SARDAR SWARAN SINGH

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF BIO-ENERGY

(Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt. of India)

KAPURTHALA-144601 (PUNJAB)

Email: profykyadav@yahoo.co.in

Prof. (Dr.)Yogender Kumar Yadav

Director

Indian Energy Scenarioo Over 230 GW power generation capacity is

mainly based on thermal and hydro with about13% from renewables.

o Energy and peaking shortages 8 & 11%

o 145 MT consumption of oil products. Importsabout 80%, and growing.

o Per capita energy use 911 kWh / Annum is1/4th of global average 2373 kWh / Annum

o Our electricity supply will need to grow 5 to 7times of our current consumption forsustaining growth of around 8-9% through nexttwo decades

2

Drivers for Bioenergy in India

o Demand for power and exhaustible fossilfuels increasing

o Problems in meeting even minimum energyneeds for cooking and lighting in manyareas

o About 80 million homes still withoutelectricity

o Power shortages felt even in cities and affectindustrial production

o Need to control GHG emissions

3

Biomass Waste Sources

Availability Status(2009)

Surplus Available

(2009)

Availability Projections

(2015)

Projected Surplus(2015)

Crop & Agro- processwaste

523.44 127.27 680.47 226.01

Road Side Biomass 10.74 6.44 17.28 10.36

Wasteland Biomass 27.12 16.32 40.92 24.55

Forest Waste 157.18 94.31 196.79 118.08

Agro – Forestry Waste 9.06 5.44 9.18 5.51

Livestock Waste 267.76 - 266.31 -

Poultry Droppings 4.87 - 6.95 -

Total 1000.17 249.78 1217.90 384.51

Availability of Biomass (MT) in India

THE CURRENT DISPOSAL METHODS

Storage in Open

Release of CH4 which is 24 times more

effective as green house gas, CO2

Loose Burning of Straw

Release of toxic Gases CO, CO2, NOX,

SOX, CxHy, SPM, RSPM

5

6

Problems of Biomass Conversion to Energy

Complexity is not only a problem to choose the correct

logistic chain for specific situation, but there are other

problem like:

low territorial density, it does not have homogenous

geographical distribution

seasonality , it’s necessary to optimise the storage to have

a constant feed to the plant of energy conversion

choice of correct energy conversion technique adapted to

the territorial context

The project success of biomass utilization need interdisciplinary

approach of several technical and scientific skills.

Bioenergy Options Improved solid fuels (Pellet, Briquettes, Char)

Biomass Combustion / Co-generation

Gaseous Fuels

- Bio-chemical / Bio-methanation (Biogas)/Hydrogen

- Thermo-chemical (Producer Gas)/Hydrogen

Liquid Fuels

- Thermo-Chemical (Pyrolysis)

- Bio-chemical (Ethanol, Butanol)

- Extraction (Trans-esterification / biodiesel)

7

Loose agriculturalresidues have low bulkdensity (30 to 100kg/m3) and difficult tohandle and use as fuel.

By briquetting thequality improves anddensity is increased to1000-1200 kg/m3 andbecome better qualityfuel.

8

Biomass Briquetting

Bulk density of

paddy straw40-60 kg/m3

True density of

briquettes900-1100

kg/m3

Energy

requirement45-55 kWh/ton

Calorific Value 14 MJ/kg

Briquetting Operational Parameters

Biomass Briquetting

9

POWER GENERATION

VIA

BIOMASS COMBUSTION

10

Sketch of Typical Biomass Power Generation Plant

11

Salient Features

Biomass combustion is clearly a proven technology,

but design improvements over the past couple of

decades have helped to increase its efficiency, reduce

emission levels and reduce costs.

At the same time, the creation of professional

certification programs for installers and inspectors

might help to boost the safety of biomass combustion

systems.

12

Bagasse Co-generation in Sugar Industry Potential : 5000 MW for about 620 sugar mills

Installed about 2400 MW (48% of potential)

Under installation 1000 MW (20% ofpotential)

o Biomass Co-generation Projects for meeting thermal andelectrical energy requirements

o Installed 130 projects of over 500 MW

- 45 projects in Paper Mills

- 50 projects in Rice Mills

- 15 projects in Solvent extraction plants

- Others in Textile, Alcohol, Food processing

Biomass Co-generation in other industries

BIOMASS GASIFICATION

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Biomass Gasification

Biomass gasifier systems in the range of 5 kw to 500 kw for thermal and electrical applications

Ankur, Vadodara and IISc, Bangalore are major technology developers

About 120 MWeq systems installed for electrical and thermal applications.

