processing forest products lesson 3. next generation science/common core standards addressed! rst.11...

Processing Forest ProductsProcessing Forest Products

Lesson 3Lesson 3

Next Generation Science/Common Core Standards Addressed!Next Generation Science/Common Core Standards Addressed!

RST.11‐12.7 Integrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in RST.11‐12.7 Integrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats and media (e.g., quantitative data, video, multimedia) in order to diverse formats and media (e.g., quantitative data, video, multimedia) in order to address a question or solve a problem. (HS‐LS2‐6),(HS‐LS2‐7),(HS‐LS2‐8)address a question or solve a problem. (HS‐LS2‐6),(HS‐LS2‐7),(HS‐LS2‐8)

WHST.11‐12.8 Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and WHST.11‐12.8 Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the strengths and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the strengths and limitations of each source in terms of the specific task, purpose, and audience; limitations of each source in terms of the specific task, purpose, and audience; integrate information into the text selectively to maintain the flow of ideas, integrate information into the text selectively to maintain the flow of ideas, avoiding plagiarism and overreliance on any one source and following a standard avoiding plagiarism and overreliance on any one source and following a standard format for citation. (HS‐LS1‐3)format for citation. (HS‐LS1‐3)

Bell Work / Learning ObjectivesBell Work / Learning Objectives

1. Explain the harvesting and 1. Explain the harvesting and the logging plan of forest the logging plan of forest products.products.

2. Identify the logging 2. Identify the logging activities.activities.

3. Describe the processing of 3. Describe the processing of forest products.forest products.

TermsTerms

BuckingBucking

CantsCants

CooperageCooperage

FellingFelling

FuelwoodFuelwood

Green chainGreen chain

KilnKiln

KraftKraft

LimbingLimbing

Oriented StandOriented Stand

Identify forest resources and explain Identify forest resources and explain how they were collected.how they were collected.

Look at the available samples and Look at the available samples and determine how they were harvested, determine how they were harvested, processed, and transported.processed, and transported.

Were the samples processed by Were the samples processed by machine or man?machine or man?

How are forest products logged and How are forest products logged and what is a logging plan?what is a logging plan?

Harvesting or logging has Harvesting or logging has been called the key to been called the key to forestry.forestry.

The best silvicultural plans The best silvicultural plans are executed through the are executed through the proper use of logging. proper use of logging.

The productivity of timber The productivity of timber stands can be virtually stands can be virtually destroyed by poorly destroyed by poorly planned or careless planned or careless logging.logging.


The cost of logging is a major factor The cost of logging is a major factor in the production of wood products. in the production of wood products.

Timber is heavy, hard and difficult to Timber is heavy, hard and difficult to handle.handle.


Logging costs are high, so efficient and Logging costs are high, so efficient and economical harvesting is essential to economical harvesting is essential to sustained forest management yield. sustained forest management yield.

As a result of the rising costs logging As a result of the rising costs logging must be carefully planned and must be carefully planned and integrated with silvicultural and forest integrated with silvicultural and forest protection activities.protection activities.

The logging plan should be a part of the The logging plan should be a part of the total forest management plan.total forest management plan.


A logging plan may be as A logging plan may be as comprehensive as the forest comprehensive as the forest management plan. Some of the management plan. Some of the general points of a logging plan are:general points of a logging plan are:– 1. The location of cutting boundaries 1. The location of cutting boundaries

of the stand to be cut.of the stand to be cut.– 2. The marking of the timber to be 2. The marking of the timber to be

harvested (except when all the timber harvested (except when all the timber is to be cut).is to be cut).

A logging plan can be complex!A logging plan can be complex!


The cruise of timber to be removed. The cruise of timber to be removed. – A cruise estimates timber volume by A cruise estimates timber volume by

species and products, timber size, and species and products, timber size, and location.location.

The location of the most efficient The location of the most efficient log-loading sites.log-loading sites.The location of skid trails and haul The location of skid trails and haul roads.roads.


The description of equipment to be The description of equipment to be used and the type of logging to be used and the type of logging to be done; such as, short logs, long logs, done; such as, short logs, long logs, or tree lengths.or tree lengths.

The location of emergency The location of emergency equipment storage points, including equipment storage points, including firefighting tools, first-aid containers, firefighting tools, first-aid containers, and other emergency equipment.and other emergency equipment.

What are the activities associated What are the activities associated with logging?with logging?

