proceedings of the smithsonian marine science symposium...smithsonian institution scholarly press...

Smithsonian InstitutionScholarly Press

Proceedings of theSmithsonian

Marine Science Symposium

Edited byMichael A. Lang,

lan G. Maántyre, and Klaus Rützler

Contents

FOREWORD by Ira Rubinoff ix

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY by Micbael A. Lang xi

OVERVIEW OF SMITHSONIAN MARINE SCIENCE

Introduction to the Smithsonian Marine Science Network iMicbael A. Lang, Smithsonian Office of the Under Secretary

for Science

Land-Sea Interactions and Human Impacts in the Coastal Zone 1iAnson H. Hiñes, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center

Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce: Thirty-Eight Yearsof Research on the Marine Biodiversity of Florida 25Valerie J, Paul, Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort PierceJulianne Piraino, Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort PierceLaura Diederick, Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce

Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosystems: Thirty-Five Years of SmithsonianMarine Science in Belize 43Klaus Rützler, National Museum of Natural History,

Smithsonian Institution

The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute: Marine Research,Education, and Conservation in Panamá 73D. Ross Robertson, Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteJohn H. Christy, Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteRachel Collin, Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteRichard G, Cooke, Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteLuis D'Croz, Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteKarl W. Kaufmann, Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteStanley Heckadon Moreno, Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteJuan L. Maté, Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteAaron O'Dea, Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteMark E. Torchin, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O T H E M A R I N E S C I E N C E S

MARINE BIODIVERSITY, EVOLUTION, AND SPECIATION

Protandric Simultaneous Hermaphroditism Is a Conserved Traitin Lysmata (Caridea: Lysmatidae): Implications for the Evoiutionof Hermaphroditism in the Genus 95/. Antonio Baeza, Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce

Reconciling Genetic Lineages with Species in Western AtlanticCoryphopterus (Teleostei: Gobiidae) 111Carole C. Baldwin, National Museum of Natural History,

Smithsonian InstitutionLee A. Weigt, National Museum of Natural History,

Smitbsonian InstitutionDavid G. Smith, National Museum of Natural History,

Smitbsonian InstitutionJulie H. Mounts, National Museum o f Natural History,


Recent Insights into Cnidarian Phylogeny 139Alien G, Collins, National Marine Fisheries Service Systematics

Laboratory, National Museum of Natural History,Smithsonian Institution

Biodiversity and Abundance of Sponges in Caribbean Mangrove:Indicators of Environmental Quality 151María Cristina Díaz, Museo Marino de Margarita, VenezuelaKlaus Rützler, National Museum of Natural History,


Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) Variation in the Gorgonian CoralPseudopterogorgia bipinnata in Belize and Panamá 173Daniel Dorado, Universidad de los Andes, ColombiaJuan A, Sánchez, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia

Obvious Invaders and Overlooked Infauna: Unexpected Constituentsof the Decapod Crustacean Fauna at Twin Cays, Beiize 181Darryl L. Felder, University of Louisiana at LafayettePeter C. Dworschak, Naturhistorisches Museum in WienRafael Robles, University of Louisiana at LafayetteHeather D. Bracken, University of Louisiana at LafayetteAmanda M. Windsor, University of Louisiana at Lafayette]ennifer M. Felder, University of Louisiana at LafayetteRafael Lemaitre, National Museum of Natural History,


Imposex in One of the World's Busiest Shipping Zones 189Cárter Li, McGill UniversityRachel Collin, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

Shorefishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific Online Information System 197D. Ross Robertson, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

Nephasoma pelluddum: A Model Species for Sipunculan Development? 209Anja Schulze, Texas A&M University at GalvestonMary E. Rice, Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce


MARINE BIODIVERSITY, EVOLUTION, AND SPECIATION

Protandric Simultaneous Hermaphroditism Is a Conserved Traitin Lysmata (Caridea: Lysmatidae): Implications for the Evoluciónof Hermaphroditism in the Genus 95/. Antonio Baeza, Smitbsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce

Reconciling Genetic Lineages with Species in Western AtlanticCorypkopterus (Teleostei: Gobiidae) 111Carole C. Baídwin, National Museum of Natural History,

Smithsonian InstitutionLee A. Weigt, National Museum of Natural History,

Smithsonian InstitutionDavid G. Smitb, National Museum o f Natural History,

Smithsonian InstitutionJulie H. Mounts, National Museum of Natural History,


Recent Insights into Cnidarian Phylogeny 139Alien G. Collins, National Marine Fisheries Service Systematics

