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Front Matter: Volume 9608

, "Front Matter: Volume 9608," Proc. SPIE 9608, Infrared Remote Sensingand Instrumentation XXIII, 960801 (1 September 2015); doi:10.1117/12.2217993

Event: SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications, 2015, San Diego, California,United States

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PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE

Volume 9608

Proceedings of SPIE 0277-786X, V. 9608

SPIE is an international society advancing an interdisciplinary approach to the science and application of light.

Infrared Remote Sensing and Instrumentation XXIII Marija Strojnik Scholl Gonzalo Páez Editors 10–12 August 2015 San Diego, California, United States Sponsored and Published by SPIE

Infrared Remote Sensing and Instrumentation XXIII, edited by Marija Strojnik Scholl, Gonzalo Páez, Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9608, 960801 · © 2015 SPIE

CCC code: 0277-786X/15/$18 · doi: 10.1117/12.2217993

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9608 960801-1


The papers in this volume were part of the technical conference cited on the cover and title page. Papers were selected and subject to review by the editors and conference program committee. Some conference presentations may not be available for publication. Additional papers and presentation recordings may be available online in the SPIE Digital Library at SPIEDigitalLibrary.org. The papers reflect the work and thoughts of the authors and are published herein as submitted. The publisher is not responsible for the validity of the information or for any outcomes resulting from reliance thereon. Please use the following format to cite material from these proceedings: Author(s), "Title of Paper," in Infrared Remote Sensing and Instrumentation XXIII, edited by Marija Strojnik Scholl, Gonzalo Páez, Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 9608 (SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 2015) Six-digit Article CID Number. ISSN: 0277-786X ISSN: 1996-756X (electronic) ISBN: 9781628417746 Published by SPIE P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, Washington 98227-0010 USA Telephone +1 360 676 3290 (Pacific Time)· Fax +1 360 647 1445 SPIE.org Copyright © 2015, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. Copying of material in this book for internal or personal use, or for the internal or personal use of specific clients, beyond the fair use provisions granted by the U.S. Copyright Law is authorized by SPIE subject to payment of copying fees. The Transactional Reporting Service base fee for this volume is $18.00 per article (or portion thereof), which should be paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. Payment may also be made electronically through CCC Online at copyright.com. Other copying for republication, resale, advertising or promotion, or any form of systematic or multiple reproduction of any material in this book is prohibited except with permission in writing from the publisher. The CCC fee code is 0277-786X/15/$18.00. Printed in the United States of America. Publication of record for individual papers is online in the SPIE Digital Library.

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Paper Numbering: Proceedings of SPIE follow an e-First publication model. A unique citation identifier (CID) number is assigned to each article at the time of publication. Utilization of CIDs allows articles to be fully citable as soon as they are published online, and connects the same identifier to all online and print versions of the publication. SPIE uses a six-digit CID article numbering system structured as follows:

The first four digits correspond to the SPIE volume number. The last two digits indicate publication order within the volume using a Base 36 numbering system employing both numerals and letters. These two-number sets start with 00, 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 0A, 0B … 0Z, followed by 10-1Z, 20-2Z, etc. The CID Number appears on each page of the manuscript.

The CID Number appears on each page of the manuscript. The complete citation is used on the first page, and an abbreviated version on subsequent pages.



Contents

vii Authors ix Conference Committee xi Introduction PLANETARY AND COMET EXPLORATION

9608 02 Rosetta and 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko: a comet under observation (Invited Paper) [9608-1]

9608 03 VIRTIS on Rosetta: a unique technique to observe comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko –

first results and prospects [9608-2] 9608 04 MERTIS: geometrical calibration of thermal infrared optical system by applying diffractive

optical elements [9608-3] 9608 06 VIRTIS on Venus Express: retrieval of real surface emissivity on global scales [9608-5] 9608 07 Development of a mast or robotic arm-mounted infrared AOTF spectrometer for surface

Moon and Mars probes (Invited Paper) [9608-6] 9608 08 Middle-infrared echelle cross-dispersion spectrometer ACS-MIR for the ExoMars Trace Gas

Orbiter [9608-7] 9608 09 Near-infrared echelle-AOTF spectrometer ACS-NIR for the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter

