process: the most general concept universal, such as generalization & attririon style:...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Process: the most general concept universal, such as generalization & attririon Style: consistent tendencies or preferences within an individual that](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110116/5518c6e9550346b31f8b582d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
STYLES ANDSTRATEGIES
![Page 2: Process: the most general concept universal, such as generalization & attririon Style: consistent tendencies or preferences within an individual that](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110116/5518c6e9550346b31f8b582d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Process, Style and Strategy
Process:the most general conceptuniversal, such as generalization & attririonStyle:consistent tendencies or preferences within
anindividual that differentiate him from
anyone elseStrategies:specific methods of approaching a problemvary intraindividually
![Page 3: Process: the most general concept universal, such as generalization & attririon Style: consistent tendencies or preferences within an individual that](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110116/5518c6e9550346b31f8b582d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Learning Styles
Def. cognitive, affective and physiological…
predisposition to process information
* Learning styles mediate between emotion and
- cognition . - Physical, affective and cognitive domains
merge in LS.
- Significant LS in SLA:
![Page 4: Process: the most general concept universal, such as generalization & attririon Style: consistent tendencies or preferences within an individual that](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110116/5518c6e9550346b31f8b582d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
1- Field Independence (FI)
Def. of field independence:The ability to perceive a particular item in a field
of distracting items.In general psychological terms field refers to a
setof thoughts, ideas or feelings
Field dependence (FD) = Field sensitivityIt depends on the total field, so the parts are not
easily perceived.Field sensitivity carries a positive connotation
![Page 5: Process: the most general concept universal, such as generalization & attririon Style: consistent tendencies or preferences within an individual that](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110116/5518c6e9550346b31f8b582d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Advantages of FI style:1- distinguish parts from a whole2- concentrate on something3- analyze separate variables without the
conta- mination of neighboring variables.
Too much FI = cognitive tunnel visionThus, the development of FD style has
positiveeffects : you perceive the whole picture
* Both FI and FD are necessary for most of the
cognitive & effective problems we face
![Page 6: Process: the most general concept universal, such as generalization & attririon Style: consistent tendencies or preferences within an individual that](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110116/5518c6e9550346b31f8b582d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Intelligence Factors
analytical attention-concentration
verbal comprehension
How are these factors related to FI/FD ?Only the 1st one is related to FI
• FI/FD develops in childhood but stable in adult- hood and a person tends to be dominant in one
mode or the other
![Page 7: Process: the most general concept universal, such as generalization & attririon Style: consistent tendencies or preferences within an individual that](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110116/5518c6e9550346b31f8b582d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
FI/FD is socially determined
Authoritarian or agrarian= more FD personsDemocratic, industrialized, competitive= FI
person
Characteristics of FI persons1- more independent2- competitive and3- self-confident
![Page 8: Process: the most general concept universal, such as generalization & attririon Style: consistent tendencies or preferences within an individual that](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110116/5518c6e9550346b31f8b582d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Characteristics of FD1- more socialized2- derive their self-identity from persons
around3- more empathic and perceptive of the
feelings and thoughts of others
How does all this relate to SLL ?Two conflicting hypotheses have emerged1- in favor of FI2 in favor of FD
![Page 9: Process: the most general concept universal, such as generalization & attririon Style: consistent tendencies or preferences within an individual that](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110116/5518c6e9550346b31f8b582d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Studies in favor of FI proved:-FI is related to classroom learning that
involvesanalysis, attention to details, mastering drills-FI correlated positively & significantly with
lang. success in the classroom-FI is related to cloze test that requires
analysis-FI correlated to lang. success as measured
both bytraditional, analytic, paper & pencil test & by
oralInterviewFI = deductiveFD= inductive
![Page 10: Process: the most general concept universal, such as generalization & attririon Style: consistent tendencies or preferences within an individual that](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110116/5518c6e9550346b31f8b582d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Conclusions in favor of FD depend on anecdotal
or observational evidenceWhy ? Tests for FI but not FD. No
standardizedmeans of measuring FD
* FD persons are successful in learning the communicative aspects of a 2nd lang.
The paradox: How could FD and FI be equally
important ?
![Page 11: Process: the most general concept universal, such as generalization & attririon Style: consistent tendencies or preferences within an individual that](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110116/5518c6e9550346b31f8b582d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Both styles are important because we have twodifferent kinds of lang. learning.
1- natural face-to-face communication = FD2- familiar classroom activities = FI
This conclusion is supported by diff. studies- FI/D differentiates tutored from untutored SLL- FI/D differentiates child and adult lang. acqui.
