Proceedings of

The Third Asian-Pacific International

Symposium on

Combustion and Energy Utilization

Hong Kong 11-15 December, 1995

Volume I

Keynote Lectures

Air Pollution from Combustion Processes

Practical Combustion Systems

Organized by:

The Department of Mechanical EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong

The Institute of Engineering Thermophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences, China

UB/TIB Hannover 89116478 977.

Contents Page

Preface j

Membership Lists jj

Contents v

Volumn I Keynote Lectures K1-K30

A) Air Pollution From Combustion Processes 1-158B) Practical Combustion Systems 159-332

Keynote Papers

Pyrolytic Aspects of CombustionAntonio D 'Alessio K1

China's Energy Industry: Its Development and ProspectsFan Weitang K7

Fundamental Droplet Processes in Spray Vaporization and CombustionC.K.Law K15

The Reaction of Coal at High Intensities in Combustion and Gasification SystemsI.W. Smith K25

A) Air Pollution From Combustion Processes

An Investigation on Formation Mechanisms and Minimization of ExhaustHydrocarbon Emissions from Spark Ignition Engines

Huang Zuohua, Pan Keyu, Zhou Longbao and Jiang Denting 1

The Evolution of Coal Components and Its Effect on Pollutant Formation at Early Stage of PulverizedCoal Combustion

Zhou Jin, S. Godoy and F. C. Lockwood 7

Air Pollution from Combustion Process of Heavy Liquid FuelsSt. Slupek, J. Kozinski, R. Sekula, P. Brzychczyk and S. Leszczynski 13

Simulation of the Effects of Burner Operating Conditions on the Emissions of Nitric Oxide from aHeavy Fuel Oil Fired Furnace

M.A. Byrnes, E.A. Foumeny and T. Mahmud 19

Alternative Fuels for Automotive I.C. Engines and Some Results of Application to S.I. and C.I. EngineAndrzej Kowalewicz and Wincenty Lotko 25

The Fulfilment of Future Environmental Regulations and the Use of Alternative Fuels Seems to bePossible by a New 2-stroke Stratified Charge Engine

Herbert H. Heitland, Gerhart Rinne and KrzysztofWislocki 32

Investigation of the Role of Nitric Oxide in Hydrocarbon Oxidation in a Single Cylinder ResearchEngine and a High Pressure Flow Reactor

Srinivasa K. Prabhu, David L. Miller and Nicholas P. Cernansky 38

Kinetics of Soot Formation at Pyrolysis of C2-HydrocarbonsA.V. Krestinin

Flame Structure and Pollutant Emission Characteristics of Noncircular Partially Premixed LaminarGas Jets

Samir Subba and S.R. Gollahalli 50

1,1,1-Trichloroethane and 1,1-Dichloroethylene Pyrolysis and Oxidation in CH4/O2 Mixtures:Experiment and Detailed Mechanism

Yo-ping G. Wu and Joseph W. Bozzelli 56

The Formation of Toxic Byproducts During High Temperature Post-Flame Oxidation of ChlorinatedHydrocarbons in a Laboratory Scale Reactor

Wolfgang Vitovec, Brian S. Higgins, Donald Lucas, Catherine P. Koshland and Robert F. Sawyer 62

The Study of Ignition Characteristics, Soot and PAH Production from Liquid Spray Combustion ofHydrocarbons in a Shock Tube

R. Wang, P. Cadman and N. Huq 67

Effect of Post-flame Fuel Injection on the Destruction of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons and NOConversion

Shuncheng Lee, Catherine P. Koshland, Donald Lucas and Rebert F. Sawyer 73

Destruction Chemistry of Trimethyl Phosphate in Hj/Oj/Ar Flame Studied by Molecular BeamMass-Spectrometry

O.P. Korobeinichev, A.A. Chernov and V.M. Shvartsberg 79

Experimental Research of Municipal Solid Wastes Combustion Characteristics and NumericalModeling of Its Incineration Process in the Forward Reciprocating Grate

Jian Ruimin, Zhang Hesheng and Chen Dezhen 84

Emissions from Non-Optimum Combustion of Artificial Household RefuseX.J. Zhang and F. Peterson 90

