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Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East

Volume 2

Matthews ICAANE 7, Vol 2.indd Abs11Matthews ICAANE 7, Vol 2.indd Abs11 19.01.2012 09:03:4419.01.2012 09:03:44

Proceedingsof the 7th International Congress

on the Archaeologyof the Ancient Near East

12 April – 16 April 2010, the British Museum and UCL, London

Volume 2Ancient & Modern Issues in Cultural Heritage

Colour & Light in Architecture, Art & Material CultureIslamic Archaeology

Edited byRoger Matthews and John Curtis

with the collaboration of Michael Seymour, Alexandra Fletcher, Alison Gascoigne, Claudia Glatz, St John Simpson, Helen Taylor,

Jonathan Tubb and Rupert Chapman

2012

Harrassowitz Verlag · Wiesbaden


Bibliografi sche Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der DeutschenNationalbibliografi e; detaillierte bibliografi sche Daten sind im Internetüber http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar.

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the DeutscheNationalbibliografi e; detailed bibliographic data are available in the internetat http://dnb.d-nb.de.

For further information about our publishing program consult ourwebsite http://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de© Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden 2012This work, including all of its parts, is protected by copyright.Any use beyond the limits of copyright law without the permissionof the publisher is forbidden and subject to penalty. This appliesparticularly to reproductions, translations, microfilms and storageand processing in electronic systems.Printed on permanent/durable paper.Printing and binding: Memminger MedienCentrum AGPrinted in GermanyISBN 978-3-447-06685-3

Cover illustration: Lions depicted on the Assyrian palace reliefs of Assurbanipal, 7th century BC, from Nineveh, Iraq.


Contents

Foreword oF the editors..............................................................................xi

Programme oF the Congress.......................................................................xiii

VoLUMe tWo

anCient & modern issues in Cultural heritage

Peter stone

‘When everyone’s Culpable, Is Anyone Guilty?’ Responsibility for the Cultural Heritage Before, During, and After Armed Conflict ..........................3

silvana di Paolo

Historical, Topographical, Mental Paths: Cypriot Antiquities Inside Private and Public Museums .........................................................................15

Yitzhak Paz

School Children and Agency for Public Engagement in Cultural Heritage Projects: Some Observations from the Communal Excavation at Tel Bareqet, Israel ......................................................................................33

zeYad al-salameen

Pressing Issues Concerning Tourism Development, Site Management and Archaeological Conservation at Petra, Southern Jordan .........................45

naoíse maC sweeneY

A Land Without Autochthons: Anatolian Archaeology in the Early Twentieth Century ................................63Çiğdem AtAkumAn

Heritage as a Matter of Prestige: A Synopsis of the State Heritage Discourse and Practice in Turkey ............73FabriCe de baCker

Early Dynastic and Neo-Assyrian Cultural Heritage and Conflict: ‘Us as Them’ or ‘Us and Them’? ...................................................................81brigitte Pedde

Ancient Near Eastern Motifs in the European Art of the Twentieth Century AD ....................................................................................................89

aliCe bianChi

Perspectives of Near Eastern Archaeology between Academic Research and Cultural Heritage Management .............................................................101

Contentsvi

shereen ratnagar Frameworks for the Study of the Morphology of Indus Towns:

Indian Heritage or Cross-Cultural Analogy? ...............................................111maria gabriella miCale

Near-Eastern Archaeology Under Siege: from Real Destruction to Virtual Reconstruction ........................................127ashleY sands, kristin butler

The Next Generation Project: Mobilizing Social Networks for Heritage-Focused International Cooperation ..............................................................139

Colour & light in arChiteCture, art & material Culture

introduCtion ...........................................................................................................152

irene J. winter

GOLD! Divine Light and Lustre in Ancient Mesopotamia .........................153sergeY a. Yatsenko

Colour Combinations in the Costume of Three Pre-Islamic Dynasties of Iran against the Background of the Synchronous Iranian World .................173

giorgio aFFanni

New Light (and Colour) on the Arslan Tash Ivories: Studying 1st Millennium BC Ivories ............................................................193st John simPson, Janet ambers, giovanni verri, thibaut deviese, Jo kirbY

Painted Parthian Stuccoes from Southern Iraq ............................................209martina zanon

The Symbolism of Colours in Mesopotamia and the Importance of Light .............................................................................................................221duygu ÇAmurcuoğlu

Colourful Technologies: A Technical Study of the Colours on Çatalhöyük Wall Paintings ...............245FranCes PinnoCk

Colours and Light in the Royal Palace G of Early Syrian Ebla ...................271alessandro di ludoviCo, marCo ramazzotti

White, Red and Black: Technical Relationships and Stylistic Perceptions between Colours, Lights and Places ............................................................287

sara Pizzimenti

Colours in Late Bronze Mesopotamia: Some Hints on Wall Paintings from Nuzi, Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta and Dur Kurigalzu ...................................303

Paola Poli

New Interpretations of the Neo-Assyrian Wall Paintings from the Palace of Tell Masaikh-Kar-Assurnasirpal .............................................................319

Contents vii

kourosh aFhami, wolFgang gambke

Colour and Light in the Architecture of Persepolis .....................................335CeCilY hennessY

The Chapel of Saint Jacob at the Church of the Theotokos Chalkoprateia in Istanbul ....................................................................................................351

ignaCio arCe

Aestheticising Politics, Politicising Aesthetics: Colour and Light in Architecture at Qasr al-Hallabat (Jordan) from Late

Antiquity to the Umayyad Period ................................................................367andrea beCker

Colour and Light in Abbasid Palaces: Interior Decoration for Harun ar-Rashid .....................................................391miChael Jung, Pietro moioli, Fabrizio PierdominiCi, Claudio seCCaroni

Techniques and Pigments Used for the Wall Paintings of the Masğid–i Jom‘e at Isfahan. A First Preliminary Review .............................................405

martina rugiadi

‘As for the Colours, Look at a Garden in Spring’ Polychrome Marble in the Ghaznavid Architectural Decoration .................425tallaY ornan

The Role of Gold in Royal Representation: The Case of a Bronze Statue from Hazor ....................................................445sebastiano soldi

Notes on Green Glazed Funnels from the Iron Age Temple AI at Tell Afis ...............................................................................................................459david ben-shlomo, avshalom karasik, uzY smilanskY

Computerized Rendering of Painted Decoration on Pottery ........................479rebeCCa bridgman, graeme earl

Experiencing Lustre: Polynomial Texture Mapping of Medieval Pottery at the Fitzwilliam Museum .........................................................................497

islamiC arChaeologY

introduCtion ...........................................................................................................515

lidewiJde de Jong

Resettling the Steppe: The Archaeology of the Balikh Valley in the Early Islamic Period .............517mandY mottram

Settlers, Hermits, Nomads and Monks: Evolving Landscapes at the Dawn of the Islamic Era .................................533

Contentsviii

marie-odile rousset

Chalcis/Qinnasrin: From Hellenistic City to the Jund Capital of North Syria ...........................551martin gussone, martina müller-wiener

Resafa-Rusafat Hisham, Syria. ‘Long-Term Survival’ of an Umayyad Residence – First Results of the Extended Surface Survey .........................569

Julian whitewright

Early Islamic Maritime Technology ............................................................585katia CYtrYn-silverman

Excavations at Tiberias (Spring And Autumn 2009): Remains of a District Capital ......................................................................599donald whitComb

Formation of the Islamic City: A Second Archaeological Period of Urban Transition .................................619alastair northedge

The Contents of the First Muslim Houses: Thoughts About the Assemblages from the Amman Citadel .......................633Füsun tülek

Footsteps of the Arab-Byzantine Armies in Osmani̇ye Province, Cilicia ...........................................................................................................661rosalind a. wade haddon

The Middle Islamic Finewares from the Syrian-German Excavations on the Aleppo Citadel .......................................................................................675

stePhen mcPhilliPs

Islamic Settlement in the Upper Orontes Valley, Syria: Recent Fieldwork (2009) .............................................................................691Cinzia tavernari

From the Caravanserai to the Road: Proposal for a Preliminary Reconstruction of the Syrian Road Networks

During the Middle Ages ...............................................................................711

Foreword oF the editors

It is with great pleasure that we present the Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, held in London jointly at the British Museum and UCL, on 12-16 April 2010 (http://7icaane.org/). 7ICAANE hosted an unprecedented number of ancient Near Eastern specialists and students, with an ambitious programme of papers across five major themes, plus sessions on Islamic archaeology, fieldwork, and posters. In addition, we hosted a total of ten workshops, significantly more than in previous ICAANE meetings. As with previous ICAANEs, individual workshop organisers are responsible for publication of their own proceedings, separate from these volumes.

It would not have been possible to organise 7ICAANE without help and funding support from a wide range of people and institutions, to all of whom we express our sincerest gratitude. Funding assistance was generously provided by the British Academy (Worldwide Congress Grant), the British Museum, UCL, the Iran Heritage Foundation, the British Institute of Persian Studies, the British Institute for the Study of Iraq, the Council for British Research in the Levant, the British Institute at Ankara, the British Association for Near Eastern Archaeology, and the London Centre for the Ancient Near East. We thank all the congress participants for making the occasion such a success, and we also offer our sincere thanks to the student helpers who, expertly supervised by Helen Taylor, made the congress run so smoothly.