[9608-8] PROBING EXTRA-TERRESTRIAL WORLD: FROM ASTEROIDS TO COSMOS

9608 0C Infrared sensor system using robotics technology for inter-planetary mission [9608-11] 9608 0E Measurement of the speed of light from extraterrestrial sources (Invited Paper) [9608-13] 9608 0F Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) (Invited Paper) [9608-14] ADVANCED TECHNIQUES IN REMOTE SENSING

9608 0G Laboratory experimentation for dim signal detection in cluttered optical data [9608-15] 9608 0H Jet engine noise and infrared plume correlation field campaign [9608-16] 9608 0I Fractional intensity modulation of diffusely scattered light [9608-17]

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9608 0J Remote optical interrogation of vibrations in materials inspection applications [9608-18] 9608 0K Remote optical detection of ground vibrations [9608-19] 9608 0L Comparative analysis of infrared images degraded by lossy compression techniques

[9608-20] CALIBRATION AND DATA PROCESSING FOR IR FEATURE EXTRACTION

9608 0O Fast calculation of scattered radiance in multispectral imagery simulation [9608-23] 9608 0Q Phase change cells and the verification of gallium as a thermal calibration reference in

space (Invited Paper) [9608-26] 9608 0R Comparison of MODTRAN5 atmospheric extinction predictions with narrowband

astronomical flux observations [9608-27] 9608 0S Thermal Earth Resource Monitoring Instrument (THERMI) size, weight and power reduction

[9608-29] 9608 0U Temperature resolution enhancing of commercially available IR camera using computer

processing [9608-31] ADVANCED VIS-IR FOCAL PLANE DEVELOPMENT

9608 0V Efficient visible through SWIR focal plane MTF measurement [9608-32] 9608 0Y Lifetime evaluation of large format CMOS mixed signal infrared devices [9608-35] 9608 0Z Large format focal plane array integration with precision alignment, metrology and

accuracy capabilities [9608-36] DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL IR-RESPONSIVE MATERIALS

9608 10 Cavity-enhanced AlGaAs/GaAs resonant tunneling photodetectors for telecommunication wavelength light detection at 1.3 μm (Invited Paper) [9608-37]

9608 11 Modulation transfer function of infrared focal plane arrays (Invited Paper) [9608-38] 9608 13 Colloidal quantum dot materials for infrared optoelectronics [9608-40]

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RADIATION-TO-CURRENT TRANSDUCERS

9608 16 Limiting efficiencies of solar energy conversion and photo-detection via internal emission of hot electrons and hot holes in gold (Invited Paper) [9608-42]

9608 18 Nanomembranes and soft fabrication methods for high performance, low cost energy

technologies (Invited Paper) [9608-43] 9608 19 Enhancing selectivity of infrared emitters through quality-factor matching (Invited Paper)

[9608-49] 9608 1A New concept to break the intrinsic properties of organic semiconductors for optical

sensing applications (Invited Paper) [9608-44] 9608 1C Hot electron detectors and energy conversion in the UV and IR (Invited Paper) [9608-45] 9608 1E 2D materials for photon conversion and nanophotonics (Invited Paper) [9608-46] POSTER SESSION

9608 1F Estimation of urban surface emissivity based on sub-pixel classification of Landsat8 imagery [9608-52]

9608 1G Intelligent image processing for vegetation classification using multispectral LANDSAT data

[9608-53] 9608 1K Propagation dynamics of a mountain fire: case of the Yarnell Hill Fire 2 [9608-100] 9608 1L Analysis of propagation of complex fire: case of the Yarnell Hill Fire 1 [9608-101]