Reduction of N2O from Fluidized Bed Combustion with Afterburning Modelling of the ReactionChemistry

Lennart Gustavsson, Peter Glarborg and Bo Leckner 96

NOX Emissions of Municipal Solid Wastes Incineration; Combustion Experiments in a Counter FlowFixed Bed Reactor and in a Rotary Kiln Incinerator

Jabouille F., Zhou X, Kerdsuwan S., Bregeon B. and Goudeau J.C. 102

An Experimental and Theoretical Study of NO Reduction by Natural Gas RebumingH. Liu, T. Luan, B.M. Gibbs and E. Hampansoumian 109

Fluidized Co-combustion of Waste Tire and Industrial Sludge in a Circulation Fluidized-bedIncinerator

David Yih-Liang Tzan and Ching-I. Juch 115

The Influence of Combustion Air on the PAH Emission During The Combustion of OilR. Wilk, Z. Zielinski and A. &/pt 122

Evaluation for Reduced Greenhouse by Using Supercritical Parameters in Power PlantsD.Y. Liu and A.G. Mclean 128

The Effects of Flame inserts on the Emissions from Domestic Natural Gas Cooktop BurnersR. Junus, J.F. Stubington and G.D. Sergeant 133

Simultaneous Measurements of NO and Soot Concentration in the Gaseous Diffusion Flame byYAG Laser

Osami Nishida, Hirotsugu Fujlta, Wataru Harano, Takahito Okamoto, Hirofumi Yamamoto.Jkuo Ishizuka, Katsuo Moritaand Koichi Sakai J39

NOX Formation in a Highly Turbulent Opposed Jet Premixed BurnerA. Yoshida. T. Uchikura, J. Itoh and Y. Kotani 1 4 5

VI

Further Studies on Radical Emission Mechanism in the Combustion of AcetyleneKazuhikoNoda JJJ

Ecological Disposal of Heterogeneous PropellantTomds Dosoudil and Jiii Chlddek I55

B) Practical Combustion Systems

Investigation of a Square Rijke-type Pulse Combustor for CoalZ.L. Shi, J.H. Tu, Y.J. Zhong, H. Yon, X.P. Wu, F.L. Chen and W.G. Xu 159

An Experimental Study on the Combustion Characteristics of High Velocity Gas BurnerWon-Bae Kim, Dae-Hun Chung and Je-Bok Yang 164

Automatic Combustion Equipment for Wood Chips and Sod PeatHeikki Oravainen 170

Driving of Different Modes in a Rijke-Like Pulse CombustorT. Bai, X.C. Cheng, B.R. Daniel, J.I. Jagoda andB.T. Zinn 177

Experimental Studies on Supersonic Combustion Employing Transverse Hydrogen InjectionSatish Kumar, B.V.N. Charyulu, P. Venugopalan, CM. Varaprasad and Manoj Kumar 183

A New Kind of Engine - Scroll EngineZ.L. Gu and Y.Z. Yu 189

Study on Fabrication and Gasification of Coal Briquet with Peat ClayLiu Huaxin 195

An Innovation in Burner of Large Scale Open Hearth FurnaceX.Q. Zhang and Y.M. Huang 201

Experimental and Theoretical Investigations on the Formation of Self-sustained PressureOscillations in a Low-NOx Burner

H. Biichnerand W. Leuckel 205

Rapid Pyrolysis of Bagasse at High TemperatureRolando Zanzi, Krister Sjostrom and Emilia Bjornbom 211

3-D Numerical Simulation of Two-Phase Flow in a Proposed Pulverized-Coal Combustor withMultiple Functions and Low Emission of Pollutants

Biao Zhou and Chengkang Wu 216

The Effect of Sulfur Poisoning of Dimethyl Disulfide on the Catalytic Incineration over a Pt/AI2O3

CatalystH. Chu and W.T. Lee 222

The Effect of Operating Conditions on Particle Circulation in Fluidized Bed Using a QuantitativeCriterion

Longin Przybylski and Zbigniew Garncarek 228

Design and Operating Experience on the Optimization of the 75 T/H Staged CFBC Boiler withLouver Separators

