizophagus intraradices, (2) untreated plants and plants

treated with 0, 50 and 100 μm MeJA, and (3) soil moisture

levels including field soil capacity (FC) and 55% FC. All

plants (inoculated or non-inoculated) received a MeJA

treatment through the foliar spray. Drought treatment was

applied one week after hormone applying for four weeks.

MeJA application and AM symbiosis enhanced biomass,

Chl a, Chl b and total Chl content at FC in comparison

with NI plants. Moreover, MeJA treatment induced an

increase in Clh a, Chl b and total Chl content at both soil

moisture levels in comparison with not treated plants.

Also, AM symbiosis increased biomass, Clh a, Chl b and

total Chl content at 55% FC in comparison with NI plants.

But carotenoids content was not affected significantly by

water deficit stress, fungus and MeJA interactions.

According to these results, we can speculate that MeJA

application and AM symbiosis could improve host plant

responses to water deficit stress.

Keywords: Alfalfa, Arbuscular mycorrhiza,

Photosynthetic pigments, Methyl jasmonate, Water stress

90

Effect of humic acid in the stability of

photosynthetic pigmentation of canola plant

under salinity stress

Zahra Shiriazar1*, Aliasghar Aliloo1, Shahriyar Dashti1, Saleh

Shahabivand2, Alireza Pourmohammad1

1 Department of Production and Plant Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture,

Maragheh University 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Maragheh University * Corresponding author: Zshiriazar@yahoo.com

Photosynthesis is one of the sensitive processes of the

plant that is controlled by photosynthetic pigments and

affected by stress conditions. In order to assessment of the

effect of humic acid on photosynthetic pigments stability

under salinity stress of rapeseed, a factorial design based

on completely randomized blocks with three replications

and two treatments, salinity (0, 4, 8 and 12 ds/m) and

humic acid (0, 500 and 1000 ppm) was designed and

implemented in the Laboratory of Agronomy and Plant

Breeding at the Faculty of Agriculture of Maragheh

University. The mean comparisons were based on

Duncan's multiple range test. The parameters that

measured were chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid,

total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a / b ratio and ratio of

chlorophyll (a + b) / (x + c), membrane stability index

(MSI) and Leaf relative water content (RWC). The results

showed that salinity reduced the total chlorophyll and the

MSI and increased the RWC of the leaves, with the highest

value of this trait observed in treatment of 4 dS/m and

humic acid increased content of chlorophyll a, total

chlorophyll and carotene, with the highest value of this

traits observed in 1000 ppm of humic acid concentration.

The combination of salinity and humic acid had no

significant effect on the traits except MSI.

Keywords: Photosynthesis, Salinity, Chlorophyll,

Membrane stability index, Relative water content

Investigation the effect of humic acid on

canola germination traits in salinity

conditions

Zahra Shiriazar1, Aliasghar Aliloo1, Shahriyar Dashti1, Saleh

Shahabivand2, Alireza Pourmohammad1

1 Department of Production and Plant Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture,

Maragheh University 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Maragheh University * Corresponding author: Zshiriazar@yahoo.com

Salinity stress is one of the most important abiotic factors

which considerably reduces the yield of agricultural

products. As a result, farmers tend to use chemical

fertilizers to reduce the effects of salinity stress and

indirectly leads to the entry of heavy elements and toxic

substances into the soil which in this case, a great danger

threats the environment. Hence the best solution to this

problem is replacing organic fertilizers instead of chemical

fertilizers. In this regard, a factorial experiment was

conducted in a completely randomized block design with

four replications and two treatments of salinity and humic

acid in the Laboratory of Agronomy and Plant Breeding,

Faculty of Agriculture, Maragheh University. There were

four levels of salinity (0, 4, 8 and 12 ds/m) and humic acid

treatment had three levels (0, 500 and 1000 ppm). The

measured parameters included percent and speed of

germination, Radicle length and Plumule, the fresh and dry

weight of Radicle and Plumule, and a number of normal

seedlings. The results showed that with increasing salinity

levels, germination percent and speed, root and Plumule

length and Radicle dry weight were significantly

decreased. Humic acid treatments had a significant effect

on germination percentage, Plumule length, Radicle and

Plumule dry weight. The interaction between salinity and

humic acid also had a significant effect on germination

percent and speed, and Radicle length.

Keywords: Salinity stress, Humic acid, Germination,

Radicle, Plumule

91

Comparison of total polyphenol content in the

tea plant (Camellia sinensis) under drought

stress

Amineh Zeinali*, Mona Kashanchi, Mitra Parsa

Plant Physiology & Genetic Department, Applied Science Institute (ACECR)

* Corresponding author: Amineh_zeinali@yahoo.com

Tea is one of the most-consumed beverages in the world

that is obtained from the processed young leaves of the tea

plant (Camellia sinensis). Polyphenols are the major

antioxidant compounds of tea leaves, which are

responsible for health and beneficial properties of it. In

addition, polyphenols are non-enzymatic antioxidants that

reduce stress levels in plants, which are exposed to

drought stress. In the present study, in order to induce

drought stress in solid culture medium and evaluating the

changes of total polyphenol content in young leaves of tea,

we used polyethylene glycol 6000 (in two levels of zero

and 20% w/v). The measurements of total polyphenol

changes in treatments were performed at intervals of 0, 12,

24 and 72 hours after stress. This experiment was arranged

in a completely randomized design with three replications.

According to the results, the maximum amount of total

polyphenols increased at 20% drought stress level after 12

hours which is around 16.8%. Over time, the levels of

polyphenol compounds under drought stress samples were

reduced, so that after 72 hours, the total polyphenol

content is about 5%. Drought stress significantly decreased

the content of total polyphenols in p<0.05. However, the

quality of tea leaves is reduced under drought stress.

Keywords: Polyphenol content, Drought stress, PEG,

Camellia sinensis

Comparison of total polyphenols in some

imported black tea, Iranian black teas and

fresh green leaf of the tea plant

Amineh Zeinali*, Mona Kashanchi

Plant Physiology & Genetic Department, Applied Science Institute (ACECR)

* Corresponding author: Amineh_zeinali@yahoo.com

Antioxidants, including polyphenols which are involved in

food compounds, play a vital role in human‟s health. Some

studies have shown that antioxidants reduce the risk of

chronic diseases, such as cancer and heart disease. Tea

(Camellia sinensis) is the second most popular beverage in

the world, which has been considered as a valuable source

of antioxidants because of its polyphenols contents. This

study was conducted to measure total polyphenols in the

different black teas such as imported black tea, Iranian

black tea, and green tea. The results showed that the total

polyphenol content varies from 11.86 to 20.99 (gr/100 gr

d.w.). Accordingly, the polyphenol content of imported

black teas in significance level probability of 5% was

higher than Iranian black teas. Moreover, the results of the

comparison between Iranian black and green teas showed

that the total polyphenol content of them are completely

different in significance level probability of 5%. Thus, it

seems that geographical locations, agronomic practices,

processing steps and the quality of the fresh leave of the

tea plants have a positive impact on total polyphenol

content in manufactured black tea.

Keywords: Total polyphenols, Iranian black tea, Imported

black tea, Green tea, Camellia sinensis

92

Effect of preharvest selenium sprays on

antioxidant properties of Fakhri grape raisins

(Vitis vinifera cv Fakhri)

Mohsen Mozaffari1, Vali Rabiei1*, Farhang Razavi1, Azizollah Kheiry1,

Akbar Hassani2 1 Department of Horticulture Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Zanjan

University, Zanjan, Iran 2 Department of Soil Sciences Faculty of Agriculture, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran

* Corresponding author: rabiei@znu.ac.ir

Raisins are dried grapes that obtained from different

cultivars of Vitis vinifera L. and are rich sources of a wide

type of polyphenols that are considered particularly

interesting for their beneficial properties in human health.

Selenium as a rare non- metal element due to the high

antioxidant properties in trace amounts is necessary for

cellular function in many plant and human organisms. The

objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of

exogenous selenium treatment on antioxidant properties of

Fakhri grape raisins. The vines were sprayed with

selenium (selenat) concentrations at 0 (control), 1, 2 and 3

mg/L at three stage of berry growth (1-Berry set 2-Lage

phase, 3-Veraison). Fruits were harvested at commercial

maturity stage and dried under sun's shade conditions.

Some traits such as selenium content, DPPH radical

scavenging activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content

were raisins evaluated. The results showed that raisins

produced from grapes pre-harvest treated with 3 mg/L of

selenat had more antioxidant activity, total phenolics, and

flavonoids content. The highest amount of internal

selenium content in raisins was obtained in 2 mg/L of

selenat treatment. Our results indicated that selenium

could enhance raisins antioxidant activity and pre-harvest

treatment with selenium can be proposed as a novel

technique to improve the quality of grapes and raisins.

Keyword: Fruit selenium, Selenat, Total flavonoid, Total

phenol

Effect of preharvest sprays of fulvic acid on

qualitative properties of grape the Fakhri

cultivar

Mohsen Mozaffari1, Farhang Razavi1*, Vali Rabiei1, Azizollah Kheiry1,

Akbar Hassani2 1 Department of Horticulture Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Zanjan

University, Zanjan, Iran 2 Department of Soil Sciences Faculty of Agriculture, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran

* Corresponding author: razavi.farhang@znu.ac.ir

Fulvic acid is a principal component of humic substances,

which are the fraction of naturally occurring organic

materials commonly found in soil, sediments and natural

waters. The research was carried out to evaluate the effect

of foliar application of fulvic acid at four levels (0, 2.5, 5,

and 10 gr/l) on the nutritional quality of grape cv. Fakhri.

The experiment was conducted based on randomized

complete block design (RCBD) with three replications.

The vines were sprayed at three stages (Berry formation,

Lage phase, and Varaison) some traits such as leaf

chlorophyll, soluble solids, vitamin C, soluble sugars and

potassium element were studied. The results showed that

the application of fulvic acid increased the amount of total

chlorophyll, soluble solids, vitamin C and leaf potassium .

The 2.5 gr/l of fulvic acid concentration showed the

highest impression on of all traits. With increasing fulvic

acid concentration its effect on evaluated traits decreased

So that 10 g/l fulvic acid treatment did not significantly

affect the quality improving of grape. As the final result,

2.5 g/l fulvic acid treatment had an important effect on

improving the qualitative of Fakhri cultivar.

Keywords: Humic Material, Potassium, Soluble Sugar,

Vitamin C

93

Beneficial effects of iodate in the maintenance

of ionic homeostasis of salt-stressed

strawberry

Ghader Habibi*, Shabnam Elyaghi, Soheila Samadi

Department of Biology, Payame Noor University (PNU), 19395–3697 Tehran, Iran

* Corresponding author: gader.habibi@gmail.com

Since the role of iodate in the maintenance of ionic

homeostasis under salinity stress is poorly understood, the

present study was performed to address this issue.

Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) plants were

grown under controlled conditions, and soils of iodine

treatment were fertilized with KIO3 (5 and 50 mg/kg soil)

before filling the pots. Statistical analysis was performed

by Sigma Stat (3.5) software with Tukey test (p<0.05) on

the basis of Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Root

pretreatment of KIO3 (at both 5 and 50 mg/kg) did not

affect shoot growth under control conditions. In contrast,

salt stress decreased shoot growth in KIO3-untreated

plants. However, salt-induced negative effects were

significantly reduced in the KIO3-pretreated plants, only at

KIO3 50 mg/kg concentration. In contrast to the control

condition, salinity alone caused an increase in internal Na+

and an obvious decrease in K+ content. However, Ca

2+

uptake appeared unaffected by KIO3 or salinity. We

observed that KIO3 in the saline soil diminished the Na+

content in dry matter and enhanced the K+ content,

especially at KIO3 50 mg/kg concentration, consequently

an increase in the ratio of K+ to Na

+. These data provided

the first evidence that the root-applied KIO3 pretreatment

alleviated salt stress in strawberry by controlling mineral

homeostasis, resulting in better growth under salt stress.

Keywords: Strawberry, Root-applied iodate, Mineral

homeostasis, NaCl stress

Effect of salicylic acid and salinity on the

photochemical functioning of strawberry

using JIP test

Soheyla Samadi1*, Ghader Habibi1, Atosa Vaziri1, Shayesteh Jodi2,

Fereshteh Ejlali1 1 Department of Biology, Payame Noor University (PNU), 19395–3697

Tehran, Iran 2 Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University OF Bonab * Corresponding author: samadi_soheyla@yahoo.com

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of

salicylic acid (SA) and salinity on the photochemical

functioning of strawberry. The experimental layout was a

complete randomized block design (RBD) with 3

independent replications. After SA treatment at 0.1 mM,

photosystem performance index (PIabs) showed an

increase as compared to the control ones. Plants treated for

6 days with 50 mM NaCl exhibited a decline in PSII

function, as estimated by a large reduction of PIabs. This

down-regulation of PSII function was associated with

decreases in electron transport (ET0/CS) per excited cross-

section of leaf, as well as in the efficiency of the water-

splitting complex on the donor side of PSII (as inferred

from Fv/Fo) for plants treated with salinity. This down-

regulation of photochemical functioning observed in plants

subjected to salinity conditions was greatly mitigated after

pretreatment with both 0.1 and 0.5 mM SA, as evidenced

by higher PIabs levels, compared with NaCl-alone treated

plants. This positive effect of SA was attributed to the

improvement of PSII functioning, resulted in enhanced

tolerance to salt stress.

Keywords: Electron transport, NaCl stress, PSII function,

Estrawberry, Salicylic acid, Water-splitting complex

94

Study of the effect of histidine amino acid on

chlorophyll content, membrane stability index

and celatine enzyme activity of rapeseed

under heavy metal tension of lead

Reza Shibak*, Hossein Mozaffari, Hakimeh Oluomi

Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Kerman University of Industrial and Applied Higher Education

* Corresponding author: sheibakreza9@gmail.com

Today, environmental pollutants such as heavy metals,

rare elements, organic compounds and radioactive

substances are considered serious threats. At present, the

need to prevent the spread of these contaminations and

also the cleaning of contaminated areas is highly

demanded. One of these methods is a plan that uses plants

and microorganisms to clean contaminated environments

(soil and water). For this purpose, this paper examines the

role of histidine amino acid against stress induced by lead.

In this study, effects of histidine concentrations (300.0

μmol/L) and lead (60.5.0 μmol/L) and Pb (NO3)2 on total

chlorophyll, b and a membrane stability index and catalase

activity were investigate in a completely randomized

design with 3 replications in the greenhouse of Kerman

Industrial Advanced Industrial University. The results of

statistical analysis showed that 5 and 60 μm lead treatment

significantly reduced the total chlorophyll, b and a, and

membrane stability index. Also, a significant increase in

the activity of the catalase enzyme was seen. The use of

300 μM of histidine alone increased the content of

chlorophyll content and membrane stability index. Also,

the use of 300 μm of histidine reduced the effects of lead

and increased all parameters except the activity of catalase

enzyme compared to 5 and 60 μm treated plants.

According to the findings of this study, it seems that the

effect of amino acid histidine is due to the improvement of

the content of photosynthetic pigments and the membrane

stability index. Also, in the case of plant-induced stress,

the catalase enzyme increases the resistance of the plant.

Keywords: Histidine, Chlorophyll, Membrane stability

index, Catalase

Effect of water stress during anthesis on

wheat seed viability

Mojgan Abdeshahian*

Agriculture Department of Payame Noor University * Corresponding author: m.abdeshahian@khz.pnu.ac.ir

Research showed that vigor, viability, and quality of the

plant seeds are affected by water availability during

maternal plants growth. In order to investigate the effects

of water stress during anthesis on wheat seed viability a

pot experiment was conducted based on RCB statistical

design with 5 treatments (control, non-irrigated for 10, 20

and 30 days after anthesis then re-irrigated and non-

irrigated for all growth period) in 3 replications. Results

showed that not irrigation for 10 days had no significant

effect on seed viability. Seed viability was declined

significantly by increasing water deficit intensity.

Moreover, the maximum decline was obtained in the

longest period of water stress along with 30 days of non-

irrigated treatment. In this case, re-irrigation had no

effective impact on viability loss.

Keywords: Water stress, Wheat, Seed viability

95

Effect of salt stress on chlorophyll a and b

content: the effective pigments in wheat plant

photosynthesis

Mojgan Abdeshahian1*, Majid Nabipoor2, Mosa Meskarbashee2 1Agriculture Department, Payame Noor University 2Agriculture college, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz

* Corresponding author: m.abdeshahian@khz.pnu.ac.ir

A pot experiment was conducted by two variables: 1)

levels of salinity (EC= 0,8,12 and 16 dsm-1) and 2)

cultivars of wheat (Fong, Chamran, Star and Kharchia) in

a factorial statistical design based on RCB with three

replications. Results showed that, at the end of the growth

period, in all four cultivars reference leaf Na+ ion content

increased by increasing salinity intensity. Moreover,

results of chlorophyll a content showed that Fong,

Chamran, Star and Kharchia chlorophyll a content

increased by increasing salt concentration. Though, Fong

and Star rises were not significant. The most decline

compared to control obtained in Kharchia and Chamran

respectively. Furthermore, the most decline chlorophyll b

showed in Fong and Chamran had by salt stress intensity

increasing, while Kharchia had no significant changes

compared to the control even in the highest level of

salinity.

Keywords: Salt stress, Wheat, Na+ ion, Chlorophyll a,

Chlorophyll b

Impact of nitrogen supply on lead

phytoremediation potential and physiological

parameters of Marrubium cuneatum

Reza Hesami1, Seyed Majid Ghaderian2*, Azam Salimi1 1 Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan,

Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran. * Corresponding author: ghaderian@sci.ui.ac.ir

Phytoremediation is the use of plants to remove or

detoxify contaminants. Phytoextraction, the plant's

capability to absorb contaminants from soil, is the most

favorable phytoremediation technology. This study aimed

to investigate the effects of nitrogen (N) supply on lead

(Pb) phytoremediation potential of Marrubium cuneatum

(Lamiaceae), as a choice for phytoextraction. For this

purpose, the plants were cultured in hydroponic medium

containing N (as NH4NO3) at three different

concentrations (30, 60 and 120 mg/l) under a 200 mg/l Pb

treatment. After two weeks, the plant specimens were

harvested and their root and shoot were separately

measured for length, fresh and dry weight and Pb content.

The results showed that root and shoot length, the fresh

and dry weight of roots and shoots, and the root Pb

content, under different concentrations of N in the culture

medium did not show any significant changes, but the Pb

accumulation in shoots increased significantly. Pb

concentration in shoot dry matter, changed from 360

mg/kg, in plants supplied with 30 mg/l nitrogen, to 660

mg/kg in 60 mg/l nitrogen-supplied plants and eventually

reached 1300 mg/kg in 120 mg/l nitrogen-supplied plants.

Based on the results, it seems that increasing the amount of

available nitrogen to M. cuneatum, leads to increased Pb

absorption of it, so that it can accumulate Pb in the range

found in hyperaccumulator plants (1000 mg/kg for Pb).

Keywords: Phytoremediation, Phytoextraction,

Marrubium cuneatum, Nitrogen, Lead (Pb)

96

Effect of spraying sodium selenate, titanium

dioxide and growth regulator on yield and

some physiological traits of safflower under

drought stress

Roghayeh Hamidi Moghadam, Alireza sirousMehr*, Ahmad Ghanbari

Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol * Corresponding author: asirousmehr@ uoz.ac.ir

In order to study the effect of sodium selenate, titanium

dioxide and growth regulator (Hamon Green®) on yield

and some physiological characteristics of safflower of

Goldasht cultivar under drought stress, a split-plot

experiment was conducted in a randomized complete

block design with three replications in the Agricultural

Research Center of Zabol University (Zahak city) in 1395. The main factor included irrigation cut off levels based on

the phenological stages of growth in three levels: I1=

control (complete irrigation), I2= irrigation up to stage R2

(flowering) and I3= irrigation up to stage R1 (branching)

and sub-factor including control treatment (non-spraying),

sodium selenate (2 mM), titanium dioxide (0.03%), growth

regulator (0.1 L). Characteristics such as proline, catalase,

ascorbate, relative water content and grain yield were

measured. With increasing drought stress, the amount of

proline, catalase and ascorbate increased, but the amount

of leaf relative water content and grain yield decreased. The highest amount of catalase enzyme is related to

sodium selenate solution in severe drought stress. The

highest amount of ascorbate obtained from I3 and non-

spraying. Proline was shown to be the highest in severe

drought stress in non-spraying and spray growth regulator. Lowest RWC was related to I3. Levels I1 and I2 had the

same yield and without significant difference, but the level

of I3 caused a further decrease and significant in grain

yield.

Keywords: Ascorbate, Oilseed, Catalase, Irrigation,

Relative water content

Effect of water stress on yield and yield

components of bean, sesame, and maize in

conditions of superabsorbent application

Mohsen Jahan1, Mohammad Behzad Amiri2* 1 Department Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad 2 Department Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of

Gonabad * Corresponding author: amiri@gonabad.ac.ir

In order to evaluate effect of water superabsorbent

application on yield and some physiological characteristics

and water use efficiency of common bean (Phaseolus

vulgaris L.), sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) and maize

(Zea mays L.) in water stress conditions, a split plots

experiment based on RCBD design with three replications

was conducted during 2015-2016 growing season, in

Research Farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.

Irrigation levels (50 and 100 percent of water requirement)

and application (80 kg.ha-1) and non-application of water

superabsorbent assigned to main and subplots,

respectively. The results showed that the highest seed yield

of bean, sesame, and maize obtained in the treatment of

100 percent of water requirement and application of water

superabsorbent. In sesame, application of water

superabsorbent in drought stress conditions (50 percent of

water requirement) increased seed weight per plant, plant

height, leaf area index, crop growth rate and soil nitrogen,

phosphorous and pH by 24, 30, 32, 59, 20, 44 and 17

percent compared to control, respectively. In maize, the

highest seed weight per plant, plant height, leaf area index,

crop growth rate and soil nitrogen and pH observed in the

treatment of 100 percent of water requirement and

application of water superabsorbent. In all of the studied

plants, the highest water use efficiency achieved in the

treatment of 50 percent of water requirement and water

superabsorbent.

Keywords: Crop growth rate, Plant height,

Superabsorbent hydrogel, Water stress, Water requirement

97

Factor analysis of yield and yield components

of bean affected by organic acids and water

superabsorbent

Mohsen Jahan1, Mohammad Behzad Amiri2* 1 Department Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad 2 Department Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of

Gonabad * Corresponding author: amiri@gonabad.ac.ir

In order to determine factors affecting water use

efficiencies of common bean, a split plots experiment

based on RCBD design with three replications was

conducted during 2015-16 growing season, at Research

Farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. Irrigation

levels (50 and 100% of water requirement) and nutritional

treatments (1- 75 kg.ha-1 Nitrogen+80 kg.ha-1

Superabsorbent, 2- 80 kg.ha-1 Superabsorbent+6 kg.ha-1

Humic acid+1 Mm Salicylic acid, 3- 6 kg.ha-1 Humic

acid+1 Mm Salicylic acid+75 kg.ha-1 Nitrogen, 4- 6

kg.ha-1 Humic acid+1 Mm Salicylic acid+75 kg.ha-1

Nitrogen+80 kg.ha-1 Superabsorbent and 5- Control)

assigned to main and subplots, respectively. The result

showed that all of the nutritional treatments effected on

water use efficiency, but in both conditions of 50 and

100% of water requirement, the highest water use

efficiency was obtained in a combined treatment of Humic

acid, Salicylic acid and Nitrogen and Superabsorbent.

Factor analysis results showed that variables analyzed to

two factors. The first factor included 52% of variables

variance, respectively. Variables of seed yield, plant

height, leaf area index, crop growth rate, soil nitrogen,

phosphorous, EC, and pH were assigned in first factor and

variables of biological yield, seed weight per plant and

water use efficiency were assigned in the second factor.

The results of factor analysis showed that variables such as

soil nitrogen, phosphorous and pH, were in the first factor,

therefore it seems that the first factor is the index of soil

conditions and the second factor indicate traits related to

water use efficiency (high load of water use efficiency

variable on this factor). In general, it seems simultaneous

application of nitrogen and ecological inputs can improve

yield, growth characteristics, and water use efficiency.

Factor analysis and high correlation between variables in

the same group showed that with a change of variables that

are in the same group of water use efficiency, an increase

water use efficiency and decreased damages of drought

stress.

Keywords: Crop growth rate, Plant height,

Superabsorbent hydrogel, Water stress, Water requirement

The evaluate of tolerance threshold of

Agaricus bisporus to different concentrations

of various heavy metals

Fereshteh Mohamadhasani1*, Ali Ahmadimoghadam2

1 Department Biology, Faculty of Science, Payamenoor University of Tehran 2 Department Biology, Faculty of Science, Bahonar University

* Corresponding author: Fereshtehmhasani@yahoo.com

Improving soil microbial activity and using synergistic

relations including Ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) are

profitable and have economic significance for plant growth

in soils with heavy metals contamination. Agaricus

bisporus (J. Lange), an edible mushroom has been

observed to grow under pistachio trees (Pistacia vera L.)

plantations in orchards of Rafsanjan, Kerman and it forms

ectomycorrhiza with the tree. In order to evaluate the

fungus tolerance, the effect of different concentrations (0,

15, 30, 45, 60 mg/L) of various heavy metals Nickel (Ni),

Mangenese (Mn) on fungal colony diameters and mycelial

dry weights, heavy metals accumulation was studied in A.

bisporus. The result showed there was a strong variation in

metal tolerance, so that A. bisporus was more tolerant to

Mn than other metals, so that the fungus had an increased

growth in the presence of low concentrations of Mn, but

Ni greatly inhibited increase in biomass and colony

diameter even at concentrations as low as 15 mg/L. With

the increase in the concentrations these heavy metals, the

amount of metals in mycelium were increased too.

Keywords: Agaricus bisporus, Tolerance threshold, Mn2+

,

Ni2+

, MMN medium

98

Interaction of ECM mycorrhiza with Mn2+

heavy metal and its effect on the oxidative

stress in Pistachio threes

Fereshteh Mohamadhasani 1*, Ali Ahmadimoghadam2

1 Department Biology, Faculty of Science , Payamenoor University of Tehran 2 Department Biology, Faculty of Science , Bahonar University

* Corresponding author: Fereshtehmhasani@yahoo.com

Heavy metals reduce the plant growth and adversely affect

plant performance potential. Heavy metals also induce the

formation of reactive oxygen species leading to cell

damage. Plants deal with heavy metal stress by activating

enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems.