Publication of the proceedings has been overseen by the congress organisers as editors, with much-appreciated expert assistance from Amy Richardson. Finally, we thank our colleagues at Harrassowitz in Wiesbaden, who have accepted these papers for publication.

Please note that colour versions of the figures for the Colour and Light theme papers (Volume 2) can be found on the included CD.

the editors

Programme of the Congress

Programme of the CongressXIVM

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Programme of the CongressXVITU

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nium

BC

R. D

olce

St

ruct

ure

and

sign

ifica

nce

of

the

topo

grap

hy o

f cul

t pla

ces

at E

arly

Syr

ian

Ebla

: a lo

ok

at th

e ur

ban

and

ideo

logi

cal

rout

es in

the

meg

a-ci

ty

R. T

hom

as

Peop

le a

nd c

onne

ctio

ns

acro

ss th

e Re

d Se

a an

d Ea

ster

n D

eser

t

H. G

enz

From

town

to v

illag

e: th

e Ea

rly

and

Mid

dle

Bron

ze

Age

rem

ains

at T

ell F

adou

s-K

fara

bida

(Leb

anon

)

R. B

iche

ner

The

dogs

of D

omuz

tepe

10:2

0 –

10:4

0 J.

Web

er

Asse

rtin

g id

entit

y in

the

com

mun

al: m

eans

of s

ocia

l di

stin

ctio

n in

form

al fe

astin

g at

ear

ly-m

id-4

th m

illen

nium

, BC

, Tel

l Bra

k, n

orth

ern

Syri

a

D. C

amur

cuog

lu

Col

ourf

ul te

chno

logi

es: a

te

chni

cal s

tudy

of t

he c

olou

rs

on Ç

atal

höyü

k wa

ll pa

intin

gs

F. B

raem

er &

C. N

icol

le

Prop

osal

for a

Sou

ther

n Sy

ria

regi

onal

settl

emen

t pa

ttern

net

work

ing

duri

ng

the

Bron

ze a

ge: a

ch

orem

atic

app

roac

h

M. R

amaz

otti

Ur a

nd E

bla.

The

ec

onom

ical

and

est

hetic

re

latio

nshi

p be

twee

n tw

o di

ffere

nt c

ities

dur

ing

the

thir

d m

illen

nium

B.C

.

J. C

oope

r N

ile -

Red

Sea

conn

ectio

ns in

m

edie

val E

gypt

K. K

opet

zky

Sido

n an

d Te

ll el

-Dab

ca: a

lo

ng h

isto

ry o

f exc

hang

e

L.-M

. Shi

llito

D

aily

act

iviti

es, r

esou

rce

use

and

diet

at N

eolit

hic

Cat

alho

yuk,

Tur

key

– m

icro

stra

tigra

phic

and

bi

omol

ecul

ar e

vide

nce

from

m

idde

ns

Co

FFee

Cha

ir: C

. Bac

hhub

er

Cha

ir: A

. Nag

el

Cha

ir: J.

Ur

Cha

ir: R

. Dol

ce

Cha

ir: A

. Wal

msl

ey

Cha

ir: B

. Rou

tledg

e C

hair:

D. B

aird

11

:15

– 11

:35

M. D

’Ann

a Fo

od p

repa

ratio

n, st

orag

e an

d co

nsum

ptio

n in

an

earl

y ce

ntra

lised

soci

ety:

cer

amic

s fr

om p

ublic

and

pri

vate

co

ntex

ts a

t Ars

lant

epe

VI A

(3

300-

3000

BC

)

F. P

inno

ck

Col

ours

in th

e Ro

yal P

alac

e of

Ear

ly S

yria

n Eb

la

J. B

radb

ury

Land

scap

es o

f bur

ial:

exam

inin

g re

gion

al

dist

ribu

tions

and

den

sitie

s of

cair

ns w

ithin

Cen

tral

Syr

ia

D. M

oran

di B

onac

ossi

Q

atna

. A m

ega-

city

in

Bron

ze A

ge In

ner S

yria

G. A

vni

“A d

elig

htfu

l and

wel

l-bui

lt ci

ty”

– Ea

rly

Isla

mic

Ram

la

in th

e lig

ht o

f rec

ent

arch

aeol

ogic

al e

xcav

atio

ns

T. B

anni

ng e

t al

Exca

vatio

ns a

t al-B

asat

în, a

La

te N

eolit

hic

and

EBI s

ite

in N

orth

ern

Jord

an

G. P

alum

bi e

t al

Late

st re

sults

from

the

exca

vatio

ns a

t Mer

sin–

Yum

ukte

pe (s

easo

ns 2

008–

2009

) and

the

disc

over

y of

a

new

chal

colit

hic

arch

itect

ural

com

plex

: re

dist

ribu

tion

at th

e se

a?

11:4

0 –

12:0

0 V

. Azz

ara

The

orga

niza

tion

of fo

od

proc

essi

ng a

t HD

-6

(Sul

tana

te o

f Om

an)

A. d

i Lud

ovic

o &

M.

Ram

azot

ti W

hite

, red

and

bla

ck:

tech

nica

l rel

atio

nshi

ps a

nd

styl

istic

per

cept

ions

bet

ween

co

lour

s, lig

hts a

nd p

lace

s

J. C

asan

a Te

ll-ba

sed

settl

emen

t sy

stem

s of t

he N

orth

ern

Leva

nt

D. M

ielk

e Th

e fo

rtifi

catio

n of

meg

a-ci

ties i

n th

e An

cien

t Nea

r Ea

st. A

rchi

tect

ure

– fu

nctio

n –

sym

bolis

m

K. C

ytry

n-Si

lver

man

Ex

cava

tions

at T

iber

ias:

re

mai

ns o

f a d

istr

ict c

apita

l

S. B

ourk

e U

rban

ori

gins

and

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f cul

t pra

ctic

e at

Pel

la in

Jor

dan:

the

2009

fie

ld se

ason

U.-D

. Sch

oop

Çam

lıbel

Tar

lası

–

Met

allu

rgy,

ritu

al a

nd d

eath

in

4th

mill

enni

um N

orth

–C

entr

al A

nato

lia

12:0

5 –

12:2

5 T

. Pau

lette

G

rain

stor

age

in

Mes

opot

amia

: agr

icul

tura

l te

chni

ques

and

pol

itica

l ec

onom

y du

ring

the

thir

d m

illen

nium

BC

S. P

izzi

men

ti C

olou

rs in

Lat

e Br

onze

M

esop

otam

ia: s

ome

hint

s on

wall

pain

tings

from

Dur

K

urig

alzu

, Nuz

i and

Kar

-Tu

kulti

-Nin

urta

G. P

hilip

& R

. Dun

ford

Se

ttlem

ent i

nten

sity

and

at

tenu

atio

n in

the

Bron

ze

Age

Nor

ther

n Le

vant

D

. Whi

tcom

b Fo

rmat

ion

of th

e Is

lam

ic

city

: a se

cond

ar

chae

olog

ical

per

iod

of

urba

n tr

ansi

tion

X. V

eldh

uijz

en

Fina

lly a

furn

ace:

the

first

ir

on sm

eltin

g fu

rnac

e in

the

Nea

r Eas

t, ex

cava

tions

at

Tell

Ham

meh

200

9

B. D

urin

g &

C. G

latz

O

f rou

gh se

as a

nd ru

gged

m

ount

ains

– th

e C

ide

Arch

aeol

ogic

al P

roje

ct 2

009

12:3

0 –

12:5

0 L

. Rom

ano

Banq

uetin

g in

a te

mpl

e P.

Pol

i N

ew in

terp

reta

tions

abo

ut

Neo

-Ass

yria

n wa

ll pa

intin

gs

from

Tel

l Mas

aikh

A. R

icci

Th

e M

iddl

e Eu

phra

tes r

iver

va

lley

regi

on fr

om th

e 5t

h th

roug

h th

e 3r

d m

illen

nium

BC

: an

arch

aeol

ogic

al

land

scap

e pe

rspe

ctiv

e

A. H

ausl

eite

r Ta

yma,

Nor

thwe

st A

rabi

a:

meg

a-si

te a

nd m

ega-

city

?

L

. Mor

i Em

pty

or c

rowd

ed?

An

atte

mpt

to e

stim

ate

the

rele

vanc

e of

ruin

s ins

ide

the

urba

n la

ndsc

ape

in th

e An

cien

t Nea

r Eas

t

LUn

CH

Programme of the Congress XVIITU

ESD

AY

13tH

APR

IL 2

010

C

ON

SUM

PTIO

N

Co

LoU

R &

LIG

HT

LAN

DSC

APE

M

eGA

-CIt

Ies

IsLA

MIC

FI

ELD

WO

RK

1

FIEL

DW

OR

K 2

Cha

ir: J.