Yon Guizhang, Na Yongjie, Lu Qinggang and Wang Ta-San Z J 4

An Experimental Study on CWS Combustion in an Industrial Boiler Designed Specially for Burning

Chen Lifang, Zhan Huanqing, Sun Wenchao. Wang Zhiming, Xu Guoxing. Wang Youting andXiaShuyi 238

An Experimental Evaluation on the Combustion Characteristics of Industrial Coal Briquette ^Fang Wang

Vll

Combustion Stabilized by a Wedge: Experimental Analysis of the Wake Restructuring Induced byCombustion

S. Duplantier, P. Bruel and B. Deshaies 249

Geometrical Parameters for Flows Across Axial SwirlersH.S. Couto, W.F. Muniz and D. Bastos-Netto 255

A Study on the Stabilization Characteristics of the Diffusion Flame Formed Behind a Bluff BodyK.K. Song, J.G. An and Y.Y. Bae 261

Experimental Investigation of Premixed Combustion within a Porous Medium Burner: TransientBehavior and Control of Flame

In Gweon Lint and Suk Ho Chung 267

Performance Characteristics of Twin-Plate Flameholder with By-path Fuel InjectionMuh-Rong Wang, Kuang-De Jen and Wei-Hsiang Lai 273

The Counter Wall Jet - Stabilizer of Burning and Intensifier of Heat TransferV.P. Lebedev, M.I. Nizovtsev and V.I. Terekhov 279

Experimental Studies on the Flow Field and Fuel-Air Mixing in a Dual-Inlet Dump CombustorY.C. Guo, XX. Wang, H.Q. Zhao andL.X. Zhou 284

A Study of Premixed Flame Stabilization by Using Opposed JetJinLiandH.F. Zhao 290

On the Performance of Flue Gas Recirculating Low NOX Burners - Interactions with BoundaryConditions

J. Gass, H. Dreher, M. Ochs, O. Schuler and P. Suter 294

Prevention of Carbonization to 2.5 MW Oil/Gas Fuel Low NOX BurnerGien-Tzong Tsai, Li-Chiang Chen; T. Hasegawa and H. Katsushima 300

Advances in Industrial Burner Designs for Energy SavingH.K. Madan and P.N. Bhambi 306

Solid Fuel Combustion in a Laboratory Grate FurnaceR. Gort, M. Valk and G. Brem 312

An Investigation on Performances of the Catalytic Igniter for a Turbofan EngineTan Hao Yuan and Feng Tao 31g

Prediction of Soot Concentration in Gas Turbine CombustorsWu Shou-sheng, Ma Yi-ming and Liu Gang 323

Design and Operation of 29MW Circulating Fluidized Bed Hot-Water BoilerBao Shaolin, Zhang Yafu, Na Yongjie, Wang Ta-san, Wang Kangzuo, Zhang Sihu and Li Guiliang 329

Volumn II C) Combustion Fundamentals 333-726

C) Combustion Fundamentals

An Analytical and Experimental Study on Impinging Jets Atomization at Low Weber NumberS.P. Shi, L.S. Zhong andF.CZhuang "uuiuei ^

Effect of Buoyancy on Laminar V-shaped Premixed Flame AngleX.Q. Zhang, P. Yang andL.Z. Feng

Vlll

Lewis Number Effect Upon the Interaction Between Two Premixed Laminar Flame Fronts/. Francois, B. Tourniaire, B. Roche, G. Brun and D. Escudie 344

Experimental Studies on Lift Off Characteristics of Hydrogen Jet Diffusion FlamesManoj Kumar 349

Thermal Structure of Reacting Gas Flow Near to Burning Solid SurfaceA.A. Zenin and S. V. Finjakov 355

Multi-Species Analysis in Flames Using an OPO-LIF SystemDetlev Gerling and Michael Haug 360

Measurement of the CO/CO2 Product Ratio from Single Particle Combustion in an IncipientlyFluidized Bed and Char Reactivity

G.B. Schluter, T.M. Linjewile and D-K Zhang 366

Obervation of Explosion Behavior and Combustion Promotion for the Droplets of Coal-WaterMixture Fuel

Kyoji Kimoto, Kunihiko Namba and Kimihiko Sugiura 372

Combustion Behavior of an Emulsified Fuel Droplet under High Pressure ConditionsM. Tsue, T. Kadota, H. Hamaya and H. Yamasaki 378