Agaricus bisporus (J. Lange), an edible mushroom has

been observed to grow under pistachio trees (Pistacia vera

L.) plantations in orchards of Rafsanjan, Kerman and it

forms ectomycorrhiza with the tree. In order to evaluation

of alleviating effects of ectomycorrhizal colonization on

Mn2+

toxicity, a study was performed using pistachio

plants and Agaricus bisporus fungus as factorial in a

completely randomized design with three replications. The

experiment included two factors: mycorrhizal (M) and

non-mycorrhizal (NM) pistachio plants and five levels of

the Mn2+

concentrations (0, 200, 400, 600 and 800 μm) in

3 replicates. In this study, the experiment was conducted to

investigate the effect of ectomycorrhizal colonization in

the alleviation of oxidative stress and improvements of the

antioxidant enzyme activities accumulation in pistachio

trees (Akbari cultivar). The results showed that the

increase of Mn2+

concentration caused an induction in

antioxidative enzymes activity in the leaves of the M and

NM plants, but it was dramatically more in M plants. The

results showed that the Mn translocated from root to shoot

in M plants was lower than NM plants. The amelioration

of Mn toxicity by A.bisporus may be a result of improving

the antioxidant defense system and prevent the absorption

of heavy metals.

Keywords: Antioxidant enzymes, Mn2+

, Ectomycorrhiza,

Agaricus bisporus, Pistacia vera

Grouping of sunflower inbred lines under no

use and consumption of phosphorus fertilizer

conditions

Maryam Rasulzadeh Aghdam1*, Reza Darvishzadeh1, Ebrahim Sepehr2,

Hadi Alipour1, Sorour Arzhang1

1 Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of

Agriculture, Urmia University 2 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University * Corresponding author: maryam.rasulzadeh@yahoo.com

Phosphorus (P) is the second most growth-limiting

macronutrient after nitrogen which plays a critical role in

many vital processes of plants including seed germination,

flowering, and seed formation. The ability of genotypes in

uptake and use of phosphorus is different and depends on

their ability to absorb by root and also the use of

phosphorus in the plant. Considering the importance of

screening of genotypes with high phosphorus uptake

efficiency, the present study aim was grouping the

sunflower inbred lines under conditions of no use and

consumption of phosphorus fertilizer. For this purpose, an

experiment was conducted in research farm of Urmia

University during 2017 growing season, using 100

sunflower lines collected from different parts of the world

in two phosphorus fertilizer categories based on a

completely randomized design with three replications in

potted conditions. After soil analysis, soil with low

phosphorus content (7.240 mg/kg) was selected, and the

amount of 6 g triple superphosphate (TSP) as phosphorus

fertilizer was added to each pot of 15 kg, under the

condition of P fertilizer consumption, while no phosphorus

fertilizer was given to another set of pots. Traits including

seed yield per plant, 1000 seed weight, days to flowering,

plant height, stem diameter, head diameter, leaf length,

leaf width and petiole length were measured. Combined

analysis of variance showed a significant difference

between lines in terms of the effect of phosphorus fertilizer

on all measured traits. There was also a high genetic

variation between lines. Cluster analysis with Ward‟s

method resulted in five groups in both no use and

consumption of phosphorus fertilizer, but the distribution

of lines in these groups was varied, indicating a different

reaction of the studied lines in terms of the phosphorus

uptake efficiency. It can be concluded that phosphorus

application had an influence on agro-morphological traits

and yield in sunflower, and there was a genetic variation

among the studied lines for phosphorus uptake efficiency,

which can be used to identify suitable parents for

production of cultivars with high phosphorus uptake

efficiency.

Keywords: Phosphorus uptake efficiency, Sunflower,

Seed yield, Cluster analysis

99

The effect of salinity on the germination of

two species Shores Black Passion (Suaeda

fruticosa) and salt grass (Salsola imbricata)

Milad Doost Hosaini1*, Hamid Sodaiezade1, Rostam Yazdani bioki3,

Mohammadreza Sarafraz3, Mohammadali Hakimzade Ardakani1 1 Department of Arid and Desert Regions, Department of Natural

Resources and Desertification, Yazd University 2 National Salinity Research Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Yazd, Iran 3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Yazd University

* Corresponding author: miladdoost29@gmail.com Halophytes are potentially economic plants that in addition

to helping to restoration and renewal of the environment,

are also used as a store of medicinal resources. Siah shur

(Suaeda fruticosa), is a perennial herb, a shrub, with a

height of 160 cm and canopy diameter of 3 meters. Leaf

extract of this plant has antibacterial, antioxidant and

anticancer activity. Salsola imbricata is a vegetable plant

with a height of 120 cm and is called Passion Fars. In

traditional medicine, it is used in the treatment of

dyspepsia, diarrhea, bloody diarrhea, anti-inflammation,

colds, and shortness of breath (asthma), and sinus

deficiency. High concentration of salt in the soil always

affects the germination of plants, even halophyte plants.

Therefore, a completely randomized design with three

replications was used to study germination characteristics

including germination percentage, germination rate, seed

germination, stems length, root length, stem dry weight,

root dry weight and a limiter coefficient of Salsola

imbricata and Suaeda fruticosa were affected by salinity

levels (control, 3, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 dss/m), under lab

conditions and two culture bed with two different depths.

The results showed that salinity significantly reduced the

germination percentage, seed vigor, shoot length and roots

in Salsola imbricata. The effect of salinity on germination

percentage, seed vigor, stem length and the root of Suaeda

fruticosa compared to Salsola imbricata to the salinity of

30 ds/m decreased with a slower process and at the next

levels, significantly. The culture bed increases the

germination percentage of both species with more organic

matter and lower culture depth. Therefore, due to the

tolerance of these two species to salinity levels at the

germination stage, it is recommended to use these plants to

improve the conditions of the desert and pasture

rangelands. keywords: Salinity stress, Suaeda fruticosa, Salsola

imbricata, Germination

Induced changes in phenylpropanoid

compounds of Linum album hairy roots by

chitosan

Elaheh Samari1, Mohsen Sharifi1*

, Faezeh Ghanati1

, Najmeh Ahmadian

Chashmi2

1 Plant Biology Department, Faculty of Biological Science, University of

Tarbiat Modares, Tehran, Iran. 2 Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, Iran.

* Corresponding author: msharifi@modares.ac.ir

Linum album is a medicinal plant of Linaceae family that

contains some lignans such as, podophyllotoxin (PTOX)

and 6-methoxy podophyllotoxin (MPTOX). Lignans have

anti-viral and anti-carcinogenic properties. Effect of

various biotic elicitors has been studied on

phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway in this species. In

this study, the response of the phenylpropanoid

biosynthetic pathway to chitosan as a biotic elicitor in

Linum album hairy root was investigated. The 10 days old

hairy roots were elicited by 200 mg L-1

low molecular

weight chitosan. The amount of lignans, total phenolic

acids, flavonoids, and flavonols and activity of

phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and tyrosine

ammonia-lyase (TAL) as important biosynthetic enzymes

in this pathway, were determined at 24, 48 and 72 h after

treatment by HPLC and spectrophotometric techniques.

The podophyllotoxin and 6-methoxy podophyllotoxin

content increased during elicitation while there was a

significant decrease in lariciresinol. The chitosan treatment

enhanced the accumulation of total phenolic acids and

flavonols but reduced the total flavonoids. Simultaneously,

the PAL and TAL activity increased at 24 and 48 h after

treatment. These results provide an evidence regarding the

elicitor role of chitosan on the phenylpropanoid

biosynthetic pathway. Different branches of this pathway

show various responses. This polysaccharide up-regulates

the production of PTOX and MPTOX, phenolic acids, and

flavonols by affecting PAL and TAL activity. Lariciresinol

decrease can be due to consumption of this molecule as a

PTOX and MPTOX precursor. These findings suggest that

depending on plant needs, flavonoids precursors shift to

different biosynthetic pathways concomitant with total

flavonoid reduction.

Keywords: Chitosan, Linum album, Hairy root, Lignan,

Phenolic acid, Flavonoid

100

Effect of different potassium to nitrogen

ratios on some growth and morphological

characteristics of Gerbera jamesonii

Shadi Hossinpourbaloo*, Parviz Noruzi

Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia

* Corresponding author: HossinpourSHADIHP6671@gmail.com

Cut Gerbera is one of the most important ornamentals in

the floriculture industry. Flowering continuance and high-

quality flower production are in relation with precise

nutrition and using of exact ratios of nutritional elements.

Potassium to nitrogen ratio in nutritional solutions is one

of the determinative factors in growth and flowering of

gerberas. The effect of different potassium to nitrogen

ratios on some morphological and growth characteristics

of cut gerbera investigated hydroponically as a complete

randomized design with four replications. Potassium to

nitrogen ratios were 1.25:1, 1.5:1, 1.75:1 and 2:1

respectively. The ratio of 1.5:1 assumed as a control. In

this research, some traits such as leaf length, flower stock

length, flower diameter, the wet and dry weight of flower

with stock and chlorophyll index were studied. Results

showed that different treatments had a significant effect on

leaf length and the potassium to nitrogen ratio of 2:1

results in longest leaves, 9 centimeters longer than control.

Leaf length was 51 and 42 centimeters in potassium to

nitrogen ratio of 2:1 and control respectively. Also, the

maximum wet weight of flower occurs in 2:1 ratio of

potassium to nitrogen. Flower weight in this ratio was

41.14 grams, 11.69 grams more than control. There are no

significant differences between treatments related to other

characteristics.

Keywords: Chlorophyll, Gerbera, Growth characteristics,

Nutrition

Study of allelopathic effects of Artemisia

aucheri Boiss. on some physiological and

biochemical parameters of Brassica napus L.

and Eruca sativa L.

Fatemeh Mohamadi, Zahra Rezayatmand*, Mahbobeh Khatabaghsh

Department of Biology, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Falavarjan, Iran

* Corresponding author: zrezayatmand12@yahoo.com

Allelopathy is one of the terms that introduces the

biochemical interactions-stimulating or inhibiting the

plants. In this research has been studied the effects of

different concentrations aqueous extract of aerial parts of

Artemisia aucheri on seedling growth of (Brassica napus

L.) and(Eruca sativa L.) with the factorial design under

three replications. Also in the pot experiment,

concentrations of 10, 25, 35 and 50% aqueous extract of

aerial parts have been used and growth, pigment content,

flavonoid, membrane lipid peroxidation and the activities

of catalase and peroxidase were studied. The results show

that the aqueous extract Artemisia aucheri effect on

growth of Brassica napus L and Eruca sativa L. Also the

experiment results showed that with increasing

concentration of plant extract, growth and photosynthetic

pigments such as chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids in Eruca

sativa L decreased significantly, but the Brassica napus L

plant this items did not any significant relation. The

findings in this research showed that the aqueous extract

concentrations Artemisia aucheri significantly increase the

amount of flavonoids and malondialdehyde enzyme, and

the activities of antioxidant enzymes catalase and

peroxidase decreased in both plants listed. In this study,

the inhibitory effect of aqueous extract of Artemisia

aucheri on Brassica napus was more than Eruca sativa

weed. Therefor Artemisia aucheri can control the increase

of weeds, especially Eruca sativa L.

Keywords: Allelopathy, Artemisia aucheri, Brassica

napus L., Eruca sativa L.

101

Change in ascorbate and tocopherol contents

under hydrogen peroxide oxidative stress in

microalga Dunaliella

Maryam Madadkar Haghjou*

Department of Biology, Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, Lorestan University

* Corresponding author: m_madadkar@yahoo.com

Ascorbate and tocopherol, are two important non-

enzymatic antioxidants. They are able to protect cells

against oxidative stress. Dunaliella microalga can live in

the harsh environmental condition, thus its counteraction is

the important issues for consideration. Two Dunaliella

species, (D.S and D.G) have been exposed to oxidative

stress, for 24 h, by different concentrations of hydrogen

peroxide (0.1 to 0.3 mM). Reduced ascorbate showed an

early increment in D.S and then was decreased following

the arising of hydrogen peroxide concentration, but it has

remained with no change in D.G. Similar to reduced

ascorbate, DHA was also increased after treatment by 0.1

mM and then decreased by the subsequent levels, but this

decrease was higher in D.G. than that in D.S. Oxidative

stress also caused a decrease in tocopherol level in D.S,

which was higher at 0.3 mM compared to in D.G.

Chlorophyll content that was more decreased in D.S. at the

highest concentration of oxidant than that in D.G. The

ratio of beta-carotene /total chlorophyll was almost

unchanged at both species, but its numerical quantity was

lower in D.S. Totally, D.S. species seems to be more

sensitive to oxidative stress than D.G, because of higher

descending changes in reduced ascorbate and tocopherol,

and inversely having a higher content of DHA and a lower

beta-carotene/chlorophyll ratio. Therefore, this might be

the reason for cell death and causing to bleach the cell

suspension at the highest hydrogen peroxide level.

Keywords: Ascorbate, Cell suspension bleaching,

Dunaliella alga, Tocopherol

Application of exogen H2O2 on the

photosynthetic system and chlorophyll

fluorescence of two Dunaliella isolates (D-1

and D-2) alga

Maryam Madadkar Haghjou*

Department of Biology, Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, Lorestan University

* Corresponding author: m_madadkar@yahoo.com

Oxidant substrates such as H2O2, are able to induce

oxidative stress in cells, similar to what occurs in the

environmental stresses and cause to decrease in

chlorophyll fluorescence (a marker in the evaluation of

sensitivity). In this research, two Dunaliella isolates (D-1

& D-2) having different chlorophyll contents (D-1 was

included higher chl content) were exposed to the different

levels of H2O2 (0.1, 0.1, 0.3 mM) during 24 h. The

increase in Fo (minimum fluorescence) was not observed

in both species. In contrast, Fm (maximal fluorescence)

was increased in both, compared to the controls, but

reduced at the higher concentrations. FV/FM (quantum

yield of Photosystem II), was significantly increased in D-

2, under 0.3 mM H2O2. Photosynthetic pigments, Chl a,

Chl b and β-carotene were increased at both species by 0.1

mM supply but reduced at the higher levels. This can

propound a possibility that the lower levels of H2O2 may

induce antioxidant system and improve the defense system

against the stress. In the species having higher chlorophyll

content (D-1), all cells were destroyed after exposure to

the highest concentration of H2O2, but the second species,

only decreased the number of cells about 40% and the

ratio of FV/FM was inversely increased in this species.

Overall, these findings showed that there might be a

positive correlation between chlorophyll content and the

sensitivity of the cells to the oxidants like H2O2.

Keywords: Chlorophyll fluorescence, FV/FM, H2O2,

Oxidative stress, Photosynthetic system

102

Effect of iron sulfate foliar spray on

enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense of

Dracocephalum moldavica L. under salinity

stress

Hanieh Moradbeygi1*, Rashid Jamei1, Reza Heidari1, Reza Darvishzadeh2

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University 2Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of

Agriculture, Urmia University

* Corresponding author: h.moradbeygi@yahoo.com

An experiment which was conducted in greenhouse aimed

to investigate the effects of iron sulfate, as a salinity stress

modifier, on antioxidants, and the percentage of radical

inhibition of Diphenyl 2-picryl hydrazine-DPPH in

Dracocephalum moldavica L. The plants in the 8th leaf

stage were treated with different concentrations of Sodium

Chloride (0, 50, 100 mM) alone, and also along with

different concentrations of Fe2(SO4)3 (0, 30, 60, and 90

PPM). The results showed that due to salinity stress, total

phenol content, Flavonoid, DPPH radical inhibitory

percent, and the activity of guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate

peroxidase, catalase and glutathione reductase enzymes

were increased in shoot and root in 100 Mm NaC1; using

iron sulfate in different levels of salinity lead to increased

enzyme activities compared to control plants and salinity

treatment without iron fertilizer. By increasing the

concentration of sodium chloride, the activity of enzymatic

antioxidants was increased. The above mentioned

enzymes‟ activities in plants which were under

simultaneous treatment of salinity and iron sulfate had

significant increase comparing to control plants. The

results revealed that using iron sulfate improves

antioxidant defense of Dracocephalum moldavica L. under

salinity stress.

Keywords: Salinity, Iron Sulfate, Antioxidant enzymes,

Dracocephalum moldavica L.

The study of the expression of RAV gene

family members in two native bread wheat

(Triticum aestivum L.) landraces under salt

stress

Mohamad Karami1, Narjes Fatahi1, Tahmineh Lohrasebi2, Khadijeh

Razavi1*, Sharareh Mirshahvalad1, Atiyeh Khosravi1 1 Department of Plant Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural

Biotechnology, NIGEB 2 Department of Plant Bioproducts, Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, NIGEB

* Corresponding author: razavi@nigeb.ac.ir

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most

important crops in the world, providing the calories needed

for about 30% of the world's population. Livestock plants

are subjected to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Salinity

is one of the most important limiting factors in plant

production among abiotic stresses. Under salt stress, wheat

production is reduced by up to 50%. Different mechanisms

and factors, including transcription factors, are activated to

deal with abiotic stresses depending on plant and tension.

One of these transcription factors is the RAV gene family

that is involved in a wide range of biotic and abiotic

stresses. In this study, two native wheat landraces, 3625

and 3623, were planted in 98 pot diameter of 7 cm. In the

three-leaf stage pots were watered by Johnson solution

contains 250 mM sodium chloride at zero (control), 1, 3, 6,

12, 24 hours and 10 days. Plant specimens including aerial

part and root were collected after applying stress and

immediately stored in frozen liquid nitrogen and kept at -

70 ° C. In wheat, the family of the RAV gene, which is a

subset of the larger family of AP2 / ERF, has been

registered in 8 genes encoding 6 different proteins.

Therefore, NCBI and PlantTFBD websites were used to

find AP2 / ERF family members‟ sequences. On the

PlantTFBD website, genes are grouped in which the genes

were downloaded. Also, several genes and proteins were

found on the NCBI site, which by replicated BLASTp and

BLASTn all genes associated with AP2 / ERF families

were collected. Then, using multiple alignments, repeated

sequences were deleted. After matching the sequences in

the unique regions, the primer design was performed and

clones were sent to sequencing after isolation of the genes

and cloning them into a suitable vector. Following the

sequencing and validation of genes based on BLASTX and

PLANTENSEMBL website, which confirming sequences

and genes based on domains, primer designing was

performed for Real-Time RT-PCR and the expression of

RAV genes in the aerial parts and roots of two cultivars at

different times under salt treatment was studied. The

results indicated changes in the expression of a number of

genes in the experimental conditions.

Keywords: Bread wheat, RAV transcriptional factors, Salt

stress, Gene expression The effect of physicochemical factors on the

population of phytoplankton

103

and the quality of Bijar surface water

Kheizaran Ebrahimi Sabet, Masoomeh Jamal Omidi*

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Payame Noor * Corresponding author: mjamalomidi@pnu.ac.ir

As the most valuable and most important organisms in

aquatic ecosystems are Phytoplankton that have important

role in the river water quality. Quality and quantity of

phytoplankton depend in part on load of water nutritious.

Therefore, the use of phytoplankton in different

ecosystems, water is used to measure water quality or

pollution of water. The river Gilan Bijar in the area the

main rivers in the country In addition to the main source of

drinking water for different uses in agriculture and the

economy area is important. In this study, the impact

physicochemical factors on the composition and frequency

of phytoplankton in different seasons were analyzed. The

results of the study of biological River Bijar indicates the

presence of 5 branches and 57 Genus the region. The

frequency of Bascillariophyta branches on other branches

was dominant in all seasons. Data collected for all the

parameters are normally distributed ،was determined using

the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The correlation between

phytoplankton and physicochemical parameters shows.

The number of phytoplankton significant correlation with

the parameters of temperature and PH and nitrogen. It also

uses GIS software and takes advantage of various colors,

color zoning qualitative phytoplankton was prepared.

Keywords: Phytoplankton, Ecosystem, City Bijar

The effect of different levels of salinity stress

on enzymatic antioxidants activities of three

genotypes of local beans of Guilan (Phaseolus

vulgaris L.)

Fatemeh Afshar Dini, Masoomeh Jamal Omidi*

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Payame Noor * Corresponding author: mjamalomidi@pnu.ac.ir

Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the most important

legumes with rich amount of protein and carbohydrates,

and is major component of the diet of many people in the

world. The annual production of this plant in the world is

23 million tons and it is one of the top ten products, and is

in first place among legumes production. Soil salinity is

one of the limitations of sustainable production in different

parts of the country. This research was carried out to

investigate the enzymatic antioxidant properties of three

local genotypes of Guilan bean genotypes under salinity

stress at Payam Noor University. Factorial experiments

were carried out in a completely randomized design with 3

replications under pot experiment with 4 salinity levels of

0, 50, 100 and 150 mM sodium chloride on the 3

genotypes of short bean (red vein, black vein, and brown

vein). The results showed that the interaction of salinity

and genotype affects the activity of peroxidase, polyphenol

oxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and catalase significantly at

1% probability level. The highest amount of antioxidant

enzymes in the two enzymes of ascorbate peroxidase and

catalase was obtained with 1.345 and 1.225 (unit g-1

fw

min-1

) at 100 mM salinity level in red vein short bean

genotype, respectively and according to the parameters

measured in this study, this genotype showed better results

to the salinity stress than other genotypes.

Keywords: Antioxidant enzymes, Salinity stress,

Phaseolus vulgaris L.

104

Effect of Mycorrhiza and Plant Growth

Promoting Bacteria on Physiological

Characters in Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-

graecum L.)

Saeid Jamshidi, Mohammadreza Ghalamboran*

Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

* Corresponding author: M_ghalamboran@sbu.ac.ir

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is member of

the legume family and is also known as a medicinal plant.

This plant has a symbiosis with a large number of

microorganisms. Fenugreek plant, with the help of

symbiosis of nitrogen fixation bacteria and some fungi, the

production of growth hormones, siderophores and

solubilization of plant requisites in the soil, results in a

significant increase in plant growth. In fact, the interaction

between nitrogen fixation bacteria and vesicular arbuscular

mycorrhizal fungi can increase the growth of Fenugreek.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of

mycorrhiza and nitrogen fixation bacteria on some

physiological indices of Fenugreek plant. Treatments were

four levels of the bacteria (control, Azotobacter

chroococcum, Sinorhizobium meliloti and both of bacteria)

and three levels of the mycorrhiza (control,

Glomus intraradices, Glomus versiforme), and statistical

design was two-way factorial arrangement (3×4) on a

completely randomized design with four replications. The

most important morphological variables were shoot, root,

leaf and pods dry weights and the nutrient content in upper

part of plant. The main results showed that G. intraradices

decrease root growth and Sodium absorption and induced

phosphorus, potassium and pods yield. In bacterial

treatments, A. chroococcum increase pods dry weight and

S. meliloti treated samples enhances phosphorus uptake

and shoot dry weight. These bacteria have interaction

effect on chlorophyll amount and plant vegetative dry

weight. In other hand the symbiosis of A. chroococcum

and G. intraradices cause a decrease in absorption of

phosphorus and these bacteria with G. versiforme had

decrease sodium. In sum the mass production of

Fenugreek based on the medical application are an

important step in researches world.

Keywords: Fenugreek, Bacteria, Arbuscular mycorrhizal

vesicular

Investigation of the performance of

photosystem II in Melissa officinalis L. in

drought stress and the effect of salicylic acid

on its chlorophyll fluorescence using

measuring instrument (MINI-PAM)

Fatemeh Jamal Omidi1, 2*, Hanieh Mohajel Shoja1, Masomeh Jamal

Omidi3 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of

Tabriz 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan 3 Department of Biology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran

* Corresponding author: Rose_omidi@yahoo.com

In order to investigate the effect of salicylic acid recovery

on the activity of photosystem II and photosynthetic

pigments under drought stress, in a lemon balm, a factorial

experiment was conducted in a completely randomized

design with three replications. The test factors consisted of

salicylic acid with three levels (0, 0.7, 1.5 mM) and

drought with three levels (0, 1/3, 2/3 field capacity). For

this purpose, the seeds of the lemon balm were cultured in

appropriate pots after disinfection, and after growth, they

were subjected to drought stress in the four-leaf stage and

the salicylic acid hormone was sprayed on the leaf.

Sampling was carried out in three stages (before flowering,

flowering, and flowering). Under drought conditions,

maximum fluorescence (Fm), fluorescence variable (Fv),

maximum quantum photosystem II (Fv / Fm) efficiency

and photochemical quantum efficiency increased the

effectiveness of the photosystem II [Y (II)] and reduced

the quantum efficiency of photosystem II [Y (NPQ)] and

the non-phyto-chemical quantum efficiency of

photosystem II [Y (NO)] were reduced. On the other hand,

salicylic acid is used as a spray 0.7 mM resulted in an

increase in Fm, Fv and Fv / Fm. At all drought levels,

salicylic acid spray improved chlorophyll a and b

concentrations. In total, salicylic acid spray reduced the

effects of drought

Keywords: Melissa officinalis L., Salicylic acid, Drought

stress, Maximum fluorescence, Variable fluorescence

105

The effect of arsenate and arsenite on some

growth parameters of Isatis cappadocica

Azhin Mortezazadeh*, Naser Karimi, Zahra Souri

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah * Corresponding author: azhin_mortezazadeh@yahoo.com

Arsenic is non-essential and toxic metalloid for plants and

one of the environmental pollutants that has two arsenate

and arsenite species in the environment. Isatis cappadocia,

is an arsenic hyperaccumulator that grows in arsenic

contaminated areas in Iran. This plant is a good option for

arsenic phytoremediation in these areas. In this study, for

the first time, the effects of two arsenate and arsenite

species on growth parameters of this plant were

investigated. For this purpose, under hydroponic

conditions, four leaf seedlings were treated with different

concentrations of 0, 5, 25, 125 and 625 μM arsenate and

arsenite. After 14 days and finishing the treatment period,

the samples were taken and the growth parameters

including root length, shoot length, root and shoot weights

were measured. The results of arsenate and arsenite

treatments on growth parameters showed that higher levels

of both types of arsenic resulted in decreased growth

parameters and the effect of this growth decline, was

observed especially in the plant biomass. The decreasing

of these parameters was significant for arsenite treatments,

while for plants under arsenate treatments it was not

significant at most levels, that indicates the high resistance

of I. cappadocica to arsenate. In general, the results of this

study showed that in spite of high plant resistance to both

types of arsenic in different treatments, 650 μM treatment

had a toxic effect on plant growth, which was more

pronounced in arsenite treatments and caused the plant to

die.