Laboratory, National Museum of Natural History,Smithsonian Institution

Biodiversity and Abundance of Sponges in Caribbean Mangrove:Indicators of Environmental Quality 151María Cristina Díaz, Museo Marino de Margarita, VenezuelaKlaus Rützler, National Museum o f Natural History,


Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) Variation in the Gorgonian CoralPseudopterogorgia bipinnata in Belize and Panamá 173Daniel Dorado, Universidad de los Andes, ColombiaJuan A. Sánchez, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia

Obvious Invaders and Overlooked Infauna: Unexpected Constituentsof the Decapod Crustacean Fauna at Twin Cays, Belize 181Darryl L. f eider, University of Louisiana at LafayettePeter C. Dworschak, Naturhistorisches Museum in WienRafael Robles, University of Louisiana at LafayetteHeather D. Bracken, University of Louisiana at LafayetteAmanda M. Windsor, University of Louisiana at LafayetteJennifer M. Felder, University of Louisiana at LafayetteRafael Lemaitre, National Museum o f Natural History,


Imposex in One of the World's Busiest Shipping Zones 189Cárter Li, McGill UniversityRachel Collin, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

Shorefishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific Online Information System 197D. Ross Robertson, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

Nephasoma pellucidum: A Model Species for Sipunculan Development? 209Anja Scbulze, Texas A&M University at GalvestonMary E, Rice, Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce

N U M B E R 38 • v

Mitochondrial Phylogeography of the Intertidal Isopod Excirolanabraziliensis on the Two Sides of the Isthmus of Panamá 219Renate Sponer, Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteHarilaos A. Lessios, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

Stability and Change in the Iridian River Área Bryozoan Faunaover a Twenty-Four Year Period 229Ju'dith E. Winston, Virginia Museum of Natural History

BIOGEOGRAPHY, DSTVASIVE SPECffiS, AND MARINE CONSERVATION

The Turtles' Tale: Flagships and Instruments for Marine Research,Education, and Conservation 241John G. Frazier, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution

Latitudinal Gradients in Recruitment and Community Dynamicsin Marine Epifaunal Communities: Implicationsfor Invasión Success 247Amy L. Freestone, Smithsonian Environmental Research CenterRichard W. Osman, Smithsonian Environmental Research CenterRobert B. Whitlatch, University of Connecticut

Ex Situ Culture of Caribbean and Pacific Coral Larvae ComparingVarious Flow-Through Chambers 259Mary Hagedorn, National Zoological Park,

Smithsonian InstitutionVirginia L. Cárter, National Zoological Park,

Smithsonian InstitutionLea Hollingsworth, University ofHawaiiJoAnne C. Leong, University ofHawaiiRoland Kanno, University of HawaiiEric H. Borneman, University of HoustonDirk Petersen, Rotterdam ZooMickael Laterveer, Rotterdam ZooMicbael Brittsan, Columbus Zoo and AquariumMark Schick, John G. Shedd Aquarium

Worldwide Diving Discoveries of Living Fossil Animáisfrom the Depths of Anchialine and Marine Caves 269Thomas M. Iliffe, Texas A&M University at GalvestonLouis S. Kornicker, National Museum of Natural History,


Decimating Mangrove Forests for Commercial Developmentin the Pelican Cays, Belize: Long-Term Ecological Lossfor Short-Term Gain? 281lan G. Macintyre, National Museum of Natural History,

Smithsonian InstitutionMarguerite A. Toscano, National Museum of Natural History,

Smithsonian InstitutionIlka C. Feller, Smithsonian Environmental Research CenterMaría A, Faust, National Museum of Natural History,



Using the Panamá Canal to Test Predictions about TropicalMarine Invasions 291Gregory M. Ruiz, Smithsonian Environmental Research CenterMark E. Torchin, Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteKatharine Grant, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center

Ciguatera Fish Poisoning in the Caribbean 301Patricia A, Tester, National Ocean Service, NOAARebecca L. Feldman, RLF EnvironmentalAmy W. Ñau, National Ocean Service, NOAAMaría A. Faust, National Museum of Natural History,

Smithsonian InstitutionR. Wayne Litaker, National Ocean Service, NOAA

FORCES OF ECOLÓGICA! CHANCE IN MARINE SYSTEMS

History of Reef Coral Assemblages on the Rhomboid Shoals of Belize 313Richard B. Aronson, Florida Institute of 'Technologylan G. Macintyre, National Museum of Natural History,

Smithsonian InstitutionAnke M. Moesinger, Dauphin Island Sea LabWilliam F. Precht, Florida Keys National Marine

