production engineering i

7/25/2019 Production Engineering I

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CHAPTERE 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION OF MACHINETOOLS

A machine tool is a power driven device in which energy is utilised indeformation of material for shaping, sizing or processing a product byremoving the excess material in the form of chips. The machine tools aregenerally used for produce certain forms or to produce nished surfaces.

1.2 DEFINITION AND CONCEPT OF MACHINE TOOL

• A machine tool is a power – driven metal cutting machine.• A machine tool changes the shape of the material or job by

producing chips.• achine tool ta!en as a group will produce themselves.

1.3 FUNCTIONS OF A MACHINE TOOL

"n general, machine tool produces the re#uired shape on the raw materialby performing some metal removal operation on it. "n other words,machine tools give the desired shape to a wor! piece.

achine tools are used to• $old, support and guide the wor! to be cut.• $old, support and guide the cutting tool or tools.• "mpart to cutting tool or wor! or to both of them, the motions

re#uired for shaping the wor! piece.• %egulate the cutting speed and also the feeding movement between

the tool and wor!.

1.4 CLASSIFICATION OF MACHINE TOOLS

achine tools may be classi ed as follows&

• According to direction of major axis$orizontal'ertical"nclined

• According to purpose of use(eneral purpose)ingle purpose)pecial purpose

• According to degree of automation*on+ automatic



)emi+ automaticAutomatic

• According to size$eavy dutyedium duty)mall dutyicro duty

• According to precisionrdinary$igh precision

• According to number of spindles)ingle spindleulti – spindle

• According to type of automation-ixed automation

-lexible automation• According to con guration

)tand alone typeachining system

1.5 PARTS OF A MACHINE TOOL

achine tool bed, base or body

)lides and slide ways

)pindles and bearings

ower sources

Transmission lin!age

1.6 SPECIFICATION OF MACHINE TOOL

)ize of machine

ower of motor

)ize of wor! to be carried out

'olume of wor!

)urface nish and accuracy

Type of operation

1.7 TOOL MATERIAL

/lements of an e0ective tool



• $igh hardness at elevated temperatures.• 1ear resistance.• )trength to resist bul! deformation.• Ade#uate thermal properties.•

2onsistent tool life.• 2orrect geometry.• 2hemical stability.

1.8 TYPES OF TOOL MATERIALS

• Tool steels• 3aw, medium and high carbon steels• $igh speed steels• 2emented carbides•

2eramics• 4iamonds• 25* cubic boron nitride6

1.9 CUTTING FLUIDS

-unctions of cutting 7uids

• %educe friction between tool and material.• %educe temperature of cutting zone.• 1ash away chips.• "mprove surface nish• %educe power re#uired.• "ncrease tool life• revent corrosion• revent welding of chip to tool.

1.10 TYPES OF CUTTING FLUIDS

• 2utting oils• 1ater – base cutting 7uids• (ases• aste and solid lubricants

CHAPTER 2

2.1 TOLERANCES AND SURFACE FINISH

A dimension is "a numerical value expressed in appropriate units of measure and indicatedon a drawing and in other documents along with lines, symbols, and notes to define the sizeor geometric characteristic, or both, of a part or part feature"



A tolerance is "the total amount by which a specific dimension is permitted to vary. Thetolerance is the difference between the maximum and minimum limits"A Dimensional tolerance is the total amount a specific dimension is permitted to vary, whichis the difference between maximum and minimum permitted limits of size.

A Geometric tolerance is the maximum or minimum variation from true geometric form or position that may be permitted in manufacture.Geometric tolerance should be employed only for those requirements of a part critical to itsfunctioning or interchangeability.Specific TolerancesThe tolerance for a single dimension may be specified with the dimension based on one ofthe following methods

!imits nilateral tolerance #ilateral tolerance

2.2 APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES TO DI ENSIONS

Tolerance should be specified in the case where a dimension is critical to the properfunctioning or interchangeability of a component.

2.! GENERAL TOLERANCE

These are generally coated in note form and apply when the same tolerance applicable all

over the drawing or where different tolerances apply to various ranges of sizes or for a particular type of member.

2." #NILATERAL S$STE OF TOLERANCEThis tolerance allows variation in only one direction from the basic size.

2.%. &ILATERAL S$STE OF TOLERANCEThis tolerance allows variation in both directions from the basic size.