Keywords: Phytoremediation, Arsenate, Arsenite, Isatis

capadocica

Evaluation of the allelopathic effects of

redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.)

and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Pishgam)

plants on growth parameters of each other in

intercropping

Zahra Alizadeh*, Rouhollah Motafakkerazad, Seyed Yahya Salehi-Lisar

Department of plant Science, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz

* Corresponding author: zahra_alizadeh@tabrizu.ac.ir

Weeds cause a number of harms in agro-ecosystems.

Allelopathy refers to the beneficial or harmful effects of

one plant on another by the release of inhibitory

substances from plants into the environment through root

exudation, leaching, volatilization, and through the

decomposition of plant residues. In order to study the

allelopathic effects of different wheat/redroot pigweed

densities on growth parameters of each other, an

experiment was conducted at five levels of density with

ratios of 100 to 0, 0 to 100, 50 to 50, 75 to 25 and 25 to 75

wheat to redroot pigweed with three replications under

laboratory condition. Chlorophyll assay was performed by

Wellburn and Lichtenthaler (1983). Results showed that

with increasing redroot pigweed density in the ratio of 25

to 75 wheat to redroot pigweed, fresh weight of root and

shoot, root and shoot dry weight and shoot length

decreased significantly in wheat and root length of wheat

increased significantly. In equal ratios of wheat and

redroot pigweed, root dry weight and length of shoot

increased significantly in redroot pigweed and with

increasing density of wheat, a significant reduction in

redroot pigweed root length was observed. In redroot

pigweed with increasing redroot pigweed density, both of

chlorophyll a and b as well as total chlorophyll increased

significantly and with increasing wheat density in the ratio

of 75 to 25 wheat to redroot pigweed, chlorophyll a and

total chlorophyll of redroot pigweed showed a significant

decrease. In wheat, there was a significant decrease in

chlorophyll a in the ratio of 75 to 25 wheat to redroot

pigweed. This study showed that by increasing wheat

density, the allelopathic effects of redroot pigweed can be

reduced by reducing the effect of released toxins.

Keywords: Allelopathy, Wheat, Redroot pigweed,

Density, Growth parameters

106

Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis on growth parameters of

Dracocephalum moldavica L. medicinal plant

under salt stress

Sevda Alizadeh1*, Syamak Fallahi Gharagoz2, Latifeh Pourakbar3

1Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science , University of Tehran Shargh Payamnour 2 Department of Plant Science, University of Urmia Payamnour 3 Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science , University of Urmia * Corresponding author: s.alizadeh_66@yahoo.com

Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stresses which

affects plant growth and yield. Mycorrhizae is one of the

most useful symbioses which has positive impacts on the

growth and yield of plants. In order to study the effect of

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Glomus mosseae on growth

features of Dracocephalum moldavica L under salt stress,

an experiment was carried out based on randomized

complete block design with three replications under

laboratory conditions. Treatments consist of Mycorrhizal

fungi at two levels: non-mycorrhizal (NM) as control and

Glomus mosseae, and four levels of salinity (0, 50, 100,

150mM) at the stage of six adult leaves. Results showed

that salt stress decreased the root length and root dry and

wet weight. Mycorrhizal plants had higher root length and

root dry and fresh weight in comparison with NM ones

under salinity stress conditions. Mycorrhizal inoculation

increase shoot dry and fresh weight in comparison with

NM ones under salinity stress conditions. Total protein of

shoot and root in all salinity levels in Mycorrhizal plants in

comparison with NM plants increased significantly.

Mycorrhizal plants showed higher chlorophyll content

than non-Mycorrhizal plants. This study showed that

Mycorrhizal inoculation improves growth of

Dracocephalum moldavica L under salinity stress.

Keywords: Dracocephalum moldavica, Symbiosis,

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal, Salt stress

Comparison of bean resistance to drought

stress during germination stage using

polyethylene glycol

Mokhtar Ghobadi *, Pasha Moradi

Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

* Corresponding author: m.ghobadi@yahoo.com

Due to the geographical location of Iran, drought stress is

the most important environmental stress affecting plant

growth. Germination is the most sensitive stage of plant

growth under drought stress. So, different types of bean

were compared in a factorial experiment based on a

completely randomized design with four replications at the

Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi

University, Kermanshah, Iran. The factors were four types

of bean (red bean, white bean, pinto bean and cowpea) and

four levels of drought stress (0, -3, -6 and -9 bar). The

osmotic potentials for drought stress were prepared by

adding different amounts of polyethylene glycol 6000 to

water using Mitchel and Kaufman equation (1973).

Analysis of variance showed that the simple effects of

drought stress and cultivar, as well as their interaction,

were statistically significant on germination percentage,

germination rate, mean daily germination, seedling vigor

index, radicle, and plumule length, radicle, and plumule

weight. Seed germination characteristics and seedling

vigor were reduced in all types of beans by decreasing

osmotic potential. But the reaction rate of different types

of beans varied with the intensity of drought stress. In

general, comparison of beans showed that their resistance

to drought stress during germination stage was as: cowpea,

white bean, red bean and pinto bean, respectively.

Keywords: Germination rate, Osmotic potential, Seedling

vigor, Drought stress

107

The effect of seed priming with salicylic acid,

polyethylene glycol and hydropriming on

improving germination of barley (Hordeum

vulgare L.) deteriorated seeds

Mokhtar Ghobadi *, Ronak Roshani

Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

* Corresponding author: m.ghobadi@yahoo.com

Seed storage causes deterioration and finally weakening of

seed germination characteristics and seedling vigor. Seed

priming is a pretreatment before seed planting, which

allows the seeds to absorb water in a solution before the

radicle emergence. In order to study the effect of seed

priming on the reduction of barley seed deterioration, an

experiment was conducted at the Campus of Agriculture

and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah,

Iran. The experiment was factorial based on completely

randomized design with three replications. The

experimental factors were three barley cultivars (Nader,

Sararood, and Sahand), two seed deterioration levels

(deteriorated and not deteriorated seeds) and four seed

priming levels (priming with salicylic acid, polyethylene

glycol, hydropriming and without priming (control)).

Analysis of variance showed that the simple effects of

cultivar, seed deterioration, and seed priming, as well as

some of their interactions, were significant on seed

germination characteristics. Seed deterioration reduced the

seed germination and seedling vigor characteristics. Seeds

of three barley cultivars had similar reactions to

deterioration. The effect of different seed priming

treatments for different cultivars was relatively similar, but

for the seed deterioration levels showed different effects

on the germination characteristics. In general, among

different priming treatments, hydropriming had a greater

effect on the seed germination properties in barley

deteriorated seeds.

Keywords: Cultivar, Seed deterioration, Seed pre-

treatment, Hordeum vulgare

Study of interactions drought stress and Pb in

growth factors and water content on

Matthiola flavida Boiss under drought stress

Mina Shahbazi Gahruei1*, Seyed Majid Ghaderian1, Behrooz Salehi

Eskandari2 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan,

Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran. 2 Department of Biology, Payame Noor University, 19395-3697 Tehran, Iran

* Corresponding author: mn.shahbazi70@gmail.com

The metallophyte plant of Matthiola falavida, a perennial

species belonging to the Brassicaceae family, is grown in

the central regions of Iran. This plant grows in Pb/Zn

minerals containing soil in the center of Iran (Irankouh),

and is known as a Pb aggregator. Drought is one of the

limiting factors in the central regions of Iran. In order to

better understand the effect of Pb on drought tolerance of

metallophyte plants in mineral soils, an experiment was

conducted in hydroponic conditions in a completely

randomized design with a factorial arrangement with three

replications. The effect of Pb on growth and water content

of Matthiola falavida plant studied under drought stress.

Pots containing 45-day-old seedlings were placed in a

Hoagland solution of ½strength for 7 days in different

concentrations (0, 75, 150, 300 and 500ppm) of Pb. To

avoid sedimentation of elements with lead, Hoagland

solution was used without phosphate and iron. Then half

of the pots were kept in polyethylene glycol drought stress

(PEG: 0.6 MPA) for 7 days. The results showed that low

concentrations of Pb could improve growth, but increased

Pb concentration reduced the growth of shoot and root

organs. Improvement of the growth and water content of

the plant in low Pb concentrates, indicating the internal

resistance of this plant to Pb that probably occurred with

an accumulation of osmoticums. In conclusion, low

concentrations of Pb alleviate Matthiola falavida growth

under drought stress.

Keywords: Matthiola falavida Boiss, Pb, Drought stress,

Growth factors, Water content

108

Effect of different nitrogen to potassium

ratios on some quantitative and qualitative

indices of Rosa hybrida L. 'Dolce Vita'

Sobhan SanginAbadi1*, Javad Rezapour2, Parviz Nowrozi3

1 Department of Horticultural Science, Urmia University * Corresponding author: sobhansanginabadi1371@gmail.com

Rose is the most important cut flower in the world and the

most of its production is as hydroponics in the greenhouse.

Nutrition is one of the most important requirements for

high quality rose production in greenhouse conditions.

Nitrogen and potassium are the most important nutrient

elements in rose nutrition, and the balance of these two

elements has a significant effect on vegetative and

reproductive growth. In order to determine the proper

nitrogen to potassium ratio in rose plant nutrition, a

completely randomized design with 6 replications was

conducted on commercial rose rootstocks cv. Dolce Vita in

greenhouse conditions. Grafted rootstocks were purchased

at the transplant stage and were cultivated in a greenhouse

with a night/day temperature regimes of 16 /22-24°C in 10

liters pot in peat moss, cocopeat and perlite substrates with

a ratio of 5:35:65. After establishment and reaching the

plants to reproductive stage, they were nourished with

commercial nutrition formula with three ratios of nitrogen

to potassium (1 to 1.25, (1 to 1.5) as a control and a

common ratio in commercial rose nutrition formulas) 1 to

1.75 and 1 to 2). During the growth period, common

cultivation practices such as branches bending, green

pruning, budding and etc. were carried out and traits

including number of leaves, leaf area, flowering stem

length, chlorophyll index and nitrogen (nitrate form),

potassium and phosphorus content were measured. The

results of analysis of variance showed that leaf area trait at

5% level and flowering stem length, chlorophyll index,

and potassium and phosphorus content were significantly

different at 1% level. The highest leaf number and area,

flowering shoot length and phosphorus in the N/K ratio of

1 to 1.75, the highest chlorophyll index and NO3 content in

the control and N/K ratio of 1 to 1.25, and the highest

potassium content in the N/K ratio of 1 to 2 were obtained.

The results of this experiment showed positive effects of

increasing the potassium to nitrogen ratio (1/1.75) of

nutrient solution on quantitative and qualitative traits of

rose cv. Dulce Vita.

Keywords: Nutrition, Rose, Potassium, Leaf area,

Chlorophyll index

Study of geranyl diphosphate synthase gene

expression in Peppermint plant under

drought, salinity and temperature stresses

Shadi Farahmand, Yousef Mohammadi*

Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Islamic Azad, Tabriz Branch

* Corresponding author: mohammadi.yousef63@gmail.com

Peppermint is a very valuable medicinal plant that contains

a valuable substance called menthol, which has antifungal

and antimicrobial activity. In the biosynthesis of the

production of menthol, the gene of geranyl diphosphate

synthase plays an important role, as it is at the beginning

of the production of menthol. Environmental conditions

can affect the quality and amount of menthol.

Accordingly, rhizome sprouts after disinfection were

cultured in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium under

salinity stress (0-50-100 mM sodium chloride), drought (0-

50-100-150 mM Mannitol) and temperature (23, 26 and

29°C). All experiments were performed based on a

completely randomized design with two replications. First,

the extraction of RNA and cDNA synthesis was performed

for all plants. The qPCR method was used to determine the

gene expression and then the gene expression level was

measured. The results showed that expression of geranyl

diphosphate synthase gene was highest in a combination

with drought (0 mannitol), salinity (100 mM sodium

chloride) and temperature (23°C). It was also found that

salinity levels from 0 to 100 mM sodium chloride had no

negative effect on gene expression of geranyl diphosphate

synthase and did not reduce the expression of this gene,

while high levels of temperature and drought have a

negative effect on the expression of geranyl diphosphate

synthase gene.

Keywords: Drought, Geranyl diphosphate synthase gene,

Peppermint, Salinity, Temperature

109

Effect of jasmonic acid on total amino acids,

proline and enzymes activity of Karela

(Momordica charantia) under salinity stress

Saeed Ali-Soofi, Alireza Einali*, Mohammad Hossein Sangtarash

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran

* Corresponding author: aeinali@science.usb.ac.ir

Stress is defined as changes in natural factors relative to

optimal conditions, which cause a decrease in growth and

yield in plants. Stress is naturally divided into biotic and

abiotic. One of the most important abiotic stress is salinity

that causes large changes in plants. Jasmonic acid as a

phytohormone plays an important role in regulating the

processes of plant growth and response to different biotic

and abiotic stresses. Momordica charantia is an herbal

medicinal plant of the Cucurbitaceae family. In this study,

the effect of various concentrations of jasmonic acid (0,

0.05, 0.15, 0.5 and 1 mM) and salinity (0, 50, 100, 150 and

300 mM) on total amino acids, proline and activities of

ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, and pyrogallol peroxidase

and polyphenol oxidase enzymes in Momordica charantia

were investigated. The results showed that salinity stress

decrease growth and increased total amino acids, proline

and ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, pyrogallol peroxidase

and polyphenol oxidase activities. Jasmonic acid prevents

the growth reduction and increases the total amino acids,

proline and the activities of the pyrogallol peroxidase and

polyphenol oxidase enzymes. Therefore, this hormone can

play a very important role in decrease the effects of

salinity stress in this plant.

Keywords: Salt stress, Momordica charantia, Jasmonic

acid

Identification of morpho-physiological

markers associated with drought tolerance in

barley cultivars

Rozita Mazloumi Oskouiee*, Sona Savari, Solmaz Khosravi, Mohammad

Amin Hejazi Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Iran-Northwest and North

Branch, Tabriz, Iran

* Corresponding author: rozitamazloumi@gmail.com

Morpho-physiological traits associated with drought

tolerance are suitable indicators for selection of drought

tolerant genotypes to reduce effects of water deficiency on

crop yield in breeding programs. Therefore, a greenhouse

experiment was performed in a split-plot design based on

randomized complete blocks. The experiment was

conducted with tolerant (D-5 and D-10) and sensitive

(Valfajr and Makouie) Iranian genotypes of Hordeum

vulgare under two irrigation regimes (well-watered and

deficient conditions) in 3 replications at Agricultural

Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Northwest, and

West region, Tabriz, Iran. Investigated morphological

traits included culm height, spike length, and awn length.

Additionally chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a/b

ratio, total chlorophyll, SPAD chlorophyll, carotenoids,

relative water content (RWC), osmotic potential and

protein content were assessed as physiological parameters.

Culm height, spike length, and relative water content were

significantly decreased during water deficit while a

noticeable increase was determined in carotenoids,

osmotic potential, and protein content. Also, a correlation

between some of the morphological and physiological

traits was established. Finally, spike length, awn length,

osmotic potential and protein content are recognized as

characteristics related to drought tolerance which can be

exploited as early tests for selection and screening of

tolerant genotypes.

Keywords: Chlorophyll, Carotenoids, Osmotic potential,

Protein content, Water deficit

110

The role of osmotic compounds on water

relations of barley genotypes under drought

stress

Rozita Mazloumi Oskouiee*, Babak Nakhoda, Foad Moradi, Solmaz

Khosrawi, Farhad Ahakpaz, Ali Hesami, Kurosh Nader Mahmoudi, Mohammad Amin Hejazi, Fatemeh Zavvari Benam, Shabnam Sadeghi

Razlighi., Shahram Khosrawi

Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Iran-Northwest and North Branch, Tabriz, Iran

* Corresponding author: rozitamazloumi@gmail.com

Drought decreases plant growth/productivity, by cell

division and expansion thus cell water component

reducing. In this study, tolerant (N and M), semi-tolerant

(W) and sensitive (K) genotypes were investigated in a

randomized complete block based split-plot experiment in

2 irrigation regimes (rain-fed and complimentary) at

Dryland Agricultural Research Institute, Maragheh.

Relative water content did not change significantly in

drought. Stress caused a significant decrease in SPAD,

total, a, b, a/b chlorophyll and carotenoids achieving their

highest content in W, M and N. Due to elevated cell

concentration, the osmotic potential was higher during

water deficit. Maximum osmotic potential and osmotic

adjustment were related to Flag leaf of M, W and second

leaf of N and K. In the tolerant and semi-tolerant cultivars,

Leaf and stem soluble-carbohydrate increased at the

second stage and then reduced, due to transportation to

spike, under both regimes. However, K had a decreasing

trend in both conditions. In drought condition, M

contained the most soluble-carbohydrate. Sucrose

increased in drought, particularly in M. In all cultivars,

there was a decreasing trend during the sampling stage in

the stem. Maximum glucose content occurred in leaves of

W and spikes of K and M during irrigation regime and W

spikes during drought. Fructose decreased in all genotypes

in both irrigating regimes. M and N showed the highest

amount of fructose at second harvest during a deficit. In

brief, accumulation of cell soluble materials is an effective

approach to increase plant drought tolerance which can be

used in breeding programs.

Keywords: Chlorophyll, Carotenoids, Osmotic potential,

Soluble-carbohydrate, Drought stress

The effect of gamma irradiation on some

growth characteristics of gerbera (Gerbera

jamesonii) in vitro

Zahra Amidi1*, Abdolreza Bagheri1, Nasrin Moshtaghi1, Ahmad Sharifi2 1 Biotechnology and Plant Breeding Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran 2 Ornamental Plant Biotechnology Department, Academic Center for

Education, Culture and Research: ACECR, Razavi Khorasan Province, Mashhad, Iran

* Corresponding author: zahraamid@yahoo.com

Gerbera is one of the most important ornamental plants in

the world, which is mainly produced as a cut flower.

Propagation and creating new features in this plant can

increase marketability and serve the consumers'

satisfaction. This research was conducted to investigate the

effect of gamma rays on morphological characteristics of

gerbera under in vitro culture conditions. Sterile plantlets

containing meristems of Y2-Gerbera cultivar were used at

the 4-leaf stage of the plantlets. Were cultured in MS

medium containing 0.15 mg / L of indole acetic acid (IAA)

‚ 0.5 mg / L of 6- benzylaminopurine (BA) ‚ 0.7% agar

and 3% sucrose for propagation. The culture medium was

distributed in each petri dishes to 15 ml. Petri dishes

containing plantlets were applied to treat mutations under

gamma rays from cobalt 60, with the intensity of 5, 10 and

20 gry, respectively. The experimental data included

number of the leaves in the plantlet, length and the number

of the plantlet recorded 5 weeks after radiation. The results

showed that increasing gamma-ray dose reduced the

number of the leaves in the plantlets, plantlet height and

the number of plantlets. The average number of leaves and

the mean the number of plantlets decreased significantly.

The average length at 20 Gry had the lowest about 2.39 cm

and the highest mean plantlets length was related to the

control treatment with a length of 4.5 cm. The lowest

average number of leaves and mean number of plantlets

were equal to 17 and 34.4, respectively and the highest

mean number of leaves and number of plantlets in the

control treatment were 34.09 and 7.38, respectively.

Keywords: Gerbera jamesonii, Gamma rays, Mutation,

Leaves number

111

Taxonomic revision of the genus Hesperis L.

(Brassicaceae) and significance of

morphological characters in species

circumscription using multivariate statistical

analysis

Atena Eslami Farouji*, Hamed Khodayari

Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Lorestan University * Corresponding author: eslami.at@fs.lu.ac.ir

Generally, studies are not complete in the genus Hesperis

and species delimitation have not yet been considered. In

the current survey, morphological variation and species

delimitation of different species of the genus Hesperis was

carried out using the field, library and herbarium studies in

Iran and Turkey. In order to perform multivariate analysis,

300 OTUs (Operational Taxonomic Units) were studied

based upon 57 characters using MVSP and PAST software

programs. Then, the dendrogram based on the Unweighted

Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Average (UPGMA),

defriended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) and Principal

Component Analysis (PCA) were constructed. As a result

of the present study, the similarity percentage of different

populations belonging to 32 species of this genus were

defined and fruit, stem, pollen grain, seed, and leaf were

considered as the most important characters in species

delimitation.

Keywords: Hesperis, Iran, Numerical analysis, Numerical

taxonomy, Turkey

Ethnobotanic study of the genus Hesperis L.

(Brassicaceae)

Atena Eslami Farouji*, Hamed Khodayari

Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Lorestan University * Corresponding author: eslami.at@fs.lu.ac.ir

Awareness of plant medicinal features is not only recently

popular in Iran but also in the world. Of all medicinal

herbs, some of them such as Hesperis L. have been studied

to a lesser extent due to their distribution in high altitudes

above sea and severe areas but it should be noted that the

medicinal and healing properties of this plant is notable.

During the field studies, an interview was conducted with

commonalty, forester and traditional medicine specialists

belonging to different ages. The results indicated that the

leaves, grains and fruits are edible part of the plant and

leaves are regarded as the most effective material rich in

vitamin C (anti-scorbutic), sweat inducer, diuretic, anti-

diarrhea, expectorant. Its young leaves and seeds are rich

in protein and oily materials, respectively. However, it

must be considered that several ethnobotanic surveys have

not yet been effectively investigated and required precise

laboratory research in order to determine the amount of

drug usage and its effect on people with different ages.

Keywords: Brassicaceae, Ethnobotany, Hesperis,

medicinal

112

Determination of some physiographic factors

impact on plant diversity in Bahlgerd,

Southern Khorasan

Saeed Ghanbari*, Masoumeh Zohrekermani, Sholeh Ghollasi Mood

Department Rangeland and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural resources and environment, University of Birjand

* Corresponding author: saeed_pandev32@yahoo.com

In order to manage rangeland, the relationship between

their components must be known. One of the main

components of these ecosystems is vegetation and its

composition, which is controlled by environmental factors.

In other words, the distribution pattern of plant

communities is influenced by many environmental factors.

Understanding how these changes occur is the most

important tool for adopting management measures for the

principle exploitation of pastures, which makes it possible

to achieve optimal scientific and practical solutions for

more correct management. This research was carried out in

Bahlgerd in order to compare the diversity of elevation,

slope and tilt direction. To achieve the research goal, 10 ×

10m plots and systematic random sampling were

performed. In the end, the data were analyzed using Excel,

EstimateS and Arc GIS software. It should also be noted

that three study areas were determined in the southeastern

Khorasan province, including the northern, southern, and

the whole region. Each of the results was separately

expressed and analyzed in each region. Finally, the results

indicate that the highest number of vegetation basins on

the slope of 0 to 5 percent and the direction of the

northwest slope, as well as the altitudes of 1840 to 1890,

are also present. The majority of plants in the southern

Khorasan region belong to therophyte. Key Words: Bahlgerd, Ecological Index, Physiography,

Species diversity

A floristic study of forest plants, case study:

Gozoo Taxus baccata habitat, Savadkouh

Mina Khaleghi1*, Farhad Borna2 1 Department Batology, Faculty of Biology, University of Shahid Beheshti 2 Department Range Management, University of Agricultural and Natural

Resources of Sari * Corresponding author: minakhaleghi76@yahoo.com

Forests are ecosystems with effective ecological functions.

Species richness and biological diversity have been

declined throughout the world as a result of human

activities. Monitoring plant populations in forests is a

fundamental component of management and conservation.

Generally, identifying and introducing plants in a region

and studying the diversity of plant species is important as a

basis for environmental research that include the location

determining and the time of planting certain plant species,

determining the vegetative potential in the area,

identifying resistant and endangered species, and helping

to preserve plants species and exploit them in principle.

This study was determined characteristics such as

chorotype, life form, longevity on plant species in part of

the Gozoo forests. Firstly, we prepared a list of plant

species and their characteristics according to observations

and library resources. For data analysis, the Excel software

was used. The results showed that among 42 species, the

Rosaceae and Poaceae families have the most abundant

species. The life form in all plant species was determined

by using of Raun Kiaer`s method and they are including

48% Phanerophytes, 20% Hemicryptophytes, 12%

Cryptophytes, 12% Therophytes and 2% Chamaephytes.

The most species belong to the Europe – Siberia region.

These results indicate that, the existence of favorable

climatic conditions for growing temperate regions.

Keywords: Longevity, Life form, Chorology

113

A floristic study of epilithic and epipelic

diatoms in Chehelchay River of Minudasht

Fatemeh Lakzaie1, Jamileh Panahy Mirzahasanlou1*, Mohammad

Gholizadeh2, Abolfazl Daneshvar1 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of basic science, University of Gonbad

Kavous 2 Department of Fishery, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural resources, University of Gonbad Kavous

* Corresponding author: panahi@gonbad.ac.ir

Chehel Chay River is one of the main tributaries of

Gorganrud which is located in Minudasht area in Golestan

province. Because of the necessity of the algal studies in

different aquatic ecosystems of the country as part of

biodiversity and their effectiveness on water quality, this

study was done in order to study epilithic and epipelic

diatoms of the river. Sampling was done from 5 stations.

Samples were fixed with formalin 4%, and in order to

observation under a microscope, were prepared using an

acid cleaning. In total 32 species belong to 18 genera and

15 families were determined. Nitzschia with 5 sp. and

Gomphonema with 4 sp. were the most abundant genera.

Among species identified, 87/5 % occurred in both

epilithic and epipelic samples. Most of the species

identified are an indicator of eutrophic waters.

Keywords: Diatom, Morphologic form, Algae, Golestan

Identification of epilithic diatoms in Zrringol

River of Golestan province

Azita Dadgar, Jamileh Panahy Mirzahasanlou*, Eisa Jorjani, Sakineh

Alijanpour Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Gonbad Kavous

University

*Corresponding author: panahi@gonbad.ac.ir

Studies on algal flora in Iran have received little attention

and there is no publication in Persian for the algal flora of

Iran. Due to the major importance of algae in aquatic

ecosystems and water quality, identification of different

groups of algae has a great importance. The diatoms are

unicellular, sometimes colonial algae found in almost

every aquatic habitat. In this survey, Epilithic diatoms of

Zarringol River were studied for the first time. Sampling

was done form stone substrates in monthly intervals. In

total, 31 species belonging to 19 genera and 13 families

were identified. Gomphonema with 5 sp. Navicula with 4

sp. and Cymbella with 3 sp. were the most abundant

genera. According to morphology, most of the species

with 13 sp. and 6 genera belonged to group asymmetrical

biraphid. Most of the species identified in this river are

indicative of eutrophic waters.