Tub

b C

hair:

S. R

azm

jou

Cha

ir: G

. Phi

lip

Cha

ir: C

. Rei

chel

C

hair:

T. W

illia

ms

Cha

ir: M

. Haw

ari

Cha

ir: L

. Wee

ks

14:0

0 –

14:2

5 L

. Pac

e C

onsu

min

g tr

ansi

tions

: wha

t ca

n a

food

ways

app

roac

h te

ll us

abo

ut th

e 3r

d-2n

d m

illen

nium

tran

sitio

n in

the

Leva

nt?

K. A

fham

i C

olou

r and

ligh

t in

the

arch

itect

ure

of P

erse

polis

D. M

oran

di B

onac

ossi

et a

l Th

e Sy

rian

des

ert a

nd it

s oa

ses.

Land

scap

e,

settl

emen

t, an

d co

mm

unic

atio

n in

the

Wes

tern

Pal

myr

ena

from

pr

ehis

tory

to th

e Ro

man

pe

riod

M. B

ieta

k Th

e Pa

lace

of t

he H

ykso

s K

haya

n in

Ava

ris

O. P

anca

rogl

u Lu

xury

cer

amic

con

sum

ptio

n in

Abb

asid

Tar

sus

B. R

outle

dge

et a

l Ex

cava

tions

at T

all D

hiba

n,

Jord

an: a

cen

tre

in th

e pe

riph

ery

R. N

ader

i et a

l N

eolit

hic

settl

emen

ts in

So

uthe

rn Z

agro

s, Ir

an

14:3

0 –

14:5

0 P.

Nah

shon

i O

rgan

izat

ion

of sp

ace

in a

n M

BIIc

sacr

ed p

reci

nct -

new

ev

iden

ce fr

om T

ell H

aror

A. N

agel

et a

l Th

e Pe

rsep

olis

Pol

ychr

omy

Proj

ect:

aim

s, an

alyt

ical

m

etho

ds a

nd fi

rst r

esul

ts

T. W

ilkin

son

& D

. L

awre

nce

Settl

emen

t cor

es a

nd

peri

pher

ies i

n U

pper

M

esop

otam

ia in

the

four

th

and

thir

d m

illen

nium

BC

F. P

edde

Th

e As

sur P

roje

ct: t

he

Mid

dle

and

Neo

-Ass

yria

n gr

aves

and

tom

bs

C. H

aase

Sm

all b

ath

and

toile

t roo

ms

in th

e ea

rly

Isla

mic

ar

chite

ctur

e of

Mad

inat

al-

Far

P. D

avia

u Th

e N

eo-A

ssyr

ian

Empi

re a

s a

mili

eu fo

r the

spre

ad o

f Ph

oeni

cian

cul

ture

M. Z

eidi

et a

l C

hogh

a G

olan

, a P

PN si

te in

th

e fo

othi

lls o

f the

Zag

ros

Mou

ntai

ns

14:5

5 –

15:1

5 C

. del

Cer

ro

Onl

y St

orag

e ja

rs?

The

big

jars

at a

l Thu

qeib

ah,

Shar

jah,

(UEA

): a

n in

terp

reta

tion

acco

rdin

g to

th

e ex

cava

tion

data

and

the

envi

ronm

ent n

atur

e

C. H

enne

ssy

The

Cha

pel o

f Sai

nt J

acob

at

the

Chu

rch

of th

e Th

eoto

kos

Cha

lkop

rate

ia in

Ista

nbul

M. K

enne

dy

The

end

of th

e th

ird

mill

enni

um: t

he T

ell N

ebi

Men

d Pe

rspe

ctiv

e

D. K

erta

i O

rgan

isin

g th

e em

pire

, a

new

look

at F

ort

Shal

man

eser

A. N

orth

edge

Th

e co

nten

ts o

f the

firs

t M

uslim

hou

ses:

ass

embl

ages

fr

om th

e Am

man

Cita

del

C. T

hom

pson

& Z

. Sto

s-G

ale

The

iden

tific

atio

n of

Ta

rshi

sh, f

rom

the

pers

pect

ive

of si

lver

E. A

scal

one

et a

l Pr

elim

inar

y re

port

from

Q

aleh

Kut

chek

. Fir

st

cam

paig

n of

Ital

o-Ir

ania

n Jo

int M

issi

on in

the

Hal

il Va

lley,

Jir

oft (

Sout

h-ea

ster

n Ir

an)

15:2

0 –

15:4

0 C

. Dou

met

-Ser

hal

Sido

n: fe

astin

g an

d ri

tual

ac

tiviti

es

I. A

rce

Aest

hetic

isin

g po

litic

s, po

litic

isin

g ae

sthe

tics:

co

lour

and

ligh

t in

arch

itect

ure

at Q

asr a

l-H

alla

bat (

Jord

an) f

rom

Lat

e An

tiqui

ty to

the

Um

ayya

d pe

riod

I. M

ilevs

ki &

O. B

arzi

lai

Intr

a-re

gion

al n

etwo

rks o

f ex

chan

ge in

the

late

pr

ehis

tory

of t

he S

outh

ern

Leva

nt

A

. Moi

Th

e ar

chae

olog

y of

spac

e: a

co

nfig

urat

iona

l app

roac

h to

Is

lam

ic a

nd c

rusa

der

arch

itect

ure

D. M

aste

r Ir

on A

ge d

isco

veri

es fr

om

the

2009

Leo

n Le

vy

Expe

ditio

n to

Ash

kelo

n

M. M

orta

zavi

C

raft

spec

ializ

atio

n in

the

Iran

ian

Sist

an: T

epe

Das

ht

Co

FFee

Cha

ir: D

. Ben

-shl

omo

Cha

ir: C

. Hen

ness

y C

hair:

D. M

. Bon

acos

si C

hair:

M. B

ieta

k C

hair:

D. W

hitc

omb

Cha

ir: P

. Mic

hèle

Dav

iau

Cha

ir: S

. Prie

stman

16

:15

– 16

:35

J. M

agne

ss

Con

spic

uous

con

sum

ptio

n:

luxu

ry c

uisi

nes a

nd d

ispl

ay

dini

ng in

the

Anci

ent N

ear

East

and

Ear

ly Is

lam

ic w

orld

A. B

ecke

r C

olou

r and

ligh

t in

Earl

y Ab

basi

d pa

lace

s: in

teri

or

deco

ratio

n fo

r Har

un a

r-Ra

shid

D. C

antr

ell

Beas

ts o

f bur

den:

logi

stic

s of

tran

spor

t and

trav

el in

the

Anci

ent N

ear E

ast

E. W

ilkin

son

A re

asse

ssm

ent o

f C

arch

emis

h an

d its

reg

ion

duri

ng th

e Ir

on A

ge

L

. Evd

oxia

di V

erni

ory

Iron

Age

hou

ses a

nd

hous

ehol

ds in

the

sout

h Le

vant

A. D

ustin

g Se

ason

Thr

ee a

t Qal

eh K

ali

16:4

0 –

17:0

0 I.

Cip

in

Cla

y os

suar

ies a

nd so

cial

or

gani

satio

n of

the

Cha

lcol

ithic

Gha

ssul

-Be

ersh

eva

cultu

re in

the

Sout

hern

Lev

ant (

4500

-350

0 BC

E)

M. J

ung

Tech

niqu

es a

nd p

igm

ents

us

ed fo

r the

wal

l pai

ntin

gs o

f th

e M

asĝi

d-i Ğ

um‘a

at

Isfa

han

E. O

ren

A br

idle

d do

nkey

from

Tel

H

aror

and

the

intr

oduc

tion

of th

e lig

ht, h

orse

-dra

wn

char

iot i

n th

e M

iddl

e Ea

st

and

Egyp

t

F. E

scri

bano

Mar

tín

Baby

lon

as a

gre

at u

rban

ar

ea o

f rel

igio

us c

hara

cter

S.

Bec

har

Life

in a

Can

aani

te c

ity -

rene

wed

exca

vatio

ns in

the

Lowe

r City

of H

azor

T. D

e Sc

hach

t et a

l Re

sults

of t

he se

cond

seas

on

of sa

lvag

e ex

cava

tions

at t

he

Acha

emen

id d

am a

nd c

anal

m

onum

ent o

f Sad

-i Sh

ahid

abad

(Far

s, Ir

an)

17:0

5 –

17:2

5 Y

. Row

an

Mor

tuar

y sp

ace

and

craf

t di

spos

al in

the

Cha

lcol

ithic

Pe

riod

(c. 4

500-

3600

BC

) of

the

Sout

hern

Lev

ant

M. R

ugia

di

"A g

arde

n of

spri

ng":

ar

chae

olog

ical

and

ar

chae

omet

ric

evid

ence

for

the

poly

chro

my

of th

e G

hazn

avid

mar

bles

L. N

igro

Tr

acks

thro

ugh

the

Rive

r. Th

e bi

rth

of a

n ea

rly

Bron

ze

Age

town

in th

e U

pper

Wad

i az

-Zar

qa (J

orda

n): K

hirb

et

al-B

atra

wy

C. L

ippo

lis

Baby

lon

from

abo

ve: p

ast

and

pres

ent o

f the

city

te

rrito

ry

H. C

hoob

ak

Rece

nt a

rcha

eolo

gica

l ex

cava

tions

of t

he a

ncie

nt

city

of J

irof

t in

the

Isla

mic

pe

riod

H. S

alem

Ex

cava

tions

at K

h. B

irze

it –

Pale

stin

e

H. R

ekav

andi

et a

l Sa

sani

an c

ampa

ign

base

s, ci

ties a

nd m

ount

ain

refu

ges

in th

e vi

cini

ty o

f the

Gor

gan

Wal

l: th

e 20

08 a

nd 2

009

Seas

ons o

f the

Joi

nt P

roje

ct

of th

e Ir

ania

n C

ultu

ral

Her

itage

, Han

dicr

aft a

nd

Tour

ism

Org

anis

atio

n an

d th

e U

nive

rsiti

es o

f Ed

inbu

rgh

and

Dur

ham

17

:30

– 17

:50

S. C

ohen

W

eapo

nry

and

warr

ior

buri

als:

pat

tern

s of d

ispo

sal

and

soci

al c

hang

e in

the

sout

hern

Lev

ant

K

. Bra

mle

tt

Late

Bro

nze

Age

road

s and

ro

utes

in th

e Tr

ansj

orda

nian

H

ighl

ands

M. e

l-Ham

raw

i Iá

-at-r

i-bu

(> a

rab.