Group Combustion of a Dilute Spray in a Co-flow Laminar Diffusion FlameGung Chen and Alessandro Gomez 384

Study on Mechanisms of Flame Propagation in Combustible Particle CloudsJian-Lin Chen, Ritsu Dobashi and Toshisuke Hirano 390

Experimental Study on Droplet Evaporation of Hydrocarbon Fuel at High PressuresH. Nomura, Y. Ujiie, H.J. Rath, J. Sato and M. Kono 396

Two-Phase Flow Calculation of Dilute Combusting SpraysJeng Shien Shieh and Keh Chin Chang 402

Analytical Studies on Droplet Ballistics with Simultaneous CombustionC.P. Sarathy and R. Natarajan 408

Analytical Studies on Liquid Phase Temperature of a Burning DropletC.P. Sarathy and R. Natarajan 416

Mathematical Modelling Dynamics of Brown Coal-dust in the Gasification ProcessesN.M. Tsirulnichenko, T.I. Vichnevskay and V.I. Bykov 422

Extinction and Other Topics in Smouldering CombustionJ.D. Buckmaster and David Lozinski 426

Simulation of Solid Phase Physico Chemical Processes for the Burning Deformable SubstancesA.G. Knyazeva 4 3 2

An Improved k-epsilon Turbulence Model for Simulating the Nonreacting Flows inGas Turbine Combustors

Heather L. Relation, J.L. Batmglioli and W.F. Ng 4 3 7

Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Combustion to Detonation Transition in ChemicallyActive Gas Mixtures in Closed Vessels and Layers with Free Boundaries

N.N. Smirnov, I.I. Panfilov, M.V. Tyurnikov and A.G. Berdyuguin 4 4 3

Unsteady Combustion of Porous Propellants Numerical Modelling ^I.D. Dimitrienko and S.I. Safargulova

Interaction of Two Detonations with Different Phases in Cell PatternT. Sugimura and A. Yoshioka 4 "

An Improved Second-order Moment Model of Turbulent CombustionL.X. Zhou 461

Numerical Study on the Spray Combustion Characteristics in A Gradual-Expansion CombustorK.K. OtuandH.K. Ma 466

Numerical Study of a One-Dimensional Turbulent FlameP. Bruel 4 7 2

Chemical Kinetic Modeling of a One-Dimensional, Laminar Pulverized-Coal/Air FlameCM. Trinh, F.M.B. Andersen, R.E. Peck and D.J. Pabian 478

Three-Dimensional Computer Simulation of The Flow and Combustion in a Kraft Recovery BoilerLixin Too, Wlodzimierz Blasiak, Jiri Vaclavinek and Vikram Kaul 484

Theoretical and Experimental Studies of the Heat Release Rates in a Flat Pulse CombustorA. Undholm S.-I. Moller and 1.G. Pearson 490

Analytical Determination of One-dimensional Cellular Structures in Flame FrontsLeon Sinay 495

The Probability Density Function Approach in Premixed Turbulent Combustion and its Extensionto the Laminar Flamelet Regime: Theory and Application

A.Sadat Sakak and M. Schreiber 501

Observations of flame Propagation of Coal Dust Clouds in Microgravity - The effect of Pressureand Oxygen Concentration

Osamu Fujita, Kenichi ho andAkihiro Sakamoto 507

Droplet Combustion in Hydrogen Enriched Air under MicrogravityA. Teodorczyk, T. Kawakami and S. Okajima 513

Model of Coal Char Particles Combustion and GasificationWeicheng Fan, Yuan Hu and V.M. Gremyachkin 519

Ignition of Ash-coal Particles and AerosolsL.A. Klyachko, Ya. .1. Vovchuk. S.A. KiroandA.N. Zolotko 525

Hydrogen Fire and Explosion Safety Ensuring By Application of Passive Catalytic H2-RecombinersYu.N. Shebeko, A.Yu. Korolchenko, A.V. Trunev, V.Yu. Navzenya, V.A. Shepelin, and A.A. Zaitzev 529

