PROF. DR. HASSAN FARGHALY ASKALPROF. DR. HASSAN FARGHALY ASKALPROF. DR. HASSAN FARGHALY ASKAL

Basic instrumentation system used in

analytical atomic spectrometry

Basic instrumentation Basic instrumentation system used in system used in

analytical atomic analytical atomic spectrometryspectrometry

The hollow-cathode lampThe hollowThe hollow--cathode lampcathode lamp

A premixed (or laminar) flameA premixed (or A premixed (or laminar) flamelaminar) flame

Temperature distribution in a near

stoichiometricpremixed air-natural

gas flame. Temperature in °C

Temperature Temperature distribution in a near distribution in a near

stoichiometricstoichiometricpremixed airpremixed air--natural natural

gas flame. gas flame. Temperature in Temperature in °°CC

Schematic diagram of a concentric nebulizer system for a premixed burner.

Schematic diagram of a concentric Schematic diagram of a concentric nebulizernebulizer system for a premixed burner.system for a premixed burner.

The venturi effect in nebulizerThe The venturiventuri effect in effect in nebulizernebulizer

Impact bead assembly.Impact bead assembly.Impact bead assembly.

Summary of atomization in flames

Summary of Summary of atomization in flamesatomization in flames

Background correction.Background correction.Background correction.

Automatic simultaneous background correctorAutomatic simultaneous background correctorAutomatic simultaneous background corrector

Anion interferences on calcium

Anion interferences Anion interferences on calciumon calcium

Modern design for a graphite furnaceModern design for a graphite furnaceModern design for a graphite furnace

Typical analytical heating cycle for a graphite

furnace

Typical analytical heating Typical analytical heating cycle for a graphite cycle for a graphite

furnacefurnace

Schematic view of an ICP

Schematic view of Schematic view of an ICPan ICP

Suggested nomenclature for the various zones in the ICP.

Pre-heating zone (PHZ); initial radiation zone (IRZ);

normal analytical zone (NAZ); boundary region (BR)

Suggested nomenclature for Suggested nomenclature for

the various zones in the ICP.the various zones in the ICP.

PrePre--heating zone (PHZ); heating zone (PHZ);

initial radiation zone (IRZ); initial radiation zone (IRZ);

normal analytical zone (NAZ); normal analytical zone (NAZ);

boundary region (BR)boundary region (BR)

Nebulizers used for ICP-AES: (a) concentric; (b) cross-flow; (c) glass frit; (d) Hildebrand gird (expanded view);

(e) V-groove or ‘Babington type’

NebulizersNebulizers used for ICPused for ICP--AES: (a) concentric; (b) crossAES: (a) concentric; (b) cross--

flow; (c) glass frit; (d) Hildebrand gird (expanded view); flow; (c) glass frit; (d) Hildebrand gird (expanded view);

(e) V(e) V--groove or groove or ‘‘Babington typeBabington type’’

Typical configuration for ICP-AES instruments:

(a) side-on viewing of the ICP; (b) axial viewing on

the ICP

Typical configuration for Typical configuration for

ICPICP--AES instruments: AES instruments:

(a) side(a) side--on viewing of the on viewing of the

ICP; (b) axial viewing on ICP; (b) axial viewing on

the ICPthe ICP

Schematic diagram of photomultiplier tubes:

external views of (a) side-on and (b) end-

on configuration; (c) mode of operation of the end-on configuration

Schematic diagram of Schematic diagram of

photomultiplier tubes: photomultiplier tubes:

external views of external views of

(a) side(a) side--on and (b) endon and (b) end--

on configuration; on configuration;

(c) mode of operation of (c) mode of operation of

the endthe end--on configurationon configuration

Charged-coupled detector (top) and schematic diagram of the two-dimensional detector array with respect to

wavelength and order (bottom)

ChargedCharged--coupled detector (top) and schematic diagram coupled detector (top) and schematic diagram of the twoof the two--dimensional detector array with respect to dimensional detector array with respect to

wavelength and order (bottom)wavelength and order (bottom)

Typical detection limits for ICP-AES in ng ml-1Typical detection limits for ICPTypical detection limits for ICP--AES in AES in ngng mlml--11

Schematic diagram of a Beenakler TM010microwave cavity

Schematic diagram of a Schematic diagram of a BeenaklerBeenakler TMTM010010microwave cavitymicrowave cavity

Schematic diagram of the three-electrode direct current plasma

Schematic diagram of the threeSchematic diagram of the three--electrode direct electrode direct current plasmacurrent plasma

Schematic diagram of a glow discharge cellSchematic diagram of a glow discharge cellSchematic diagram of a glow discharge cell

M + A+ M+ + A+ + e−−−− ion-atom collision

M + A M+ + A+ + 2e−−−− atom-atom collision

M + e−−−− M+ + 2e−−−− electron impact

Ar+ + X Ar + X+ charge transfer

Arm + X Ar + X+ + e−−−− penning ionization

M + AM + A++ MM++ + A+ A++ + e+ e−−−−−−−− ionion--atom collisionatom collision

M + AM + A MM++ + A+ A++ + 2e+ 2e−−−−−−−− atomatom--atom collisionatom collision

M + eM + e−−−−−−−− MM++ + 2e+ 2e−−−−−−−− electron impactelectron impact

ArAr++ + X+ X ArAr + X+ X++ charge transfercharge transfer

ArArmm + X+ X ArAr + X+ X++ + e+ e−−−−−−−− penning ionizationpenning ionization

Types of ionization processesTypes of ionization processesTypes of ionization processes

Types of atomic fluorescence.Types of atomic fluorescence.Types of atomic fluorescence.

A microwave-excited electrodelessdischarge lamp

A microwaveA microwave--excited excited electrodelesselectrodelessdischarge lampdischarge lamp

Hydride generation

systems: (a) batch

mode operation;

(b) continuous

mode operation

Hydride generation Hydride generation

systems: (a) batch systems: (a) batch

mode operation; mode operation;

(b) continuous (b) continuous

mode operationmode operation

Typical cold vapour generation AAS system used for mercury determination. The same system can be used with a flame in place of the

Pyrex tube to allow the determination of hydride-forming elements

Typical cold Typical cold vapourvapour generation AAS system used for mercury generation AAS system used for mercury

determination. The same system can be used with a flame in placedetermination. The same system can be used with a flame in place of the of the

Pyrex tube to allow the determination of hydridePyrex tube to allow the determination of hydride--forming elementsforming elements