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Productivity and product quality
James Rowe
Graham Centre Sheep Forum June 2013
The map
• What is a CRC?
• Importance of productivity & quality
• Genomics for fast, well-balanced gain
• Meat quality
• Wool quality measurement for next-to-skin
• Sheep and their management
• Extension application
Sheep CRC 2007 to 2014
21 Participants – big ticket industry opportunity
$ 35.5 million from Commonwealth
$ 10 m MLA, $10 m AWI, $0.7 m AMPC
$ 70 m NSW DPI, UNE, … in-kind
Extension application 2014 to 2019
35 Participants – building on achievements
$ 15 million from Commonwealth
$ 10.5 m MLA , AMPC & WoolProducers Australia
$ 35 m NSW DPI, UNE, … in-kind
From: Fisher 2013.
Terms of trade for farmers have declined by
39% 1981 - 2011
Sheng, Mullen and Zhao (2012) From Fisher 2013
Contribution of productivity to GVP
From: Nossal and Sheng 2013.
Labour price index (‘100’ in 1961)
From: Nossal and Sheng 2013.
Labour productivity in agriculture4.6% less labour/year
Average age of farm managers/owners
Data source: ABARES (2013) From Fisher 2013
Sheep-4.4/year
Cattle1.4/year
Cropping5.1/year
50
100
150
200
250
300
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Sheep 'e
quiv
ale
nts
' (m
illio
n)
Changing land use based on
– ‘Sheep equivalents’ (from ABARE 2010)
Wool and sheep meat – gross value (ABARE 2010)
Wooly = -138 x
Lamby = 71 x
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Real g
ross v
alu
e o
f p
rod
ucti
on
(2
009-1
0 A
$m
)
Wool and sheepmeat
in world markets
Quality and Price
Pork, 41.5
Chicken, 31.1
Beef , 24.2
Sheep, 3.2
Sheepmeat as % of meat production(FAO Database – 2009 figures)
Wool, 1.6
Cotton, 33.0
Man made, 65.3
Wool as % of world Fibre Production(Oerlikon Report 2010)
Wool -4 c/kg clean
Wheat + $1/t
Beef + 1 c/kg carcase
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Real p
rices o
f ag
ricu
ltu
ral p
rod
ucts
(a
dju
ste
d t
o 2
00
9-1
0 )
Real price of Wool, Beef and Wheat(ABARE 2010)
Lamb + 12 c/kg carcase
Wool -4 c/kg clean
Mutton + 12 c/kg carcase 0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Real p
rices o
f ag
ricu
ltu
ral
pro
du
cts
(a
dju
ste
d t
o 2
009
-10 )
Real price of Wool, Lamb & Mutton(ABARE 2010)
Mutton -5.2 c/kg/year
Lamb -9.5 c/kg/year
+12.6 c/kg
+12.3 c/kg
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Pri
ce
ad
jus
ted
to
20
05
(c
/kg
)
Turnaround for lamb and mutton(ABARE – special data extract 2005, Rowe, 2005)
Eating quality R&D (Pethick et al. 2008)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Count
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Shear Force (kg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Count
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Shear Force (kg)
1997/98 retail audit (n=907)
MSA best practise 2007 (n=806)
Before
After
Index of real commodity prices(ABARE Australian Lamb survey 2010)
Lamb production & carcase weight
Source: ABS, MLA forecasts
90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08f 10f 12f
0
100
200
300
400
500'000 tonnes cwt
15
17
19
21
23
25kg/head
production carcase weight
f = forecast
Increase in carcase weight 1991 - 2010
17 kg to 21 kg in 20 years
200 g per year - every year!! (1.1% p.a.)
At $4/kg = $0.80 per lamb sold per year
$16/lamb over 20 years
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Avera
ge f
leece
weig
ht
(kg/h
ead )
Average fleece weights (1860 to 2010)
1.3% p.a.
0.15% p.a.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Price
(c/k
g)
Fibre diameter
Jun-09
Jun-10
Jun-11
Jun-12
May-13
Wool – variable premium for micron
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Gre
asy w
ool pro
duction
(m k
g)
21 um
22 um
<18.5 um
Changing production by micron (1997 – 2009) (Wool forecasting Committee April 2010)
Productivity gains essential• particularly labour efficiency
Quality matters • wool and sheepmeat niche markets
Priorities for the sheep industry
Comparison of Selected and Unselected
Broilers at 42 Days of Age
Unselected 1957 control
Selected 2012 pedigree broiler
Source: Aviagen
Value of cumulative gain – 7 yearsV
alu
e o
f ge
ne
tic g
ain
$/e
we
Time (year)
$2.00/ewe per year$0.70/ewe per year
$4.90
$14.00
Rate of genetic gain
=(Accuracy x Intensity x Variation)
Generation interval
Accuracy of predicting genetic merit
Pedigree
Performance
Genomic
Genetic Merit
DNA: building blocks of life
DNA code shows subtle differences between individuals:
The full ‘chain’ 3 billion letters
Less than 0.5% different (about 5 million SNPs)
The basis of genetic variation
The technology – identifying SNPs
50,000 SNPs on a chip – 50 k SNP chip
Reads each SNPs as 0 or 1
New ways to estimate breeding values
18 Organisation
5 Abattoirs
9 laboratories
75 researchers
>150 traits measured
> 5 Million data entries
>10,000 DNA profiles
End user delivery
for 70% of Terminal rams
for 35% of Merino rams
End user involved
in design specification
Sheep Genetics
Stud Ram Breeders Measurement Protocols
Select 100 rams/year
For 5 years
8 farms in 4 States
5 Organisations
4,500 ewes/year
5 years
18,000 lambs
AI ProgramLambing records
+ growth
On farm fat/muscle scan
and blood/ DNA samplesShearing
Reproduction of
female progeny
Parasitology
Behaviour
Base
data
joining
records
DNA
Extractio
n
Genotyping
DNA analysis
Meat ProcessorsWool
Laboratory
Fleec
e
data
Carcase
data
Meat analysis
Meat Science