Study of Combustion Enhancement Effect in Plasma Jet IgnitionKofi Yoshida, Hideo Shoji and Atsushi Saiina 536

Estimating of the Dimensions and Anchoring Conditions in a Free Jet FlameC.A. Vieira, H.S. Couto andD. Bastos-Netto 542

The Effect of Cross-flow Velocity on Structure of Jet Diffusion FlameM. Tsue and T. Kadota 548

Simulation and Implementation of Laminar Flow Reactors for the Study of Combustion Systemsof Ethane, Methane and Deborane

D. Yossefi, M.R. Belmont, S.J. Maskell and G. Ben-Dor 554

Non-isothermal Fluidized-bed Reactor Model for Char Gasification, Taking into Account BubbleGrowth

A. Gawdzik and E. Gesielczyk 560

Turbulent Combustion Modelling in a Boundary Layer over a Porous Flat Plate with Injection ofEthanol

E.P. Volchkov, N.A. Dvornikov andL.N. Perepechko 565

Effects of the Gas Flow Through the Granular Solid Fuel BedStefan Postrzednik, Kayode M. Tiamiyu and Zbigniew Zmudka 571

A Graphically-displayed System for Predicting Ground Fire BoundariesHaihui Wang, Jiping Zhu, Qingan Wang, Baishui Zhu and Wei Jiang 576

The Application of Spherical Harmonics Method in Three-Dimensional Overall Simulation of BoilerFurnace

Sun Zhaoxing, Chen Wei, Wang Yaqin, Li Wenyan and Li Xiuping 582

Numerical Simulation of Flow and Combustion Processes in Lox/GH2 Rocket EngineWang Zhenguo, Zhou Jin Liu Weidong and Zhuang Fengchen 588

Studies on Supersonic Combustion Aided by Radially Lobed NozzleJob Kurian and D. Raja Manohar 594

Effect of Temperature on the Products Yield in Rapid Pyrolysis of Milled Used Tiers and KineticModelling of Weight Loss, Condensable Products and Total Gas Formation Based onIndependent Multi-First Order Reaction Model

M. Nikazar, B. Dabir, M.R. Hajaligol and M. Sohrabi 601

Experimental Studies on the Rapid Pyrolysis of Melamine-Formaldehyde Wastes and KineticModelling of Weight Loss, Condensable Products and Total Gas Formation Based onIndependent Multi-First Order Reaction Model

M. Nikazar, B. Dabir, M.R. Hajaligol and M. Sohrabi 607

The Intrachamber Processes in the Start Interval of the Solid Propellant Rocket From a ThermallyInsulated Container

Alexey M. Lipanov, Alexander N. Lukin and Tatiyana A. Skaiyanskaya 614

Optical Methods of Combustion Research. A New ApproachV.S. Abrukov and S.V. Ilyin 620

On a Monitoring Method of Two-dimensional Temperature Distribution in Furnaces for CombustionDiagnostics

Huaichun Zhou, Xinsheng Lou, Jiaofang Xiao, Heling Ying, Yuankai Deng, Yizhi Gu, Fangling Xu and Guojun Sun 626

Reaction Kinetics of Methane Combustion in a Hot Laminar Jet of NitrogenMarcel Vanpee 631

Influence of Aerosol, Formed due to Rapid Evaporation of Superheated Water, on PremixedMethane-Air Flame in Closed Vessel

Shebeko Yu. N., Korolchenko A. Ya, Trunev A.V., Navzenya V. Yu, Papkov S.N., andZaitzev A.A 638

Flashback of Laminar Premixed Methane/Air FlamesR.M.M. Mallens and L.P.H. de Goey S4 4

Estimation Procedures of Combustion Gas Composition of FuelsShuichi Torii and Toshiaki Yano 6 5 °

Detailed and Reduced Chemical Models for Natural Gas CombustionMFrenldach. H. Wang, A. Kazakh C.T. Bovman, R.K. Hanson, D.F. Davidson, C.P. Smith.D.M. Golden, W.C. Gardiner

. . . . 656and V. Lissianski

Shock Tube Studies of the H2-O2 Reaction at High Temperatures above 3000 K through OHEmission Observation Combined with Computer Modeling ^