2.' FIT

A fit may be defined as the relative motion which can exist between a shaft and hole $asdefined above% resulting from the final sizes which achieved in their manufacture. There are

three classes of fit in common use& clearance( transition and interference .

2.) CLEARANCE FIT

This fit results when the shaft size is always less than the hole size for all the possiblecombinations within their tolerance ranges. 'elation between shaft and hole is always

possible. The minimum clearance occurs at the maximum shaft size and the minimum holesize. The maximum clearance occurs at the minimum shaft size and the maximum hole size.

2.* TRANSITION FIT

Apure transition fit occurs when the shaft and hole are exactly the same size. This fit istheoretically the boundary between clearance and interference and is practically impossible toachieve, but by selective assembly or careful machining methods. (t can be approachedwithin very fine limits.

2.+ INTERFERENCE FIT

This is a fit which always results in the minimum shaft size being larger than the maximum

hole size for all combination within their tolerance ranges. 'elative motion between the shaftand hole is impossible. The minimum interference occurs at the minimum shaft size andmaximum hole size. The maximum interference occurs at the maximum shaft size andminimum hole size. Two interference fits are given on the data sheet.

2.,- ALLO ANCE



Allowance is the term given to the minimum clearance or maximum interference which exists between mating parts. (t may also be describe as the clearance or interference which gives thetightest possible fit between mating parts.

2.,, GA#GES

Gauges are inspection tool of rigid design, without a scale, which serves to chec) thedimensions of manufacturing parts. Gauge do not indicate the actual value of the inspected part of the component. They are used to determine whether the part is made within the specified limit.

2.,2 CLASSIFICATION OF PLAIN GA#GE

*lain gauges are used for chec)ing plain holes and shafts. Gauges are classified &• According to their type

$a% +tandard gauges made as an exact copy of mating part.$b% !imit gauges made to the limits of the dimensions.

• According to their purposes$a% -or) shop gauge & To chec) dimensions after manufacture.$b% (nspection gauge & To chec) part before final acceptance.$c% 'eference or master gauge & To chec) dimensions of gauge.$d% *urchase inspection gauge & To chec) part of other factory.

• According to the form of the tested surface.$a% *lug gauges for chec)ing holes$b% +nap and ring gauges for chec)ing shafts.

•

According to their design$a% +ingle limit and double limit gauges.$b% +ingle ended and double ended gauges.$c% ixed and ad/ustable gauges.

• Thread or screw gauge 0uts and internal threads are chec)ed with plug thread gauge and screw with ringthread gauge.

C/APTER ! ST#D$ OF CNC LAT/E



!., CNC0 CO P#TER N# ARICAL CONTROL

1onventionally, an operator decides and ad/usts various machine parameters li)e, feed, depthof cut etc depending on type of /ob, and controls the slide movements by hand. (n a 101machine functions and slide movements are controlled by motors using computer programs.

All computer controlled machines are able to accurately and repeatedly control motion invarious directions. 2ach of these directions of motion is called an axis. 3epending on themachine type there are commonly two to five axes. Additionally, a 101 axis may be either alinear axis in which movement is in a straight line or a rotary axis with motion following acircular path.

!.2 CNC LAT/E

Automated version of manual lathe. *rogrammed to change tools automatically.

sed for turning and boring wood, metal and plastic.

!.! /O CNC LAT/E OR1S0

• 1ontrolled by G and 4 codes.• These are number values and co5 ordinates.• 2ach number or code is assigned to a particular operation.• Typed in manually to 1A361A4 by machine operators.• G 74 codes are automatically generated by the computer software.

!." AD ANTAGES OF CNC AC/INES

• 8igh repeatability and precision.• 9olume of production is very high.• 1omplex contours6surface need to be machined.• lexibility in /ob change, automatic tool settings, less scrap.• 4ore safe, higher productivity, better quality.

!.% DIS AD ANTAGES

• 1ostly set up, s)illed operators.• 1omputers, programming )nowledge required.• 4aintenance is difficult.



C/APTER "LAT/E

"., INTROD#CTION

The lathe is one of the oldest machine tool and came into existence from the early tree lathe,which was a device for rotating machining a piece of wor) held between two ad/ecent trees.The device continued to developed through centuries and in the year of :;<; 8enry4audslay, an english man, designed the first screw cutting lathe which is the forerunner ofthe present day high speed, heavy duty production lathe. A lathe is used principally to

produce cylindrical surfaces and plane surface, at right angles to the axis of rotation.