Laboratories
Consumer
testing
Wool data
Reproduction
data
Meat quality
Sheep CRC Information Nucleus Data Base
Genomics DNA predictions
of breeding value
Improved accuracy of
genetic parametersNew traits
Sheep CRC Research Teams
Genetics, Meat, Wool, Reproduction and Parasitology
LAMBPLAN MERINOSELECT• Research Papers
• Technical Reports
• Training programs
Delivery of genetic information to stud ram breeders and
producers to select and use better rams
Impact through increased productivity gain, improved
product quality and easier management
DNA analysis (genomic data) contributes to more accurate estimate of breeding value
Pedigree
Performance
Genotype
Estimated Breeding Values
(ASBV)
Benefits of DNA analysis - genomics
– Selection of younger animals for breeding
• Reduce generation interval
– Predict breeding values for hard to measure traits
• Balance Lean meat yield and Eating quality
• Balance adult wool traits with growth and meat quality
• Horn - Poll
Faster and better balanced genetic gain
Sire variation – consumer tenderness(Pannier et al. unpublished)
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
60 65 70 75 80 85
Loin tenderness
Top
sid
e te
nd
ern
ess
97 sires, 745 lambs, 2 cuts per lamb
MSA Lamb mark II
Grade cuts into:
2* - Unsatisfactory
3* - Good every day
4* - Better than every day
5* - Premium
n Ungrade 3* 4* 5*
Mean 1,858 49% 100% 147% 200%
Willingness to pay data(Price relative to 3*, n = number consumers)
Australian consumers - lamb
Sire variation – consumer tenderness
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
60 65 70 75 80 85
Loin tenderness
Top
sid
e te
nd
ern
ess
3* 5*4*
Sire variation – consumer tenderness
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
60 65 70 75 80 85
Loin tenderness
Top
sid
e te
nd
ern
ess
3*
2*
Wool Next-to-skin Success
Superfine wool which could be worn next to skin
represented a breakthrough for the industry
Challenged myth of ‘itchy, bulky wool’
Created a new generation of consumers willing to pay
premium for natural wool attributes
Gained wool new market share (active wear, kids
wear)
Wool still has challenges in the
next-to-skin category
Perceived garment prickle or
inconsistent hand feel
Consumer mixed feelings about
wearing the fibre directly against
their body
Challenges to new positioning
Inconsistent Quality – a risk for the supply chain
No objective measurement tools to produce next-to-
skin wool products to standardised levels of
comfort and hand feel.
Traditional measurements of quality fail to account
for the effects of processing and finishing
Comfort and handle are based on little more than
human estimation.
Five years of comprehensive
consumer wearer trials
A Total Quality System
A means of objectively
specifying and promoting a
garment on the basis of superior
comfort and consistent handle
CRC Breakthrough: Objective measurement
A new generation of wool next to skin
We can now help retailers /
manufacturers perfect wool
next-to-skin
Securing market share gains
which return real value to
Australian wool growers
Driving demand for Australian
wool and its natural attributes
Supply Chain Demand
Differentiate their products
Develop a new range that out
performs on comfort and superior
handle
Transparently source and supply
product efficiently against clear,
objective specifications for quality and
handle
Consistently provide elite quality
next-to-skin products, not only
between batches, but across
seasons.
Embracing this Total Quality System retailers and manufacturers can:
Measuring comfort - Wearer Trials
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Prickle
sensation
Trial Periods
Fabric 1 Fabric 34 Fabric 28 Fabric 3
1 2 3 4
21o C 21o C40o C 40o C
The Wool ComfortMeter
Operation of Skin Comfort Meter
Wire
Instrument & Wearer Trials
1
2
3
4
6
7
89
1920
21
2223
24
25
26
27
28
29
31
32
33
34
35
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
0 200 400 600 800 1000
We
are
r s
co
re
Instrument measurement
Assessing Handle Attributes
Smooth – Rough
Soft – Hard
Clean – Hairy
Cool – Warm
Heavy – Light
Tight – Loose
Dry - Greasy
Wool HandleMeter
Force rod
Fabric
Nozzle
Beginning of deformation
Near the end of the extraction
Testing principle
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
1 8 15 22 29 36 43 50 57 64 71 78 85 92 99 106
Displacement
Fo
rc
e
a
φ
pDpDp
PPH
h
w
Φ
Curve Parameters
Wool – Comfort and Handle
Fabric description
Prickle sensation
Wearers% LIKE
ComfortMeter
HandleMeter
16.3µm SJW 1.61 81 263 5.5
18.1µm SJW 1.90 80 347 4.8
20.3µm SJW 2.61 47 529 4.5
100% Cotton 1.05 70 175 3.3
Pre-commercial Pilot Trial with AWTA: Building momentum to launch
Real market feedback from
Retailers & Brands
Australian retail feedback
Chinese knitters & spinners
Sheep and their management
1. Well adapted sheep – easy management
- Bred well fed well, Ram breeding guide
- Sheep – The simple guide ..
1. Improved reproductive efficiency- Lifetime Ewe Management
- Managing scanned ewes workshops
2. Better parasite management- ParaBoss – (FlyBoss, WormBoss & LiceBoss)
- Targeted treatment
CRC – Extension 2014-19
Consolidating the transformation
1. Enhanced wellbeing and productivity
- Better decisions less labour
2. Quality based meat value chain
- Cuts-based MSA eating quality
- Larger carcases & yearling Merino
3. Faster and affordable genetic gain
– better accuracy and effective use