Keywords: Algae, Diatom, Floristic, Iran

114

Study of pollen morphology of three species of

Chamomile

Fatemeh Nejadhabibvash1*, Baherh Maruf2, Abdolbaset Mahmudi3

1 Department of Medicinal Plants, Higher Education Center Shahid Bakeri of Miandoab, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran 2 Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University,

Urmia, Iran 3 Department of Horticulture - Medicinal Plants, Tarbiat Modarres

University, Tehran, Iran

* Corresponding author: f.nejadhabibvash@urmia.ac.ir

The presence of some unique traits in pollen grains such as

diversity in shape, surface ornamentation of Exine and a

large number of pollen grains produced per plant has

caused the attention of botanists to study pollen grains.

The Asteraceae family is a group of natural plants with

unique morphological characteristics such as pollen grains.

The Chamomile (Anthemis) belongs to the Asteraceae

family. The purpose of this research was the investigation

of pollen morphology of three species Anthemis

widemmaniana, Anthemis truimfetti (L.) D.C. and

Anthemis tinctoria L. using scanning electron microscopy.

The surface of exine was echinate with small pores in the

base. The results showed that the shape of the pollen grain

of Anthemis widemmaniana was elongated and in some

samples of Anthemis tinctoria and Anthemis truimfetti was

spherical and in some elliptical. Average pollen grain

diameter of Anthemis widemmaniana, Anthemis tinctoria,

and Anthemis truimfetti was 24.51, 23.41-23.76 and 22.78-

22.90, respectively. Colpus length in the species Anthemis

widemmaniana, Anthemis tinctoria and Anthemis truimfetti

was 5.51, 4.5 and 4.23 µm, respectively. Therefore,

variation in shape, pollen diameter, and pollen grains

length were observed among studied species.

Keywords: Anthemis, Asteraceae family, Pollen grain

Introduction of trees and shrubs in Zanjan

county in the northwest of Iran

Zohreh Toghranegar*, MahnazVafadar

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan * Corresponding author: Ztoghranegar@znu.ac.ir

Zanjan county has 6763 km2 area, the altitude of 1663

m.a.s.l. Mean annual precipitation and temperature is

297.6 mm and 11°C, respectively. From a topographical

point of view, Zanjan is a mountainous area where fertile

plains have been formed due to Tode composition of

Rivers, such as Ghezel-Ozan and Zanjanrood. The

appropriateness of ecological conditions is the cause of

favorable vegetation diversity. A floristic study of plant

species in each region is an effective way of understanding

the capacities and conservation of the hereditary reserves

of ecological systems. In order to identify the tree and

shrub species, life forms, and chorology, samples were

collected using conventional methods of floristic studies

during years 2016-2017. Totally, 100 species belonging to

72 genera and 35 plant families were identified using the

necessary references, of which1 species belonged to

monocotyledons,10 species to gymnosperms, and 89

species to dicotyledons. Based on species richness, the

most important families included: Rosaceae (26species),

Oleaceae (8species), Moraceae and Salicaceae (6 species),

Fabaceae (5species), and Cupressaceae (4species), as well

as Cerasus and Prunuseach with 4 species and Berberis,

Crataegus, Morus, Populus, and Salix with 3 species,

were the largest genera of plants. According to

Raunkiaer system of classification, the dominant life forms

in this region are Mesophanerophytes (37%) followed by

Microphanerophytes (33%), Nanophanerophytes (21%),

and Megaphanerophytes (9%) respectively. Vegetative

elements of Irano-Turanian are of the most important

chorological groups in the region based on Zohary's

method and Amygdaluslycioides Spach is an endemic plant

of Iran.

Keywords: Zanjan, Trees and shrubs, Life form,

Vegetative elements

115

Morphological and micromorphological study

of some species of Apocynaceae family using

in Iran

Hamed Khodayari*, Mohammad Ali Mortazavi

Deparment of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran

* Corresponding author: khodayari.h@lu.ac.ir

Apocynaceae AL De Jussieu family (Gentianales) consists

of tree plants, shrubs or grasses that have leachates in the

tissues. This family is one of the largest families of

Angiosperms in the world that include 375 genera and

over 5100 species worldwide. The family is highly

regarded in the medical field for its widespread use in

chemotherapy for cancer, skin diseases, diabetes, diarrhea,

and malaria. In this research, the morphology of vegetative

and reproductive organs of 7 species of this genus in order

to evaluate their final value in the definition of species

Variation between them was studied. Based on Flora

Iranica, 44 quantitative and qualitative traits of

morphology and 11 quantitative and qualitative

characteristics of micromorphology were selected. In the

end, for analyzing the data obtained from the study,

quantitative traits and Qualitative and cross-species

analysis of the taxonomic variation was performed using

computer software NTSYS (version 2.02e) with Dice

similarity coefficient and UPGMA clustering. The results

of this study showed that the similarity thresholds were

58% and dendrograms of traits Micro-morphology shows

the similarity threshold of 50% between species. The

results of this study indicate that morphological and

morphological traits are very useful for the detection of

different species of lucerne family in Iran.

Keywords: APG ΙΙΙ, Apocynaceae, Iran,

Micromorphology, Morphology

The systematics study of fig ecotypes using

morphological characters in Iran

Hamed Khodayari*

Deparment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Lorestan University, Iran * Corresponding author: khodayari.h@lu.ac.ir

The genus Ficus L. is one of the most important species of

the Moraceae family, with 830 species in the world. Taxa

belonging to this genus are shrub or tree-like and

occasionally climbing or crawling, monoecious or

dioecious, and lime-rich. The leaves are simple, evergreen,

or alternating, or rarely, full-to-large, up to lobed toes with

a variety of shapes and sizes. This genus in Iran has three

spontaneous taxa including Ficus carica L., F. johannis

Boiss, and F. carica subsp. rupestris Hausskn. It should

be. Fig can be considered as one of the functional food

groups and it is important in the field of medicine,

including the treatment of wounds and injuries and

accelerating their healing. The aim of this study was to

investigate the morphology of 26 populations of taxa

belonging to Ficus genus in Iran by Neighbour-joining

analysis using Paup software. For this purpose, 24

qualitative and quantitative morphological traits were

selected and quantitative traits were studied using

binoculars and a chessboard. In order to analyse the

quantitative and qualitative traits and to determine the

relationship between the variables, the taxonomic variation

was used by computer software NTSYS (version 2.02e)

with Dice similarity coefficient and UPGMA clustering.

According to the results of this research, the Dendrogram

consists of three main branches of morphological traits

that include five groups of populations in different regions.

The results of this study showed that taxa belonging to the

Ficus genus in Iran are highly morphologically close, and

the relationship between reproductive and gene flow is

very high.

Keywords: Berry family, Fig, Iran, Morphology,

Taxonomy

116

Investigation of encystment in Karenia sp.

(Dinoflagellate) in vitro

Gilan Attaran-Fariman*, Faezeh Dolatabadi

Department of marine biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Chabahar Maritime University, Chabahar

* Corresponding author: g.attaran@cmu.ac.ir

Dinoflagellates play a very important role in the formation

of harmful algae bloom, and many of them, during their

life cycle, can reduce their physiological activities and

enter into an encystment phase, settling in sediment,

forming a resting cyst. Benthic cyst stages are very

important in the life cycle of dinoflagellate, and the cyst

bloom in the water column can initiate a harmful algal

bloom. Dinoflagellate species belonging to the genus of

Karenia are in the ocean and coastal waters and have the

potential to cause harmful algae (HABs) in summer or

autumn. Bloom of some species in Karenia genus can

cause severe environmental and economic consequences

by producing various types of toxins. This genus includes

12 species and some of its species form a cyst during their

sexual life-cycle and settle in the sediment. Karenia brevis

is a holotype species that, by form, HABs creating

respiratory, skin disease and neuronal intoxication in

humans. The cyst could have an important role in the

Plankton bloom. In order to study the life cycle of Karenia

sp. species isolated from the Red-tide, in November 2017,

a water sample was collected with a one-liter bottle from

the Lipar zone located on the south-east coast of Iran after

the summer monsoon. The purification stages of the

species were performed in vitro and the obtained strain

was examined. The pure isolate was cultured in a fully

sterile medium under 12-L: 12-D hour at 25 ℃ in f2

culture media. Based on the morphological characteristics

of this species, the Karenia sp. was identified belonging to

the Miozoa division. The cells in an appropriate culture

medium, in vitro conditions were incubated for cyst

formation and the Petri dishes weekly were examined for

six months and the results showed that encystment did not

occur in the plankton cells, which caused planktonic

bloom in southern waters of Iran, there was no cyst

produced during life cycle of this species. This study

showed that the Karenia sp. species of Lipar in 2017 that

produced a planktonic bloom, did not have the ability to

produce resting cysts under laboratory conditions. In order

to accurately identify the harmful planktonic species of the

Red-tide, the study of the potential of cyst production and

life cycle of these cells is necessary and essential and has a

special importance in environmental studies.

Keywords: Cyst, Dinoflagellate, Karenia sp., Summer

monsoon, HABs

Cochlodinium polykrikoides cyst with potential

to form HABs isolated from sediment of

Konarak Coast (Southeast Coast of Iran)

Gilan Attaran-Fariman*, Elham Parvaz

Department Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Chabahar Maritime University, Chabahar,

* Corresponding author: gilan.attaran@gmail.com

Cochlodinium polykrikoides is a dinoflagellate with

worldwide distribution, Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) of

the phytoplankton species happen in many countries and

causes mortality in fish and affects the aquaculture

industry and also influences human health. In Iran, the first

bloom of the Cochlodinium polykrikoides species was

reported in 2008 from the southern water of Iran, causing

more than 32 tons of aquatic mortality. In recent years,

harmful algae bloom (HABs) has increased in most coastal

areas. Approximately 70% of planktonic bloom former

species belonging to the dinoflagellates. Dinoflagellates

have the ability to produce two types of resting and

temporary cysts during their life cycle. Temporary cysts

are produced in response to exposure to inappropriate

conditions such as temperature, pH, and nutrient salinity

stress. The resting cyst provides through vegetative cells as

a part of the sexual life cycle. Resting cyst can be formed

on the basis of metabolic activities, morphology

characteristics, type of microalgae, and the production of

the cyst during the sexual or vegetative stage, in different

forms with different degrees of stability versus

environmental conditions. The resting stage in sediment is

a connection between the benthic and plankton and is a

key point in the ecology of an ecosystem. Cysts are in

sediments as a seed bank and, when conditions are

suitable, they become a motile population in the water

column. In this study, sediment sample from Chabahar

Bay (winter and spring 2017) were collected using Van

Veen Grab from the Konarak area.The isolation of

Cochlodinium polykrikoides cyst was carried out in

laboratory conditions and the single cyst of the species was

cultured in f2 medium with a 12L: 12D cycles in the

phycolab. Petri Dish containing cyst was examined

regularly. After six months, the number of cysts in the

culture medium increased, but so far no excystment in the

cysts has been observed, however, the number of cysts

increased to over 50 cysts in the plate. This is confusing

because cysts are a result of sexual reproduction, and their

increase should be due to an increase in the number of

cells. It seems that this is a Special species-specific

characteristic that needs further investigation and is under

review.

Keywords: Cyst, Cochlodinium, HABs, Southeast coast,

Iran

117

Anatomical and morphological study of stem,

leaf and peduncle in some species of

Potamogeton (Potamogetonaceae) in the north

of Iran

Pouya Khalili Rasht Abadi1*, Shahryar Saeidi Mehrvarz1, Mehri

Dinarvand2 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan,

Rasht, Iran 2 Research Center of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Khuzestan province, Iran

* Corresponding author: pouya.khalili27@gmail.com

Potamogeton L. is the largest genus (Potamogetonaceae)

that nearly include 100 species of aquatic plants. 11

species of this genus are distributed in Iran. Potamogeton

species are found worldwide in many aquatic ecosystems.

However, the greatest diversity of species occurs in the

northern hemisphere, especially in North America, which

is thought to be where the genus originated. In this study, cross-sections of stems, leaf and peduncle of some genera

of Potamogeton (P. natans, P. perfoliatus P. lucens, P.

crispus) in order to separate the species from each other,

was investigated. The studied species were collected from

Gorgan, Mazandaran (Sari, Noshahr), Guilan (Anzali,

Astaneh, Sowme'eh Sara) provinces. The samples were

placed in a 1:1 ratio of alcohol / glycerin fixation for 5

days. Then they were cut with commercial cutter blades

and then stained with green methyl and red Congo. The

subepidermal bundles was only present in P. natans and

interlacunar bundles was seen in P. lucens and P. natans

that is not present in other species. Therefore, the presence

or absence of subepidermal bundles and interlacunar

bundles is a diagnostic feature in this genus. Keywords: Potamogeton, Leaf, Stem, Morphology,

Anatomy, Vascular bundles

Study of pollen morphology of some Solanum

L. (Solanaceae) species in Iran

Seysdeh Saeedeh Tamjidi Eramsadati*

Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

* Corresponding author: afrooz.tamjidi@gmail.com

Solanum L. is the largest genus of Solanaceae that

consisting of about 1400 species all over the world. The

morphology of pollen grain from 6 species of Solanum

was examined. The size, shape, polar area, polar view,

equatorial view, aperture type, colpus features, sexine

ornamentation of pollen grains were studied in detail using

light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy

(SEM). This investigation revealed spheroidal to sub-

prolate shape, the tricolporate nature and the granular

surface sculpturing, typical of Solanun pollen. The three

colpi were distinct and deeply infolded or closed. Our

study determined that the possible diagnostic value of

various micromorphological characters in the

differentiation of taxa belonging to this genus. Keywords: Solanum, Palynology, Micromorphology

118

Trichome micromorphology in Filipendula L.

(Rosaceae) from Iran and its taxonomic

significance

Masomeh Kargar1*, Marzieh Beygom Faghir1, Farideh Attar2 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran 2 Central Herbarium of Tehran University, School of Biology, University

College of Science, Tehran, Iran * Corresponding author: Fierytulips1988@yahoo.com

In the current research, trichome micromorphology of the

genus Filipendula from Iran, including seven populations

of two species (F. ulmaria and F. vulgaris) and two

subspecies (F. ulmaria subsp ulmaria and F. ulmaria

subsp. denudata) were examined using Electron Scanning

Microscopy (SEM). To do this, primarily, plant samples

were collected and identified. Then parts of healthy leaves

were selected and washed in a solution of water and

detergent. For SEM observation, the dried specimens were

mounted on aluminum stubs covered with double-sided

cellophane tape and then sputter coated with gold. The

result of leaf micromorphological analysis revealed two

types of trichome: A) straight appressed-subappressed

hairs and b) crispate - floccose or woolly trichome. Based

on the current findings leaves of the studied populations

are diverse in terms of the hair density and distribution

pattern. Straight hairs were observed in leaf adaxial

surface of F. ulmaria subsp. ulmaria; leaf margin and

midrib of F. ulmaria subsp. denudata and midrib of F.

vulgaris. While, dense crispate – floccose hairs were

present in the leaf abaxial surface of F. ulmaria subsp.

ulmaria; midrib of F. ulmaria subsp. denudata and F.

vulgaris F. Indumentum types, their density and

distribution have taxonomic value and are useful for inter

and intraspecific identification. Based on trichome

micromorphology, a key for Iranian species of the genus is

provided.

Keywords: Taxonomy, Micromorphology, Leaf,

Trichome, Filipendula, Rosaceae, Iran

Study of species diversity of ferns and

microrelief plants along altitudinal gradients

in central Hyrcanian forests

Shakiba Ebrahimi1*, Alireza Naqinezhad1, Elias Ramezani2

1 Department of Biology, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar 2 Department of Forestry, University of Urmia

* Corresponding author: shakiba.9293@yahoo.com

In this investigation, ferns and plants growing on

microrelief were studied along a different altitudinal

gradient in the forests of Noor and Nowshahr, Mazandaran

province. Up to now, no coherent study has been carried

out on biodiversity changes of microrelief and ferns along

the elevation gradients of the Hyrcanian forests. Therefore,

this study will address the main distribution sites and

species diversity of ferns and microrelief plants. In the first

year of sampling, using the map, the study area was

delimited, and the collection of plants and plots were

carried out. Re-assembling and more complete

identification of plants in the laboratory will continue with

the use of available resources in the second year. The plot

of 400 m2 size throughout the altitude gradient (200

meters) are allocated in two forest sites, Nour and

Nowshahr, up to 2000 meters high. Sampling was

conducted in the summer and autumn of 96 and spring 97.

Finally, the impact of ecological factors (climate and

canopy) on the composition of microrelief and ferns is

estimated. Species richness has been largely dependent on

climate variables, especially humidity and temperature.

Species richness generally increases with altitude. Among

the identified species growing on microrelief, the highest

number of species belonged to the Rosaceae and Violaceae

(12%) and Rubus hirtus and Viola alba were the most

frequent species. Geophytes with 31% was the most

important life form according to Raunkiaer classification.

Microrelief plants, according to phytogeographical

distribution, mainly belong to the European-Siberian

elements with 78%. Of the identified ferns, the most

species belonged to families Aspleniaceae and

Dryopteridaceae (14%), and the most important species

are Asplenium Scolopendrium and Polystichum aculeatum.

Hemicryptophytes with 70% were the most important

structure groups of the local biological spectrum according

to Raunkiaer Method. The phytogeographical distribution

of ferns is predominantly multi-zonal (PL) with 50%.

Keywords: Mazandaran, Ferns, Microrelief

119

The survey of vegetation, life form, chorology

of Naft-Chak mountain in Guilan province

Mahdieh Amirzadeh*, Shahriar Saeidi Mehrvarz, Fatemeh Bazdid

Vahdati

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan

* Corresponding author: mahdie.222222@gmail.com

The recognition of the vegetation cover of an area is the

basis of ecologic studies, also it plays an important role in

the environmental life management. The mountain of

Naft-chak is located on the northern slope of Alborz

Mountains in the east of Guilan, and the intersection of

three provinces of Guilan, Mazandaran, and Qazvin.

Elevation range varies between 1500 and 3012m a.s.l. The

aim of this research was to identify the plant species,

determination of life forms and chorology of each taxon.

For this purpose, plant specimens were collected from

different parts of this area during 2017 and 2018 and the

species identification was carried out using Flora of Iran

and Flora Iranica then kept duplicate each species in

University of Guilan herbarium (code 6242 to 6418). A

total number of 176 vascular plant species belonging to

140 genera and for this purpose, plant specimens were

collected from different parts of this area during 2017 and

2018. A total number of 176 vascular plant species

belonging to 140 genera and 56 plant families were

identified from the region. The largest plant families with

the highest number of species in the region include

Lamiaceae (17 species), Rosaceae (14 species), Asteraceae

(13 species) and Fabaceae (10 species). The main life form

area: Hemicryptophytes with 50%, Geophytes with 19 %,

Phanerophytes with 18 % and Chamaephytes with 2 %.

The largest proportion of the chorological elements belong

to Irano-Turanian floristic region which indicates that the

area is strongly influenced by Irano-Turanian floristic

element. Keywords: Chorology, Life firm, Naft-chak

The main feature of the vegetation and the

formation of mountains step in the along

slopes of Samamus in Gilan province with an

emphasis on ecological characteristics along

the mountain slopes

Sajad Lotfi*, Alireza Naqinezhad, Tahereh sadat Aghajanzadeh

Department biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mazandaran * Corresponding author: sajadlotfi@gmail.com

Vegetation is the most important factor in the sustainable

and dynamic equilibrium of natural ecosystems. The study

of vegetation is helpful in solving ecological problems

such as environmental protection and natural resource

management and environmental assessment. Based on the

results of this study, it is possible to predict the trend of

future changes in order to introduce the Landscape

Vegetation of the step of Samamoos mountain of Rudsar

in Guilan province. Referring to the reagent area and

collecting its plants, it was using various sources including

Flora Iran and Flora Iranica were accurately identified.

According to the findings of this research, it can be said

that altitude from the sea level has played a major role in

the vegetation of Mount Samamoos. In this study, the

division of the region into three belt elevations, including

2400-2600 meters (Ecotone region), 2600-3100 meters

(semi-Alpine area) and 3100-3650 (Alpine area),

Significant relationships have been observed in terms of

species richness and elevation between different altitudes.

These areas are the most important elevation slopes for

large changes in vegetation, and sociological classes in this

area change. On the other hand, these altitudinal bands are

related to the main forms of vegetation in Alborz. Since

grazing vegetation degradation, loss of biodiversity and

the prevailing annual plants and thorny cushions.

Asteraceae, as well as some of the non-palatable species of

Fabaceae, have become widespread in the developing area. Keywords: Vegetation, Step, Samamus mountain

120

Survey of floristic, life form, chorology of

samamos montane plant of Rudsar (Gilan)

with emphasis on ecological characteristic

along the mountain slopes

Sajad Lotfi*, Alireza Naqinezha, Tahereh sadat Aghajanzadeh

Department Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mazandaran * Corresponding author: sajadlotfi@gmail.com

The flora of the region is the result of the biological

community's response to the present environmental

conditions and to the evolution of plants in the past and its

geographic location in times. The identification of

vegetation and the study of the biology and geography of

the region, while being the basis of ecological studies and

research in the region and appropriate way to determine

the ecological capacity of the region in different aspects.

Ssmamus mountainous region located in the Alborz

Mountains and the mountain is the highest mountain in

Gilan province. Its height is 3703 meters during the

growing season from 1396 to 1397, plant species were

collected in the region and identified by sources, plant

species list of the region. The life form of the species was

determined according to Raunkiaer classification, which

consists of cryptophytes with 47% of the dominant

biodiversity of the region and this mountain is located on

the border with Mazandaran province. In order to

determine the floristic characteristics, life form, chorology

of plants in Alpine and semi-Alpine regions were sampled

was random. The total number of vascular plant collected

from 164 vascular plants belonging to 42 families in the

vegetative season of 1396. During the investigation the

largest family of Poaceae and Asteraceae, respectively,

with 12 and 10 species followed by Chamaephytes 21%

and 19% Geophytes area of life forms are important. The

survey also found that most elements chorology 47%

belong to the Irano-Turanian region.

Keywords: Vegetation, Flora, Samamus

Investigation of the physiognomic and

ecological characteristics of the main

vegetation in the mountainous grassland in

western Gilan

Sharyan Ghasemi Asli1*, Ali Reza Naghnezhad1, Tahereh Sadat

Aghajanzadeh1, Jürgen Dengler2 1 Department Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mazandaran,

Iran 2 Department of Biology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Switzerland

* Corresponding author: sharyanghasemi@gmail.com

In Iran, less considered to environmental protection as a valuable

natural source in the country due to the lack of comprehensive

information on the present plant vegetation, especially mountain

grassland, which have a high percentage of biodiversity. The

existence of exclusive plant species and vegetation is a driving

force for increasing the survival of the environment and living

organisms, especially; the human. The present study was carried

out to identify and investigate the physiognomic and ecological

similarities between plant communities in the Masooleh

rangeland and the identification of vegetation strips in the middle

and the Alpine belt of this region. The present study was carried

out to identify and investigate the physiognomic and ecological

similarities between plant communities and identification of

vegetation strips in the middle and the Alpine belt of the

grasslands of Shah-Moalem mountain from Masooleh in Gilan

province. Shah-Moalem mountainous area is located southwest

of Masouleh city in Gilan province and is one of the highest

peaks of the province (3058 meters above sea level), located on

the common border between the three provinces of Gilan,

Zanjan, and Ardebil. Data collection accomplished during 1396

and 1397. To better interpret and understand the distribution

pattern of plants, the study of dominant vegetation coverages in

the region by Scrolling in the field the analysis of the data

extracted from the vegetation communities of the region caused

the segregation of the mentioned communities Vegetation strips

of the region were distinguished among communities based on

physiognomic and ecological standard. Analysis of the effects of

ecological factors in the environmental study showed that with

increasing altitude, shrubs were converted into annual and

perennial grasses. In this study, vegetation was divided into three

belts. The first belt with ecotonic state and dominance of shrub

species and high grass, the second belt and thorny cushion

species and third belt that includes alpine plants and subalpine

Which in terms of dominant species, has a completely different

combination. Diagnostic species of this large group consists of

several Persian Turanian elements, with a large distribution in the

Alpine section and the mountain range. The most important

feature of this region formation, the presence of Poaceae and tall

plants with species of umbelliferous that growth with thorny

cushion. Species such as koeleria cristata, Prangos uloptera,

Bromus tomentellous and Melica persica play an important role

in the physiognomy of this region. Long-term grazing can be the

main causes for the dominance of thorny cushion species such as

Astragalus, Acantholimon, Cousinia, Onobrychis cornuta.

Keywords: Physiognomy, Mountain steppes, Vegetation, Shah-

Moalem

121

Survey of floristic, life form, chorology, and

distribution of plants in Shah Moalem

Sharyan Ghasemi Asli1*, Ali Reza Naghnezhad1, Tahereh Sadat

Aghajanzadeh1, Jürgen Dengler2 1 Department Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mazandaran,

Iran 2 Department of Biology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Switzerland

* Corresponding author: sharyanghasemi@gmail.com

Our knowledge about ecosystem has increased dramatically

in recent decades, but our ability to control it has not been

consistent with the pace of change. The general objectives of

this scientific research, Grassland evaluation, and

identification of variations in vegetation and the factors

affecting them for planning and implementing the proper

management of exploitation as well as documenting and

describing the vegetation units of the mountainous region of

Shah-Moalem in Gilan province. Mountain Shah Moalem is

located in the mountain range of western Alborz and is one of

the highest peaks of Guilan province whereas that is a hotspot

of high biodiversity region in Alborz with a lot of endemic

element. Studies like this make the importance of protecting

natural habitats, biodiversity, and water and soil for these

vulnerable areas more considerable. The Shah Moalem

Mountain region is located in the geographical range from 37˚

11 north and 48˚ 54 minutes east. The study was conducted

during several transects in order to determine the floristic,

biological and chorological features of Alpine and Semi-

Alpine regions. Based on this, at first, using different

available resources, different areas of Shah Moalem area were

determined and then, in the selected areas, a field experiment

was conducted during three elevation transects. During the

growing season from 1396 to 1397, plant species were

collected in the region and identified by sources, plant species

list of the region was conducted. After analyzing the results of

this study, the total number of plant specimens was

determined about 178 species of vascular plants belonging to

47 families. During the investigation the largest families are

Poaceae and Asteraceae and also the largest genera are

Astragalus and Poa which constitute the dominant vegetation.