Yat

hrib

), th

e an

cien

t nam

e of

Med

ina

I. Si

mps

on

Pear

ls a

long

a sh

orel

ine:

gl

obal

isat

ion,

neo

liber

alis

m,

and

heri

tage

inte

rven

tions

in

the

Pers

ian

Gul

f

M. H

awar

i Pi

lot a

rcha

eolo

gica

l sur

vey

of K

hirb

at a

l-Maf

jar r

egio

n,

Jeri

cho,

Jor

dan

Valle

y

K. H

oppe

r Su

rvey

s and

exc

avat

ions

on

the

NE

Sasa

nian

fron

tier,

Iran

Programme of the CongressXVIII

WED

NES

DA

Y 1

4tH A

PRIL

201

0

CO

NSU

MPT

ION

C

oLo

UR

& L

IGH

T LA

ND

SCA

PE

MeG

A-C

ItIe

s Is

LAM

IC

FIEL

DW

OR

K 1

FI

ELD

WO

RK

2

C

hair:

J. M

agne

ss

Cha

ir: M

. Cas

anov

a C

hair:

T. W

ilkin

son

Cha

ir: T

. Har

tnel

l C

hair:

C. T

ongh

ini

Cha

ir: G

. Sch

war

tz

Cha

ir: R

. Cha

pman

09

:20

– 09

:50

A. P

olca

ro

Dis

posa

l of f

ood

fune

rary

of

feri

ng a

nd re

cons

truc

tion

of fu

nera

ry b

anqu

et ri

tual

s in

Mid

dle

Bron

ze A

ge S

yria

A. G

etze

l Re

d, b

lack

, and

lust

rous

: K

ura–

Arak

s pot

tery

as

sens

ory

expe

rien

ce

E. R

uple

y N

etwo

rk st

ruct

ures

in N

orth

M

esop

otam

ian

preh

isto

ry

A. T

ouro

vets

So

me

aspe

cts o

f the

rela

tions

be

twee

n th

e ar

chite

ctur

e of

N

orth

Wes

tern

Iran

and

U

rart

u du

ring

the

first

m

illen

nium

BC

V. F

ranc

ois

Cér

amiq

ues d

'épo

que

otto

man

e au

Bilâ

al-C

hâm

: le

mat

érie

l des

cita

delle

s de

Dam

s et d

'Ale

p

I. M

atei

ciuc

ová

et a

l Su

rfac

e su

rvey

and

ge

ophy

sica

l pro

spec

tion

in

the

mic

rore

gion

of T

ell

Arbi

d, N

E Sy

ria

I. M

ilevs

ki e

t al

The

Neo

lithi

c si

te o

f Yift

ahel

(K

hale

t Kha

llady

iah)

, low

er

Gal

ilee.

Res

ults

from

the

2007

-200

8 se

ason

s of

exca

vatio

n 09

:55

– 10

:15

D. C

olla

rd

Dea

d dr

unk:

psy

choa

ctiv

e co

nsum

ptio

n in

Lat

e Br

onze

Ag

e C

ypri

ote

mor

tuar

y ri

tual

P. Q

uene

t N

ew li

ght o

n th

e la

pis l

azul

i of

the

Tôd

Trea

sure

(Egy

pt)

Y. T

onoi

ke

Beyo

nd st

yle:

pet

rogr

aphi

c an

alys

is o

f Dal

ma

cera

mic

s in

two

regi

ons o

f Ira

n

S. B

rant

ing

Expl

orin

g an

Iron

Age

meg

a-ci

ty th

roug

h m

icro

-si

mul

atio

ns o

f anc

ient

pe

dest

rian

mov

emen

t at

Ker

kene

s Dağ

, Tur

key

F. T

ulek

Fo

otst

eps o

f the

Ara

b-By

zant

ine

arm

ies i

n O

sman

iye

Prov

ince

K. B

artl

Stor

age

in th

e La

te N

eolit

hic

peri

od. N

ew d

ata

from

the

7th

mill

eniu

m si

te o

f Shi

r/W

est

Syri

a

R. G

reen

berg

et a

l Ex

cava

tions

at T

el B

et

Yera

h/K

hirb

et e

l-Ker

ak,

2009

10:2

0 –

10:4

0 D

. Nad

ali

Thin

gs a

lso

die.

C

onsi

dera

tions

on

the

mea

ning

and

func

tion

of

fune

rary

furn

ishi

ngs i

n M

esop

otam

ia a

nd S

yria

T. O

rnan

K

ing

and

God

: the

long

and

co

mpl

icat

ed li

fe o

f a b

ronz

e st

atue

from

Haz

or

M. M

assa

O

f min

ers a

nd tr

ader

s: a

n an

alys

is o

f lon

g-di

stan

ce

inte

ract

ion

betw

een

the

Anat

olia

n pl

atea

u an

d U

pper

M

esop

otam

ia in

the

thir

d m

illen

nium

BC

L. A

llen

The

end

is th

e be

ginn

ing

is

the

end:

his

tori

cal i

nflu

ence

s on

exc

avat

ions

at P

erse

polis

19

31-1

939

R. W

ade

Had

don

Zang

id/A

yyub

id fi

newa

res

from

the

Ger

man

ex

cava

tions

on

the

Alep

po

Cita

del

G. S

tein

Jo

int S

yria

n–Am

eric

an

exca

vatio

ns a

t Tel

l Zei

dan

2008

–9: i

nves

tigat

ions

of t

he

Uba

id a

nd L

ate

Cha

lcol

ithic

1–

2 in

Nor

th S

yria

L. N

igro

& H

. Tah

a Je

rich

o 20

10: 1

0,00

0 ye

ars

of a

rcha

eolo

gy in

Pal

estin

e:

rece

nt d

isco

veri

es o

f the

Ita

lian–

Pale

stin

ian

Expe

ditio

n at

Tel

l es–

Sulta

n

Co

FFee

Cha

ir: S

. Cam

pbel

l C

hair:

A. M

eek

Cha

ir: J.

Cas

ana

Cha

ir: S

. Bra

ntin

g C

hair:

M.-O

. Rou

sset

C

hair:

G. S

tein

11:1

5 –

11:3

5 J.

Bal

di

Cob

a bo

wls p

rodu

ctio

n, u

se

and

disc

ard:

a v

iew

from

Te

ll Fe

res A

l-Sha

rqi

S. S

oldi

G

reen

gla

zed

funn

els f

rom

Te

ll Af

is Ir

on A

ge T

empl

e A

H. W

eiss

"S

even

gen

erat

ions

sinc

e th

e fa

ll of

Akk

ad":

qua

ntify

ing

Akka

dian

col

laps

e, h

abita

t-tr

acki

ng a

nd A

mor

itiza

tion

T. H

artn

ell

Beyo

nd th

e ci

ty o

f Pe

rsep

olis

: a n

ew m

odel

of

Acha

emen

id se

ttlem

ent i

n N

orth

ern

Fars

, Ira

n

B. H

amar

neh

City

- vi

llage

eco

nom

ic

inte

ract

ion

in la

te a

ntiq

ue

and

earl

y Is

lam

ic A

rabi

a an

d Pa

laes

tina.