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Authors

Numbers in the index correspond to the last two digits of the six-digit citation identifier (CID) article numbering system used in Proceedings of SPIE. The first four digits reflect the volume number. Base 36 numbering is employed for the last two digits and indicates the order of articles within the volume. Numbers start with 00, 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 0A, 0B...0Z, followed by 10-1Z, 20-2Z, etc. Agh, Christopher T., 0G Arinze, Ebuka S., 13 Arnold, Gabriele E., 02, 03, 06 Barucci, Maria Antonietta, 03 Batbayar, J., 1F Bauer, M., 04 Baumbach, D., 04 Becklin, E. E., 0F Bergen, Z., 0S Bermel, Peter, 19 Bingham, Gail E., 0Q Bockelee-Morvan, Dominique, 03 Boe, Raymond, 0V Boriskina, Svetlana V., 16 Börner, A., 04 Brown, Andrew P., 0G Buder, M., 04 Buoni, Matthew, 0G Capaccioni, Fabrizio, 03 Capria, Maria Teresa, 03 Cerroni, Priscilla, 03 Chang, Shenq-Tsong, 0E Chen, Gang, 16 Cheng, Yan, 13 Choy, Wallace C. H., 1A Clark, Frank O., 0I Cline, Jason A., 0J Cramer, Claire E., 0R Cunio, Phillip M., 0H De Sanctis, Maria Cristina, 03 Dixon, Andrew, 0V Draudt, Andy, 0H Drossart, Pierre, 03, 06 Dziuban, Ilia, 09 Erard, Stéphane, 03 Evdokimova, Nadezhda, 07 Fedorova, Anna, 07, 08, 09 Fierro, Josh, 0V Filacchione, Gianrico, 03 Flores, Jorge L., 1G Fraser, Gerald T., 0R Funase, Ryu, 0C Garcia-Torales, G., 1G Glines, Eddie, 0Y Goldstein, Neil, 0J Gong, Tao, 1C Grießbach, D., 04 Gunapala, S. D., 11 Hancock, J., 0S

Hansen, S., 0S Hartmann, Fabian, 10 Haus, Rainer, 06 He, Xiaoyu, 0O Hihara, Hiroki, 0C Hill, C. J., 11 Höfling, Sven, 10 Höglund, L., 11 Hsu, Wei-Chun, 16 Huang, Yen-Ru, 0E Ivanov, Andrey, 07 Ivanov, Yuriy S., 08 Iwase, Kaori, 0C Jensen, Elijah, 0I, 0K Kalinnikov, Yurii K., 07, 09 Kamp, Martin, 10 Kappel, David, 03, 06 Kawakami, Satoko, 0C Keo, S. A., 11 Khoshakhlagh, A., 11 Kielkopf, John, 0I, 0J, 0K Kiselev, Alexander V., 07 Knobel, Kimberly R., 0H Korablev, Oleg, 07, 08, 09 Kozlova, Tatiana O., 08 Krayer, Lisa, 1C Langer, Fabian, 10 Latvikoski, Harri, 0Q Lee, San-Liang, 0E Leyrat, Cedric, 03 Liao, Bolin, 16 Linder, A., 0Y Liu, J. K., 11 Luong, E. M., 11 Lykke, Keith R., 0R Malone, Neil, 0V Mantsevich, Sergey, 07 Markus, Kathrin, 03 Masuda, Tetsuya, 0C Migliorini, Alessandra, 03 Moiseev, Pavel P., 08 Montmessin, Franck, 08, 09 Mumolo, J. M., 11 Munday, Jeremy N., 1C Neumann, Jay, 0Z Newswander, T., 0S Noyes, Bradley, 0I Nuzzo, Ralph G., 18 Nyirjesy, Gabrielle, 13

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Okada, Tatsuaki, 0C Orolmaa, E., 1F Otake, Hisashi, 0C Paez, G., 1K, 1L Palmquist, Nathan, 13 Palomba, Ernesto, 03 Parlato, Russell, 0Z Patrakeev, Andrei, 08, 09 Penny, Ryan, 0J Pereira, Wellesley E., 0K Peter, G., 04 Pfenning, Andreas, 10 Piccioni, Giuseppe, 03, 06 Podolski, Igor, 0Q Rafol, S. B., 11 Randolph, Max, 0Z Richtsmeier, Steven, 0K Sakr, Enas, 19 Sano, Junpei, 0C Santier, E., 04 Santos, Stewart R., 1G Säuberlich, T., 04 Savage, M. L., 0F Schischmanow, A., 04 Schmitt, Bernard, 03 Scholl, M. K., 1K, 1L Schrader, S., 04 Shapkin, Alexei, 07 Shroll, Robert M., 0K Shumway, A., 0S Siniyavsky, I. I., 08 Smith, Christine, 0H Soibel, A., 11 Sorger, Volker J., 1E St. Peter, Benjamin, 0K Stauder, J., 0S Stepanov, Alexander V., 08, 09 Strojnik, M., 1K, 1L Stubbs, Christopher W., 0R Tahersima, Mohammad H., 1E Takada, Jun, 0C Takano, Yousuke, 0C Tannian, Bridget, 0J, 0K Telléz Pedroza, Laura, 06 Thon, Susanna M., 13 Ting, D. Z., 11 Titov, Andrei Yu., 08, 09 Topham, T. Shane, 0Q Tosi, Frederico, 03 Toussaint, W. Alex, 0L Tozzi, Gian Paolo, 03 Tracy, Gregory, 0Z Trofimov, Vladislav V., 0U Trofimov, Vyacheslav A., 0U Trokhimovskiy, Alexander, 08, 09 Troup, Richard, 0V Tsao, Hen-Wai, 0E Tsay, Ho-Lin, 0E Tugjsuren, N., 1F