".2 OR1ING PRINCIPLE OF LAT/E

!athe holds the wor) between two rigid and strong support called cenres or in a chuc) or face plate which is mounted on the pro/ected end of the mahine spindle, The cutting tool is rigidlyheld and supported in a tool post and is fed against the revolving wor) and then metalremoved from the wor) in the form of chips.To cut the material properly the tool should beharder than the material of the wor).

".! T$PES OF LAT/E

!athes are manufactured in a variety of types and sizes, from very small bench lathes used for precision wor)s to gigantic lathes used for tuning large steel shafts.The different types of lathes are&

• +peed lathe• #ench lathe• 2ngine lathe• Tool room lathe• +pecial purpose lathe• 1apstan and turret lathe• Automatic lathe• 01 and 101 lathe

".!., SPEED LAT/E 3 +peed lathes normally do not posses gear box, carriage and leadscrew. The tool rests on a support and is fed and operated 6ad/usted by hand only. +peedlathes find uses as, wood wor)ing, metal spinning and polishing lathes.

".!.2 &ENC/ LAT/E 3 (t is a small lathe which can be mounted on the wor) bench fordoing small precision and light /obs.

".!.! ENGINE LAT/E 3 (t is also )nown as centre lathe and it is the most importantmachine tool in the lathe family and by far widely used. The stepped cone pully or gearedhead are often used for varying the speed of the spindle. A tailstoc) is provide to facilitatesupporting the wor) piece and permits use of tools li)e, drills, taps, etc. An engine lathe may

be driven by an independent electric motor and speeds may be changed with the help of cone pulleys or through gear shifting.



".!." TOOL ROO LAT/E 3 (t is the modern engine lathe which is equipped with allnecessary accessories for accurate tool room wor). (t is a gear driven machine withconsiderable range in spindle speeds and feeds. These are best suited for production of smalltools, dies,gauges, etc.

".!.% SPECIAL P#RPOSE LAT/ES 3 A special purpose lathe is used to manufacture those /obs which canot be conveniently produced on normally available lathes.

• Gap bed lathe• 3uplicating lathe• 1ran) shaft lathe• -heel lathe

".!.' CAPSTAN AND T#RRET LAT/E 3 (t is a production machine used to perform alarge number of operations simultaneously. (n it, several tools are set on a revolving turret to

failitate doing large number of operations on a /ob with minimum wastage of time. Anindexible hexogonal tool post6turret is provided on the cross slide for mounting the turningand parting off tools. The turret usually accomadate six tools for different operations li)edrilling, reaming, tapping, etc. They are widely used for repetitive batch production.

".!.) A#TO ATIC LAT/ES 3 These lathes help a long way in enhansing the quality aswell as the quantity of production. They are so designed that all the wor)ing and /ob handlingmovements of the complete manufacturing process for a /ob are done automatically. 0o needof s)illed operator during the operation.

"." SPECIFICATION S OF LAT/E• #ed length in meters6feet• The hright of centers measured over the lathe bed.• +wing diametre that can be rotated over the bed ways.• +wing diameter that can be rotated over the carriage.• 3iameter of the hole through lathe spindle for turning bar material.• 4aximum /ob length in mm that may be held between the centres.

".% PARTS OF LAT/E #asic parts of lathe are&

• #ed• 8ead stoc) • Tail stoc) • 1arriage• eed mechanism• +crew cutting mechanism

".%., &ED

(t is supported on broad box5section column and is made of high grade special cast iron. =nthe top of the bed there are two sets of guide ways5 outer ways and inner ways. The outerguide ways provide bearing and sliding surface for the carriage, and the inner ways for thetail stoc). The inner part of the bed provides diagonal ribs for strength and rigidity to the bed.#ed supports all other parts of the lathe.



".%.2 /EAD STOC1

8ead stoc) is secured permenently on the inner ways at the left hand end of the lathe bed, andit provides mechanical means of rotating the wor) at multiple speeds. The head stoc) is that

part of the lathe which serves as a housing for the driving pulleys and bac) gears, provides bearing fo the machine spindle and )eeps the later in allignment with the bed. (t consists ofcone pulleys, bac) gears and bac) gear lever, main spindle and feed reversing lever. 4ainspindle is a hollow cylindrical shaft and long slender /obs can pass through it. ront end ofthe spindle provides threaded portion for holding the chuc)s. 4ain spindle is usually made of high5tensile steel and spindle rigidly mounted by means of two roller bearings. #ac) gear isan additional feature for slow spoeed is necessary for turning large diameter /obs, when thematerialis hard, for threading and )nurling etc.