Arc

haeo

logi

cal

evid

ence

R. V

alle

t Te

ll Fe

res a

l Sha

rqi,

a La

te

Cha

lcol

ithic

site

in th

e K

habu

r bas

in

11:4

0 –

12:0

0 F.

del

Bra

vo

Prod

uctio

n pr

oces

ses d

urin

g th

e fo

rmat

ive

Nin

evite

5. T

he

Upp

er T

igri

dian

regi

on's

proc

essi

ng si

tes

M. N

egro

Pon

zi

Mes

opot

amia

n gl

assw

are

of

the

Sasa

nian

per

iod

M. L

önnq

vist

et a

l Re

mot

e se

nsin

g, la

ndsc

apes

an

d ar

chae

olog

y

S. R

eed

Loya

lty a

nd re

ward

: a

reev

alua

tion

of th

e Pe

rsep

olis

scul

ptur

es a

nd th

e Ac

haem

enid

con

cept

of

king

ship

M. H

awar

i Pi

lot a

rcha

eolo

gica

l sur

vey

of K

hirb

at a

l-Maf

jar r

egio

n,

Jeri

cho,

Jor

dan

Valle

y

G. S

chw

artz

Re

cent

exc

avat

ion

and

anal

ysis

at U

mm

el–

Mar

ra,

Syri

a

12:0

5 –

12:2

5 M

. D’A

ndre

a Tr

ickl

e pa

inte

d wa

re: s

ocia

l se

lf-re

pres

enta

tion

and

exch

ange

dur

ing

Earl

y Br

onze

IV in

Pal

estin

e an

d Tr

ansj

orda

n

D. B

en-S

hlom

o et

al

Com

pute

rize

d re

nder

ing

of

pain

ted

deco

ratio

n on

po

ttery

T. W

ilkin

son

Re-v

iewi

ng in

visi

ble

flows

: la

ndsc

apes

and

in

terc

onne

ctio

ns in

3rd

and

2nd

mill

enni

a BC

Eur

asia

R. M

eneg

azzi

C

reat

ing

a ne

w la

ngua

ge:

the

terr

acot

ta fi

guri

nes f

rom

Se

leuc

ia o

n th

e Ti

gris

R. J

ones

Su

gar p

rodu

ctio

n in

Isla

mic

Jo

rdan

: a n

ew lo

ok

P. W

olf

Addi

Aka

weh

– a

new

cent

re

of th

e Et

hio–

Saba

ean

peri

od

in th

e N

orth

ern

Hor

n of

Af

rica

12:3

0 –

12:5

0 L

. Nae

h Ju

st a

sip

and

a bi

te: t

he

min

iatu

re p

otte

ry v

esse

ls o

f th

e M

iddl

e Br

onze

Age

Te

mpl

e at

Nah

ariy

a, Is

rael

R. B

ridg

man

& G

. Ear

l Ex

peri

enci

ng lu

stre

war

es:

anal

ysis

and

inte

rpre

tatio

n us

ing

digi

tal t

echn

olog

y

B. M

cCal

l Lo

ng-te

rm c

omm

unic

atio

n ne

twor

ks a

nd se

ttlem

ent

patte

rns i

n so

uth-

west

ern

Iran

V. M

essi

na

A re

newe

d Ba

bylo

n. S

eleu

cia

on th

e Ti

gris

, meg

a–ci

ty o

f H

elle

nize

d As

ia

Sum

min

g U

p M

. Put

urid

ze &

E. R

ova

Firs

t res

ults

of t

he J

oint

Sh

ida

Kar

tli A

rche

olog

ical

Pr

ojec

t

LUn

CH

Programme of the Congress XIXW

EDN

ESD

AY

14tH

APR

IL 2

010

C

ON

SUM

PTIO

N

LAN

DSC

APE

M

eGA

-CIt

Ies

FIEL

DW

OR

K 1

FI

ELD

WO

RK

2

CU

LtU

RA

L H

eRIt

AG

e

Cha

ir: R

. Spa

rks

Cha

ir: C

. Bel

l C

hair:

S. J

. Sim

pson

C

hair:

P. W

olf

Cha

ir: D

. Whi

tcom

b C

hair:

M. S

eym

our

14:0

0 –

14:2

5 A

. D’A

gost

ino

Kiln

s and

ove

ns fr

om th

e 2nd

m

illen

nium

BC

settl

emen

t of T

ell

Barr

i (Sy

ria)

D. I

lan

& Y

. Tha

rean

i Th

e H

ula

Valle

y fr

om th

e ea

rly

Bron

ze A

ge to

the

Otto

man

Pe

riod

: a lo

ngue

dur

ée

exam

inat

ion

of c

hang

ing

inte

ract

ions

bet

ween

peo

ple

and

the

natu

ral e

nvir

onm

ent

B. G

enito

Th

e Ac

haem

enid

stat

e an

d th

e pe

riph

eral

evi

denc

e

F. G

uliy

ev &

Y. N

ishi

aki

New

ligh

t on

the

sout

h C

auca

sian

N

eolit

hic:

insi

ghts

from

Goy

tepe

, Az

erba

ijan

F. K

idd

Kar

akal

pak-

Aust

ralia

n ex

cava

tions

in a

ncie

nt

Cho

rasm

ia: r

ecen

t exc

avat

ions

of

wall

pain

tings

at K

azak

ly-y

atka

n

L. C

rew

e Pr

esen

t pas

ts: 1

0,00

0 ye

ars o

f life

in

a v

illag

e

14:3

0 –

14:5

0 L

. Dod

d M

ore

of th

e sa

me?

Cer

amic

co

ntin

uity

and

pol

itica

l cha

nge

duri

ng th

e se

cond

mill

enni

um

BCE

A. L

erio

u Tr

ade,

exc

hang

e an

d id

entit

y co

nstr

uctio

n/ m

aint

enan

ce in

the

Late

Bro

nze

Age

soci

etie

s alo

ng

the

coas

ts o

f the

eas

tern

M

edite

rran

ean:

the

case

of

Cyp

rus

S. A

tris

C

roco

dilo

polis

, Ars

inoe

, the

Fa

yum

; a c

eleb

rate

d m

ega-

city

B. H

elw

ing

& T

. Aliy

ev

Kam

iltep

e 20

09: f

irst

resu

lts o

f th

e jo

int A

zerb

aija

n-G

erm

an

inve

stig

atio

ns in

the

Mil

Step

pe

A. E

ger

His

n al

-Tin

at a

nd th

e wa

ysta

tions

of

the

Isla

mic

-Byz

antin

e fr

ontie

r

S. d

i Pao

lo

His

tori

cal,

topo

grap

hica

l, m

enta

l pa

ths:

Cyp

riot

ant

iqui

ties i

nsid

e Ita

lian

mus

eum

s

14:5

5 –

15:1

5 F.

Man

uelli

Ea

rly

Iron

Age

cer

amic

m

ovem

ents

and

usa

ges a

t Ar

slan

tepe

. Loc

al tr

aditi

ons a

nd

fore

ign

influ

ence

s in

the

potte

ry

prod

uctio

n fr

om th

e ne

w ex

cava

tions

on

the

Neo

-Hitt

ite

leve

ls

K. H

esse

An

inla

nd L

evan

tine

pers

pect

ive

on L

ate

Bron

ze A

ge m

ariti

me

trad

e

L. C

orde

ra

Potte

ry fr

om V

eh-A

rdas

hir:

co

ntin

uity

and

cha

nge

in

prod

uctio

n du

ring

the

Sasa

nian

pe

riod

in M

esop

otam

ia

B. L

yonn

et

Rece

nt re

sear

ch o

n th

e C

halc

olith

ic p

erio

d in

Aze

rbai

jan,

th

e si

te o

f Men

tesh

Tep

e

A. Ö

zyar

Ta

rsus

-Göz

lüku

le 2

007–

2009

: the

Ea

rly

Isla

mic

rem

ains

Y. P

az

Com

mun

ity a

rcha

eolo

gy in

Ear

ly

Bron

ze A

ge T

el B

areq

et, I

srae

l: sc

hool

chi

ldre

n an

d ag

ency

for

activ

e pu

blic

eng

agem

ent i

n cu

ltura

l her

itage

pro

ject

s

15:2

0 –

15:4

0 S.

Duv

arci

Lo

cal p

otte

ry p

rodu

ctio

n in

the

Iron

Age

: a C

ilici

an c

ase-

stud

y –

a te

chni

cal a

nd c

ompa

rativ

e re

-ev

alua

tion

of th

e C

ilici

an b

lack

-on

-red

pai

nted

war

e tr

aditi

on o

f Ta

rsus

-Göz

lüku

le

Y. S

hale

v Th

e So

uth

Phoe

nici

a la

nd ru

sh –

ur

bani

zatio

n at

the

begi

nnin

g of

th

e Pe

rsia

n pe

riod

K. D

amga

ard

Acce

ss g

rant

ed: m

echa

nism

s of

tran

sitio

n an

d ap

proa

ch in

Ear

ly

Isla

mic

pal

atia

l arc

hite

ctur

e an

d th

e or

igin

of t

he Is

lam

ic ro

yal c

ity

C. M

arro

& V

. Bak

hşha

liyev

Ar

chae

olog

ical

inve

stig

atio

ns a

t th

e sa

lt m

ine

of D

uzda

gi

(Nak

hchi

van,

Aze

rbai

jan)

S. M

cPhi

lips

Rura

l Isl

amic

settl

emen

t pat

tern

s:

the

Upp

er O

ront

es V

alle

y, S

yria

A. K

eina

n Ar

chae

olog

ical

inve

ntor

ies a

nd

cultu

ral h

erita

ge m

anag

emen

t in

the

occu

pied

Pal

estin

ian

terr

itori

es

Co

FFee

Cha

ir: E

. Wilk

inso

n C

hair:

D. M

eije

r C

hair:

S. J

. Sim

pson

C

hair:

