produced by christian rural aid network (cran) and...
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Growing cassavaA guide to good agricultural practices
Produced by Christian Rural Aid Network (CRAN) and Africare for agricultural extension officers in Ghana - January 2014For more information, contact CRAN. P.O. Box UC 97, Cape Coast, C/R, Ghana.Tel. +233-3321-33572 Mobile: +233 20 201 9399
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1. Land preparation
1 m
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A good cassava site should:•Havedeeploamysoilswithmediumtohighfertility.Cassavadoesnotgrowwellinclayeyorstonysoilsorinsoilslessthan30cmdeep
•Bewell-drained•Beflatorgentlysloping
Prepare land to•removestumpsandbushes•controlweeds•getagoodseedbedandimprovesoilcontactwithstemcuttings
Landcanbepreparedby1. ploughingusingatractor,hand-heldhoeorusinganox-
drawnplough.Ifthesoiliswaterlogged,makingmoundsorridgesof0.3mhigh,spacedat1mapartimprovesdrainage
2. slashing down tall weeds:Slashorweed-nottoburn.Slashedweedsspreadonthefarmhelptotrapsoilmoisture,managesoilerosionandtohelpcontrolweeds.Withtimetheweedsrotandaddnutrientsasgreenmanure.Thisimprovessoilfertility.Afterslashing,plantcassavadirectlyintothedeadweedswithoutploughingtheland
3. spraying: Ifweedsareshort(lessthanknee-high),sprayapre-plantingherbicidelikeGlyphosate (Roundup)/Paraquat (Gramoxone).Usingpre-plantingherbicidessavesonlabourcostsduringweedingbyreducingthenumberofweedingsbeforecanopyclosurefromabout5to2
To improve soil fertility, you can add manure such as cow dung orpoultry droppings during land preparation.
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2. Stem selection
20-25 cm
2 cm
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Plant improved certified cassava materials.Thesematurefaster,givegoodyieldsandaremoretoleranttomajorpestsanddiseases.ThecommonvarietiesintheVoltaregionareAfisiafi, Bankyehema, AgbelifiaandEsambankye.
Choosehealthystemsfromplantsthathaveminimalstemandleafdamageandarefreefromsignsofattackbydiseases.Selectthehardwoodportionofstemcuttings-notfromtopgreenstemsorthebottomportionsofplants.
Cuttingsshouldbe•atleast20-25cmlongand2cmthick•clean-cutandnotsplintered
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3. Planting
1 m
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•Plantfreshcuttingsataspacingof1mbetweenrows.Withinrows,spacetheplantsat1mapart.Youneedabout
10,000plantsperhectare
•Correctspacingisgoodforbettercropgrowth,easierweedingandreducesthespreadofpestsanddiseases.Spacingthatistoofarapartbetweenthecassavaplantsleadstoincreasedweedcompetitionandpooryields
•Formorecompactlyarrangedroots,plantcassavacuttingsatananglewith2/3ofthecuttingbelowthesoilsurface,andabout1/3abovetheground
•Followinggoodagronomicpracticeswhenplantingcanensurebetterqualityandquantityofcassavayields
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5. Field management
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•Weedscompetewithcassavaforwater,light,spaceandnutrients.Thisaffectsyieldsbyreducingcanopydevelopmentandrootbulking
•Cuttingsthatdonotsproutwithin3to4weeksofplantingshouldberemovedandreplacedimmediately
• New cuttings should be planted in new holes
•Thefirstweedingisdone3to4weeksafterplanting.Secondweedingcanbedone8to12weeksafterplanting;andthethirdweedingat20to24weeksafterplanting
•Weedingcanbebyhandorbyapplyingpost-emergenceherbicideslikeGlyphosate(Roundup)orParaquat(Gramoxone)maybeappliedtokillweedsthatemerge.Donotallowweedstoflower
• Take precaution when spraying herbicides, especially to protect the crop during its early stages
•Tomaximizeyieldandreduceweedsinyournextcrop,controlweedsincassavafromplantingtoharvest.
•Apply12bagsof50kgeachofNPK(15-15-15)perhectare
•Applyin‘half-moon’aroundthestemoftheplant
•ApplyonethirdoftheNPKfertilizerat4to6weeksafterplanting(Thisisthesameas1heapedtablespoonor20grammesperplant).ApplytheremainingNPKat8to10weeksafterplanting.(Thisisthesameas2-heapedtablespoonsor40grammesperplant)
•Applyingallfertilizertooearlymayleadtoincreasedlossesoffertilizer
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Mealy bug African Cassava Mosaic Virus
Variegated grasshopper Cassava Bacterial Blight
6. Common pests & diseases
Termite damage Anthracnose disease
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•Takecareofthecropsbylookingoutforpestsanddiseases
•MajordiseasesattackingcassavaareAfricanCassavaMosaicVirus,CassavaBacterialBlight,CassavaAnthracnoseDiseaseandRootRot.Mealybug,greenmite,termiteandvariegatedgrasshoppersarethemajorinsectpestsofcassava
•Pestsanddiseasescanbecontrolledbyplantingcleanhealthystemcuttings.
•Removingandburningdiseasedplantsalsohelpstoreducethespreadofdiseases.Pestsreducethegrowthandyieldofcassava
•Seekadviceonpestcontrolfromextensionstaff
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7. Harvesting & storage
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Harvesting •Harvestcassavaassoonasthetubersarematured.Delayedharvestingmayresultinfibrousorrottencassavaroots
•Whentoharvestisdeterminedbythecassavavariety,climateandsoilfactors.Harvestearlymaturingvarietiesbetween9-12monthsafterplanting;andlateseasonvarietiesbetween12-18monthsafterplanting.
•Cutoffthetoppartofthestem,removetherootscarefullyfromthesoilbyhand
Storing cassava roots and stems•Harvestedcassavarootscannotbestoredforlong.Theystarttoreduceinquality2to3daysafterharvest.Harvestonlyasneedarisesinordertoreducewastage
•Storefreshrootsinthegroundorinmoistsawdustordipinwater,andthenpackinpolysackfittedintoawetcocoasackandtiethebagtightly.Youcanalsostorepeeledrootsinapolythenebagandtheninarefrigerator
•Donotstorebruisedroots.Separatethemfromthehealthyrootsbeforestorage
•Storeonlymaturehealthystems.Tiethestemsintobundlesandstoreuprightunderatree;orstorestemsuprightinpitsunderatreeandapplywaterwheneverthesoilbecomesdry