Tohru Koike and Hiroshi Yamada

XI

Turbulent Diffusion Flame From an Internal Mixing Gas BurnerD.Q. Zhao and T. Sakai 667

Numerical Analysis of the Self-ignition of Hydrogen-Air Supersonic Flows over a WedgeLuis Fernando Figueira da Silva and Bruno Deshaies 673

Combustion Characteristics of a Pulsed-Jet Flame Surrounded by a Shroud of Combustion AirP.X. Tran, M.P. MathurandJ.M. Ekmann 679

Experimental Investigation on Concurrent Flame Spread: Effects of Flow Velocity, Turbulence andOxygen Concentration

C.Y.H. Chao and A.C Fernandez-Pello 685

Prediction of Coal Particle Surface Temperature under a Variety of Combustion ConditionsG.R. John 691

Sulfur Chemistry in Pulsed Propagating FlamesLev Kalontarov and Sergey Cheskis 697

The Peculiarities of Slow Combustion of Mixtures of Methane, Ethane and Ethylene with BenzeneA.A. Mantashyan and S.D. Arsentiev 703

An Experimental Study on Downward Flame Spread Over Thermally-Thick Combustible Surfacesin an Opposed Airflow

Jenn-Jiang Hwang, Tsyr-Sin Chen and Tong-Miin Liou 709

A Numerical Study of Flame Spreading over Solid Combustibles in Microgravity EnvironmentJiang Xi, Fan Weicheng, Shen Liping and Zeng Qingtang 715

Numerical Study of Smoke Movement in Compartment FireJianda Yao and Weicheng Fan 721

Volumn III D) Energy Conversion and Utilization 727-858E) Internal Combustion Engines 859-1118

D) Energy Conversion and Utilization

Energy Utilisation in the Philippines and the Characterisation of Atmospheric Emissions fromCombustion Processes

M.R.I. Purvis, E.L. Tadulan and A.S. Tariq 727

Two Methods of Conserving FuelB H V S Ramakrishnam Raju and G. V. Raju 713

Clean and Sustainable Energy Options of Turkey In the Twenty-First CenturyA. Ergiidenler and A. I$i%igur j^g

Application of Catalytic Thermochemical Processes for Energy Conversion and Creation of NewTypes of Power Plants

V.I. Anikeev and A.V. Gudkov 7 4 5

Development of a Composite Fluidyne RegeneratorL. Yu and O.R. Fauvel n

V

A Case Study of a Compact Cogenerator System for a Hospital -Technoeconomic AnalvJose Luz Silveira, Amaldo C.S. Walter and Carlos Alberto L u e n g o c w » ' " e c o n o m i c Analy

yJose Luz Silveira, Amaldo C.S. Walter and Carlos Alberto Luengo

sissis

Xll

On Fluidized Bed Combustion SystemsF.J. Pedro and A.L. Cukierman 763

Prospects for Energy Recovery from Scrap Tyres in Hong KongDennis Y.C. Leung and Gabriel C.K. Lam 769

A Study of a Novel Multi-Stage Agitated Column for Precombustion Coal CleaningDa-Xin He and Shiao-Hung Chiang 775

Power Sector Performance in BrazilE.A. Santana and R. I. Besnosik (in memoriamj 781

Analysis and Evaluation of the Production of Bioethanol - Cost and Emissions. A Case Study onthe State of Sao Paulo, Brazil

Monika Zabel 787

The Situation of Energy Conversion and Utilisation in the Czech RepublicDagmar Juchelkova 793

Alternatives for Sugar Crop Residues' Utilization and Bagasse Saving and Their Effect on theDecrease of Greenhouse Gas Emissions

A. Valdes 798

Vehicular Fuel Use Characteristics in Hong KongHung Wing-Tat and Hills Peter 807

High-Temperature Additives in Fireproofing Materials for Building ConstructionJ.H. Koo, M.J. Miller, P.S. Ng and F.B. Cheung 813

The Effect of Variable Grindability of Coal Microlithotypes on Pulverised Fuel CombustionJ.G. Bailey 819

Comparative Economic Analysis of Combined Gas-Steam Power PlantsB. §ahin and $. Bekdemir 825