B. H

elw

ing

Cha

ir: R

. Gre

enbe

rg

Cha

ir: M

. Haw

ari

16:1

5 –

16:3

5 C

. Ber

ghof

fen

Sym

bolic

con

sum

ptio

n: im

port

ed

vess

els i

n m

ortu

ary

rite

s

Ö. H

arm

ansa

h Ro

ck re

liefs

and

sacr

ed sp

ring

s:

towa

rds a

n ar

chae

olog

y of

pla

ce

in A

nato

lia

S. P

ries

tman

Si

raf a

nd th

e Ab

basi

d tr

ade

boom

ph

enom

ena:

qua

ntita

tive

cera

mic

ev

iden

ce

B. P

arke

r In

the

shad

ow o

f Ara

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16

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– 17

:00

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unt

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rian

pal

ace

ware

: pro

duct

ion

and

mea

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in Ir

on A

ge L

evan

t

B. F

isch

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role

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sanc

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in th

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rmat

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proc

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cono

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co

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orig

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arch

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th

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ome

new

insi

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site

at

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outle

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Programme of the CongressXXTH

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out a

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usse

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mur

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atte

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rest

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a

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ory

of th

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ate

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se

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tice

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of

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ria

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ttlem

ent a

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ape

stud

ies i

n U

pper

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opot

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l-Hus

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y Th

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cava

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at M

arad

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man

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panu

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t (it)

glo

w! R

ecen

t ar

chae

omet

rica

l ana

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s of H

attia

n an

d H

ittite

met

alwo

rk

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utla

nd

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stan

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the

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lery

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cul

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spec

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chlo

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estic

spac

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the

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atya

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in (T

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the

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erio

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awru

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and

land

scap

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th W

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cent

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cove

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at T

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par

ticul

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outh

of t

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polis

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n Th

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ason

of G

re A

mer

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uk in

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tman

, Tur

key

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ngin

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oble

ms i

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arth

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guri

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rd

mill

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hom

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spec

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olin

ski

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at t

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nato

lia: Ç

ine-

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acke

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peo

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and

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ke o

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we, a

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them

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rone

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d ha

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activ

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at T

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ardi

kh-E

bla

(Syr

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duri

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and

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dle

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ze

Ages

S. B

onza

no

Loca

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yste

ms o

n La

ke V

an:

influ

ence

and

lega

cy fr

om N

airi

to

Med

ieva

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ova

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w gr

oup

of se

al im

pres

sion

s fro

m

Tell

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arch

etti

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2009

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kish

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lian

salv

age

exca

vatio

ns a

nd re

stor

atio

ns a

t Tas

li G

eçit

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ük (T

urke

y)

B. P

edde

An

cien

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tern

mot

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Euro

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art

of t

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entu

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D

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cons

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and

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lest

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G

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sone

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Tell

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kh T

ahta

ni o

n th

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phra

tes.

Hig

hlig

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f the

last

exc

avat

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seas

ons

R. Y

ağcı

Re

visi

ting

the

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Programme of the Congress XXI

THURSDAY 15tH APRIL 2010 FIELDWORK 1 FIELDWORK 2

Chair: M. Lebeau Chair: N. Marchetti 14:00 – 14:25 E. Peltenburg et al

The Land of Carchemish (Syria) Project 2009: The Sajur Triangle

14:30 – 14:50 P. Matthiae The acropolis of Ebla. Excavations of 2008 and 2009

V. Şahoğlu et al Çeşme – Bağlararasý: a Bronze Age harbour settlement in Western Anatolia

14:55 – 15:15 F. Baffi New discoveries at Tell Tuqan (Syria)

T. Harrison Recent discoveries at Tell Tayinat on the Orontes

15:20 – 15:40 M. Iamoni The Eastern Palace of Qatna. A new example of MB Syrian palace architecture

D. Schloen Recent excavations at Zincirli, Ancient Sam'al

CoFFee Chair: E. Rova Chair: T. Harrison 16:15 – 16:35 P. Bartl & D. Bonatz

Preliminary Report on the Excavations at Tell Fekheriye between 2005 and 2009

A. Özfırat New investigations in the Van Lake Basin: Bronze and Iron Ages

16:40 – 17:00 M. Da Ros An example of LBA residential architecture from Qatna

J. MacGinnis Ziyaret Tepe/Tushan - a provincial capital of the Assyrian Empire

17:05 – 17:25 S. Perini The Middle Bronze Age at Tell Ahmar (North Syria): new data from seasons 2004–2009

S. Cecchini & F. Venturi A sounding at Arslan Tash. Re-visiting the "Bâtiment aux ivoires"

17:30 – 17:50 P. Pfalzner New discoveries in Qatna

Programme of the CongressXXII

FRIDAY 16tH APRIL 2010 LANDSCAPE CULtURAL HeRItAGe

Chair: H. Kuehne Chair: S. Ratnagar 09:20 – 09:50 J. Córdoba

Spanish contributions to the history of the archaeology of Iran and Oman in the early 17th century. García de Silva (1550-1624): intuition and discovery

09:55 – 10:15 B. Walker Political ecology and the landscapes of Northern Jordan in the Late Islamic periods

S. Atris Archaeological heritage management in the UAE, policies for training and research

10:20 – 10:40 C. Tavernari From the caravanserai to the road: proposition for a preliminary reconstruction of the Syrian road networks in the Middle Age

A. Bianchi Perspectives of Near Eastern archaeology between science and cultural heritage management

CoFFee Chair: H. Kuehne Chair: T. Williams 11:15 – 11:35 F. Onnis

Communication of landscape: Near Eastern legacy in the codes of figurative representation of the outward setting to the Mediterranean imagery of the first millennium BC

S. Ratnagar Studying the South Asian Bronze Age: Indian and cross-cultural comparisons

11:40 – 12:00 M. Weedon Writing, class and urbanism in the 2nd millennium BC

M. Micale Near Eastern archaeology under siege: from real destruction to virtual reconstruction

12:05 – 12:25 K. von Habsburg-Lothringen Archaeology in conflict – the "blue shield" perspective

12:30 – 12:50 A. Sands & K. Butler The next generation: mobilizing social networks for heritage-based international cooperation

EXCAVATIONS AT TIBERIAS (SPRING AND AUTUMN 2009):

REMAINS OF A DISTRICT CAPITAL

KATIA CYTRYN-SILVERMAN

AbstrAct

New excavations at the ancient city centre of Tiberias started in 2009 and aim to explore the classical city’s process of Islamisation. The main focus of our works is the remains of a large mosque, the covered hall of which is a three-aisled structure (78 m by 26 m), crossed by a wide aisle, leading to a protruding mihrāb. This monumental building seems to have been constructed over a mid/late 7th-century hypostyle structure. The last refurbishing of the mosque seems to have occurred in the 11th century as a coin dated to the time of the Fātimid caliph al-Mustansir Bi’llāh was found in the late floor’s make-up. This very mosque collapsed soon afterwards, in the earthquake of 1068.

Tiberias, located on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee and founded in AD 191 by Herod Antipas, has been witness to archaeological excavations of various scope since the 1930s (Hirschfeld 1993; Hirschfeld and Galor 2007; Stepansky 2008). Common to almost all these works, many of them meagrely recorded, was the presence of Islamic layers (Cytryn-Silverman 2009a: 38-44), evidence for activity during a time when Tiberias served as capital of Jund al-Urdunn, from the 7th to the 11th century (Lavergne 2000).

The main archaeological remains (Fig. 1) were explored between the 1950s and 1970s – the southern gate of the Roman city (Foerster 1993; Stacey ed. 2004: 23-28), sections of the cardo, a bathhouse and a large apsidal building of the Byzantine period. A large pillared building, overlaying the remains of an early Roman structure, was interpreted as a Byzantine covered market (Hirschfeld 1993: 1466-1467; Hirschfeld and Galor 2007). The Roman structure, in its turn, has been identified as the remains of the unfinished temple in honour of Hadrian, mentioned by a 4th-century source (Wilkinson 1977: 174; Epiphanius of Salamis §II.12.1-9). In 1978-1979 a 6th-century synagogue was revealed (Berman 1981), in 1980 a Crusader church (Harif 1984), and in 1989-1990 Yizhar Hirschfeld excavated a late Roman building which he identified as the remains of Tiberias’ Great Academy/Beth Midrash (Hirschfeld ed. 2004: 5-13). Between 1990 and 1994 Hirschfeld excavated on top of Mount Berenice, where a Byzantine church proved to have been active (with changes) up to the Crusader period,

1 All dates in this article are AD, unless hijri dates (AH) are also quoted.

Katia Cytryn-Silverman600

only to go out of use during the Mamlūk period, when it was apparently used for different purposes (Hirschfeld ed. 2004: 77).2 At the end of the 1990s a bronze hoard of the 11th century, containing over a thousand metal pieces kept in three pithoi, drew attention to the potential of Islamic archaeology in Tiberias (Hirschfeld and Gutfeld eds 2008). Perhaps it was also the cache of 85 coins, 59 of which were anonymous folles – with the effigy of Christ on the obverse and the inscription ‘Jesus Christ, King of Kings’ on the reverse – that made this hoard extra appealing (Bijovsky 2008), for it showed the multi-cultural nature of Tiberias. Evidence of Christian activity in the heart of the classical city also came to light when the northern aisle of a 5th- (?) century church and its mosaic were uncovered ahead of the laying of a salt-water channel (Israel Antiquities Authority 2007). Finally, remains of the Crusader castle of Tiberias were uncovered in 2003 (Stepansky 2004) while a monumental Roman theatre, overlaid by a series of sizeable ‘Abbāsid-Fātimid dwellings (Atrash 2010), were recently exposed.