Life form of the species was determined according to Rankier

classification. Hemicryptophytes with 47% was the most

dominant form and chameophytes and geophytes with 21%

and 19% were considered the most important life forms of

this region, respectively. The chorology of the region was

determined that most of the elements belong to the Irano-

Turanian zone with 47%. The comparison of the floristic

features and the appearance of the vegetation in the

mentioned area with the other regions provides an opportunity

to elaborate and monitor the patterns, mechanisms and

generalizations of the distinction between the intrinsic

regional features.

Keywords: Shah-Moalem, Floristic, Vegetation, Chorology,

Life form

Cladistics analysis of the genera Fragaria and

Duchesnea (Rosaceae) based on the

morphological characters in Iran

Shima Pourebrahim*, Marzieh Beygom Faghir

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan * Corresponding author: Shima.pourebrahim@yahoo.com

The current study deals with the morphological cladistic

analysis of the genera Fragaria (including two species: F.

viridis and F. vesca) and Duchesnea (including D. indica)

(Rosaceae). Primarily, the plant materials were collected)

both from natural habitats and dried herbarium specimens)

and identified. Then, their morphological characters were

carefully examined and their photographs were taken using

a digital microscope. To determine the circumscription of

the two genera and their species, 28 taxon and 2 out-

groups were evaluated. Data analysis was carried out

through the heuristic search embedded in the PAUP

software. Based on the result, 9 informative

morphological characters (including leaf shape, ratio of the

length of flowering stem to length of basal leaf, calyx

number of teeth and shape during fruiting; petals color,

number of flower in each inflorescence, another shape,

style position, hairy or glabrous carpels), were involved in

the phylogenetic analysis using Maximum Parsimony

(MP)method. The result led to monophyly of the two

genera Fragaria (having single theca anther and lateral

style, from subtribe Fragariinae) and Duchesnea (with two

theca anther and subterminal style, from Potentillinae). In

addition, F. vesca and F. viridis formed two monophyletic

groups. However, the intraspecific relationship of the two

genera remained unresolved. The present cladistics

analysis supports the classification of the two genera in

two distinct subtribes.

Keywords: Cladistics analysis, Fragaria, Duchesnea,

Morphological characters

122

The study of peroxidase isoenzymes banding

patterns in populations of Forsstroemia

remotifolia moss in Golestan and Mazandaran

provinces of Iran

Seyedeh Sepideh Seyed Mousavi1, Arman Mahmoudi Otaghvari1*,

Tahereh A. Aghajanzadeh1, Habib Zare2

1 Department Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of

Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran 2 Nowshahr Botanical Garden, Mazandaran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Sari, Iran.

* Corresponding author: Botany1347@gmail.com

Mosses are from the first terrestrial plants that lack the true

organs of stem, root and leave, although they have similar

structures to them. The Mosses are non-vascular plants and

they transmit water through cells and cellular osmosis.

Forsstroemia remotifolia, a plant recently identified for

the flora of Iran and is named with a new combination.

This moss has a primary stem with erect or up to 25 cm

long and hanging secondary shoots, Stem in transverse

section round or elliptic, without a central strand, cortex

including epidermis of 2–4 layers of small and incrassate

cells. Rhizoids inserted at or just below leaf insertion. This

monopoly has a high sensitivity to forest degradation and

the loss of natural conditions and the canopy of forest

trees, and therefore, they are rapidly extinct in habitats.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the genetic

diversity of F. remotifolia moss populations using

isoenzyme biochemical markers (peroxidase). So,

sampling from Golestan province (Aliabad Katoul and

Kordkuy) and Mazandaran province (Hezarjarib and

Dodangeh) was done in 2017 autumn. The results indicate

that the patterns of isoenzyme bands are different among

all studied populations and also the bands belonging to the

Dodengeh population have polymorphism to other

populations.

Keywords: Isoenzyme, Peroxidase, Polymorphism, Moss

Forsstroemia remotifolia

A floristic study of the Shah Moallem region,

Masuleh, Guilan province

Sara Simrokh*, Shahryar Saeidi Mehrvarz, Maryam Ashouri

Department Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan * Corresponding author: sa_simrokh@yahoo.com

Masuleh in the westernmost part of Guilan province with

48° 59 ˊ longitude and 37° 9ˊ latitude is located at south-

west of Rasht and from 35 km to the west of Fouman city.

This study has been conducted to the identification of Shah

Moallem region plants and present information about their

geographical distribution and life forms. The elevation

range varies from 1100 to 3058 m above sea level. The

final results of the studies on floras during 2017 and 2018

showed 150 plant species which belonged to 75 genera and

59 families. The largest plant families, in terms of number

of species, was Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, and Poaceae with

21, 16 and 14 species, respectively. Most of the plant

species studied in this region belonged to Euro-

Siberian/Irano-Turanian elements. Hemicryptophytes with

40.8% were a dominant life form that indicated the area

had a mountain climate.

Keywords: Life form, North of Iran, Flora

123

Floristic Study of the Hyrcanian submountain

forests (case study: Kah-kuh forest)

Reyhane Barari*, Shahriar Saeidi Mehrvarz, Fatemeh Bazdidvahdati

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan * Corresponding author: reyhan.rb.1990@gmail.com

Kah-Kuh forest, a preserved area within Hyrcanian relict

forests, with an area of 900 ha is located in the north of

Iran. This area, located in 10 kilometers southeastern of

Lahidjan and between 300-1100 m.a.s.l. The floristic-

physiognomic investigation which was performed by field-

walk procedure (2017-2018) showed that flora of this

region included 110 plant species which belong to 75

genera and 30 families. The largest plant families, in terms

of number of species, were Poaceae, Rosaceae, and

Asteraceae. The genera with the highest species richness

are Carex (4 taxa), Geranium and Viola (every 3 taxa).

Geophytes (46 taxa, 46.46 %), Phanerophyte (21 taxa,

21.21 %) and Hemicryptophytes (17 taxa, 17.17 %) were

the most important structure groups of the local biological

spectrum according to Raunkaiaer method. The high

proportion of geophytes in the studied area primarily

reflects the long period of wetness during the growing

season and relatively high annual precipitation.

Keywords: Hyrcanian forest, Floristics, Kah-Kuh

Morphological study of allergenic pollen

grains in some of the weeds, crop and garden

plants in Kermanshah region

Nashmie Fathi1*, Sayed Mohamad Masoumi2, Laila Hajmoradi3, Zahra

Baghaiifar1 1 Department Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hamadan Payam

nor

2Department Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Razi 3Department Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Ghazvin Payam

nor

* Corresponding author: nashmie _1354@yahoo.com

The identification of airborne floating pollen, which is

displaced by wind or rain, is the subject of the science of

Aeropalynology. In this study with the Durham،s method,

more than 20 atmospheric pollens, as well as 30 allergenic

pollens, were collected from nature and herbarium

specimens. For light microscope studies, pollen grains

were examined from the polar and equatorial view using

the acetolysis method' of Erdtman. Also, eight major

samples of allergenic pollen were studied using scanning

electron microscopy (SEM). Pollination of studies plants

begin from the first week of February, and the maximum

concentration of pollens in atmosphere registered between

the end of March and the first two weeks of April and the

lowest observed during autumn. Pollens were present until

the last week of December. The vegetation surrounding the

sampling point includes ornamental, non-ornamental trees,

shrubs, and herbaceous species. The main pollen types

were (Aceraceae, Amaranthaceae, Anacardiaceae,

Chenopodiaceae, Compositae, Cupressaceae,

Euphorbiaceae, Fagaceae, Gramineae, Moraceae,

Oleaceae, Pinaceae, Polygonaceae, Rosaceae, Salicaceae,

Ulmaceae). In this study, exine ornamentation of pollen

grains was reticulate, granular, echinate, striate, regulate

and tuberculate. Hence, human handicrafts in the nature

and extent of farms and gardens have caused many weeds

in the province of Kermanshah to be found that pollen

produced from them is important for allergenicity.

Keywords: Allergy, Acetolysis method' of Erdtman,

Durham،s method, Aeropalynology

124

Pollen morphology of some genus of

Amaryllidaceae

Tahereh Moradi*, Mohammad Masoumi, Khosrow Chehri

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University * Corresponding author: ariusman.j@gmail.com

The amaryllidaceae is one of the monocotyledon family

including approximately 90 genus and 1500 species

distributed in spaciously found in most areas of the globe,

especially hot areas. Pollen grains of studied species

collected from different parts of the world. Pollen grains

were investigated by light Microscopy, (14) species,

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) (6 sp.) and

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) (6 sp.). Pollen

grains were very large, large, medium size, oblate-

spheroid and oblate form. The exine surface in

Hymenocallis speciosa (L.f. ex Salisb.) Salisb. was

macroreticulate and another species were reticulate,

striate-foveate and psilate. The outline is as the oblate-

spheroidal form in polar view and as an elliptical form in

equatorial view, and also sulcus reaches the ends of the

grains. In addition, these species differ from each other by

the surface of membrane sulcus and sulcus margin, by

structure and width of muri, size of the lamina, for

example, the minimal diameter of lumina of pollen grains

in Allium iranicum (Wendelbo) Wendelbo) is 0/08 µm and

maximal H. speciosa is 27/69 µm. With the help of TEM it

was revealed, that these species differ from each other by

thickness of ectexine (thickness of tectum, foot -layer,

height and width of columns), by different layers of intine

(many microchannels), by the of presence endexine, by

shape and diameter of caput, by microrelief of sculptural

elements. Therefore, the palynological data provide

evidence for the different character of the studied species.

Keywords: Exine, Outline, Pollen grain, SEM, TEM

Study and identification of pathogenic fungi

on the bulb in some species of Allium spp. in

Kermanshah province

Tahereh Moradi*, Mohammad Masoumi, Khosrow Chehri

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University * Corresponding author: ariusman.j@gmail.com

Amaryllidaceae family is one of the most important

monocotyledon that is used for edible and medicinal plants

and animals and humans. Amaryllidaceae s can be exposed

to plant pathogenic factors, including fungi, due to the

presence of underground parts of rhizome, thymus and

gland. The most important species of this genus are Allium

which has a variety of onion species, garlic and wild

gooseberries, which are scattered in rangelands. In this

study, the subsurface (Bulb) of some wild onion (Allium

spp.) that Suspicious bulb on fungal infusion were selected

and firstly, in potato-dextrose agar (PDA) culture medium,

to determine the growth rate, growth pattern and color

determination of the colony mushroom and then from

aqueous agar medium (WA) for purification of fungi

(single sporulation and single strain). Valid identification

key was used to identify the species. The results showed

that two species of Fusarium (Fusarium solani (Mart.)

Sacc., Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht.) Caused these

contaminations. So, Fusarium, in addition to root and

crown rot, is responsible for the production of mycotoxins,

causing a variety of harmful diseases for animals, and

ultimately contributing to the human diet. Keywords: Allium, Bulb, Fusarium, Rangeland, Toxin

125

Morphological investigation of pollen

consumed by honeybee, collected from

Kermanshah province of Iran

Nasrin Kazemi1, Seyed Mohamad Maassoumi2*, Zahra Baghaifar1,

Fatemeh Hadjmoradi3 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Payame Noor University,

Hamadan 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah 3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Payame Noor University,

Ghazvin * Corresponding author: maassoumi@gmail.com

Melissopalynology is an applied discipline in palynology

science and referred to as the best method in recognizing

the kind of honey and its pollen content. Identification of

flower pollens will help us to research on honeybee, honey

quality, the host preference of honeybees, providing the air

pollen calendar, and to the identification of allergen

pollens. For this purpose, flower pollens were collected

based on pollen trapping, direct collection of pollen from

Hives and collecting pollen from flowers in Kermanshah

province including Kermanshah, Sarpole zahab, Sonqur,

Sahneh, Dalaho and Pave county during winter to summer

2018. The samples were acetolyzed and microscopic

specimens were prepared. Then, the morphological

features of pollens were assessed by light microscope. The

total 30 pollen were characterized, ranging from 19-114

µm in diameter. The highest number and diversity of

pollens were records during April and May. The most of

pollens were belong to Apiaceae and Fabaceae families

(different species of Astragalus) which mostly collected

from cold regions of Kermanshah province. In warm

regions, especially in the beginning of plant growing

season, plants from Rosaceae and Brassicaceae were

preferred by honeybees. In the summer season, sunflower

in the Songor region was the main crop for providing

pollen for honeybees. Based on these results, we can

propose the best places to beekeepers to move their bee

colonies for getting appropriate yield.

Keywords: Honey, Melissopalynology, Palynology,

Kermanshah

Pollen morphology of some genus in Iridaceae

Juss

Negar Tahmasebi Khosrw Chehri, Seyed Mohammad Masoumi

Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Razi University * Corresponding author: negar.tahmasbi71t@ gmail.com

The Iridaceae family of includes 92 genus and 1800

species distributed in the various regions of the planet,

especially in South Africa and the American Tropical

territories. Pollen grains of studied species were

investigated by light microscopy (14 sp.), scanning

electron microscopy (SEM) (7 sp.) and transmission

electron microscopy (TEM) (5 sp.). The outline for all of

the pollen grain studied in polar view and equatorial view.

Our results showed that Pollen grains were very large

(only Iris hymenospatha B. Mathew & Wendelbo), large

(10 sp.), medium size (3 sp.), spheroidal, oblate-

spheroidal and oblate form, macroreticular, reticular,

echinate-micro foveolate and microechinate-foveate. In

addition, these species differ from each other by the

surface of membrane sulcus, by structure and width of

muri, size of lumina. Our research results using the TEM

that these species from each other by the thickness of

ectexine (thickness of tectum and foot-layer, height, and

width of columns), by different layers of intine, by

presence or absence of endexine, by shape and diameter in

caput of columns. The maximal thickness of tectum in Iris

reticulate M. Bieb. 0/66 – 1/33µm and minimal in Crocus

pallasii Goldb. 0/4 – 0/57. The shape of caput (head of

columns) in wall pollen grains in most of the studied

species were fungi form. The microrelief for all of the

species it is smooth. Thus, our micromorphological

investigated has shown the big variety of a pollen grains

structure in different genus and species of Iridaceae

family.

Keywords: Exine, Iridaceae, Pollen grain, SEM, TEM

126

Study of pathogenic fungi associated with

Iridaceae family in western Iran

Negar Tahmasebi*, Seyed Mohammad Masoumi, Khosro Chehri Department biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Razi University * Corresponding author: negar.tahmasbi71t@ gmail.com

In plants family, Iridaceae have important species, some

of which are widely used. Also, many of them are

dispersed in various rangelands of Iran, which can be used

for animals and eventually humans. These plants have a

swollen underground substrate that is attacked by many

fungal, viral and bacterial diseases. Therefore, their

identification in Iran and especially in western Iran due to

its rich vegetation is very important. In this study, the

Underground part of infected plants was collected from

different regions of western Iran and cultured on a water-

agar culture medium (WA) in the laboratory after 24 -48

hours of germinated sporulated fungi on the culture

medium (potato-dextrose agar) PDA and sporadic

sporulation steps. Using the identification key, fungal

species were identified including Fusarium solani (Mart.)

Sac., Rhizoctonia sp. For classification, fungus F. Solani is

in the Division of defective fungi, the Class of

Deutromycetes, in Order Tuberculariales, and in the

Tuberculariaceae Family and Rhizoctonia sp is located in

the Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes, Cantharellales,

Ceratobasidiaceae family. These fungi contain a wide

range of toxins such as fumonisins, foraminifera, and

fusaric that threaten the health of human and animals. So

that it weakens the immune system of animals used by

these plants and ultimately leads to the human diet and

causes liver cancer and pulmonary disease in animals and

humans.

Keywords: Fusarium, Iridaceae, Rhizoctonia, Toxin

Introducing Neowestiellopsis gen. nov, a new

genus of true branched cyanobacteria with

the description of Neowestiellopsis persica nov.

and Neowestiellopsis bilateralis nov., isolated

from paddy field of Iran

Sara Kabirnataj1, Ghorban A. Nematzadeh1, Ahmad Farhad Talebi2*,

Meisam Tabatabaei3, Prashant Singh4, 5

1 Genetic and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan

(GABIT), Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University,

Sari, Iran 2 Department of Genetics, Faculty of Microbial Biotechnology, Semnan

University, Semnan, Iran 3 Microbial Biotechnology Department, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII(, Karaj, Iran 4 Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University,

Varanasi, India 5 National Centre for Microbial Resource (NCMR), Pune, India

* Corresponding author: aftalebi@semnan.ac.ir

The true branched cyanobacteria exhibit multiple shapes,

multiple patterns of branching along with displaying

interesting types of cells which makes the identification of

these forms, interesting but very complex. In this study

two strains of true branched heterocystous cyanobacteria,

SA33 and SA16, isolated from dried paddy fields of

Mazandaran, Iran, were studied using morphological,

ecological, and molecular tools. Morphological

characterization of the strains indicated them to be

commonly showing profuse T-type branching, large

irregularly shaped cells of the main filament. Strain SA33

showed the development of interesting biseriate filaments

with unilateral branching, while strain SA16 showed

uniseriate filaments with bilateral branching. Full-length

sequencing of the 16S–23S ITS region and folding of the

secondary structures gave interesting secondary structures

and comparison with the closely related sequences clearly

indicated the secondary structures of both the strains to be

unique. All the results indicated the strains to be members

of a morphologically cryptic but phylogenetically distinct

unknown genus of cyanobacteria. Comprehensive

evaluation of all the findings and comparative assessment

of previous studies indicate that SA33 and SA16 are

indeed two new species of a new genus of true branched

cyanobacteria. In accordance with the International Code

of Nomenclature, we propose the name of the new genus

as Neowestiellopsis with the names of the species being

Neowestiellopsis persica and Neowestiellopsis bilateralis. Keywords: 16SrRNA, Cyanobacteria, Neowestiellopsis,

True branching cyanobacteria

127

Evaluation of genome size of some of Hedera

L. taxa (Araliaceae), Emphasizing on Hedera

crebrescens species

Fahimeh Fallah1*, Farrokh Ghahramaninejad1, Maria Hohn2, Marta

Bényei-Himmer2

1, Department Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University

of Kharazmi, Tehran, Iran 2 Department Botany, Faculty of Horticultural Sciences, University of Szent István, Budapest, Hungary

* Corresponding author: f.falah1221@gmail.com

Genome size is a helpful tool to circumscribe taxa at

diverse taxonomic ranks (mainly species) and resolve

intricate low-level taxonomies. The correct genome size in

Hedera (Araliaceae) has long been debated still unclear.

The present study related to this issue and determination of

H. crebrescens ploidy level that recently has been

identified by M. Bényei-Himmer et M. Höhn. 13

accessions of Hedera measured with flow cytometry

(FCM). Fresh leaves of the Hedera samples and

(Petroselinum crispum) as a standard reference stained

with Propidium Iodide (PI). Flow cytometry measurements

showed that the accessions 2CV (3.09 - 6.40 pg). Among 9

diploids examined, the lowest amount of nuclear DNA was

3.09 pg for H. crebrescens while its highest amount of

nuclear DNA was 3.22 pg for H. helix which is a

statistically insignificant difference. However, among 4

tetraploids a significant difference of 0.64 pg in 2CV

recognized for H. hibernica “Variegata” (5.76 pg) and

6.40 pg for H. hibernica “Hamilton”. According to this

study, new taxa H. crebrescens would be diploid,

previously these taxa considered to be H. hibernica. Ploidy

levels checked by counting the chromosome number. The

results of this study confirm the separation of this new

species from H. helix and H. hibernica species. Keywords: Propidium Iodide (PI), Ploidy level, Flow

cytometry, nuclear DNA, 2CV

Cladogram comparison versus data

combinality: A Comparative analysis of eight

chloroplast genes, application to the

phylogeny of the marine clade

(Hydrocharitaceae)

Mahsa Abdi1*, Saeed Afsharzadeh1, Donald H Les2 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan 2 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of

Connecticut, Connecticut, USA

* Corresponding author: m.abdi@sci.ui.ac.ir

We conducted separate parsimony analysis of eight

chloroplast genes (atpA, atpB, atpE, psaB, psaI, cemA,

rbcL, rps15) incorporating 16 genera in the aquatic plant

family Hydrocharitaceae. Cladogram comparison in the

assessment of phylogeny and branching patterns within the

monophyletic group of seagrasses which comprises three

genera (Enhalus, Thalassia, Halophila), depicted three

various, distinct, well-resolved topologies in addition to a

fully unresolved polytomy with regard to atpE gene. In

order to elucidate causal events of gene tree discordance,

we performed a range of additional analyses in a combined

fashion, pooling the data in a step by step procedure

approach. The result yielded in a fully-resolved and well-

supported total evidence tree. Conflicting signals and

contributions of different characters were assessed through

the distribution of synapomorphies among data sets for the

node. While consensus trees by no means should be used

to infer about diverging patterns and underlying

evolutionary passways, merging different partitions not

only does not hinder the phylogenetic inference but also

helps the cryptic information to be uncovered in the total

evidence tree, Nevertheless, separate analysis of

individual data sets, though precluded resolving a robust

phylogeny for the clade, simultaneous analysis of both

approaches in a comparative study showed to provide

important clues of diverse evolutionary processes in the

chloroplast genome and thus gives us real insight in to

sampling characters and assessing the consistency and

effectiveness of different subsets of the data when

conducting a phylogenetic analysis.

Keywords: Seagrasses, Gene tree discordance,

Phylogenetic inference, Total evidence, Evolutionary

processes

128

Effect of Climate Change Modeling of Habitat

Distribution for Solanaceae Crop Wild

Relative species, using Ecological indicators

and Satellite data with protection priority

Sadaf Sayadi1, Ahmadreza Mehrabian1*, Hossein Mostafavi2 1Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, GC, Tehran,

Iran 2Research Institute of Environmental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, GC, Tehran, Iran

* Corresponding author: a_mehrabian@sbu.ac.ir

Since the phenomenon of climate change is the greatest

environmental challenge to the current conditions of the

biosphere, determining the desirability of potential and

potential habitats is one of the important pillars of

management and protection of plant species against

environmental threats. Now, with the advancement of

statistics science and geographic information system,

determining the potential habitat of plant species is

possible using geographic distribution modeling methods

of plant species. Due to the presence in the dry belt of the

planet and the impact of the climate change, the habitats of

Iran have been severely threatened. In the meantime,

priority species are susceptible to conservation

management programs. Due to the fact that studies on the

desirability of habitat and the negative impacts of climate

change on wild relatives of crop species in Iran have not

been done so far, this study aimed to model and prepare a

map of the potential habitat of potato family species with

species of ornamental values, Medicine and food in Iran.

In this study, using ecological factors analysis, it was

modeled. So that species data was first spotted and ArcGIS

software was designed with topographic and climatic

maps. Also, one of the most important approaches

developed in recent decades to protect biodiversity is the

use of modeling methods, especially model species

distribution (SDM), which in this study, using BIOMOD2

bundle (biodiversity modeling) in the statistical software R

was modeled with 9 methods, and finally Ensemble

method was used to reduce uncertainty. Then the

performance of the models was evaluated by the TSS

index. The results showed that the performance of all

models based on the TSS index was excellent and the

modeling of the distribution of the species was done with

high statistical reliability. It should be noted that the

effects of climate change in various optimistic and

pessimistic scenarios have been investigated in different

time series. The results show that climate change has a

significant impact on the distribution of the species

studied, and in the future we need to plan to protect them.

Keywords: Modelling, Solanaceae, Potential habitat, Red

list of species, Conservation management

Taxonomy of the genus Schistophyllidium (Juz. ex. Fed.) Ikonn. (Rosaceae) from Iran

Bentolhoda Davoodi*, Marzieh Beygom Faghir

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

* Corresponding author: davoodi.bh@gmail.com

The genus Schistophyllidium is classified under subfamily

Rosoideae and tribe Potentillinae. It has 3 species and 2

subspecies in the world and one representative: S.

bifurcum (L.) Ikonn. (Syn.: Potentilla bifurca L.) in Iran,

distributed in the North (Guilan province), Northwest

(Ardabil province) and Western regions (Azerbaijan,

Kurdistan and Hamedan provinces). In this research,

morphological characters of 22 populations of this species

were examined using digital microscopy. Then, their

important diagnostic characters were identified and

compared with that of allied genera, such as Potentilla and

Argentina. Based on the current result, another structure,

number of theca and style position (for subtribe

delimitation); leaf types, number of blade lobe, number of

leaflets of cauline leave (for generic isolation); petiole, leaf

and stem hair types plus achene sculpturing pattern (for

species identification) are important diagnostic evidences

that can be used for separating different taxonomic ranks.

The result showed morphological diversity especially plant

height and terminal and lateral leaflets characters) between

the studied populations.

Keywords: Schistophyllidium, Taxonomy, Morphology,

Rosaceae, Iran

129

Morphometrical study of Plagiomnium genus

(Moss) in Guilan province of Iran

Zahra Karimi1, Arman Mahmoudi Otaghvari1*, Habib Zare2, Piruz Azizi3

1 Department Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran

2 Nowshahr Botanical Garden, Agriculture and Natural Resources

Research Center of Mazandaran Province, Iran

3 Department Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University

of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

* Corresponding author: botany1347@gmail.com

Mosses are very small plants, without the flower and

vascular system. Mniaceae members are mosses that

include about 10 genera and 70 species. These plants live

predominantly on soils, rocks, and in wet and shady

habitats. Plagiomnium genus is one of the genera of

Mniaceae family, which has 27 species. According to

Akhani & Kurschner checklist, P. affine, P.cuspidatum,

P.elatum, P.elipticum, P.rostratum, and P.undulatum are

found in Guilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces.

Morphometry method provides some evidence for

phylogenetic analysis in order to reach better evaluation of

evolution. The main purpose of this study is to identify the

varieties, populations, and species of Plagiomnium in the

north of Iran, as well as providing a new key for better,

more correct and effective identification. In this research,

populations and different species of this genus in Guilan

province will be studied and also will compare in

morphometry .After accurate sampling from different

areas of Guilan province, desirable traits as indicators will

select and will be determined. Then, statistical analysis for

all obtained data will performed by using SPSS software.