Logging is considered a dangerous Logging is considered a dangerous occupation.occupation.


The activities associated with logging The activities associated with logging require persons skilled in woods work require persons skilled in woods work and the operation of logging equipment.and the operation of logging equipment.– 1. Logging activities involve 1. Logging activities involve

(1) cutting the trees (1) cutting the trees

(2) removing the limbs (limbing), (2) removing the limbs (limbing),

(3) cutting the trees into lengths, (3) cutting the trees into lengths,

(4) either skidding the logs to a central point for (4) either skidding the logs to a central point for loading or loading pulpwood bolts at the loading or loading pulpwood bolts at the general cutting area.general cutting area.


Each of these operations require Each of these operations require special skills and equipment. special skills and equipment.

Because of rising labor costs, Because of rising labor costs, equipment is utilized over labor equipment is utilized over labor whenever possible.whenever possible.


• Felling is the act of cutting or Felling is the act of cutting or severing a tree from its stump. severing a tree from its stump.

It involves cutting the tree in such a It involves cutting the tree in such a way that is safely falls in the desired way that is safely falls in the desired direction and results in the least direction and results in the least damage to the tree and surrounding damage to the tree and surrounding trees.trees.

Tree FellerTree Feller


Limbing is cutting branches off Limbing is cutting branches off either felled or standing trees.either felled or standing trees.


Bucking or cutting to length is Bucking or cutting to length is cutting the felled trees into log or cutting the felled trees into log or bolt lengths. bolt lengths.

The length of the log is dependent The length of the log is dependent on the tree species and the desired on the tree species and the desired final product.final product.


Skidding is the part of the logging operation in Skidding is the part of the logging operation in which the logs are dragged from where they which the logs are dragged from where they were cut to length to a central location for were cut to length to a central location for

loading onto trucks or railroad carsloading onto trucks or railroad cars..


Factors involved in skidding are Factors involved in skidding are similar to those involved in felling or similar to those involved in felling or cutting to length with the following cutting to length with the following exceptions:exceptions:– 1. The difference in weight of logs.1. The difference in weight of logs.– 2. The distance to skid.2. The distance to skid.– 3. The amount of time required prior to 3. The amount of time required prior to

skidding to bunch logs.skidding to bunch logs.


Loading is lifting logs or Loading is lifting logs or bolts from the ground bolts from the ground and placing them on and placing them on trucks, trailers and trucks, trailers and railroad cars.railroad cars.

Care is taken to compact Care is taken to compact the load so that it will the load so that it will withstand the jostling withstand the jostling action during hauling.action during hauling.


Small pulpwood bolts are loaded by Small pulpwood bolts are loaded by hand.hand.

Large logs are loaded with a drum-Large logs are loaded with a drum-powered cable wench on trucks, powered cable wench on trucks, hydraulic cranes, front-end hydraulic hydraulic cranes, front-end hydraulic loaders, large cable cranes and loaders, large cable cranes and cables attached to the tractor cables attached to the tractor skidders.skidders.


Most logs and bolts are hauled from Most logs and bolts are hauled from the woods by trucks to a wood-using the woods by trucks to a wood-using mill or to a railroad siding, where mill or to a railroad siding, where they are reloaded for shipment to a they are reloaded for shipment to a distant mill.distant mill.

Every size and type of truck Every size and type of truck manufactured is used to haul bolts manufactured is used to haul bolts and logs.and logs.


New logging equipment, called New logging equipment, called whole tree chipper system, cuts and whole tree chipper system, cuts and chips the whole tree and hauls the chips the whole tree and hauls the chips to pulp and paper mills, chips to pulp and paper mills, building board plants, cedar oil mills, building board plants, cedar oil mills, and other units that use tree chips in and other units that use tree chips in their manufacturing processes.their manufacturing processes.


Machines are also being used to lift Machines are also being used to lift the entire tree from the ground. the entire tree from the ground.

The advantage of removing the The advantage of removing the entire tree that the stump and roots, entire tree that the stump and roots, which are normally wasted, are which are normally wasted, are utilized along with the above-ground utilized along with the above-ground portion of the tree.portion of the tree.

How are forest products processed?How are forest products processed?

III. Once logs or bolts reach a wood-III. Once logs or bolts reach a wood-using firm, they may be debarked, using firm, they may be debarked, sawed, shaped, peeled cooked, sawed, shaped, peeled cooked, burned, glued, or dried.burned, glued, or dried.