About 100 MWth, in the range of 2-6 MWth, have been deployed for thermal application

Four Grid connected biomass gasifier systems in the range of 1.0-1.5 MWe are under installation

15

It is a thermo-chemical conversion process in which biomass reactswith limited air to produce gaseous fuel called producer gas.

Thermal Application of Gasifier

16

20 kW Gasifier Power Plant

17

BIOGAS GENERATION

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Biomethanationo Household biogas plants mainly based on

cattle manure for cooking and lighting

o Biogas plants based on cattle manure andother segregated wastes for heat, electricityor motive power

o Biogas from urban and industrial wastesand effluents

o Co-digestion of farm / agricultural residueswith urban and industrial wastes

19

Floating Drum Biogas Plant

20

Kitchen waste biogas plant

21

Biogas for Domestic Cooking

22

Municipal Solid Waste to Energy Programme

Potential: 2600 MW

Project in operation: 16 MW project at

Okhla, Delhi

Projects under installation: 41 MW

12 MW at Ghazipur, Delhi

8 MW at Bangalore

11 MW at Hyderabad

10 MW at Pune

23

BIO-DIESEL/GREEN DIESEL

PRODUCTION

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o 1st generation Biofuels

- From starch and sugars - mainly ethanol

- From oil bearing seeds (SVO and biodiesel)

o 2nd generation Biofuels: from ligno-cellulosic substrates

- Ethanol through enzymatic fermentation

- bio-crude, bio-oil (Thermo-chemical route)

o 3rd generation Biofuels - Algae based bio-oils, green

diesel/jet fuel

o 4th generation Biofuels: CO2 sequestration …….

25

Vegetable Oils

Vegetable oils represent one of the

premium renewable resources that can

be potentially used for fuel production.

Vegetable oil being renewable in nature

is also useful to earn carbon credit as

envisaged from Kyoto protocol.

They can be used as substitute

petrochemicals due to their similarity to

the traditional crude oil products.

Due to high density and viscosity,

vegetable oil can not be used directly in

engines.

They can be efficiently used in engine

after appropriate processing.

Edible oils are Coconut, Olive, Soy,

Canola, Sunflower, Safflower, Peanut,

Cottonseed , Rapeseed, Corn, Soybean,

Sesame etc.

Non-edible oils are processed Linseed oil,

Tung oil, Castor oil, Jatropha, Mahua,

Neem, Karanja, palmMesua ferrea L. etc.

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Oil Content of Some Oil Bearing Seeds

27

Species Oil fraction (%) Nature

Castor 45-50 Non-edible

Jatropha 40-50

Mahua 35-40

Sal 10-12

Linseed 35-45

Neem 20-30

Pongamia (karanja) 30-40

Mesua Ferrea L. 75-79

Mustered 27-35% Edible

Sunflower 35-40%

Peanut 35-50%

Olive 35-38%

Rice Bran 20-25%

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JATROPHA CURCAS

Mesua ferrea L.

29

30KARANJA

Non-edible

Vegetable Seeds

Trans-esterification

Biodiesel (FAME) +

Glycerol

Biodiesel &

Characterization

Pure Biodiesel Green Diesel, Bio-petrol,

TBP Distillation

Bio-crude &

Characterization

Hydro-processing

Extraction & Analysis of Oil

Catalysts

Separation Washing

31

Transesterification Process

Vegetable

oil

+ Alcohol +

Catalyst

H2 Gas

Hydrogen

Cylinder

Crude

Biodiesel

Batch

Reacto

r

Separator-1

Condenser

Filtration

Catalyst

Alcohol Recycling

Separato

r-2

Glycerol

Biodiesel

Activation &

Recycling

Condenser

Washing &

Purification

Washing & Purification

Pure

Biodiesel

Pure

Glycerol

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MBCUS

Catalyst

LPT

Catalyst

Biodiesel from

Jatropha oil

SEM Image TEM Micrograph

Biodiesel from

Bitter apricot oil

Hydroprocessing

Gases

Residue

Green Diesel

Bio-ATF

Bio-petrol

Vegetable oil

+ Catalyst

H2 Gas

Hydrogen

Cylinder

Biocrude

Batch

Reacto

r

TBP Distillation

Unit

Condenser

Water

Settler

Gases

Biocrude

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Various Bio-crudes and Distillates Fractions

Green Hydrocarbons

Liquid bio-fuel

distillates obtained

from Hydroprocessing

of vegetable oils and

TBP distillation.