Combined Pinch and Exergy Analysis Applied to Gas Turbine SystemsH.Rangel Ddvalos and M.A.Rodriguez Toral 830

Contribution of Thermal Radiation to the Temperature Profile of Ceramic Composite Materials (II)Andres Tremante and Freddy Malpica 836

Measurement of Rib Surface-Averaged Heat Transfer Coefficient in a Square Passage Roughenedwith Round-Corner Ribs

G.J. Korotky and M.E. Taslim 842

Reversible Heat Absorption and Temperature FieldTimotic D.J. Uros, Tosic S. Bratislav, Pilipovic R. Milan and Rackovic N. Miodrag 848

Numerical Analysis of the Wall Temperature with Film Cooling in the Combustion ChamberWang Baoguan, Li Yongkang and Hu Zlungyi 8 5 4

E) Internal Combustion Engines

The Prediction of the Effect of the Turbulence Characteristics and Initial Flame Kernel Center onthe Cyclic Combustion Variation for Spark Ignition Engine

Fanhua Ma, Deyu Wu, Chuanli Liu, Deming Jiang and Jijun Li

Fundamental Combustion Phenomena in Gas Phase - Knocking in Internal Combustion Engines ^S. Antonik, M. Ribaucour and E. Therssen

Xlll

Radical Behavior Under Knocking Operation in a Spark Ignition EngineH. Shoji, K. Yoshida and A. Saima 8 7 1

The Combustion Process in Internal Combustion Engines: Development of Spark-Ignited, PremixedTurbulent Flames

David S-K. Ting and M.David Checkel 877

Effect of Plasma Jet Ignition on the Preflame Reaction at Cool Flame RegionK. Wakai, H. Yamasaki, S. Kitoh and I. Sumida 883

Investigation of Effects of Spark Duration and Spark Electrodes on Turbulence Suppression inSpark Ignition

O. Aoki, M. Kono, K. Ishii, S. Okada, H. Nomura and Y. Ujiie 889

Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of End Gas Autoignition and Knock in Si-EnginesM. Schreiber, A.Sadat Sakak, B. Stiebels andj. Meyer 895

Critical Conditions for Pressure Waves Generation in Gaseous Mixtures with NonuniformTemperature Distributions

Longting He 901

Studies on Wood Gas Run Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Retrofitted to Run as SI EngineA. Ramachandra 907

Methanol as Alternative Fuel for Fumigated Surface Ignition I.C. EnginesS. Jayaraj and S. Subramaniyam 912

Performance and Emissions Characteristics of a Dual-Fueled Direct Injected Diesel Engine usingCNG as Alternative Fuel

Mohd. R.A. Beg, Probir Kumar Bose, A.M. Aziz-Ul-Huq 917

Vegetable Oil as Alternate Fuel for Diesel EnginesA. Rehman andK.C. Singhai 924

Development of a New Diesel Oil-Methanol-Water Composite Emulsified Fuel and a Study of ItsCombustion Process in Dl Diesel Engines

M.L. Fu, H.L. Li, H. Wang, J.X. Duan, L.J. Cheng and S.C. Sheng 929

Further Aspects of Combustion Modelling in Compression Ignition Dual Fuel EnginesShaomei Fei and Zhaoda Yan 935

Development and Performance of a Constant Vacuum Type Gas Carburettor for LPG Fuelled2-stroke S.I. Engine

KG. Kadoli and S.S. Hiremath 940

The Development and Applications of Time-sequencing Quasi-dimensional Combustion Model forD.I. Diesel Engines

G.D. Jin, S.L. Gao and Xiong Ying 946

Development and Droplet Size Characteristics of Wall Impinging Diesel Fuel Spray at Hiqh InjectionPressure

Yunyi Gong, Liguang Li and Yethou Huang 952

Phenomenological Modeling of Mixing and Combustion Processes in Small and Medium D I DieselEngines

Kai Chen, Shao-Xi Shi and Wan-Hua Su 95g

Influence of Annular Atomizer Liquid Sprays Impinging on a Wall Upon Their DroDlets SizeDistribution K

Z.W. Wang, L.S. Zhong, F.C. Zhuang, S.X. ShiandM.L. Fu 954

XIV

The Probability Analysis of Mixing Process in Diesel EnginesZhang Zongjie, Zhang Hua and Wang Xingquan 967