Keywords: Moss, Plagiomnium Genus, Morphometry,

Guilan

The study of the presence and absence of

Almond (Amygdalus scoparia Spach.) in

relation to topographic factors in protected

area Malé Galle, Fars province of Iran

Leila Moradipour1*, Hassan Pour Babaei1, Ahmad Hatami2 1 Department forestry, Faculty of Natural resources, University of Guilan 2 Research Center of Agricultural and Natural Resources of Shiraz

* Corresponding author: moradiporleila@gmail.com

Habitat needs of woody species in terms of distribution is

necessary for natural resources management

(Modification, Development, Regeneration, conservation,

and protection of forests). Data were collected from 96

sample plot using the systematic-random method. The size

of the sampling plot was 20 m× 50 m for the tree and

layers. In each plot, topographical factors (elevation, slope,

aspect) and percent cover of herbaceous and the crown

cover of tree species were recorded. Multivariate analysis

methods were used to classify and determine the

relationship between species composition and

environmental factors. The result of the TWINSPAN

analysis showed that eight ecological groups were

recognized. Amygdalus scoparia and eight herbaceous are

indicators of the first group. The ordination results

(HRDA) indicated that the topography factors had an

influence on the establishment of Amygdalus scoparia

species were a slope, elevation, aspect, respectively. In this

study, the best range for growth of Amygdalus scoparia

species, NorthEast, elevation 1050-1250 meter and slope

of 0-60 percent were identified. So, Topographical factors

were one of the limiting factors of the growth, presence,

and absence of Amygdalus scoparia species.

Keywords: Topography, HRDA, TWINSPAN,

Amygdalus scoparia, Zagros forests

130

Introduction of the most important plant

species and their morphological changes in

order to adapt to the dry and desert

conditions of Sistan

Mansoor Sarani1*, Abbasali Nourisadegh2 1 Plant Protection Research Department, Sistan Agricultural and Natural Resource Research Center, Zabol, Iran 2 Faculity of Natural Resource, University of Tehran, Karaj. Iran.

* Corresponding author: Mansoor_sarani@yahoo.com

Sistan region is one of the driest regions of the world.

Factors such as low rainfall, high evaporation, 120-day

monsoon winds, low altitude, saline soils and multi-year

drought resulted in more land degradation and loss of

natural vegetation in the region. This study was carried out

to investigate vegetation resistant to severe and drought

conditions with the aim of identifying and maintaining

consistent species in the rangelands and deserts of Sistan

region. In order to carry out this research, in different

seasons of the year, different regions (deserts and

rangelands) of the region were visited and action was

taken to the collection of complete samples of any species.

With the study, the growth habits in them were identified

the traits that make them resistant to hard conditions.

Plants that are found in desert regions are consistent with

the drought and tough conditions in the region and was

deformed so that there are many differences in the

appearance of plants with optimum conditions. These

plants are adapted to characteristics such as having

tolerance to drought and avoidance of dry conditions in the

region. The results of this research showed that these

plants have traits such as trichome (Grantia

aucheri),change leaf-to-thistle (Alhagi camelorum), low

leaves and their early fall (Pycnocycla spinosa), leaf with

thick cuticle (Zygophyllum atriplicoides),change leaf to

squama (Tamarix aphylla), root for absorbing moisture

(Caparis spinosa), dusty leaf (Atriplex halimus), and save

tissues (Cistanch salsa) tolerate drought, and others with

shortened life spans (Stipagrostis plumosa) escape from

adverse environmental conditions.

Keywords: Cover vegetation, Drought, Plant species,

Desert

Morphological and palynological study of

Juniperus excelsa and Juniperus polycarpos in

Golestan Province of Iran

Taj Mohammad Omarata1*, Abolfazl Daneshvar1, Ali Sattarian1, Elham

Amini2 1 Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Gonbade Kavous University 2 Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University

* Corresponding author: omarata464@gmail.com

Pollen grain of Juniperus excelsa and J. polycarpos were

collected from Chahar Bagh stand, Golestan province and

examined by Light and Scanning Electron Microscope. In

the present study, 11 characters of pollens were selected

and measured. The results showed that all pollen grains

were Monad, Ulcurate, Asymmetric, and small in size. In

terms of the shape, both species were prolate-spheroidal

with granulate ornamentation. The feature of pollen in

Light Microscope is circulated with a smooth surface,

however, pollen grains in Scanning electron microscope is

irregular. In general, the results showed that pollen grains

characters are not a valuable indicator for separating of

species in this genus.

Keywords: Morphology, Polar axis, Exine, Scanning

electron microscope, Juniperus

131

Identification and separation of two species of

juniper in Golestan province by using

quantitative traits of cone and seed

Taj Mohammad Omarata 1, Abolfazl Daneshvar1*, Ali Sattarian1, Elham

Amini2

1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Gonbad

Kavous 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tehran * Corresponding author: Abolfazl.Daneshvar@gmail.com

Among the Six native species of Juniperus genus in Iran,

J. polycarpos and J. excelsa have highest frequent and

geographical distribution on the highlands of the country

and play a crucial role in the natural ecosystem of the

presented area. Due to the similar appearance of

mentioned species, it's difficult to identify them in nature.

In this study, quantitative traits indicators of cone and seed

with the aim of identification and separation of two species

of Juniper were evaluated. For this purpose, ten mother

trees were selected separately and from each tree, 1000

cones of fruit were collected and quantitative traits of

cones and seeds were measured. The analysis of cone traits

showed that the two species had a significant difference in

weight, length, and width of the cone so that all of these

indicators in J. polycarpos are higher than J. excelsa.

While analysis on quantitative characteristics of seeds

including length, width and weight did not show any

significant differences, the seed vigor index indicators

showed that J. polycarpos produces a significantly higher

vigorous seed than J. excelsa. In general, the length, width,

and weight of cones can be used as a proper index for

differentiation and identification of J. polycarpos and J. J.

excelsa species and the same indices of seeds are not

suitable for this purpose.

Keywords: Charbagh, Juniperus excelsa & polycarpos,

Plant systematic, Golestan province, Biodiversity

A comparative anatomical study of Silene

latifolia (Caryophyllaceae) in Iran

Abbas Gholipour*, Shokofeh Sharifi Ardehjany

Department of Biology, Payame Noor University * Corresponding author: A.gholipour@pnu.ac.ir

Silene sect. Melandriformes (Caryophyllaceae) is

represented by 2 species (Silene latifolia and S. noctiflora)

in Iran that mostly grows in northern, western and central

areas of the country. According to Flora Iranica 3

subspecies (subsp. alba, subsp. persica and subsp.

eriocalycina) of S. latifolia naturally distributes in Iran. In

the present research, anatomical features of stem and leaf

of herbarium specimens of 6 populations of S. latifolia

were studied. The samples were fixed in Acid-Alcohol

fixative (1-3) and stained by Carmine and methylene

green. Suitable micrographs were provided by using a light

microscope equipped with a digital camera. In this

research, the variation of 27 quantitative and qualitative

anatomical features of leaf and 24 quantitative and

qualitative anatomical features of the stem were studied.

The populations studied have been distinguished based on;

The type of hair, the dimension and edge shape of palisade

cells, the number of palisade tissue layers, the dimension

of spongy parenchyma cells and the width of

sclerenchyma tissue in leaf. In the other hand, the

populations studied shows variation in some anatomical

features of stem such as the place of crystal, the width of

sclerenchyma tissue and cortex, the arrangement and the

number of the vascular bundles.

Keywords: Leaf, Stem, Subspecies, Anatomical features,

Silene latifolia

132

Identification and possibility of development

of salinity resistant rangeland plants in salt

lands of Rahmanloo region Ajabshir

Moslem Servati*, Nayer Mohammadkhani

Shahid Bakeri High Education Center of Miandoab, Urmia University * Corresponding author: m.sarvati@urmia.ac.ir

The identification of resistant plants to salinity and

alkalinity is important significantly for preventing soil

erosion and salt dispersion in the margin of Urmia Lake.

So, to identify the plants with different resistance to

salinity, the zonation of land was carried out in the

southeast lands of Urmia Lake (Rahmanloo) using

geographical information system (GIS). Accordingly, the

lands were classified into five zones of salinity and

alkalinity. The results showed that there is a completely

inverse correlation between plant coverage and salinity. As

the distance from the lake, salinity decreased linearly.

Based on multivariate analysis, the presence of plant

species was under the control of electrical conductivity,

exchangeable sodium percent, clay content, pH, organic

carbon, with weights of -0.276, -0.356, 0.074, 0.112 and

0.096. Also, the level of surface coverage and shoot

development are under the control of EC with the weight

of 0.196 and ESP with the weight of -0.253. Therefore,

soil alkalinity and salinity were the most important factors

in the distribution of rangeland plants. Using remote

sensing and field studies showed the presence of

Chamomile, Atriplex, Tamarix, Suaeda, and Salicornia,

respectively in 5 different regions with increasing salinity.

For example, the population of chamomile was 30% in

low salinity lands, it was 3% with a decreasing trend in the

saline area. While about salicornia, the status was inverse.

Therefore, considering the possibility of life of any

species, cultivation of these plants could prevent salinity

effects of Urmia Lake in each salinity zone.

Keywords: Zoning, Tolerate, Urmia lake, Remote sensing

Taxonomic position of Centaurea stapfiana

(Asteraceae)

Kazem Negaresh*

Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Khuzestan Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University

* Corresponding author: kazem.negaresh@gmail.com

The genus Centaurea L. is one of the largest genera of the

family Asteraceae and due to wide distribution and

diversity of its species has much taxonomic confusion

especially on the section level. Centaurea stapfiana (Hand.

-Mazz.) Wagenitz is an Irano-Turanian element and from

the point of taxonomic position is controversial. Through

an examination of relevant taxonomic literature and

morphological study of herbaria specimens were done to

identify the exactly taxonomic position of this species.

Russian botanists were described a new genus namely

Chrysopappus Takht. for this taxon. Recently, molecular

studies by nuclear marker (ITS) were rejected the generic

status of Chrysopappus and supported the reverse of this

species in genus Centaurea. In Flora Iranica and Flora of

Turkey, C. stapfiana was placed under the section

Phaeopappus (DC.) Hoffmann. The present study showed

that this species is easily distinguished from other species

of above section by having capitula arranged in a raceme,

involucres < 15 mm wide, appendages entire or irregularly

denticulate and without close relatives. The recent

molecular studies also supported present morphology data

that C. stapfiana is separated from the section

Phaeopappus and it is an independent species in the genus

Centaurea. So, based the recent molecular studies and the

present morphology research, it considered a new

combination section, i.e. Centaurea sect. Chrysopappus

(Takht.) Negaresh comb. & stat. nov., as an exact

taxonomic position for C. stapfiana here.

Keywords: New combination, Morphology, Taxonomy,

Centaurea stapfiana

133

Identification and introduction of plants of

Zarghan region in Fars province

Fatemeh Moeeni*

Botany Branch, Natural History and Technology Museum, Shiraz University

* Corresponding author: Moeenifsh@yahoo.com

Plants are basic organisms in the food chain. They have

been the center of attention to man since the beginning of

history. Dependence of man to the plants had persuaded

him to identify useful and harmful plants. Nowadays, due

to the high rates of population growth, the needs of

regenerating natural resources by human have highly

increased. With the study of the flora of region can be

safeguarding of the gene pool, preservation of rare and

endemic species. The region of Zarghan with an area of

more than 808 Km2 is situated between 52.43 E. and 29.47

N. is located in the central of Fars province. The average

rainfall is 512.77mm a year. In this research, the

vegetation of Zarghan was investigated. Sampling was

done from 26 locations. The plants were collected by

survey and fieldwork method, and all the necessary

information were recorded in a notebook. Afterward, all of

the selected plants were pressed over the standard

cardboard. By the help of key characteristics, the families

of plants were recognized and by the help of other

characteristics their genus and species were identified. In

this study, Latin and Persian references were used. 263

species of plants were identified and classified into 49

families. The most prevalent species were belonging to

Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae and

Poaceae families. Some genus such as Astragalus sp.,

Centaurea sp., Medicago sp. And onosma sp. were the

most frequently plants in the region. Dicotyledonous

plants were the dominant species.

Keywords: Fars province, Plants, Zarghan

Evolution of trichome and its phylogenic

significance in the genus Phlomoides

(Lamioideae; Lamiaceae)

Elmira Eyvazadeh Khosroshahi, Yasaman Salmaki*

Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms and Department of Plant Science, School of Biology, College of Science, University of

Tehran, Tehran, Iran

* Corresponding author: ysalmaki@ut.ac.ir

Trichomes of 64 species of the genus Phlomoides

representing all recognized sections and subsections were

examined using stereomicroscopy and scanning electron

microscopy. Trichomes provide valuable characteristics in

the delimitation of sections, subsection, and species.

Trichome characters of taxonomic interest were: glandular,

non-glandular, branched, simple, papillate, and/or smooth

on the surface. Two basic types of trichomes can be

identified: non-glandular and glandular. Both trichome

types can be simple or divided. Different kinds of

branched trichomes were observed in most species of sect.

Phlomoides, whereas the species of sect. Filipendula were

mostly covered by simple trichomes. Moreover, variation

in trichome characters appears to have a particular value,

not only in classification at sectional or subsectional rank

but also in separating different species within a section.

For example, all studied species of subsect. Fulgentes are

characterized by various kinds of stellate trichomes, while

the trichome variability in subsect. Tetragonae was

sufficiently high for species discrimination. Following

evolutionary trends are suggested here regarding trichome

characters in Phlomoides: (1) long simple trichomes are

derived against branched hairs, (2) multi-nodal branched

trichomes are primitive against uni-nodal branched ones,

and (3) presence of stalked glandular trichomes is

advanced against subsessile or sessile ones. Keywords: Phlomoides; Hair micromorphology;

Evolutionary trends; Classification

134

Nutlet micromorphology and its systematic

implications in Phlomoides Moench

Elmira Eyvazadeh Khosroshahi, Yasaman Salmaki*

Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms and Department of Plant Science, School of Biology, College of Science, University of

Tehran, Tehran, Iran

* Corresponding author: ysalmaki@ut.ac.ir

Nutlets of 20 taxa of Phlomoides, representing mostly the

currently recognized sections were examined by scanning

electron microscopy. The basic shape of nutlets in most

taxa studied is broadly ovate, but ovate, triangular and

oblong can also be found in few species. Regarding

sculpturing pattern of nutlet surface four basic types can be

distinguished: reticulate, scalariform, ruminate and rugose.

The reticulate type is the most common among the studied

species, but the variation in alignment, size, and shape of

its composing cells provide further evidence that is useful

as diagnostic characteristics. However, the type of

sculpturing is more useful for separating species within the

sections, rather than correlating the related ones to each

other. For example, in sect. Filipendula shows four

different types of sculpturing. However, nutlet

microsculpturing is not useful in separating large natural

groups like sections in this genus. It seems also that

contrary to other genera of Lamiaceae, nutlet characters

are of low phylogenetic value in this genus.

Keywords: Phlomoides, Nutlet morphology, Taxonomy,

Classification, Phlomideae

Pollen morphology of Poaceae in Ahvaz

Masoumeh Habibi*, Fatemeh Nasernakhaei, Mohammad Reza Siahpoosh

Department of Agronomy and Plant breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz

* Corresponding author: masoumehhabibi1390@gmail.com

The purpose of this study was to describe the

morphological characteristics of 21 taxa belonging to

Poaceae pollen grains in Ahvaz city. The pollen grains

were stained with methylene blue and aceto-carmine and

investigated under light microscopic inspections. Based on

the results, all pollens were detected in the monad and

monoporate pattern. Moreover, the size of pollens in most

species are medium to large and spherical in polar view,

however, Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch, Lolium rigidum

Gaudin and Sorghum halepense L., are detected prolate-

spheroidal and Bromus rubens L. is observed suboblate in

equatorial view. The pollens polarity is heteropolar. Keywords: Pollen grains, Ahvaz, Morphology, Poaceae

135

Genetic diversity of Phlomoides laciniata

complex using ISSR markers in Iran

Nafiseh Nematpajouh, Yasaman Salmaki*

Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms and Department of Plant Science, School of Biology, College of Science, University of

Tehran, Tehran, Iran

* Corresponding author: ysalmaki@ut.ac.ir

Phlomoides laciniata (L.) Kamelin & Makhm. along with

P. labiosiformis (Popov) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm., P.

azerbaijanica (Rech.) Kamelin & Makhm, P. tournefortii

(Jaub. & Spach) Kamelin & Makhm. and P. laevigata

(Bunge) Kamelin & Makhm. are five important species of

P. laciniata species complex. Most of these species are

widely distributed in the subalpine area of Iran and

adjacent countries. Taxonomic problems regarding these

species are mainly due to delimitation from their relatives

and possible conspicuity with their related taxa. Therefore,

we prefer to use the term species complex instead of

species for all taxa until the taxonomic borders in these

groups are clarified. 135 individuals belonging to 15

populations are representing five species complex were

collected. In total, 9 ISSR primers were tested in different

populations. In conclusion, based on the ISSR variation

analysis depicting a narrow specific concept in this group

is not justified. Moreover, their similarities in

morphological characters such as plants height, the shape

of leaves and their division, calyx, bract, corolla, and

trichomes confirm the ISSR results.

Keywords Phlomoides laciniata; ISSR markers,

morphological characters, Lamiaceae

Introducing a new variety of Centaurea

pseudoscabiosa (Asteraceae) for Flora of Iran

Rahil Qanavati1, Mohammad Reza Parishani1*, Kazem Negaresh2 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz 2 Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Khuzestan

Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University * Corresponding author: mrparishani@scu.ac.ir

The genus Centaurea is considered as the second largest

genus belong to the Asteraceae family in Iran which has

more than 100 species. Centaurea pseudoscabiosa is one

of the most prominent species with the range of

distribution in the northern and northwest of Iran. Based

on Flora Iranica, this taxon includes two subspecies

namely: subsp. pseudoscabiosa and subsp. armata. The

later subspecies has appendages with longer spines and

cilia than the former subspecies. Moreover, the second

subspecies is endemic to Iran. During the taxonomic study

of different populations of the subspecies armata,

especially in samples from the Kurdistan province (Saqez -

Marivan road), the distinctive features were seen including

larger capitules and phyllary appendages with a spine

curved to backward than other populations. According to

these diagnostic characters and due to the review of the

other herbarium specimens of subspecies armata,

Centaurea pseudoscabiosa Boiss & Buhse subsp. armata

Wagenitz var. squarrosa Negaresh, Ghanavati & Parishani

was described here as a new variety for the flora of Iran.

Its holotype and isotype specimens are deposited at the

Herbarium of Khuzestan Agricultural Sciences and

Natural Resources University and Herbarium of Shahid

Chamran University of Ahvaz, respectively.

Keywords: Asteraceae, Centaurea pseudoscabiosa, New

taxon, Iran

136

Evaluation of some morphological

characteristics of six Guar masses in Sistan

and Baluchestan Province of Iran

Somayeh Rastegar1*, Monireh Dadgar1, Hosein Piry2 1 Department Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Hormozgan 2 Department Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Velayat.

* Corresponding author: srastegar2008@gmail.con

Guar is a cluster bean called Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.

(Leguminosae family). This is a one-year-old plant, bush

and grows in a wide range of soils in dry, semi-arid

weather. The pods of this plant are used in the early stages

of growth as a vegetable. In addition to consumption as a

vegetable, it is also used in the food, cosmetics, textile,

petrochemical, and oil and gas industries. In the early

stages, growth is used as a vegetable. To evaluate the

morphological and physiological traits of different masses

of this vegetable, seeds of six populations from different

cities of Sistan and Baluchestan province were collected

and cultivated at the Agricultural Research and Natural

Resources Research Center. After 3 months of plant

growth, the product is harvested and evaluated. Their

various characteristics were evaluated as a vegetable.

Based on the results, G2 and G5 masses had higher

germination rates than other populations. The shortest

germination time was observed in G4 mass. The highest

pod size and also the highest fresh and dry weight of the

pod were observed in the G5 mass. The smallest pods, but

the highest number of pods were found in the G6 mass.

The masses also showed a different growth in terms of

plant size, so that the highest and shortest plant lengths

were observed in the G4 and G1 populations, respectively.

Keywords: Cluster beans, Variety, Morphological

characteristics

Pollen morphology study on the suggested

species of Rubus sp.

Ali Sattarian*, Razieh Kasalkheh, Eisa Jorjani

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Gonbad-e- Kavous, Gonbad-e- Kavous

* Corresponding author: sattarian.ali@gmail.com

Pollen grains of one population suggested species of the

genus Rubus belonging to subgenus Rubus were performed

using light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy

(SEM). In this work, 10 different pollen characters were

described, illustrated and compared. All pollen grains were

monad, tricolporate, radially symmetrical, isopolar, and

medium in size. The shape of pollen grains was

determined subprolate in the microscope and determined,

prolate in the electron microscope. The apertures structure

usually consists of 3 ectocolpi and 3 endospores. An

endospore is located in the middle of colpi. The sculpture

of the grains confirms the straight and wrinkled pattern.

The suggested species is similar to and close to the R.

caesius pollen morphology.

Keywords: Exine, Electron microscopy, Pollen, Polar

axis, Rubus

137

Identification of some endophytic fungi of

Crataegus pentagyna trees from Iran

Farahnaz Rasouli Miankouh*, Mohammad Ali Tajick Ghanbary,

Heshmatallah Rahimian, Valiallah Babaeizad

Department Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University

of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resource

* Corresponding author: rasouli.farahnaz89@gmail.com

Endophytic fungi, because of their widespread

distribution, biological diversity and production of many

valuable bioactive compounds whit antimicrobial,

insecticidal, cytotoxic and anticancer activities have been

studied. In a natural ecosystem, almost all plants are

colonized by fungal endophytes. Endophytic fungi are

ubiquitous organisms found in the plants, residing

intercellular or intracellular, least for a portion of their

lives without causing apparent symptoms of infection. The

aim of this study was to identify the endophytic fungi of

Crataegus pentagyna tree. Sampling from healthy

branches of Crataegus pentagyna trees was done. Isolation

of endophytic fungi from plant materials was subjected to

Schulz et al (1993) method with slight modification. All of

the fungi was consistently identified on the basis of

morphological characteristics. In order to molecular

identification, the DNA extraction was done by the CTAB

containing buffer. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS)

regions of ribosomal DNA was amplified using ITS4 and

ITS5 primer pairs. The molecular characteristics of the

studied fungi were confirmed by morphological

characteristics. 7 species as endophytic fungi were isolated

and identified including Hypoxylon fragiforme,

Biscogniauxia mediterranea, Paraconiothyrium brasiliense,

Periconia macrospinosa, Lophiostoma corticola,

Paraphoma chrysanthemicola, Lophiotrema sp.

'neohysterioides'. Among the identified fungi

Paraconiothyrium brasiliense, Periconia macrospinosa, Lophiostoma corticola, Paraphoma chrysanthemicola,

Lophiotrema sp. 'neohysterioides ' are as new taxa for

mycoflora of Iran. Besides, all identified species are new

endophytic records from Crataegus pentagyna trees.

Keywords: Crataegus pentagyna, Endophyte, New taxa,

Mycoflora

Molecular identification of some endophytic

fungi from Pterocarya fraxinifolia branches

Farahnaz Rasouli Miankouh*, Mohammad Ali Tajick Ghanbary,

Heshmatallah Rahimian, Valiallah Babaeizad Department Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University

of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resource

* Corresponding author: rasouli.farahnaz89@gmail.com

Molecular identification of fungi was shifted to a new

stage after PCR innovation. During the last 30 years, a

huge of molecular data and sequences belonging to about

50000 fungi were deposited in the world the biggest

databases. These data helped mycologists to determine

unknown species as soon as possible. Among different

genomic regions introduced for molecular diagnosis of

fungi, ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (ITS) regions

are capable of accurate species determination. In the

current research, after isolation, purification and

microscopic studies of isolated fungi from branches of

Pterocarya fraxinifolia were subjected to molecular and

Bioinformatic surveys to determine their genus and

species. Spacers regions between 18S and 28S loci contain

5.8S site were amplified with forward primer pairs ITS4

and ITS5. After sequencing of PCR products the harvested

sequence were analyzed via BLAST of NCBI, then fungal

genera and species were determined as Chaetomium

globosum (100 %), Daldinia childiae (99%), Preussia

minima(100%), Hypoxylon fuscum (99%), Lopadostoma

fagi (99 %). PCR amplification and sequencing then

bioinformatics analysis with BLAST is a quick and easy

method for fungal identification. The ITS is a shortcut,

which facilitates an unknown fungal diagnosis in

comparison with classical and old morphological methods.

Keywords: Endophytic fungi, Molecular identification,

ITS

138

Evolution of plastid gene ycf4 in the inverted

repeat lacking clade of legumes

Mahtab Moghaddam*, Shahrokh Kazempour Osaloo

Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

* Corresponding author: mahtabmoghaddam3@yahoo.com

The genome organization and gene content of plastome

(plastid genome) are highly conserved among most

flowering plant species. Plastome variation (in size and

gene order) is rare in photosynthetic species but size

variation, rearrangements, and gene/intron losses are

attributed to groups of seed plants. Among the groups that

display an appropriate level of variation for structural

features, Fabaceae (legume family), in particular within

the subfamily Papilionoideae and inverted repeat lacking

clade (IRLC), presents the most dramatic structural change

which provides an excellent model for the understanding

of mechanisms of genomic evolution. IRLC comprises 52

genera (e.g., Wisteria, Glycyrrhiza, Astragalus, and

Lathyrus) and ca 4000 species divided into seven tribes. In

the present study, we have sampled several representatives

from each tribe across IRLC from various herbaria and

field, and encompassing all the major geographic areas of

occurrence of the genera throughout the world, with

emphasis on Iran. The ycf4 gene is located in the large

single copy region of the plastid genome which is encoded

a thylakoid protein that has been shown to play a role in

regulating and assembly of photosystem I. ycf4 is more

variable in the tribe Fabeae than in other tribes. In certain

species of Lathyrus, Pisum and Vavilovia all belonging to

Fabeae, the gene is either absent or a pseudogene. Our

results showed that ycf4 is situated in a local mutation

hotspot, in particular within tribe Fabeae, resulting in

dramatic acceleration of sequence evolution in some

species and evolutionary gene losses in others. Moreover,

the genomic region around ycf4 including psaI gene at the

upstream of it, in some species of Lathyrus has been lost.