".%.! TAIL STOC1

Tail stoc) is located at the right hand end of the bed. (t is a non rotating part which, however,can be moved on the top of the bed ways. Tail stoc) consists of a cast iron body in which islocated the barrel. The barrel is hollow and is bored with a morse taper. This taper locates thetaper shan) of a dead centre and it also locates taper shan) drills, drill chuc)s, etc.

".%." CARRIAGE

(t is located between the head stoc) and tail stoc). (t is fitted on the bed and slides along the bed guide ways and can be loc)ed on the bed at any desired position by tightening thecarriage loc) screw. (t can be moved manually with a hand wheel or with power feed. (tconsists of following main parts.

• +addle• 1ross slide• 1ompound rest• Tool post• Apron

Saddle: (t is made up of a 85shaped casting that is machined to fit the outer ways of the lathe bed. The saddle can be moved along the ways either manually or by power, through thegearing mechanism in the apron box.

Cross slide0 1ross slide is mounted on the carriage and has twofold purposes. (t support thecompound slide and also allows movement of the cutting tool at right angle to the lathe axis.

Compo4nd rest3 1ompound rest is mounted on the cross slide. (t serves supports the tool post and it allows the movement of the tool along a path not parellel to the lathe axis. This permits the turning of the conical or tapered surfaces.

Tool post0 Tool post is used to hold various cutting tools. The tool post rests on a wedgewhich is shaped on the bottom to fit into a concave shaped ring, which permits the height of

the cutting edge is to be ad/usted by tilting the tool.



Apron0 Apron is fastned to the saddle and hangs over the front of the bed. (t contains thegears and clutches for transmitting motion from the feed rod to the carriage, and the half nut,which engages with the lead screw during cutting threads.

".%.% FEED EC/ANIS

The movement of the tool relative to the wor) is termed as feed. The lathe tool may havethree types of feed.

• !ongitudinal feed through carriage$*arallel to the lathe axis%• 1ross feed through cross slide$ *erpendicular to the lathe axis%• Angular feed through compound saplide<Angular to the lathe axis%

The power feed mechanism has different units through motion transmitted from the headstoc) spindle to the carriage they are, end of bed gearing, feed gear box, lead screw and apron

mechanism. The end gears transmit power from the lathe spindle to the lead screw throughthe feed gear box. The train of gears through which the motion is transmitted from lathespindle to lead screw called c5an6e 6ears.

".' LAT/E ACCESSORIES!athe accessories are used for holding the wor), supporting the wor) and holding the tool.(mportant lathe accessories are &

• 1entres• 1huc)s• ace plates• +teady rest• ollower rest• 3rill holders• 4andrel

Lathe centres: !athe centres are required for turning wor) between them and supporting longwor) pieces in the tail stoc). !athe centre is a hardened steel device with a taper shan) onone end and a sixty degree point at the other end. Types of centres are>

• =rdinary centre• 8alf centre• #all centre• 'evolving centre

Chucks: (t is the most important device holding the wor) pieces, particularly of short lengthand large diameter or of irregular shapes, which can?t be conveniently mounted betweencentres. (t can be attached to the lathe by screwing on the spindle nose. 3ifferent types oflathe chuc)s are&

• Three /aw universal chuc) • our /aw independent chuc)• 1ombination chuc)



• 1ollet chuc) • +pindle chuc) • 4agnatic chuc) • Air operated chuc)

Three jaw universal chuck; (t is also called self centering chuc).(n it all the three /aws movesimultaneously by turning a )ey and thus the wor) piece may be automatically held in thecentre of chuc)5opening. (t is used for holding round, hexagonal bar or other symmetricalwor)s.Four jaw independent chuck; (t has four /aws and each /aw is independently actuated andad/usted by a )ey for holding the /ob. This types of chuc) is used for holding irregularshapes.Combination chuck; A combination chuc) combines the features of both self centering three

/aw and independent four /aw chuc)s. (t is useful for holding duplicate wor) pieces.Collet chuck: 1ollet chuc) is widely used in precision wor) because it centers accurately,holds very tightly, and does not mar) the wor) piece.