Sanctuary, NOAAMichael R. Dardeau, Dauphin Island Sea Lab

Climate and Hydroiogical Factors Affecting Variation in ChlorophyllConcentration and Water Clarity in the Babia Almirante, Panamá 323Rachel Collin, Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteLuis D 'Croz, Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePlinio Góndola, Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteJuan B. Del Rosario, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

Nutrient and Chlorophyll Dynamics in Pacific CentralAmerica (Panamá) 335Luis D'Croz, Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteAaron O'Dea, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

Growth and Nutrient Conservation in Rhizophora mangle in Responseto Fertilization along Latitudinal and Tidal Gradients 345llka C, Feller, Smithsonian Environmental Research CenterCatherine E. Lovelock, University of QueenslandCyril Piou, Instituí Nacional de la Recherche Agronomique, Frunce

Underwater Spectral Energy Distribution and Seagrass Depth Limitsalong an Optical Water Quality Gradient 359Charles L. Gallegos, Smithsonian Environmental

Research CenterW. Judson Kenworthy, NOAA Center for Coastal Fisheries

and Habitat ResearchPatrick D. Biber, University of Southern MississippiBret S. Wolfe, University of Virginia

N U M B E R 38 « vi i

Interannual Variation ¡n Gelatinous Zooplankton and Their Preyin the Rhode River, Maryland 369Eileen S. Graham, Smithsonian Environmental Research CenterDanielle M. Tuzzolino, Smithsonian Environmental

Research CenterRebecca B. Burrell, Smithsonian Environmental Research CenterDenise L. Breitburg, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center

Patterns of Water Quality and Movement in the Vicinityof Carrie Bow Cay, Belize 379Karen H. Koltes, U.S. Department of the InteriorThomas B. Qpishinski, Interactive Qceanographics

Global Change and Marsh Elevation Dynamics: ExperimentingWhere Land Meets Sea and Biology Meets Geology 391/. Adam Langley, Smithsonian Environmental Research CenterMarc V. Sigrist, Smithsonian Environmental Research CenterJames Duls, Smithsonian Environmental Research CenterDónala R. Cahoon, U.S. Geológica! SurveyJames C. Lynch, U.S. Geological SurveyJ. Patrick Megonigal, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center

Herbivory, Nutrients, Stochastic Events, and Relative Dominancesof Benthic Indicator Groups on Coral Reefs: A Reviewand Recommendations 401Mark M. Littler, National Museum of Natural History,

Smithsonian InstitutionDiane S. Littler, National Museum of Natural History,

Smithsonian InstitutionBarrett L. Brooks, National Museum of Natural History,


Impacts of Human Disturbante on Soil Erosión Potential andHabitat Stability of Mangrove-Dominated Islands in thePelican Cays and Twin Cays Ranges, Belize 415Karen L. McKee, U.S. Geological SurveyWilliam C. Vervaeke, U.S. Geological Survey

An Overview of Symbiont-Bleaching in the Epiphytic ForaminiferanSorites dominicensis 429Susan L. Richardson, Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce

New Perspectives on Ecological Mechanisms Affecting CoralRecruitment on Reefs 437Raphael Ritson-Williams, Smithsonian Marine Station

at Fort PierceSuzanne N. Arnold, University of MaineNicole D. Fogarty, Florida State UniversityRobert S. Steneck, University of MaineMark ]. A. Vermeij, CARMABIValerie J. Paul, Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce

SMITHSONIAN C O N T R I B U T I O N S TO THE M A R I N E S C I E N C E S

Do Indian River Lagoon Wetland Impoundments (Eastern Florida)Negatively Impact Fiddler Crab (Genus Uca) Populations? 459Bjorn G, Tunberg, Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce

Dynamic Hydroiogy of a Mangrove Island: Twin Cays, Belize 473Daniel W. Urisb, University of Rbode IslandRaymond M. Wrigbt, University of Rhode IslandIlka C. Feller, Smithsonian Environmental Research CenterWilfrid Rodríguez, University of Rhode Island

Ecological Characteristics of Batís marítima in Florida and Belize 491Dennis F. Whigham, Smithsonian Environmental Research CenterMichael C. Whigham, University ofNew HampshireIlka C. Feller, Smithsonian Environmental Research CenterWilfrid Rodríguez, University of Rhode IslandRyan S. King, Baylor University

Sponge Community Dynamics on Caribbean Mangrove Roots:Significance of Species Idiosyncrasies 501Janie L. Wulff, Florida State University

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