Keywords: Plastome, Fabaceae, IRLC, ycf4

Study of indumentum micromorphology and

its systematic implication in Convolvulus L. in

Iran

Elham Roudi1*, Hamed Khodayari1, Valyollah Mozafaryan2

1 Biology Department, Faculty of Sceience, Lorestan University 2 Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands

* Corresponding author: Elhamroudi@gmail.com

Convolvulus L with different habitats distributed widely in

southern parts of Iran. In general, the plant surface is

covered by various random types of indumentum. To study

the indumentum and using them for systematic purposes,

after collecting plants from natural habitats, different hairy

parts of the plant's surface (leaf, stem, calyx, and ovary)

were first examined by optical microscope and the electron

microscope. The results showed that indumentum in this

genus is placed in the group of Straight erect –appressed

(sericeous. pubescent, pilose and tomentose), dense and

flexuous groups. Based on these results, indumentum is

one of the significant traits in the classification of this

species, however, this character is not significant in

species rank, but it is useful to form three groups and four

subgroups in this genus.

Keywords: Micromorphology, Systematic, Convolvulus

139

Morphometric study of genus Convolvulus L.

in Iran

Elham Roudi1*, Hamed Khodayari2, Valyollah Mozafaryan2 1 Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Lorestan University 2 Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands

* Corresponding author: Elhamroudi@gmail.com

The genus Convolvulus is considered to be part of the

Sahara-sindian elements mainly distributed from the

central part to the southern part of Iran. The morphological

traits of this genus were studied for systematic purposes.

For this purpose, after collecting different populations of

this species from different natural habitats, the aerial parts

of the plant were subjected to optical microscopic

morphometry .The results showed that among 60 selective

attributes based on the available resources in this genus,

some of the morphological traits such as shape, size, and

shape of the calyx, the establishment of flowers on the

shoot, shape of indumentum in the ovaries, could be

considered as systematic traits in this genus. So, after

quantitative and qualitative morphometric study, the calyx

(calyx shape, calyx apex, calyx size), is possible to group

the species within this genus, for example, a calyx shape

(ovate, lanceolate, rectangular, rounded) is created four

major groups in this genus leading to subgenus

classifications in this genus.

Keywords: Morphometric, Convolvulus, Iran

Molecular phylogeny of section Dendrobrychis

(Onobrychis) based on cpDNA rpl32-trnL

UAG sequences

Atefe Amirahmadi*

School of Biology and Institute of Biological Sciences, Damghan University, Damghan 36716-41167, Iran

* Corresponding author: a.amirahmadi@du.ac.ir

The genus Onobrychis is one of the difficult genera in

Fabaceae, which dispersed in Anatolia, Iran, and the

Caucasus. Onobrychis in Flora Iranica have more than 82

species that 61species grow in Iran and at least 27 species

are endemic. All species of the genus have one segmented

legume. Onobrychis in Flora Iranica divided into two

subgenera. The section Dendrobrychis is in Onobrychis

subgenus. The section has seven species in Flora Iranica

area of which O. cornuta have two subspecies and O.

afghanica have three subspecies. For phylogenetic

relationships between them, 12 taxa of this section and 3

taxa as outgroup included in this study. The rpl32-trnL UAG

region amplified through PCR by appropriate primers.

Then sequenced and sequences aligned by MUSCLE

software and followed by manual adjustment. Maximum

parsimony and Bayesian methods were applied. 12 best

tree with 85 steps, CI=0.859, RI=0.906 and HI=0.141 were

generated. As result, the members of the section formed a

monophyletic group with high support. O. arnacantha and

O. echidna were sisters; O. elymaitica is nested within the

clade correspond to the subspecies O. cornuta. Within the

clade O. cornuta subsp. Leptacantha has a close

relationship with a subclade belong to O. cornuta subsp.

cornuta of Kerman and Azerbaijan provinces.

Keywords: Molecular phylogeny, Dendrobrychis,

Onobrychis

140

Recognition of endemic plants in Bagheran

Mountains range of South Khorasan, Iran

Mehdi Aliabadi*, Ahmad Ghahreman, Musa Iranshahr, Farideh Attar

Department Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tehran * Corresponding author: medimedimedi.m@gmail.com

Recognition of vegetation & introduction of endemic

species of one region, is the first step, for introducing

abundant medical, nutritional & fodder potentials &

applying the necessary management on Biodiversity

preserving of the region. Thus in this study ,the life form,

chorology, altitude & collect date of the endemic plants

were determined. The study of chorology indicated that the

most plants belonged to the Irano-Turanian region. Totally

16 endemic plants from 50 families among 300 spp., were

recognized in Central Herbarium of Tehran University.

The result show that the most important families, from the

view of having endemic plants, are Asteraceae (4 spp.),

Brassicaceae (2 spp.), Lamiaceae (2 spp.),

Scrophulariaceae (2 spp.), Apiaceae (2 spp.), Boraginaceae

(1 sp.), Capparidaceae (1 sp.), Crassulaceae (1 sp.) &

Fabaceae (1 sp.). Life forms of endemics include

Hemichryptophyes (3 spp.), Therophytes (3 spp.),

Chamaephytes (5 spp.), Nanophanerophytes (1 sp.).

Among 300 recognized species of this region, the high

frequency of Therophytes (48%), Hemichryptophyes

(16.3%) & Chamaephytes (14.3%), can be attributed to

warm, dry & semi-desertic climate & vastness of growing

agricultural lands. Thus more important than ever of

conservation of vegetations of this region, for export

scopes & gross domestic product, must be considered by

relevant authorities & local people.

Keywords: Endemic, Life form, South Khorasan

Flora, life forms and chorotypes of plants in

south of Birjand

Mehdi Aliabadi1*, Ahmad Ghahreman2, Musa Iranshahr3, Farideh Attar

Department Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tehran * Corresponding author: medimedimedi.m@gmail.com

The present study was carried out in the south of Birjand,

Center of South Khorasan province, with approximately

area 1200km2 & highest altitude, is 2595 m in Bagheran

range & lowest altitude 1461 m in Birjand plain. In this

study, totally 300 species of 228 genera in 50 families, in

two vegetation seasons, in Central Herbarium of Tehran

University-Faculty of Science (TUH), were recognized. 1

species belong to Adiantaceae, 1 species to Ephedraceae

and the others to Angiosperms. Among these families

represented in the area, the following families have the

highest number of species: Asteraceae (48 species),

Brassicaceae (33 species), Poaceae (23 species), Apiaceae

(23 species), Fabaceae (16 species) and Lamiaceae (13

species), Chenopodiaceae & Boraginaceae (11 species),

Caryophyllaceae (10 species). The highest genus is

Astragalus (6 species), in addition, the study of chorology

indicated that the most plants belonged to the Irano-

Turanian (143 spp.) & Euro-Siberian - Irano-Turanian –

Mediterranean (26 spp.) & least plants belonged to Irano-

Turanian – Irano-sendian (3 spp.) & Irano-Turanian –

Mediterranean- sahara-sendian (3 spp.) chorotypes & 12

species are cosmopolitans & 16 species are Endemics.

Among 300 recognized species of this region, based on

Ranckaer's classification, the high frequency of

Therophytes with 144 species (48%), Hemichryptophyes

with 49 species (16.3%) & Chamaephytes with 43 species

(14.3%), Geophytes with 36 species (12%),

Nanophanerophytes with 15 species (5%), Phanerophytes

with 6 species (2%), Helophytes with 3 species (1%),

Hydrophyte with 1 species(0.33%).

Keywords: Endemic, Bagheran range, South Khorasan

141

Leaf and peduncle anatomy of species in the

genus Pterocephalus Vaill. ex Adans.

(Caprifoliaceae) from Iran

Sepideh Piroozi*, Farideh Attar, Mohsen Falahati–Anbaran, Kazem

Mehdigholi Department of Plant Sciences, School of Biology, College of Science,

University of Tehran

* Corresponding author: Piroozisos@gmail.com

Pterocephalus (Caprifoliaceae) consists of 30 species

worldwide mainly distributed in the temperate regions of

the northern hemisphere, in which 14 species reported in

Iran including five endemic species. In this study, several

anatomical traits were studied in 15 samples from 11

Iranian species of Pterocephalus. The 35 leaf-related traits

and 30 peduncle-related traits were recorded with the light

microscope. Our results showed that there are two types of

midrib, six different types of indumentum in leaf and five

types of indumentum in peduncle. Crystalized calcium

oxalate was observed in the leaves and peduncles of most

species. Sections of the peduncles were hexagonal, circular

or elliptical form. The vascular cylinder was varied from

circular to sinuate form among the studied species. Based

on results, anatomical characters can moderately

distinguish samples from several species. For instance, P.

wendelboi that is very different from other species in

morphology; it has also different anatomical characters.

Species including that have peduncle with hexagonal

sections such as P. ghahremanii, P. kurdicus and two

species of P. szovitsii are very similar to each other. But

these characters can‟t distinguish other similar samples.

Keywords: Pterocephalus, Caprifoliaceae, Anatomy,

Leaf, Peduncle

Ecological factors affecting the distribution of

vegetation in the mountain rangelands of

Avrin Khoy

Javad Motamedi1*, Bahador Shikh kanlooie Millan2 1 Department of Ecology and Biology of Rangelands, Rangeland Research Division, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands,

Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO),

Tehran, Iran 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia,

Iran

* Corresponding author: motamedi@rifr-ac.ir

Determining the ecological factors affecting the

distribution of vegetation is one of the essential

requirements for enhancing vegetation and, consequently,

improving the rangeland status. For this purpose, in each

plant type, a randomized-systematic vegetation was

sampled in 60 plots of one square meter, located 10 meters

apart, along six 100-meter transects. Soil samples were

taken with three replications from the surface and depth

horizons and their physical and chemical properties were

measured. Considering the soil indexes and considering

the height, direction, and percentage of vegetation slope,

the vegetation types were classified in relation to

environmental factors using PC-ORD software and PCA

software. Regarding the multiplicity of soil variables, the

variables were first reduced using factor analysis. During

factor analysis (FA), 24 soil variables were identified in

six genotypes; silt, gravel, lime, organic matter, nitrogen,

carbon, and phosphorus, sodium, potassium and electrical

conductivity, to find the relationship between vegetation

distribution and environmental factors, it was noticed. The

results of the analysis of the main components showed that

the first and second components justify 63.48% and

17.08% of vegetation changes in relation to environmental

factors, respectively. The first component was correlated

with the direction of the gradient, lime percent and organic

matter percentage and second component with the

percentage of lime, potassium and soil phosphorus.

Therefore, the most important factor in the separation of

vegetation types is the direction of the gradient, lime

percentage, organic matter percentage, potassium and

phosphorus of soil, which is more important for slope than

other factors.

Keywords: Environmental factors, Soil physical and

chemical properties, Distribution of vegetation, Main

components analysis

142

The diagnosticity assessment of the

morphological characteristics among taxa of

Teucrium sect. Polium growing in Iran

Shahram Bahadori1*, Ali Sonboli2, Shahrokh Kazempour Osaloo1, Ziba

Jamzad3

1 Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat

Modares University, Tehran, Iran 2 Department of Biology, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran 3 Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research,

Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran * Corresponding author: shahrambahadori28@yahoo.com

Twelve species of the genus Teucrium L. growing in Iran

have been positioned within 6 sections. Known by 5 taxa, the

most taxonomically controversial group is the sect. Polium

Screb. T. stocksianum Boiss. by having 4 varieties together

with T. polium L. constitute the sect. Polium in Iran.

Characteristics of the inflorescences, corolla, calyx, leaves

and indumentum provide the most applicable evidence for

classifying taxa of the genus. The examined plant materials

were provided through extensive botanical field studies.

Where available representatives of at least 3 populations of

each taxon were investigated. T. polium was studied by 10

different geographical populations. In accordance with the

related literature 32 quantitative or qualitative

(vegetative/floral) traits were selected and measured. Several

substantial traits including branched trichomes, linear-

spatulate bracts, tubular-obconical calyx with obtuse teeth,

whitish corolla and branched inflorescence could evidently

set T. polium apart from T. stocksianum. The var.

stocksianum is thoroughly covered by a dense indumentum of

adpressed, crisped and vermiform hairs. By having the same

indumentum type, the var. gabrielae (Bornm.) Jamzad is well

specified by entire, flat-margined and lanceolate leaves.

Bracts and calyces of var. incanum (Aitch. & Hemsl.) Hedge

& Lamond wear a unique hair coverage consisted of long,

erect-curved simple and capitate glandular hairs. Bracts are

sometimes ciliated. Stems of the var. patulum Hedge &

Lamond is densely coated with semierect, rough hairs

especially on the upper parts. Bracts more or less sparsely and

calyx almost densely are covered by short semierect hairs

along with capitate glands. The bracts are also occasionally

ciliated. Overall, different aspects of the trichome coverage

provided the most diagnostic characteristics useful at both

specific and infraspecific ranks within the section. Secondly,

the shape of bracts is handy for identifying half of the studied

taxa. Afterwards, general perspective, corolla color and

properties of leaves, calyx and inflorescence remain still as

useful taxonomic tools. In the case of quantitative properties,

in total there is no reliable and steady trait at list within T.

stocksianum complex. However, quantitative characteristics

can still be counted on as subsidiary data along with

qualitative ones. It is worth to note the corolla color appear

somewhat as a continuous characteristic within T.

stocksianum complex and such an unreliable property is not

to be considered as a diagnostic property.

Keywords: Taxonomy, morphological characteristics,

Teucrium, Lamiaceae

Exploration of plant species of Poaceae family

in Ilkhji and Sharafaldin regions of Esat

Azarbaijan province of Iran

Leila Joudi1*, Leila Mirzae2 1 Department of Agriculture and Animal Science, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran 2 Young Researcher and Elites club, Uromia Branch, Islamic Azad

University, Uromia, Iran * Corresponding author: Joudi.leila@iau.ac.ir

Systematic knowledge or plant taxonomy is one of the

very old and important branches of botany. By gathering

plants, we can recognize rare species of plants or those

which are facing extinction, so that we can find some ways

to prevent them from destruction. In this research, plant

species of Poaceae were gathered from Ilkhji and shabestar

areas, which are located in East Azerbaijan province. Ilkhji

region is located in 25 km south west of Tabriz and the

geographic coordinates 45.59 to 12 and 46.3 eastern

longitudes and 37.55 to 37.57 north latitude and shabestar

is located in the north-west of Tabriz and the geographic

coordinates 37 degrees and 42 minutes of north latitude

and 45 degrees and 5 minutes and 46 degree and 9 minutes

East longitude. Plant samples from Yal, Khaselar, Kordlar

and Chaman areas of Ilkhji and sharafaldin of shabestar as

well, were obtained. Standard method was followed with

regard to the collection of plant materials, drying,

mounting, preparation and preservation of plant

specimens. All the plant samples were pressed according

to standard guides. At the next stage, samples stuck to the

herbarium Cardboards and then were identified using

floras, keys, illustrations and explanations which are

available for different sources of Plant Species. The main

genus of Poaceae family consists of Aegilops, Agropyron,

Alopecurus, Arrhenatherum, Avena, Bromus, Catabros,

Cynodon, Dactylis, Desmostachya, Echinochloa,

Eremopypum, Halopyrum, Hordeum, Imperata, Koeleria,

Lolium, Phleum, Phragmites, Poa, Setaria, Stipa,

Taeniatheriun, Trachynia. The use of Poaceae species in

research area can be effective on reviving and restoration

of pastures.

Keywords: Herbarium, Systematic, Flora

143

Palynological study of five genus of tribe

Anthemideae (Asteraceae) in Iran

Nayyereh Olanj*

Department of Biology, Malayer University, 4th km of Arak Road, Malayer, Hamedan, Iran

* Corresponding author: n.olanj@jmalayeru.ac.ir

The pollen grains of 13 populations from 5 genera

belonging to the tribe Anthemideae-Asteraceae (one to

three pulations of each species) from Iran were studied by

light and scanning electron microscopy. Pollen grains of

all the samples studied were tricolporate. The pollen grains

with oblate-spheroidal and spheroidal shapes were

common among the genera studied. All genus have pollen

grains of “Anthemis-type”.The pollen ornamentations

were echinate perforate in SEM. The results showed that

pollen micromorphological characters could be utilized in

interpretation of intergeneric relationship of tribe

Anthemideae. Also, pollen size and shape determined as

taxonomic diagnostic characters.

Keywords: Anthemis, Achillea, Chrysanthemum,

Anthemideae, Pollen morphology

The study of ecological effects on

physiological characters of plant species

Hedysarum criniferum in

the three provinces of Hamedan, Kurdestan

and Kermansheh

Maryam Kolivand, Parvaneh Roostaei*, Nayereh Olanj

Biology Departement, Faculty of Sciences, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran

* Corresponding author: roostaei1393@gmail.com

The species of Hedysarum criniferum Boiss is considered

as one of the indigenous and valuable plants of the Iranian

meadows. Considering the importance of rangeland,

medicinal and ornamental plants of the genus Hedysarum,

and the lack of information on this genus, this research

aimed to investigate and compare the physiological

characteristics of this species in different Plant-growing

places were done and for this purpose the plants were

collected from five different places in the provinces of

Hamedan (Hamedan-Ghorve Road), Kurdistan (7 km from

Bijar Abad and cirish Abad-Khosrow Abad) and

Kermanshah (Kuzran-Kahvareh Road) and the

characteristics of photosynthetic pigments, soluble and

insoluble carbohydrates, anthocyanin, total protein and

total phenolic were studied. In addition, soil pH and EC

sample collection areas were evaluated and means

compared using Duncan test was performed. The results

showed that there was a significant difference in the total

phenol, total protein, soil pH and EC content, at 1%

between different plant-growing places in species of

Hedysarum criniferum. The result of the compared mean

was shown that there was the most content of total phenol,

total protein, and anthocyanin in Kuzran-Kahvareh Road.

So this place was chosen as the best place for collected

species Hedysarum criniferum for use in livestock and

pharmaceutical use.

Keywords: Photosynthesis pigments, Soil pH,

Anthocyanin, Total phenol, Carbohydrate

144

The study of ecological effects on total phenol

contact of plant species Euphorbia

biglandulosa in the Hamedan and Lorestan

provinces

Maryam Kolivand, Parvaneh Roostaei*, Nayereh Olanj

Biology Departement, Faculty of Sciences, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran

* Corresponding author: roostaei1393@gmail.com

Euphorbia biglandulosa (synonymous with Euphorbia rigida) is

a perennial herb, native to the Mediterranean (southeast to

southwestern Asia) and is always green. One of the

characteristics of these plants is the removal of white latex while

damaging the leaves and their stems. Despite being toxic, the

latex contains phenolic alkaloids and terpenoid pharmaceutical

compounds that are suitable for use in cancer treatment drugs,

including breast cancer. Considering the impact of environmental

conditions on medicinal properties, this research aimed to

compare the phenolic compounds of this species in different

Plant-growing places were done and for this purpose the plants

were collected from six different places in Various provinces of

Hamedan (Ostadan, village Heidare, Imamzadeh Kooh and road

20 km from Imamzadeh Kooh) and Lorestan (Vanaei village and

Silvar village) and the characteristics of total phenolic were

studied by Pholen-Denis pathway. The results showed that there

was a significant difference in the total phenol at 1% between

different plant-growing places in species of Euphorbia

biglandulosa. The result of the compared mean was shown that

there was the most content of total Phenol road 20 km from

Imamzadeh Kooh dam of Hamadan. So this place was chosen as

the best place for collected species Euphorbia biglandulosa in

terms of phenolic content, drug delivery was introduced.

Keywords: Euphorbia biglandulosa, Total phenol, Latex

Nucleotide diversity in 5 cpDNA regions in

Fritillaria (Liliaceae) in Iran

Mahsa Poodineh1, Majid Sharifi-Tehrani1*, Mahfouz Advay2 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tehran

* Corresponding author: sharifi-m@sci.sku.ac.ir

Nucleotide sequences of different regions of cpDNA are

used for phylogenetic reconstruction, phylogeographic

studies, and DNA barcoding. In this study sequences of 5

regions rbcL, rpl16, trnH-psbA, trnL-F, and ycf1b from 21

species of Fritillaria in Iran are used for phylogenetic

reconstruction in subgen. Fritillaria and assessing

nucleotide diversity and identifying a possible DNA

barcode. All sequences of ycf1b and most of the trnL-F

regions are new, and about half of the sequences for other

regions are from gene-bank. rbcL and rpl16 regions are

sequenced on both strands, and other regions are only from

sense strands. Chromatograms were edited using Chromas

and aligned using the MEGA7 software. Nucleotide

diversity in all 5 regions was low and provided little

polymorphic sites. Phylogenetic analysis of data matrix

separated main groups within subgen Fritillaria (sects

Olostyleae and Trichostyleae, and groups caucasica and

crassifolia), but the resolution within groups was low.

Results demonstrated a low evolutionary rate in cpDNA of

this genus and the need for new regions to be analyzed in

the nucleus or ribosomal DNA. Results of our

phylogenetic analyses (NJ, ME, UPGMA) is presented as

a species clustering dendrograms.

Keywords: Fritillaria, cpDNA, Phylogenetic analysis, Iran

145

Genetic diversity of Fritillaria persica

(Liliaceae) in Iran based on ISSRs

Elham Ghanei1, Majid Sharifi-Tehrani1*, Behrooz Shiran2, Gholamhasan

Veiskarami3 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University 2 Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord

University 3Center of excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, Department of

Plant Science, School of Biology, College of Science, University of

Tehran * Corresponding author: sharifi-m@sci.sku.ac.ir

Fritillaria persica belonging to monotypic subgen. Theresia is

important for its medicinal and ornamental value. Its distribution

in Iran covers the Zagros chain, and its populations and

individuals show variations in perianth size and color. Our

previous investigation on chloroplast nucleotide sequences

showed that this variation had no application in defining

subspecies. Various investigations (eg. Badfar-Chaleshtori et al.,

2012, Li et al., 2009, Li et al., 2011) showed the usefulness of

ISSRs in studying genetic diversity of species in this genus. In

this work, genetic relationships among 72 individuals of F.

persica from natural populations through Zagros Chain was

studied using 10 ISSRs separated on PAGE. Results showed that

all markers produced polymorphic bands and showing

relationships between individuals and populations on

dendrogram. Results are presented as a table of polymorphism of

markers and plots of clustering and ordination of 72 samples.

Results also show the application of ISSRs for vast evaluation of

these markers for different evolutionary studies and showing

important areas with high genetic diversity.