Experimental Study on the Effects of Turbulence Structure in the Wake of a Circular Cylinder on JetMixing Rate

Wanhua Su, Hui Xie and Shaoxi Shi 972

Empirical Equations for Predicting the Combustion Rate of a D.I. Diesel EngineLimei Zhang, Zhiming Wang and Yiliang Huang 978

The Application of Phenomenological Combustion Model for Experimental Study of D.I. DieselEngines

Yiliang Huang, Zhiming Wang and Limei Zhang 984

The Effects of Oxygen/Nitrogen Ratios on the Performance and Emissions of an I.D.I. Diesel EngineG.T. Reader, C.E. Bowen, P. Maier, I.J. Potter and R.W. Gustafson 990

The Prediction of Ignition Delay, Combustion Intervals and NOX Emission for Spark-Ignition EngineChuanli Liu, Fanhua Ma and Deming Jiang 996

Evaluation of the Effect of Injection of Fuel Containing Dissolved Gas (IFCDG) on DieselCombustion and Emissions

Huang Zhen, Zhang Shunyuan and Zhang Lianfang 1002

Computer Simulation of D.I. Diesel Engine Performance and Emission PredictionQuanL.Z., Milton B.E. and Casey R.T. 1008

Prediction and Control of the Emission of Nitric-Oxide from a Diesel Engine Using a Multi-zoneCombustion Model

G. Devaradjane and N. Baluswamy 1014

Particulate Emission Control of Diesel Engine Exhaust Using Cyclonic SeparatorK. Natarajan and S Raja Singh 1020

Pollution Reduction by Modified Design of Catalytic ConverterA. Rehman, S. Dixit and G. Dixit 1026

Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Thermal Insulation and High Octane Fuel Blends in aSpark Ignited Lean Burn Engine for Improved Performance

5. Parthasarathy, B.N. Nagalingam and K. V. Gopalakrishnan 1031

Potential of Underwater Fossil Fuelled Stirling Engines Using Various Oxidant SourcesG.T. Reader and I.J. Potter 1037

Study of New Combustion System for IDI Diesel EnginesJ.W. Li, L.B. Zhou and K.Y.Pan 1043

An Investigation into a New Combustion System of the Internal Combustion EngineBo Huang 1 0 4 9

Simulation and Analysis of Heat Transfer in Low Heat Rejection Direct Injection Diesel EngineUsing a Two Zone Model

P. Tamilporai and N. Baluswamy

Optimised Cycle Analysis Model for Internal Combustion EnginesJamil I. Ghojel

Catalytic Assistance of Ignition and Combustion in Internal Combustion Engine/ . Jarosinski, R. £apucha and J. Mazurkiewicz

Optimisation Method for In-Cylinder Flow Solution for Direct Injection Diesel Engine with Two PortsI.B. Mshoro and J.S. Mshana

XV

Matching of Injection Timing in Low Heat Rejection Engines for Fuel EconomyCM. Vara Prasad, P. Rama Mohan and K. Rama Mohan 1078

Model Predictions and Experiments of Local Instantaneous Heat Transfer in a MotoredReciprocating Engine

S.L. Yu and C.S. Cheung 1084

Spectral Measurement of Temperature and Species Concentration in the Combustion Processesof Internal Combustion Engines

J.D. Li, T.S. Du, S.H. Chu and Xiaoyun Sun 1090

Study and Application of a Contact Type Optical Fiber ThermometerX.L. Yu, Z.D. Yon, Z.Q. Hu and X.D. Wu 1096

A Study on Flame Temperature and Soot Formation in Combustion Chamber of D.I. Diesel Engineby Multi-Optical Fiber Poly-Color Method

Xu Sidu, Duan Jiaxiu and Yang Weiying 1102

Numerical Modeling and Test Verification of Air Motion in Combustion Chamber of Complex Shapeof D.I. Diesel Engines

S.L. Uu, K. Li, W. Hu and S.X. Shi 1108

A New Approach to Model Heat Transfer in a Dl Diesel Engine Based on Measured Pressure DataC.S. Cheung, C.W. Leung and T.P. Leung 1114

Author List

XVI