A. These treatments result in the A. These treatments result in the production of lumber, paper, production of lumber, paper, plywood, building boards, poles and plywood, building boards, poles and piling, railroad cross-ties, fence piling, railroad cross-ties, fence posts, furniture, handles, charcoal, posts, furniture, handles, charcoal, and a large variety of other and a large variety of other products.products.


When logs arrive at a sawmill, they When logs arrive at a sawmill, they are generally stored until needed for are generally stored until needed for processing.processing.

At fully integrated operations, tree-At fully integrated operations, tree-length logs are utilized according to length logs are utilized according to their most efficient use.their most efficient use.


The lumber may be stacked in the The lumber may be stacked in the yard for air-drying or loaded onto yard for air-drying or loaded onto special cars for entry into dry kilns. special cars for entry into dry kilns.

In kilns, the lumber is rapidly In kilns, the lumber is rapidly seasoned under controlled seasoned under controlled conditions to reduce the moisture to conditions to reduce the moisture to levels suitable for the area in which levels suitable for the area in which the lumber will be used.the lumber will be used.

Lumber Drying KilnLumber Drying Kiln


Some mills have Some mills have planning units that planning units that surface or smooth the surface or smooth the rough lumber. rough lumber. – In this case the In this case the

grading takes place grading takes place after surfacing.after surfacing.

The sawdust is The sawdust is conveyed to a storage conveyed to a storage bin and will eventually bin and will eventually be sold to pulp and be sold to pulp and paper mills.paper mills.

How are forest products processed?How are forest products processed?Innovations of automating sawmill Innovations of automating sawmill operations:operations:– At very high rates of speed, electronic At very high rates of speed, electronic

sorters automatically stack the lumber by sorters automatically stack the lumber by size.size.

– Closed-circuit TV allows machine operators Closed-circuit TV allows machine operators to control equipment that is hundreds of to control equipment that is hundreds of feet away.feet away.

– Computers monitor many of the milling Computers monitor many of the milling operations.operations.


X-ray machines and computers scan logs and X-ray machines and computers scan logs and instantly decide the most profitable way for instantly decide the most profitable way for headsaws to cut them.headsaws to cut them.

Computerized headsaws boost rough lumber Computerized headsaws boost rough lumber recovery to 60 percent.recovery to 60 percent.

Thin saw blades reduce sawdust volumes by 5 Thin saw blades reduce sawdust volumes by 5 percent.percent.


Laser beams and water-jet headrigs Laser beams and water-jet headrigs may eliminate most sawdust and the may eliminate most sawdust and the need for some lumber planing.need for some lumber planing.Electro-mechanical machines can Electro-mechanical machines can measure the stiffness and strength measure the stiffness and strength characteristics of individual pieces of characteristics of individual pieces of lumber. lumber. The lumber can then be stamped a The lumber can then be stamped a strength value and marketed as stress strength value and marketed as stress rated or stress graded.rated or stress graded.


Paper has been around for about Paper has been around for about 2,000 years. 2,000 years.

Cooking wood fiber in a chemical Cooking wood fiber in a chemical solution is the most widely used solution is the most widely used method of making pulp.method of making pulp.


When pulpwood bolts or logs arrive When pulpwood bolts or logs arrive at a mill, they are stored in huge at a mill, they are stored in huge piles for later use.piles for later use.– a. From the stacks, the pulpwood a. From the stacks, the pulpwood

moves by conveyors to debarking moves by conveyors to debarking machines, where the logs are tumbled machines, where the logs are tumbled together in huge drums or sprayed together in huge drums or sprayed with high pressure jets to remove the with high pressure jets to remove the bark.bark.


The bolts move to large chippers The bolts move to large chippers that slice off small wood chips for that slice off small wood chips for the chemical process or to large, the chemical process or to large, coarse grindstones that reduce the coarse grindstones that reduce the bolts to short fibers for the ground bolts to short fibers for the ground wood process; the latter method is wood process; the latter method is used to make much of the country’s used to make much of the country’s newsprint.newsprint.


To make paper, the cellulose must To make paper, the cellulose must be chemically separated from the be chemically separated from the lignin binder by cooking the wood in lignin binder by cooking the wood in sulfite, soda or sulfate solutions.sulfite, soda or sulfate solutions.