The New Tiberias Excavation Project3 is located at the ancient city centre, and aims at understanding the process of Islamisation of Tiberias since its conquest in 635 (al-Balādhurī: 115-116; Gil 1997: §57) and especially how the newcomers related to the classical urban tissue. Key for understanding this process is the study of the pillared building (Fig. 2), interpreted as the Byzantine covered market until recently, and now identified by the author as Tiberias’ congregational mosque (Cytryn-Silverman 2009a: 44-56; Cytryn-Silverman 2009b), as well as its immediate surroundings – the cardo and shops on the west, the bathhouse and adjacent structures to the south of the mosque, the Byzantine apsidal building to the east, and the church to the north.

The hypothetical identification of the pillared building as a mosque was mainly based on its close relationship with known Umayyad mosques, i.e. the triple-aisled plan with a central transept leading to the prayer-niche (the mihrāb). It also has similar proportions to a number of others, Tiberias being half the width of Damascus, twice the width of the mosques at Jarash, Amman and Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqī, and five times

2 It seems that Hirschfeld’s last phase (Stratum I) should be re-dated to the early 13th century. The sugar bowls and molasses jars found in this level (Amir 2004: 165, fig. 9.10), for example, are more fitting of the 12-13th centuries (Avissar, Stern 2005: 86, 103, figs 37: 3, 43: 3, 5-6). In addition, the presence of a considerable number of Ayyūbid coins of the early 12th century (Bijovsky 2004: 173-174) in late contexts seems to reinforce this dating. The three coins of the Mamlūk period, on the other hand, came from the surface and from the dump (Bijovsky 2004: 174-175).

3 The New Tiberias Excavation Project is supported by the Van Berchem Foundation, the Yizhar Hirschfeld Memorial Fund, the Israel Science Foundation and the Ruth Amiram Fund of the Institute of Archaeology, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The first season ran from March 22 - April 8 2009, the second from October 11 - November 6 2009 (two further seasons were undertaken in 2010, but they are beyond the scope of this article). The excavations are directed by the author, under the auspices of the Institute of Archaeology, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, assisted by a team of students (Shulamit Miller: assistant director; Shmulik Freireich, Roi Greenwald: administrators; Yuli Gekht, Asaf Bar-Hadas, Bar Kribus: field supervisors), paid workers and volunteers from Israel and abroad. Plans were prepared by Dov Porotsky and Slava Pirsky, photographs by David Silverman (http://www.dpsimages.com), aerial photographs by SkyView and Yuval Nadel (http://yuvalnadel.com).

Excavations At Tiberias 601

that of Khirbat al-Minya (Cytryn-Silverman 2009a: 49-53). However, the excavations at the site have confirmed this reinterpretation of the building and added crucial information regarding its various stages.

the PillAred structure And the PrAyer niche (AreA M2)

The covered hall of the mosque at Tiberias (78 by 26 m; see outline in Fig. 2) is composed of three aisles parallel to the qibla wall, crossed by a central transverse aisle (5.55 m wide), built over six large pillars of mostly reused basalt blocks (c. 2.3 m2 each; those of the northern pair facing the courtyard are longer). The stylobates run east and west of the central aisle, each composed of six embedded 2nd/3rd-century Jewish basalt tomb doors (on the northern and middle stylobates) or by reused limestone blocks (on the southern stylobate), which meet pillars engaged on the eastern and western walls.

While the plan of the pillared building prepared both by Ravani in the 1950s and Hirschfeld in 2004 lacked a mihrāb,4 it became clear once fieldwork started in 2009, that a half-circular foundation (c. 3.5 m wide by 1.6 m deep) for a protruding niche had already been excavated in 2004, though it was yet to be put in its proper architectural context. Over 65% of the covered hall has been excavated in the past (Fig. 3), but unfortunately little has been published (Hirschfeld and Galor 2007). During 2009 five trenches were opened by the author within the area corresponding to the covered hall, both to confirm the symmetry of the building, and to better understand the context of the building’s stylobates and floors relating to it, as well as the function and dating of two series of supports which appear between the stylobates.

The south-eastern corner of the mosque is mostly robbed (Fig. 4), though the negative of the qibla wall is clear, in line with the wall exposed in previous excavations. At this trench, enlarged during the following seasons, a geometric mosaic floor was exposed. This floor was damaged when the arch above it collapsed, and debris of the building, abounding with painted fresco fragments,5 covered it. This floor, discussed below (see Appendix by S. Miller), was cut during the laying of the stylobates and thus clearly antedates the building of the three-aisled mosque.

We were able to study the sequence of the mosque’s floors. The latest – composed of a grayish plaster laid over pebbles – was carefully excavated after the removal of a collapse of roof tiles, similar to those excavated in Jarash (Damgaard 2010). In Hirschfeld’s excavations in 2004, portions of brass chains for hanging mosque-lamps, as well as fragments of the corresponding glass vessels, were found (similar to brass

4 And in fact, in my early presentations about Tiberias’ mosque, I looked for reasons for the absence of a niche – the fact that during the early Umayyad period mosque elements such as the mihrāb were perhaps still not standard (Cytryn-Silverman forthcoming), or that the remains in situ at Tiberias belong to foundations and not to a superstructure.

5 Some fragments of fresco panels were found still in situ during our Autumn 2010 season.


chains found by Ravani as soon as the works in Tiberias started in 1952). We also found small sections of such chains (Fig. 5) and much glass under this collapse.6

In trench M21 the plaster floor and make-up of pebbles was found disturbed (Fig. 6), probably cracked and filled by one of the earthquakes of the 11th century. The dismantling of the layer of pebbles yielded Buff Ware which was embedded into the plaster. The dating of this floor according to the pottery could be anywhere between the 9th and early 11th century. Yet, a billon coin found in this locus (Fig. 7), datable to the time of the Fātimid caliph al-Mustansir Bi’llāh Abū Tamīm Ma’add (AH 427-487/AD 1036-1094),7 hints at the last building activity or repair of the mosque.

During the 11th century two earthquakes took place – in 1033 and 1068 (Gil 1997: §595, 602). As the finding of the billon provides a terminus post quem for the laying of the latest floor (unless it had permeated into the crack, in which case it would provide evidence for the building’s late use and a terminus ante quem for the earthquake), the mosque’s final collapse could only have happened in 1068. At this stage, Fātimid rule was already too weakened to repair Tiberias’ congregational mosque. Soon after (1075), Tiberias was pillaged and the population (or at least part of it) apparently executed on the orders of the Turcoman Atsiz (Gil 1997: §603, n. 61). By the end of the century, Tiberias fell to the Franks.

It is worth bearing in mind that it was during al-Mustansir’s rule, in 1047, that Tiberias was visited by the Persian traveller Nāsir-i Khusraw (d. c. 1075). He described Tiberias as a lively city, with no hint of a recent catastrophe or a recession. His description is as follows (Nāsir-i Khusraw: 52; Le Strange 1890: 336–37):

The city has a strong wall that, beginning at the borders of the lake, goes all round the town; but on the water side there is no wall. There are numberless buildings erected in the very water, for the bed of the lake in this part is rock; and they have built pleasure-houses that are supported on columns of marble, rising up out of the water. The lake is very full of fish.

The Friday Mosque is in the midst of the town. At the gate of the mosque is a spring, over which they have built a hot bath; and the water of this spring is so hot that, until it has been mixed with cold water, you cannot bear to have it poured over you. They say this hot bath was built by Solomon, the son of David—peace be upon them both!—and I myself did visit it. There is, too, on the western side of the town of Tiberias, a mosque known as the Jasmine Mosque (Masjid al-Yāsmīn). It is a fine building, and in the middle part rises a great platform (dukkān), where they have their prayer-niches (mahārīb). All round those they have set jasmine-shrubs, from which the mosque derives its name. In the colonnade, on the eastern side, is the tomb of Joshua (son of Nun), and underneath the great platform aforesaid are shown the tombs of the seventy prophets—peace be upon them!—whom the children of Israel slew.

Underneath the upper make-up layer of pebbles, a yellowish beaten floor was exposed

6 Ms Ayala Lester, of the Israel Antiquities Authority, is studying the glass and metal finds from the excavations.

7 The numismatic finds from the present project are being studied by Prof. R. Milstein of the Department of Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (coins of the Islamic period) and Ms Gabi Bijovsky of the Israel Antiquities Authority (pre-Islamic coins), assisted by student Michael Chernin. A similar billon was found in G. Foerster’s excavations at the shops west of the cardo (Area C, locus C64). See Berman 2004: 244, no. 362.


in M21 (Fig. 6). In N20(E) this same floor was associated with a rectangular basalt slab, laid over a foundation of irregular stones in hard mortar. This slab and foundation are related to the middle rows of round supports uncovered by Ravani, many of them topped by a single or double basalt slab. These rows, in turn, relate to the three-aisled building as they are positioned right in the centre of the middle and southern aisles, yet the positioning of the basalt slabs is not in accordance with that of the pillar bases along the stylobates. It seems they belong to an intermediate phase of the mosque, a possibility to be further explored.