Spindle chuck; The spindle chuc) resembles an ordinary drill chuc) except that it is designedto screw on to the nose of the lathe spindle. (t is used for hold small round /obs quic)ly andaccurately.

Magnetic chuck: +teel wor) pieces can be easily held on a magnetic chuc). ace of thechuc) is magnetized by inserting a )ey in the chuc) and turning it :@ degree. The amount ofmagnetism may be controlled by turning the )ey only part of the required distance.Air operated chuc)s& Air or hydraulic operated chuc)s are operated with the help of air orhydraulic pressure which opens or closes the /aws against the wor) piece.

FACE PLATES 3 (t is usually a circular cast iron disc, having a threaded hole at its center sothat it can be screwed to the threaded nose of the spindle. (t consists of number of holes and

slots by means of which the wor) can be screwed to it.

".) LAT/E ATTAC/ ENTS

There are number of attachments which are used on lathe to increase production andefficiency and widen its scope of use for such wor)s also which are normally not carried outon this machine. These are>

• +topes• Grinding attachments• 4illing attachments• Taper turning attachments• 1opying attachments• 'elieving attachments

".* LAT/E OPERATIONS

(norder to complete a /ob, several steps are required. These specific steps are termed asoperations . 3ifferent types of lathe operations are>

4 ! " C#$T#%&$'



-here the wor) is required to be turned between a chuc) and a center, conical shaped holesmust be provided at the end of the wor) piece to provide bearing surface for lathe centers.1entering is the operation of producing conical holes in a wor) piece by using counter sun)drill bit.4 ! ( F)C&$'

(t is the operation of machining the ends of a piece of wor) to produce a flat surface squarewith the axis. The operation involves feeding the tool perpendicular to the axis of rotation ofthe wor) piece.".*.! PLAIN T#RNINGThe plain turning produces a cylindrical surface by removing excess metal from the wor)

piece. The wor) is made to rotate about the lathe axis, and the cutting edge of the tool is )eptapproximately at the lathe axis and fed parallel to the axis, a cylindrical surface is produced

by removing the excess metal. There are two )inds of turning they are>'ough turning> (t is the process of removal of excess material from the wor) piece in aminimum time by applying high rate of feed and heavy depth of cut.inish turning> (n this turning operation requires high cutting speed, small feed and a verysmall depth of cut to generate a smooth surface.

4 ! 4 S*+,L-#% T,%$&$' -hen a wor) piece having different diameter is turned, the surface forming the step from onediameter to the other is called the shoulder, and machining this part of the wor) piece iscalled shoulder turning.

4 ! . T)/#% T,%$&$'

To produce a conical surface by gradual reduction in diameter from a cylindrical wor) pieceis called taper turning. A taper may be defined as a uniform increase or decrease in diameterof a piece of wor) measured along its length. Taper turning methods are>

• 01 a 2orm o2 broad nose tool; A broad nose tool having straight cutting edge is set onthe wor) at half taper angle, and is fed straight into the wor) to generate taperedsurface. This method is limited to turn short length of taper only.

• 01 swiveling compound rest; This method employes the principle of turning taper byrotating the wor) piece on the lathe axis and feeding the tool at an angle to the axis ofrotation of the wor) piece. The tool mounted on the compound rest is attached to acircular base, graduated in degrees, which may be swiveled and clamped at anydesired angle. =nce the compound rest is set at the desired half taper angle, rotation of

the compond side screw will cause the tool to be fed at that angle and generate acorresponding taper.

• 01 setting over the tail stock centre; The principle of turning taper by this method isto shift the axis of rotation of the wor) piece at an angle to the lathe axis, and feedingthe tool parallel to the lathe axis. The angle at which the axis of rotation of the wor)

piece is shifted is equal to half angle of the taper. This is done when the body of thetail stoc) is made to slide on its base towards or away from the operator by a set overscrew the amount of set over is limited, this method is suitable for turning small taperon long /obs.

+et overB L× conicity2

mm 1onicity$)%B D − d

l



• 01 a taper turning attachments; -hen the taper turning attachment is used, the crossslide is first made free from the lead screw by removing the binder screw. The rearend of the cross slide is tightened with the guide bloc) by means of bolt. -hen thelongitudinal feed is engaged, the tool mounted on the cross slide will follow theangulsr path, as the guide bloc) will slide on the guide bar set at an angle to the latheaxis.