Tuya, S., 1F Vaz, Amali, 0R Viazovetsky, Nikita, 07 Walter, I., 04 Weber, Reed A., 0H, 0L Willberger, Gary, 0V Williams, D., 0S Woodward, John T., 0R Worschech, Lukas, 10 Wu, Jingshown, 0E Wyles, Jessica, 0V Xu, Xiaojian, 0O Yao, Yuan, 18 Young, Hong-Tsu, 0E Zhou, Jiawei, 16 Zhou, Zhiguang, 19

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Conference Committee Program Track Chair

Allen H.-L. Huang, University of Wisconsin-Madison (United States)

Conference Chairs

Marija Strojnik Scholl, Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C. (Mexico) Gonzalo Páez, Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C. (Mexico)

Conference Program Committee

Gabriele E. Arnold, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (Germany) Gerald T. Fraser, National Institute of Standards and Technology (United States) Sarath D. Gunapala, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (United States) Neil R. Malone, Raytheon Company (United States) Wellesley Pereira, Air Force Research Laboratory (United States) Stanley J. Wellard, Space Dynamics Laboratory (United States)

Conference Review Committee

Peter Bermel, Purdue University (United States) John Kielkopf, University of Louisville (United States) John T. Woodward, National Institute of Standards and Technology (United States) Gail E. Bingham, Utah State University Research Foundation (United States) Jing-Shown Wu, National Taiwan University (Taiwan) Sean P. Kilcoyne, Raytheon Company (United States) Ralph G. Nuzzo, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (United States)

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Session Chairs

Planetary and Comet Exploration Gabriele E. Arnold, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (Germany) Marija Strojnik Scholl, Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C. (Mexico)

Probing Extra-terrestrial World: from Asteroids to Cosmos

John T. Woodward, National Institute of Standards and Technology (United States) Marija Strojnik Scholl, Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C. (Mexico)

Advanced Techniques in Remote Sensing

Wellesley Pereira, Air Force Research Laboratory (United States) John Kielkopf, University of Louisville (United States)

Calibration and Data Processing for IR Feature Extraction

Jing-Shown Wu, National Taiwan University (Taiwan) Gonzalo Páez, Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C. (Mexico)

Advanced VIS-IR Focal Plane Development

Sean P. Kilcoyne, Raytheon Company (United States) Neil Malone, Raytheon Company (United States)

Development of Novel IR-Responsive Materials

Peter Bermel, Purdue University (United States) Gonzalo Páez, Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C. (Mexico)

Radiation-to-Current Transducers

Ralph G. Nuzzo, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (United States) Gonzalo Páez, Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C. (Mexico)

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Introduction

On 10 – 13 August, 2015, we gathered in San Diego, California, once again to assess the status of the instruments, missions and technology in support of remote sensing and radiation detection. Forty-five presentations were delivered by authors from many countries: China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russian Federation, Taiwan, Ukraine, and United States. At the time of this writing, there have been 33 manuscripts submitted. Some authors were not able to obtain permission to publish within the publication period, others have found that their current commitments did not allow them to record the work, while others still plan to publish their achievements in refereed publications. One of the pleasures of being a chair is to recommend outstanding papers presented at this conference for publication in the SPIE refereed journals. We recommended a number of papers to be included in the Optical Engineering and the Journal of Nanophotonics. The first session, Planetary and Comet Exploration, incorporated nine presentations. It was organized and chaired by Dr. Gabriele E. Arnold from Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. in Germany. These manuscripts report on the major projects led by the European Space Agency in collaboration with Russian and American scientists. Among the 10 projects, probably the most significant achievement is the landing on a comet, despite difficulties with anchoring the instruments on its hard surface. The VIRTIS on Rosetta mission offered a unique opportunity to observe comet 67P/Churyumov Gerasimenko. The results include potential distribution of material as well as its emissivity and temperature. When the SPIE proceedings go to print, the asteroid will be its closest approach to the Sun and acquiring its highest heat load. We are hoping that next year the Europeans will agree to deliver a plenary presentation on this unique achievement during the annual meeting. Another very important update on the European missions include the details from the optical system on the MERTIS mission. The second session, Probing Extra-terrestrial World: from Asteroids to Cosmos, addresses such fundamental issues as landing on an asteroid and measuring the speed of light from moving sources. It included a description of an IR spectrometer to measure wind and greenhouse gases. The great interest the audience expressed in the SOFIA instrument might lead to a dedicated session on this highly acclaimed instrument next year. Credit for running the session goes to Dr. John T. Woodward from the National Institute of Standards and Technology in the United States. Dr. Wellesley Pereira, from the Air Force Research Laboratory in the United States, organized Session 3—Advanced Techniques in Remote Sensing. Six presentations covered a wide range subject matter, including such traditional themes as dim object detection in cluttered scenes and loss due to compression algorithms. Then