Half of another support, belonging to the outer series excavated by Ravani, was excavated in square M21 (Fig. 8). As clearly seen on the baulk, this support once carried a narrow round shaft,8 most probably removed before the three-aisled building was erected. That is inferred both from the filling-in of the round pit with gravel and yellow dirt (as seen on the baulk) following the shaft removal, as well as from the finding of related supports overlaid by the two central stylobates.

As for the date of this early hypostyle building, so far the evidence comes from the findings of a deep brown fill underlying the earliest of the floors, both in square M21 and in square N20. This fill (L.M2.020), similarly to the floors above, was carefully excavated and sifted. In Spring 2009 we retrieved, for example, no less than 198 coins from a sounding less than 3 by 3 m and c. a metre deep in M21. Though most of them were worn minimi of the 4th to the 6th centuries, one Arab-Byzantine coin of the 7th century, as well as a clipping of similar date, give us a terminus post quem for this first building stage.

behind the QiblA WAll

Remains of a randomly ordered stone floor in limestone and basalt were found by Hirschfeld’s expedition in 2004, overlaying the remains of the protruding niche (the mihrāb). The base of a column, as well as a basalt slab which most probably served as the foundation for a second column, were also exposed. Due to the location of these finds at the back of the mosque, a trench was opened east of these finds (Square M19), to explore the possibility of a dār al-imāra existing there. Unfortunately this area proved to have been intensively disturbed in modern times and so far little has been found (including during the two seasons in 2010: Cytryn-Silverman forthcoming).

the courtyArd And underground cistern (AreA M1-north)

Remains of gravel paving (L.M1.095) were found in Square L25 in the north (Fig.

8 Negatives of round shafts, 42 cm on average, are also found in Ravani’s excavations of the western portion of the mosque. Their irregular size might point either to columns of different sources in secondary use, or to wooden shafts.


2). This relates to the upper layer of gravel seen in a baulk facing the northernmost stylobate, excavated by Hirschfeld’s team in 2004, and hints at a large courtyard facing the covered hall.9 This courtyard was enclosed by a portico, the eastern remains of which had already been uncovered in Hirschfeld’s last season in 2006, while the western side was partly exposed in Area M1-West (see below).

The gravel paving was interrupted by a wall running east-west (W.M1.902), which turned out to be the southernmost wall of a large underground cistern. This cistern is composed of two chambers, each 10 m by 3.2 m (internally), 4 m deep and separated by an intermediate wall. The ceiling of this cistern, originally sustained by arches anchored on the walls, most probably collapsed following an earthquake. The tumbled stones were found at the bottom, and even though we did reach a small portion of the plaster floor, for safety reasons we were unable to excavate this layer to establish a firm dating for its last use. As for its construction, an Umayyad date (7th century or later) can be inferred, according to the pottery from the foundation trench of the cistern’s northern wall (L.M1.100 in Square L27). The fill which accumulated within the collapsed cistern is a colluvium,10 which most probably followed the erosion of a neglected cultivated soil from the slopes of nearby Mt Berenice or north of it.

North of the cistern we exposed a small portion of a flagstone floor, which seems to have been overlaid by the same gravel paving as to south of the cistern. Similarly, some small sections of a geometric mosaic, not unlike that at the south-eastern corner of our excavations, were also covered when the courtyard was laid.

the Western boundAries of the MosQue (AreA M1-West)

In the west (Fig. 9) we exposed the northern extension of the mosque’s enclosure wall (W.900), as well as remains of the portico’s stylobate circumventing the courtyard. The gravel layer was also detected in this portion of the site. A partition wall of one of the shops facing the cardo was exposed, as well as what seems to be the remains of a Roman wall. In this spot we went deep enough to reveal early Roman finds (mainly pottery sherds and frescoes), which might go back to the early days of Tiberias.

Underneath the courtyard’s floor we found 6-7th century finds, including a figurine

9 In Spring 2010 we opened two trenches immediately to the north of the central aisle of the covered hall (Area M3). It enabled us to establish the stratigraphy of the courtyard, especially as 62 coins were retrieved in between the layers of gravel, 40 of them legible. The latest coins predating the two earlier layers are Umayyad post-Reform, while the latest predating the third layer are late Umayyad. The latest coins found under the two upper layers are ‘Abbāsid. In Autumn 2010 we found the north-western corner of the mosque, as well as that of the portico, which allowed us to reconstruct the mosque as a 78 m wide by 90 m long structure. A more detailed report will appear in a forthcoming article on the results of the 2010 Spring and Autumn seasons.

10 The colluvium came from the upper slope, from a Bt horizon of a Luvisol. I am grateful to Dr Markus Dotterweich of the Institute of Geography, University of Mainz, for analysing the deposits within the cistern.


of a woman and child, comparable to specimens uncovered in Beth Shean and Caesarea. As for the Islamic layers in this square, the findings were many, not only ceramics and many coins, but also one inscription (Fig. 10) as well as an ostracon of a probable 7th- or early 8th-century dating.11

conclusion

The New Tiberias Excavation Project has managed so far to establish the identification of the pillared building as a three-aisled mosque erected during the Umayyad period, over an earlier hypostyle hall of smaller dimensions, most probably erected during the 7th century. This earlier structure might have been contemporary with a building found underneath the south-eastern corner of the Umayyad mosque, the floor of which was covered by a unique geometric mosaic and according to style, seems also datable to the 7th century.

The covered hall faced a peristyle courtyard paved in gravel, in the middle of which we have so far found a large underground cistern, which collapsed and was filled in, most probably following the earthquake of 1068. The fills underlying both the covered hall and the courtyard were laid over Roman finds and architectural remains. So far no architectural remains in this area can be clearly attributed to the Byzantine period, which raises the assumption that during that time the site of the unfinished Hadrianeum was an open ground in between the cardo, the church and the apsidal building to the east.

Future excavations shall explore the surroundings of the mosque, not only to better understand the layout of this district capital, but also to further enrich our knowledge of patterns of the Islamisation of classical cities.

APPendix: the geoMetric MosAic, by shulAMit Miller

A geometric mosaic composed of large tesserae (c. 2 cm square) was exposed underneath the various floor levels at the south-eastern corner of the mosque, cut by the mosque’s southern wall and southernmost stylobate (Fig. 4). According to its style, it can be dated to the late Byzantine-early Islamic period, most probably to the mid-7th century. It is reminiscent of a mosaic found by Hirschfeld c. 200 m north of our trench, though the latter was dated as late Umayyad-early Abbasid (Talgam 2004: 28-30), as the coins found underneath that floor were all Umayyad post-Reform (Milstein and Ariel 2004). Our mosaic is divided into a main carpet with three12 rectangular panels bearing geometric patterns, delimiting its eastern and western sides. The doorstep

11 The epigraphic finds from the excavations are under the care of Prof. Amikam Elad, of the Department of Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

12 In Autumn 2010 we exposed the western edge of the room, revealing a fourth panel.


into the room is decorated with a shaded lozenge. The main carpet is decorated by a grid forming compartments on a white ground, enclosing a variety of square-shaped motifs; the majority of the compartments contain an array of small, fairly simple shaded squares, some repeated, others appearing only once. Compartments located nearest to the room’s entrance are decorated by single, larger and more complex design elements. Five colours are used in the mosaic: black, white, dark red, brown and ochre. The nature of the building to which the mosaic belongs is yet to be clarified.

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Fig. 3: Trench M21, east of excavations by Ravani in the 1950s. Note the stylobates intercalated by two series of small round supports in the centre and south (and by W.300 to the north), as well at the large pillars of the central aisle. Source: photograph by David Silverman.

Fig. 2: Excavation areas of the New Tiberias Excavation Project–2009, and outline of three-aisled congregational mosque.

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Fig. 6: Trench M21 in Area M2 (see Fig. 3). Excavation of make-up of upper floor, and floor underneath it, L.M2.018, overlaying the stylobate. Source: photograph by the author.


Fig. 7: Billon coin of Fātimid caliph al-Mustansir Bi’llāh (AH 427-487/AD 1036-1094), found during dismantling of the layer of pebbles in M21 (see Fig. 6).

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Fig. 8: Round support exposed in trench M21. Note the pit caused by the removal of the shaft which once stood over this foundation. It was filled with gravel in a yellow soil. The beaten-earth floor (L.M2.018) and the make-up of pebbles (L.M2.013) are seen above this yellowish layer. Source: photograph by David Silverman.


Fig. 9: Trench G/H24, in the west. Field supervisor Asaf Bar-Hadas stands over the stylobate of the portico’s colonnade. Behind him is W.900, the extension of the mosque’s western wall, enclosing the peristyle courtyard. Source: photograph by David Silverman.


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