• 01 combining longitudinal and cross 2eed; 'ough tapers can easily turn by thecombination of carriage feed and cross slide feed simultaneously.

".*.' T/READ C#TTING

Thread cutting is one of the most important operation performed on a lathe. The principleof thread cutting is to produce a helical groove on a cylindrical or conical surface byfeeding the tool longitudinaly when the /ob revolved between centres or by a chuc). Thelongitudinal feed should be equal to the pitch of the thread to be cut per revolution of thewor) piece.

T7pe of t5reads are3"3 # ternal and internal thread (3 %ight hand and le2t hand thread; 53 Single start and multi start thread;43 Forms o2 screw threads; There are two main two types of screw thread forms.$a% 9eetype, used mainly for fastening and ad/usting purpose, and$b% +quare type, used fortransmitting power. Types of 9ee threads are>

$a% #ritish standard withworth $#+-%$b% #ritish standard fine thread $#+ %$c% #ritish association thread $#A%

$d% #rtish standard pipe thread $#+*%$e% American 0ational or +ellers thread$f% (+= 4etric thread

".*.) ECCENTRIC T#RNING

(f a cylindrical wor) piece has two separate axis of rotation one being out of the centre tothe other, the wor) piece is termed eccentric and turning of different surfaces of the wor)

piece is )nown as eccentric turning. 1ran) shaft turning in a lathe is a common exampleof eccentric turning.

".*.* C/A FERING

1hamfering is the operation of beveling the extream end of a wor) piece. This is done dueto remove the burrs, to protect the end of the wor) piece from being damaged and to have

better loo).

".*.+ 1N#RLING

Cnurling is the process of embossing a diamond shaped pattern on the surface of a wor) piece. The purpose of )nurling is to provide an effective gripping surface on a wor) pieceor to increase the diameter of a shaft in press fit.

".*.,- FOR T#RNING



orming operation involves machining of a convex, concave or any other shape on thewor) piece.

".*.,, DRILLING

(t is the operation of producing a cylindrical hole in a wor) by the rotating cutting edge of a cutter )nown as the twist drill. (t is done by held the wor) piece in a chuc) and drill inthe tail stoc) spindle by removing the dead centre.

".*.,2 &ORING

#oring is the operation of enlarging and truing a hole produced by a drilling, punching,casting or forging.

".*.,! GROO ING

(t is the process of reducing the diameter of a wor) piece over a very narrow surface. (t isoften done at the end of a thread or ad/ecent to the shoulder to leave a small margin.

".*.," PARTING OFF

(t is the operation employed for cutting away a desired length from the bar stoc), as isusually needed in serving the finished articles fro its stro)e.

".*.,% FILING

(t is the finishing operation performed after turning. This is done in a lathe to remove burrs, sharp corners, and feed mar)s on a wor) piece and also to bring it to the size byremoving very small amount of metal. The operation consists of passing a flat single cutfile over the wor) piece which revolves at high speed.

".*.,' SPINNING

(t is the process of forming a thin sheet of metal by revolving the /ob at high speeds and pressing it against a DformerE attached to the head stoc) spindle.

".+ C#TTING SPEED

(n lathe cutting speed means the number of meters measured on the circumfrance of /obthat passes the cutting edge of the tool in one minute.

1utting speed BπDN 1000

meters / minute

-here 3 B diameter of /ob in mm, 0 B spindle speed in '*4



".,- FEED

(t is the amount of tool advancement per revolution of /ob parallel to the surface beingmachined. (t is given in mm per revolution of the /ob.

".,, DEPT/ OF C#T

(t is the advancement of tool in the /ob in a direction perpendicular to the surface beingmachined.

".,2 I PORTANT TOOLS #SED IN LAT/E AC/INE

• 1utting tools• +teel rule• +urface gauge•

9ernier caliper• +panners• 1huc) )ey, etc

Cutting tools; A cutting tool may be used either cutting apart, as with a )nife or forremoving chips. *arts are produced by removing mostly in the form of small chips. -emay devide all cutting toolsinto two groups. These are single point cuttin tools and multi

point cutting tools.

C#TTING TOOL ATERIAL

:5 8igh carbon steelF5 8igh speed steel5 1emented carbides

H5 +tellitesI5 3iamondsJ5 Abrasives;5 1=0@5 1#0<5 +ialon

production engineering i

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