This is done in digesters or huge This is done in digesters or huge pressure cookers, where the wood pressure cookers, where the wood and the chemicals are cooked under and the chemicals are cooked under steam pressure that reduces the steam pressure that reduces the whole to a mass of wet pulp. whole to a mass of wet pulp.

The chemicals are removed and the The chemicals are removed and the pulp is thoroughly washed.pulp is thoroughly washed.


From this stage, the wood pulp goes From this stage, the wood pulp goes through beaters that separate the through beaters that separate the individual fibers. individual fibers.

Often sizing (for smoothness and Often sizing (for smoothness and water resistance), bleach, and color water resistance), bleach, and color are added during this process.are added during this process.


In the final step, the wet pulp enters In the final step, the wet pulp enters the Fourdrinier paper machine. the Fourdrinier paper machine.

The pulp is sprayed onto a wire The pulp is sprayed onto a wire screen that allows the wood fibers to screen that allows the wood fibers to interlace while the water is drawn interlace while the water is drawn off.off.


From the screen, a continuous mat of From the screen, a continuous mat of wood pulp moves onto a belt of wool felt wood pulp moves onto a belt of wool felt and then through a series of rollers that and then through a series of rollers that press more water out. press more water out.

– The material then moves into the dry end of The material then moves into the dry end of the Fourdrinier through a series of heated the Fourdrinier through a series of heated rollers called dryers.rollers called dryers.

e. Finally, the finished product is wound e. Finally, the finished product is wound into rolls that vary in width and weight.into rolls that vary in width and weight.


Paper mills turn out a variety of Paper mills turn out a variety of materials, from raw pulp, to gift-materials, from raw pulp, to gift-wrapping paper, newsprint, magazine wrapping paper, newsprint, magazine and book stock, writing paper, milk and book stock, writing paper, milk carton stock, bond, wax paper, and carton stock, bond, wax paper, and kraft.kraft.

Kraft is the paper made into brown Kraft is the paper made into brown paper grocery bags, cardboard boxes paper grocery bags, cardboard boxes (called liner board) and similar products.(called liner board) and similar products.


Some building materials, such as Some building materials, such as roofing felt and fiberboard, are also roofing felt and fiberboard, are also made during the pulping process.made during the pulping process.


Wood pulp is used to manufacture Wood pulp is used to manufacture other non-paper products: rayon, other non-paper products: rayon, cellophane, nitrocellulose, acetate cellophane, nitrocellulose, acetate plastics, photographic film, plastics, photographic film, smokeless gun powder, tire cord, smokeless gun powder, tire cord, cellophane tape, telephone parts, cellophane tape, telephone parts, plastic handles, toys and many plastic handles, toys and many other products.other products.


Plywood is manufactured from three Plywood is manufactured from three or more sheet of veneer glued or more sheet of veneer glued together, with the grain of alternate together, with the grain of alternate sheets running at right angles for sheets running at right angles for strength.strength.– a. Plywood is used for paneling, a. Plywood is used for paneling,

sheathing, furniture, concrete forms, sheathing, furniture, concrete forms, sporting equipment, and hundreds of sporting equipment, and hundreds of other uses.other uses.


When veneer or plywood logs arrive When veneer or plywood logs arrive at a plant, they are cut into lengths at a plant, they are cut into lengths to fit the lathe or veneer-cutting to fit the lathe or veneer-cutting equipment.equipment.– a. Logs are usually heated for several a. Logs are usually heated for several

hours in vats of hot water or stem hours in vats of hot water or stem chests. chests.

This aids removal of bark and This aids removal of bark and softens the wood for easier cutting.softens the wood for easier cutting.


The logs are moved to the lathe or The logs are moved to the lathe or veneer-cutting machine with a veneer-cutting machine with a mechanical hoist. mechanical hoist.

A log is turned in the lathe to peel A log is turned in the lathe to peel off a thin sheet of continuous rotary off a thin sheet of continuous rotary veneer, or it is sliced or sawed into veneer, or it is sliced or sawed into sheet by veneer-cutting machines.sheet by veneer-cutting machines.

Plywood LathePlywood Lathe

Summary / Review

1. Explain the harvesting and the 1. Explain the harvesting and the logging plan of forest products.logging plan of forest products.

2. Identify the logging activities.2. Identify the logging activities.

3. Describe the processing of forest 3. Describe the processing of forest products.products.

The End!The End!

processing forest products lesson 3. next generation science/common core standards addressed! rst.11...

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