Gasoline

Aviation turbine

Fuel Diesel

Lube oil

Wax Bitumen

Biocrude

Thrust Areas for Biofuel R&DLigno-cellulosic ethanol / biobutanol production

Pre-treatment Development of engineered micro-organisms for

higher yields of ethanol utilizing C5 and C6 sugars. Saccharification and fermentation - development of

microorganism and optimization of conditions. Identification and development of strains/processes

for bio-butanol

Thermo-chemical

Thermo chemical platform for production of secondgeneration biofuels

Gasification - upgradation of bio-oil

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Process development for bioethanol production

from agricultural residues

Enzyme production for saccharification of

lignocellulosic biomass using isolated bacteria

Isolation of yeast for fermentation of sugars

(hexoses and pentoses) to bioethanol

Microscopic viewIsolate NIRE-GX1

Pentose Fermenting Yeast

Isolate NIRE-K1 Microscopic view

Hexose Fermenting Yeast

NIR

E A

1

Xylanase activity

NIR

E A

1

Ligninase activity

NIR

E A

1

Cellulase activity

Hexose Sugar Fermentation

Ethanol Yield of NIRE K1 0.41

Yield increased to 0.49 after

optimisation of growth and

fermentation conditions

Batch Fermentation in Bench-scale Bioreactor

Optimisation of maximum specific growth rate

using Design Expert software

Ethanol Fermentation by NIRE-K1 at 430C

Pentose Sugar Fermentation

Ethanol Yield of NIRE GX1 – 0.29 g/g at 400C

C. Genetic Engineering for ethanol production

A. Bioethanol production from xylose sugar using naturally fermenting yeast

B. Adaptation of yeast to increase ethanol production

10Kb8 Kb6 Kb4 Kb3 Kb

K1 K320 Kb appx

3000 bp2000 bp1000 bp500 bp

300 bp

100 bp

K3K1K1 K3

K1 K1K1K1

Amplified

Unamplified

DNA isolation of NIRE-K1 PCR of genomic DNA

xylose utilization increased by 88%

Xylitol production increased

Growth of yeast increased

Identified Thrust Areas for R&D

Algal biofuels

Identification of efficient and engineered strains foralgae

Cultivation and harvesting of micro-algae, dryingand conversion into biofuels.

Bio-refinery

Value addition to the biofuel production

40

Microalgal Biodiesel Microalgae have been suggested as

very good candidates for fuelproduction because of theiradvantages of higher photosyntheticefficiency, higher biomass productionand faster growth compared to otherenergy crops.

Microalgae commonly double theirbiomass within 24 hours.

Biomass doubling times duringexponential growth are commonly asshort as 3.5 hours.

Oil content in microalgae can exceed80% by weight of dry biomass.

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C5 Value Addition: Towards an economic process!

Acid Pretreatment Liquor(Xylose, Arabinose, Organic acids, etc)

C5 Sugars

L-arginine

L-lysine Algal biomass, oil

Succinic AcidItaconic acid

Mannosyl Erythritol Lipid(Biosurfactant)

42

BIOMASS

Thermo-chemical

Transformation

Biochemical

Transformation

Chemicals

BiofuelsMaterials

Basic concept of Bio-refinery?

Oilseed based BiorefineryCombustion &Process

heat, electricity

biogasbiogas

Lignocellulosic based Bio-refinery

Cellulose or

paper products

Catalytic

Synthesis

Gasification

Heat/Steam

Electric power

Adhesives

Surfactants

Other aromatic compounds

Pyrolysis

Pyrolysis Oil

Coke

Volatiles

Burning/CHP

Lig

no

cell

ulo

sic

Bio

ma

ss

Condensates

Coke

H2, CO (Syngas)

Chemicals

Liquid fuels

Acetic acid

Other acids

Ethanol

Butanol

Acetone

Hydrogen

PHA

Enzymatic

hydrolysis

Acids

Sugars

Fer

men

tati

on

Thermal-Chemical

Dissembling

Extractive

Hemicellulose

Cellulose

Aromatics

Algae based Bio-refinery

Residue

Green Diesel

Green ATF

Green Gasoline

Green Propane

Vent

Bio-crudeSeparator

Water

HPHT Reactor

Catalyst

H2

Catalyst

Recycle

Algal biomass

Biomass Pro

Filter

ABE Fermentation

butanol. E. coli gene mod

Butanol

Biogas

Challenge of the Bio-refinery Development

Development of feasible process and technology.

To study the pros and cons of every process.

To upscale the process up to pilot scale level.

Techno-economic study of different individual units.

Integration of different units to realize biorefinery.

Economic assessment of the whole set up (output-input).

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Thank You