- Logically & observationally FI/D is variable within one person depending on learning context
![Page 12: Process: the most general concept universal, such as generalization & attririon Style: consistent tendencies or preferences within an individual that](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110116/5518c6e9550346b31f8b582d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Some people might be highly FI and highly FD as
contexts vary.
The burden on the learner is to invoke the appropriate style for the context
The burden on the teacher is to understand the preferred style of each learner and to sow the
seeds for flexibility.
![Page 13: Process: the most general concept universal, such as generalization & attririon Style: consistent tendencies or preferences within an individual that](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110116/5518c6e9550346b31f8b582d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
2- Left- and Right-Brain Functioning
Different functions for left/right hemispheres
(see table 5.1 + 1st parag.)
• Left and right hemispheres work together as a team, both involved in most neurological activity of the human brain.
• How is left-/right-brain functioning related to
2nd lang. learning & teaching ?
![Page 14: Process: the most general concept universal, such as generalization & attririon Style: consistent tendencies or preferences within an individual that](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110116/5518c6e9550346b31f8b582d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Left-brain-dominant= deductiveProduce separate words, gather the specifics
oflang., carry out sequences of operations and
deal with abstraction, classification ion, labeling & reorganization.
Right-brain-dominant=inductivedeal with whole images, generalization,
metaphors,emotional reactions & artistic expressions.
![Page 15: Process: the most general concept universal, such as generalization & attririon Style: consistent tendencies or preferences within an individual that](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110116/5518c6e9550346b31f8b582d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
3- Ambiguity Tolerance
- Def.- Open-minded vs. close-minded
- Advantages of tolerant of ambiguity:- 1- free to entertain innovative
possibilities- 2- not disturbed by ambiguity &
uncertainty
* In 2nd language learning
![Page 16: Process: the most general concept universal, such as generalization & attririon Style: consistent tendencies or preferences within an individual that](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110116/5518c6e9550346b31f8b582d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Disadvantages of tolerance of ambiguity1- accepting every proposition2- not efficiently subsuming necessary facts3- preventing meaningful subsumption of
ideas e.g. linguistic rules.
Advantages of intolerance of ambiguity1- guard against the wishy-washiness2- close off avenues of hopeless possibilities3- reject entirely contradicting material4- deal with the reality of the system
![Page 17: Process: the most general concept universal, such as generalization & attririon Style: consistent tendencies or preferences within an individual that](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110116/5518c6e9550346b31f8b582d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Disadvantages of intolerance of ambiguity1- close the mind too soon2- the mind is too narrow to be creativeThis may be particularly harmful in SLL
* few research findings are available on this style
![Page 18: Process: the most general concept universal, such as generalization & attririon Style: consistent tendencies or preferences within an individual that](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110116/5518c6e9550346b31f8b582d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
4- Reflectivity and Impulsivity
Reflectivity= systematicDef.Impulsivity= intuitiveDef.
R/I implications for language acquisition In child 1st lang. acquisition:1- reflective children make fewer mistakes in
reading/ impulsive are faster readers and master the psycholinguistic guessing game.
![Page 19: Process: the most general concept universal, such as generalization & attririon Style: consistent tendencies or preferences within an individual that](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110116/5518c6e9550346b31f8b582d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
2- reflective = inductive reasoning
R/I in second language learning1- reflective= slower but more accurate in
reading2- reflection was weakly related to
performance on a proofreading task3- fast-accurate or good guessers are better
learners
In second language classroom learning & teaching
1- Tr. judge mistakes by impulsive learner too harshly
![Page 20: Process: the most general concept universal, such as generalization & attririon Style: consistent tendencies or preferences within an individual that](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110116/5518c6e9550346b31f8b582d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
2- reflective learners require patience from Tr.
3- impulsive learners may go through a number of rapid transition of semigrammatical stages while reflective ones may remain longer at a particular stage
![Page 21: Process: the most general concept universal, such as generalization & attririon Style: consistent tendencies or preferences within an individual that](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110116/5518c6e9550346b31f8b582d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
5- Visual and Auditory Styles
Visual learners = reading & studying charts, drawings, graphic information
Auditory learners = listening to lectures and audiotapes
Successful learners utilize both
* Cross-cultural differences
![Page 22: Process: the most general concept universal, such as generalization & attririon Style: consistent tendencies or preferences within an individual that](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110116/5518c6e9550346b31f8b582d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)