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the optical subtleties were introduced by identifying potential correlations between radiative and acoustic signals and, more broadly, vibrations. Session 4 dealt with Calibration and Data Processing for IR Feature Extraction. We were indeed fortunate that this session was chaired by life-distinguished professor Dr. Jing-Shown Wu from National Taiwan University We included a paper from an earlier session here that describes scattered radiance in multispectral imagery simulation. This session also incorporated such diverse papers as remote sensing in extreme environments (in particular, magnetic fusion experiments), payload system optimization of a thermal infrared Earth resource-monitoring instrument, and two calibration demonstrations. Speakers described experiments for employing gallium as a thermal calibration reference in space and observatory demonstrations of absolute calibration of standard stars. Over the last few years, infrared cameras have been installed in many public locations to assess potential temperature fluctuations for health monitoring and control. Human temperature changes may be monitored with IR or microwaves. Mr. Sean Kilcoyne organized the session on Advanced VIS-IR Focal Plane Development. Four presentations were delivered, but only three manuscripts were submitted at the time of this writing. The Raytheon researchers reported on modern multispectral ground, airborne and space digital focal plane technology; lifetime evaluation of large format CMOS infrared devices; and focal plane precision alignment and metrology. The last two sessions concentrated on materials and technology development. The first among these sessions concentrated on the development of novel IR-responsive materials. Dr. Peter Bermel from Purdue University in the United States capably introduced four presenters, even though the time constrains allowed only three manuscripts to be included in proceedings. They report on cavity-enhanced AlGaAs/GaAs resonant tunneling photodetectors at 1.3 μm, colloidal quantum dot materials for infrared optoelectronics, and the measurement of the modulation transfer function of IR FPA. The second session on materials and technology development included papers on radiation-to-current transducers. The objective of detector technology has always been to generate an increased amount of current upon a small amount of incident radiation. Dr. Ralph G. Nuzzo from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign was the moderator for the last session. There are two techniques that increase the production of current upon the incidence and absorption of incident radiation. The first one is to increase the absorption of the incident radiation, and the second increases the generation of carriers for each absorbed photon. Among the former, the paper on enhancing selectivity of infrared absorbers and emitters through quality factor matching is of great interest. In solar energy harvesting, we are aware that more than 50% of the Sun’s radiation falls within the IR spectral intervals. Significant resources are

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dedicated to engineering materials that increase current response. Among a number of outstanding presentations, we point to the development of nano-membranes and soft fabrication methods for high performance technologies, the development of hot electron detectors for energy conversion, and the development of 2D materials for photon conversion with nanophotonics. We wish to express our sincerest appreciation to our chairs for introducing the speakers and guiding discussions after the presentations were delivered. The presenters are the most-important contributors to the conference, followed closely by the audience whose informative questions led to lively discussions. The chairs were additionally tasked with the important assignment of reading the papers for the talks delivered in their sessions. They provided feedback formally through the SPIE review website and informally through e-mail. The chairs reviewed a few late papers. We are pleased that the SPIE conference presentations and proceedings incorporate this additional feature because it results in higher-quality proceedings. We are most grateful to the SPIE staff for making this book happen. Thank you for making this conference and proceedings book a success.

Marija Strojnik Scholl Gonzalo Páez

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Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9608 960801-14


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