Keywords: Fritillaria persica, ISSRs, Genetic diversity, Zagros,

Iran

146

Authors Index

A A. Akhavan Roofigar ...................................................... 37

Abbas Almodares .............................................................. 7

Abbas Gholipour ........................................................... 131

Abbasali Nourisadegh ................................................... 130

Abdelhamid, Angaji ........................................................ 55

Abdolali Gilani ................................................................ 84

Abdolali Gillani ............................................................... 81

Abdolbaset Mahmudi .................................................... 114

Abdolkarim Chehregani ...................................... 34, 35, 36

Abdolkarim Chehregani Rad ..................................... 36, 59

Abdolkarim Kashi ........................................................... 40

Abdollah Beykkhormizi ............................................ 53, 55

Abdolreza Bagheri......................................................... 110

Abdolreza Yadollahpour ................................................. 26

Abolfazl Daneshvar .............................. 2, 41, 113, 130, 131

Abouzar Ghorbani1, Valliolah Ghasemi .......................... 73

Adeleh Divsalar ................................................................. 2

Aezam Rasekhi Kazeruni ................................................ 51

Aezam Rezaee Kivi ......................................................... 25

Afrasyab Rahnama Ghahfarrokhi .................................... 74

Afzalsadat Borhani .......................................................... 33

Ahmad Farhad Talebi ................................................ 2, 126

Ahmad Ghahreman ....................................................... 140

Ahmad Ghanbari ............................................................. 96

Ahmad Hatami .............................................................. 129

Ahmad Majd .................................................... 6, 29, 64, 88

Ahmad Sharifi ............................................................... 110

Ahmadreza Mehrabian .................................................. 128

Akbar Hassani ................................................................. 92

Akbar Norastehnia..................................................... 68, 70

Ali Ahmadimoghadam .............................................. 97, 98

Ali Akbar Ehsanpour ..................................................... 3, 7

Ali Akbar Ghotbi Ravandi .............................................. 84

Ali Bagheri ...................................................................... 30

Ali Ganjeali ..................................................................... 28

Ali Hesami .................................................................... 110

Ali Kheiri ........................................................................ 81

Ali Moumeni ................................................................... 54

Ali Movafeghi ..................................................... 47, 48, 85

Ali Reza Naghnezhad ............................................ 120, 121

Ali Sattarian ............................................. 41, 130, 131, 136

Ali Sonboli .............................................................. 14, 142

Ali Zamani Babgohari ..................................................... 71

Aliasghar Aliloo .............................................................. 90

Alireza Einali ................................................................ 109

Alireza Iranbakhsh ................................................ 5, 29, 64

Alireza Khalili Asboei ..................................................... 26

Alireza Naqinezha ......................................................... 120

Alireza Naqinezhad ............................................... 118, 119

Alireza Pourmohammad .................................................. 90

Alireza sirousMehr .......................................................... 96

Amanolah Javanshah ................................................. 29, 64

Amineh Zeinali .................................................... 88, 89, 91

Amir Hosein Talebpour ................................................... 41

Amir Hossein Forghani ...................................................... 7

Amir Jalali.......................................................................... 2

Amir Mohammad Avazzadeh .......................................... 30

Amir-Hossein Rezaei ....................................................... 14

Anahita Ahangir ............................................................... 84

Arash Hosseinpour ........................................................... 15

Arezoo Khani ................................................................... 62

Arman Mahmoudi Otaghvari ....................... 2, 12, 122, 129

Asghar Mohammadi ......................................................... 57

Asiyeh Asadi Rekabdar Kalayi ........................................ 38

Asma Rasekhi Kazeruni ................................................... 51

Assieh Behdad ................................................................. 80

Atefe Amirahmadi ......................................................... 139

Atena Eslami Farouji ............................................... 11, 111

Atiyeh Khosravi ............................................................. 102

Atosa Vaziri ..................................................................... 93

Azadeh Niroomand .......................................................... 81

Azam Ghaviandam........................................................... 33

Azam Moayedinezhad ..................................................... 86

Azam Salimi .................................................................... 95

Azam. Salimi ................................................................... 55

Azhin Mortezazadeh ...................................................... 105

Azita Dadgar .................................................................. 113

Azita Dorri ....................................................................... 68

Azizollah Kheiry .............................................................. 92

B Babak Abdollahi ........................................................ 10, 77

Babak Nakhoda .............................................................. 110

Bahador Shikh kanlooie Millan ..................................... 141

Bahareh Mohammadi ....................................................... 36

Baherh Maruf ................................................................. 114

Behnaz Bagheri .......................................................... 82, 88

Behrooz Salehi Eskandari ........................................ 37, 107

Behrooz Shiran .............................................................. 145

Behrooz Zargar ................................................................ 58

Behrouz Mohammadparast .............................................. 86

Bentolhoda Davoodi ...................................................... 128

D Davod Dadashi ................................................................. 70

Davood Dadashi ............................................................... 70

Davoud Bakhshi ............................................................... 45

Donald H Les ................................................................. 127

E Ebarhim Rahimi ............................................................... 77

Ebrahim Dorani ................................................................ 40

Ebrahim Sepehr ................................................................ 98

Ehsan Bakhshy ................................................................. 47

Ehsan Jani ........................................................................ 41

Ehsan Mohsenifard .......................................................... 86

Eide Chenani Karami ....................................................... 63

Eisa Jorjani ............................................................. 113, 136

Elahe Sadeghirad ....................................................... 29, 64

Elaheh Samari .................................................................. 99

147

Elaheh Vatankhah ..................................................... 56, 89

Elham Amini ......................................................... 130, 131

Elham Ghanei ................................................................ 145

Elham Ghaseminoor ........................................................ 34

Elham Moallem ................................................................. 5

Elham Mohajel Kazemi ......................................... 2, 17, 78

Elham Mohajjel Kazemi .................................................. 66

Elham Mohajjel-Kazemi ................................................... 6

Elham Mohebbifar........................................................... 87

Elham Parvaz ................................................................ 116

Elham Rajabbeigi ........................................................ 2, 54

Elham Roudi .......................................................... 138, 139

Elham Sadat Beshamgan ................................................. 74

Elham Shadmoghadam .................................................... 29

Elias Ramezani .............................................................. 118

Elmira Eyvazadeh Khosroshahi ............................ 133, 134

Elnaz Radpour ................................................................. 42

Esmaeil Sheidai Karkaj ................................................... 13

F Faezeh Baniardalan ................................................... 66, 67

Faezeh Cheraghi .............................................................. 35

Faezeh Dolatabadi ......................................................... 116

Faezeh Ghanati .......................................................... 63, 99

Faezeh Hoseinpour .................................................... 10, 77

Faezeh Khatami ............................................................... 52

Fahimeh Fallah ........................................................ 27, 127

Fahimeh Solbi ................................................................. 69

Farah Farahani ................................................................. 35

Farahnaz Rasouli Miankouh .......................................... 137

Farhad Ahakpaz............................................................. 110

Farhad Borna ................................................................. 112

Farhang Razavi .......................................................... 78, 92

Fariba Amini ................................................................... 49

Fariba Mohsenzadeh ........................................... 34, 35, 59

Fariba Noedoost ........................................................ 31, 32

Farideh Attar ............................................ 80, 118, 140, 141

Farkhondeh Rezanejad .................................................... 38

Farnoosh Zargari ....................................................... 48, 49

Farrokh Ghahramaninejad ....................................... 27, 127

Farrokh Karimi .................................................................. 4

Farshad Abrahimpour ...................................................... 81

Farshad Darvishi ........................................................... 4, 2

Farshad Mohammadzadeh Gharegheshlagh .................... 12

Farzad Ganjalikhani Hakemi ........................................... 38

Farzad Nazari ........................................................ 2, 31, 77

Farzaneh Najafi ......................................................... 52, 55

Fataneh Yari .................................................................... 52

Fateme jamal Omidi ........................................................ 46

Fateme Mousavi ................................................................ 5

Fateme Zarinkamar ......................................................... 47

Fatemeh Afshar Dini ..................................................... 103

Fatemeh Bazdid Vahdati ............................................... 119

Fatemeh Bazdidvahdati ................................................. 123

Fatemeh Hadjmoradi ..................................................... 125

Fatemeh Heidaryan Naeini .............................................. 51

Fatemeh Jamal Omidi ........................................ 45, 46, 104

Fatemeh Lakzaie ........................................................... 113

Fatemeh Majidzadeh ........................................................ 17

Fatemeh Moeeni............................................................. 133

Fatemeh Mohamadi ....................................................... 100

Fatemeh Moradi ......................................................... 68, 70

Fatemeh Nasernakhaei ............................................. 33, 134

Fatemeh Nejadhabibvash ........................................... 2, 114

Fatemeh Rezaei .................................................................. 9

Fatemeh Shahinfar ........................................................... 45

Fatemeh Zarinkamar ........................................................ 74

Fatemeh Zavvari Benam ................................................ 110

Fereshteh Ejlali ................................................................ 93

Fereshteh Mohamadhasani ......................................... 97, 98

Foad Moradi ................................................................... 110

Francoise Bernard ............................................................ 84

Françoise Bernard ............................................................ 87

G Ghader Habibi .................................................................. 93

Ghafar Shokri ..................................................................... 8

Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh .............................................. 86

Ghasem Tohidloo ....................................................... 10, 79

Gholam Reza Mohsenabadi ............................................. 59

Gholamhasan Veiskarami .............................................. 145

Gholamreza Bakhshi Khaniki .......................................... 81

Gholamreza Gohari ...................................................... 2, 57

Gholamreza Zarrini ............................................................ 3

Ghorban A. Nematzadeh ................................................ 126

Ghorbanali Nematzade ..................................................... 26

Gilan Attaran-Fariman ................................................... 116

H Habib Farhadi .................................................................. 16

Habib Zare ....................................................... 12, 122, 129

Hadi Alipour .................................................................... 98

Hadi Ansarihadipour .......................................................... 2

Hadi Pourmirzaei ............................................................. 54

Hadis Shahbazi .................................................................. 2

Hakimeh Oloomi .............................................................. 15

Hakimeh Oloumi ........................................................ 30, 71

Hakimeh Oluomi .............................................................. 94

Halimeh Hassanpour ............................................ 65, 75, 85

Hamed Askari ............................................................ 10, 79

Hamed Khodayari ...................... 11, 39, 111, 115, 138, 139

Hamid Sodaiezade ........................................................... 99

Hamideh Bakhshayeshan-Agdam .............................. 41, 42

Hamideh Heydari ............................................................. 87

Hamideh Zamnpour Shahmansouri.................................. 72

Hamila Manafi ................................................................. 31

Hamzeh Amiri .................................................................... 2

Hanieh Mohajel Shoja .................................................... 104

Hanieh Mohajjel shoja ..................................................... 81

Hanieh Mohajjel Shoja .......................................... 2, 66, 78

Hanieh Mohajjel-Shoja ...................................................... 6

Hanieh Moradbeygi ....................................................... 102

Haniyeh Ziaeezadeh ................................................... 57, 58

Hasan Ebrahimzadeh ....................................................... 43

Hassan Ebrahimzadeh ...................................................... 87

Hassan Pour Babaei ....................................................... 129

Hassan Rezadoost ............................................................ 84

148

Hassan Salari ................................................................... 15

Hassan Sarikhani ............................................................. 59

Hemetollah Pirdeshti ....................................................... 73

Heshmatallah Rahimian ................................................ 137

Hojjatollah Saeidi ............................................................ 30

Homa Rajaei .................................................................... 36

Hosein Piry .................................................................... 136

Hossein Mostafavi ......................................................... 128

Hossein Mozafari ................................................ 15, 57, 58

Hossein Mozaffari ..................................................... 71, 94

Hossein Riahi .................................................................. 29

Hossein Zeinalzadeh-Tabrizi ........................................... 15

I Iraj Mehregan .................................................................... 5

J Jafar Amiri ........................................................................ 8

Jafar Nikbakht ................................................................. 62

Jafar Razeghi ............................................................. 48, 49

Jamileh Panahy Mirzahasanlou ..................................... 113

Javad Motamedi ...................................................... 13, 141

Javad Rezapour ............................................................. 108

Jürgen Dengler ...................................................... 120, 121

K Kamil Haliloğlu ............................................................... 15

Kamran Moradi ................................................................. 9

Karim Hasanpour ............................................................ 50

Kazem Ghassemi-Golezani ............................................. 50

Kazem Mahdigholi .......................................................... 80

Kazem Mehdigholi ........................................................ 141

Kazem Negaresh ........................................12, 13, 132, 135

Khadijeh Razavi ........................................................ 2, 102

Khadijeh Sabetpour ......................................................... 11

Khalil Alami Saeid .......................................................... 28

Kheizaran Ebrahimi Sabet ............................................. 103

Khosro Chehri ............................................................... 126

Kolsoom Sattar ................................................................ 76

Kurosh Nader Mahmoudi .............................................. 110

L Laila Hajmoradi............................................................. 123

Latifeh Pourakbar .................................................... 49, 106

Leila Ahmadi ................................................................... 60

Leila Joudi ..................................................................... 142

Leila Mirzae .................................................................. 142

Leila Moradipour........................................................... 129

Leila Salehi ...................................................................... 78

Leila Thahery Nia............................................................ 88

Leila Zarandi-Miandoab .................................................. 43

M Mahbobeh Khatabaghsh ................................................ 100

Mahboubeh Aliasgharpour .............................................. 17

Mahdi Rahimi .................................................................. 61

Mahdieh Amirzadeh ...................................................... 119

Mahdieh Houshani .................................................... 47, 48

Mahfouz Advay ............................................................. 144

Mahnaz Aghdasi .............................................................. 38

Mahnaz Arabameri .......................................................... 39

Mahnaz Bagheri .............................................................. 83

Mahnaz Vafadar ............................................................... 56

MahnazVafadar .............................................................. 114

Mahsa Abdi .................................................................... 127

Mahsa Poodineh ............................................................. 144

Mahtab Adib Rad ............................................................. 57

Mahtab Moghaddam ...................................................... 138

Majid Ghorbani Nohooji .................................................. 29

Majid Majidian ................................................................ 59

Majid Nabipoor ................................................................ 95

Majid Sharifi-Tehrani ...................................... 14, 144, 145

Malak Hekmati ................................................................ 85

Mansoor Sarani .............................................................. 130

Mansour Afshar Mohamadian ............................... 3, 45, 46

Mansour Afshar Mohammadian ................................ 46, 62

Mansour Afshar-Mohammadian ................................ 44, 45

Mansour Sarajuoghi ......................................................... 81

Maria Hohn .............................................................. 27, 127

Marta Bényei-Himmer ................................................... 127

Maryam Ashouri ............................................................ 122

Maryam Chavoushi .......................................................... 55

Maryam Farahani ............................................................. 49

Maryam Kameli ................................................................. 6

Maryam Karimi Dastkandehkolaii ................................... 71

Maryam Kolivand .................................................. 143, 144

Maryam Madadkar Haghjou .......................................... 101

Maryam Mansourkhaki .................................................... 85

Maryam Mosayebi ........................................................... 62

Maryam Nasr Esfahani .................................................... 52

Maryam Nemati ............................................................... 85

Maryam Norouzi .............................................................. 69

Maryam Rasulzadeh Aghdam .......................................... 98

Maryam Salavatifar ............................................................ 2

Marym Mazaheri Tirani ................................................... 37

Marzieh Beygom Faghir ................................ 118, 121, 128

Marzieh Pakdaman........................................................... 43

Marziyeh Asad ................................................................. 59

Masomeh Jamal Omidi .................................................. 104

Masomeh Kargar ............................................................ 118

Masoomeh Jamal Omidi ................................................ 103

Masoumeh Abedini .................................................... 72, 73

Masoumeh Eskandari ....................................................... 28

Masoumeh Habibi .................................................... 33, 134

Masoumeh Modarres ................................................... 7, 56

Masoumeh Zohrekermani .............................................. 112

Massoud Ranjbar ............................................................. 36

Mehdi Aliabadi .............................................................. 140

Mehdi Mirza ...................................................................... 6

Mehdi Simaei ................................................................... 11

Mehrab Yedgari ............................................................... 83

Mehran Mojarrad Ashena abad ........................................ 14

Mehrdokht Navaei ........................................................... 76

Mehri Askari .................................................................... 49

Mehri Dinarvand ............................................................ 117

Meisam Tabatabaei ........................................................ 126

Milad Doost Hosaini ........................................................ 99

Mina Kashanchi ............................................................... 26

Mina Kazemian ................................................................ 17

149

Mina Khaleghi ............................................................... 112

Mina Shahbazi Gahruei ................................................. 107

Minoo Nasiri ................................................................... 65

Mitra Parsa .....................................................82, 88, 89, 91

Mohadeseh Meysami ....................................................... 30

Mohamad Karami .......................................................... 102

Mohamad Reza Hassandokht .......................................... 40

Mohammad Ali Aazami .................................................. 16

Mohammad Ali Mortazavi ............................................ 115

Mohammad Ali Nejatian ................................................. 86

Mohammad Ali Tajick Ghanbary .................................. 137

Mohammad Amin Hejazi ...................................... 109, 110

Mohammad Bagher Hasanpouraghdam .......................... 16

Mohammad Behzad Amiri ........................................ 96, 97

Mohammad Fatemi ......................................................... 38

Mohammad Gholizadeh ................................................ 113

Mohammad Hossein Sangtarash ................................... 109

Mohammad Javad Arvin ........................................... 30, 71

Mohammad Keshavarz .................................................... 60

Mohammad Masoumi, Khosrow Chehri ....................... 124

Mohammad Moghtader ................................................... 15

Mohammad Mohsen salajegheh ...................................... 15

Mohammad Rabiee ......................................................... 59

Mohammad Reza Kelich ................................................. 26

Mohammad Reza Parishani ..................................... 13, 135

Mohammad Reza Sarafraz Ardakani ......................... 53, 55

Mohammad Reza Siahpoosh ................................... 33, 134

Mohammadali Hakimzade Ardakani ............................... 99

Mohammadreza Ghalamboran ...................................... 104

Mohammadreza Sarafraz ................................................. 99

Mohammad-Reza Sarafraz-Ardakani .......................... 8, 67

Mohammadreza Zamani .................................................. 51

Mohsen Barin .................................................................... 8

Mohsen Falahati–Anbaran ............................................ 141

Mohsen Jahan ............................................................ 96, 97

Mohsen Kaviani .............................................................. 37

Mohsen Moradi ............................................................... 78

Mohsen Mozaffari ........................................................... 92

Mohsen Sharifi .................................................... 63, 74, 99

Mojgan Abdeshahian ................................................. 94, 95

Mojtaba Mohseni............................................................... 2

Mokhtar Ghobadi .................................................. 106, 107

Mokhtar Heidari ........................................................ 27, 61

Mona Kashanchi .............................................82, 88, 89, 91

Mona Sayad Ghanbari Nejad .......................................... 46

Monireh Cheniany ........................................................... 28

Monireh Dadgar ............................................................ 136

Morahem Ashengroph ....................................................... 2

Morteza Gholami............................................................... 7

Morteza Soleimani Aghdam ............................................ 78

Mosa Meskarbashee ........................................................ 95

Moslem Servati ............................................................. 132

Mostafa Norizadeh Tazehkand .......................................... 2

Mostafa Saadati ............................................................... 80

Mostafa Valizadeh........................................................... 40

Motahareh Omidipour ..................................................... 45

Mozhdeh Oftadeh Vajari ................................................. 59

Musa Iranshahr .............................................................. 140

N Nader Chaparzadeh .......................................................... 60

Nader Farsad Akhtar ........................................................ 41

Nader Kazemi ................................................ 50, 51, 66, 67

Nafiseh Nematpajouh ..................................................... 135

Nahid Askari ...................................................................... 2

Nahid Habibi .............................................................. 10, 77

Najme Ahmadian ............................................................. 74

Najmeh Ahmadian Chashmi ............................................ 99

Najmeh Rahdar .................................................................. 7

Narjes Fatahi .................................................................. 102

Naser Aalamzadeh Ansari ................................................ 63

Naser Jafari ...................................................................... 71

Naser Karimi .................................................................. 105

Nashmie Fathi ................................................................ 123

Nasrin Kazemi ............................................................... 125

Nasrin Moshtaghi ........................................................... 110

Nasrin Shirzadi ................................................................ 52

Nasser Zare ...................................................................... 25

Nastaran Rashidi .............................................................. 75

Nayer Mohammadkhani ................................................. 132

Nayereh Olanj ........................................................ 143, 144

Nayereh Tanaomi ....................................................... 34, 35

NayerehTanaomi .............................................................. 36

Nayyereh Olanj .............................................................. 143

Nazi Nadernejad......................................................... 57, 58

Negar Tahmasebi ........................................................... 126

Negar Tahmasebi Khosrw Chehri .................................. 125

Niloofar Hemmati ............................................................ 28

Nima Shaykh-Baygloo ....................................................... 2

Nima Yazdanbakhsh .................................................. 16, 43

O Orkideh Hajipour ............................................................... 2

P Parisa Sheikhzadeh .......................................................... 25

Parvaneh Roostaei .................................................. 143, 144

Parvin Ramak ............................................................. 75, 76

Parviz Noruzi ................................................................. 100

Parviz Nowrozi .............................................................. 108

Parzhak Zoufan .......................................................... 58, 74

Pasha Moradi ................................................................. 106

Payam Pour Mohammadi ................................................. 28

Payman Hassibi ................................................................ 63

Pilar Catalan ..................................................................... 14

Piruz Azizi ..................................................................... 129

Pouya Khalili Rasht Abadi ............................................. 117

Prashant Singh ............................................................... 126

R Raheleh Ebrahimi......................................................... 2, 40

Rahil Qanavati ............................................................... 135

Ramazan Ali Khavari –Nejad .......................................... 52

Ramezan Ali Khavari Nezhad .......................................... 75

Ramin Iranipour ............................................................... 83

Rana Notaraj ...................................................................... 6

Rashid Jamei .................................................................. 102

Rasool Asghari Zakaria .................................................... 25

150

Razieh Kasalkheh .................................................... 41, 136

Reyhane Barari .............................................................. 123

Reza Alavi Nia ................................................................ 42

Reza Darvishzadeh .......................................10, 77, 98, 102

Reza Heidari .................................................................. 102

Reza Hesami .................................................................... 95

Reza Shibak ..................................................................... 94

Roghayeh Hamidi Moghadam ......................................... 96

Roghayeh Nazarian Sirzar ............................................... 56

Roghayyeh Hazrati .......................................................... 25

Ronak Roshani .............................................................. 107

Roozbeh Farhoudi ........................................................... 42

Rostam Yazdani bioki ..................................................... 99

Rouhollah Motafakkerazad ........ 41, 48, 49, 50, 66, 85, 105

Roya Nadi........................................................................ 61

Rozita Mazloumi Oskouiee ................................... 109, 110

Ruhollah Motafakkerazad ......................................... 47, 48

S Saadi Samadi ................................................................... 77

Saber Zahri ........................................................................ 9

Sadaf Salami .................................................................... 75

Sadaf Sayadi .................................................................. 128

Sadieh Taherbahrani ........................................................ 58

Saeed Afsharzadeh ........................................................ 127

Saeed Ali-Soofi ............................................................. 109

Saeed Ghanbari ............................................................. 112

Saeid Jamshidi ............................................................... 104

Safieh Fakhari ................................................................. 63

Saham Toosi .................................................................... 74

Sahar Arabi ...................................................................... 36

Sajad Lotfi ............................................................. 119, 120

Sakineh Alijanpour ........................................................ 113

Sakineh Hosseini ....................................................... 72, 73

Sakineh Valizadeh ........................................................... 78

Saleh Shahabivand ...................................................... 3, 90

Samira Shahbazi .................................................... 2, 10, 79

Sanaz Allasvand .............................................................. 84

Sanaz Taghidoost ............................................................ 46

Sara Ghaffarian ................................................................. 2

Sara Kabirnataj .............................................................. 126

Sara Sa'adatmand ............................................................ 75

Sara Simrokh ................................................................. 122

Sara Taghikhah-Khomami .............................................. 45

Sareh Ebrahimi Nokande................................................. 62

Sasan aliniaefard ............................................................. 69

Sasan Aliniaefard ............................................................ 69

Sasan Mohsenzadeh ............................................ 60, 72, 80

Sayed Mohamad Masoumi ............................................ 123

Sedigeh Arbabian ............................................................ 88

Sedighe Ahmadi Sakha ................................................... 80

Sedigheh Esmaeilzadeh Bahabadi ............................... 7, 56

Sedigheh Kelij ................................................................. 26

Sedigheh Nikzat Siahkolaee ............................................ 31

Sepideh Piroozi ............................................................. 141

Setareh Amanifar....................................................... 56, 89

Sevda Alizadeh .............................................................. 106

Seyde Mehri Javadi ......................................................... 82

Seyed Abdollah Eftekhari ................................................ 27

Seyed Majid Ghaderian ............................................ 95, 107

Seyed Mehdi Razavi .................................................... 9, 73

Seyed Mehdi Talebi ......................................................... 49

Seyed Mohamad Maassoumi ......................................... 125

Seyed Mohammad Farjzadeh ........................................... 57

Seyed Mohammad Masoumi ................................. 125, 126

Seyed Mohammad Moshtaghioun ................................... 53

Seyed Mohsen Hesamzadeh Hejazi ................................... 6

Seyed Mousa Mousavi Kouhi .................................... 53, 55

Seyed Yahya Salehi Lisar ................................................ 85

Seyed Yahya Salehi-Lisar ...... 2, 41, 42, 47, 48, 49, 50, 105

Seyedeh Batool Hassani ................................................... 87

Seyedeh Sepideh Seyed Mousavi .................................. 122

Seyedeh Tahereh Nabavi ................................................. 35

Seysdeh Saeedeh Tamjidi Eramsadati ........................... 117

Seyyed Fatemeh Fallah .................................................... 44

Seyyed Kamal Kazemitabar ............................................. 26

Seyyed Mansour Seyyed nejad ........................................ 81

Seyyed Mansour Seyyednejad ......................................... 84

Shabnam Elyaghi ............................................................. 93

Shabnam Sadeghi Razlighi ............................................ 110

Shadi Farahmand ........................................................... 108

Shadi Hossinpourbaloo .................................................. 100

Shahram Bahadori .......................................................... 142

Shahram Khosrawi ......................................................... 110

Shahriar Saeidi Mehrvarz....................................... 119, 123

Shahriyar Dashti............................................................... 90

Shahrokh Kazempour Osaloo ............................ 3, 138, 142

Shahryar Saeidi Mehrvarz ...................................... 117, 122

Shakiba Ebrahimi ........................................................... 118

Sharareh Mirshahvalad .................................................. 102

Sharyan Ghasemi Asli ............................................ 120, 121

Shayesteh Jodi .................................................................. 93

Shima Pourebrahim ........................................................ 121

Shirin Dianati ................................................................... 64

Shokofeh Hajihashemi ..................................................... 52

Shokofeh Sharifi Ardehjany........................................... 131

Shokoofeh Hajihashemi ................................................... 32

Sholeh Ghollasi Mood ................................................... 112

Siavash Hosseini .............................................................. 14

Siavash Hosseini Sarghein ............................................... 53

Sima Jabbarzadeh............................................................. 66

Sima Sadat Rafiei ............................................................. 80

Sobhan SanginAbadi ...................................................... 108

Soheil Karimi ................................................................... 69

Soheila Ebrahimi ................................................................ 2

Soheila Samadi ................................................................ 93

Soheyla Samadi ................................................................ 93

Solmaz Khosravi ............................................................ 109

Solmaz Khosrawi ........................................................... 110

Somayeh Jami .................................................................. 56

Somayeh Rastegar .......................................................... 136

Sona Savari .................................................................... 109

Soroor Shamouni ............................................................. 13

Sorour Arzhang ................................................................ 98

Syamak Fallahi Gharagoz .............................................. 106

151

T Taher Barzegar ................................................................ 62

Taher Nezhadsattari ......................................................... 88

Tahereh A. Aghajanzadeh ................................. 12, 71, 122

Tahereh Moradi ............................................................. 124

Tahereh Nobakht ....................................................... 68, 70

Tahereh sadat Aghajanzadeh ................................. 119, 120

Tahereh Sadat Aghajanzadeh ................................ 120, 121

Tahmaseb Asemaneh ................................................... 9, 76

Tahmineh Lohrasebi ...................................................... 102

Taimor Javadi .................................................................. 77

Taj Mohammad Omarata....................................... 130, 131

Torfeh Akhavan Hezaveh ................................................ 44

V Vahid Nikhnam ............................................................... 65

Vahid Niknam ................................................43, 75, 80, 87

Vali Rabiei ................................................................ 78, 92

Valiallah Babaeizad ....................................................... 137

Valiollah Ghasemiomran ................................................. 26

Valyollah Mozafaryan ........................................... 138, 139

Y Yasaman Salmaki ...........................................133, 134, 135

Yones Asri ....................................................................... 76

Yousef Mohammadi ...................................................... 108

Z Zabihollah Zamani ........................................................... 40

Zahra Alizadeh ............................................................... 105

Zahra Amidi ................................................................... 110

Zahra Asadi ................................................................ 50, 51

Zahra Baghaifar ............................................................. 125

Zahra Baghaiifar ............................................................ 123

Zahra Ghahremani ........................................................... 62

Zahra Karimi .................................................................. 129

Zahra Mahdavi ................................................................. 64

Zahra Rezaloo ............................................................ 10, 79

Zahra Rezayatmand ....................................................... 100

Zahra Sadeghi .................................................................. 40

Zahra Shiriazar ................................................................. 90

Zahra Souri .................................................................... 105

Zeinab Shariatmadari ....................................................... 29

Zeynab Hajiloo ................................................................ 89

Zhila Toupchi Khosrowshahi ........................................... 50

Ziba Jamzad ................................................................... 142

Zohre Rahimi ................................................................... 43

Zohreh Ghanbarzadeh ...................................................... 80

Zohreh Karimi ............................................................ 33, 34

Zohreh Toghranegar ................................................... 2, 114