HowShallWeallLiveTogether?

Prof.JohnBerryPsychology,Queen’sUniversity,Kingston,CanadaSocioculturalResearch,HigherSchoolofEconomics,Moscow,RussianFederation

Internationalconference „Integration Challenges inaRadicalizing World“29– 30November2016,Tallinn,Estonia

Outline1.Introduction2.Multiculturalism3.InterculturalStrategies4.MulticulturalismPolicy5.MIRIPSProject6.Implications

1.IntroductionThetitleofthispresentationisthesameasthequestionthatIposedinapresentationtotheEstonianIntegrationFoundationin2003.Berry,J.W.(2003)Howshallwealllivetogether?InM.Luik (Ed.)MulticulturalEstonia(pp.3-11)Tallinn:EstonianIntegrationFoundation.]Inthispresentation,Ire-visitthisquestionusingtheconceptsandfindingsfromourproject“MutualInterculturalRelationsinPluralSocieties”.http://www.victoria.ac.nz/cacr/research/mutual-intercultural-relations-in-plural-societies-mirips).

2.MulticulturalismTheconceptofmulticulturalismhastwoequallyimportantcomponents:1. Culturaldiversityisapublicandpersonal‘good’,and

shouldbepromotedsothatculturalcommunitiesmaycontinueovergenerationsinthelargersociety,

2. Interculturalcontactandparticipationtopromoteinclusionofallpeopleinthelargersocietyisalsoapublicandpersonal‘good’.

3. Thesecoreideasareelaboratedinmyinterculturalstrategies/expectationsframework

3.InterculturalStrategiesandExpectations• Groupsandindividualswhoaremembersofethnocultural groupsusually

holddifferingviewsabouthowtorelatetoandhowtoadapttotheirnewsociety:strategies

• Similarviewsarealsoheldbymembersofthelargersocietyabouthowallculturalgroupsshouldrelatetoeachother:expectations

• Thesedifferingviewsarerootedintwounderlyingissues:1.Towhatextentdoindividualsandgroupsvaluethemaintenanceof

theirheritageculturesandidentitiesinordertosustaintheirculturalcommunities?

2.Towhatextentdoindividualsandgroupsvaluetheirparticipationalongwithothergroupsinthelifeofthenationalsociety?• Theirintersectionproducesfourstrategiesusedbyindividualsandgroups

in interculturalcontact:integration,assimilation,separationandmarginalisation.

3.InterculturalStrategiesandExpectationsFramework

4.MulticulturalismPolicy*TheCanadianpolicyofMulticulturalismwasdesignedtoimprovethequalityofinterculturalrelationsamongallculturalcommunitieswithinthepluralCanadiansociety.

*Theclearandfundamentalgoalofthepolicyistoenhancemutualacceptanceamongallethnocultural groups.

*Thisgoalistobeapproachedthroughthreeprogrammecomponents:1. Culturalcomponent2. Interculturalcomponent3. Communicationcomponent

4.MulticulturalismPolicyFramework

4.1.CulturalComponent*Ontheupperleftisthefirstprogrammecomponentofthepolicy.

*Thisculturalcomponentisintendedtopromotethesecurityandconfidenceofallethnocultural groups*Ittobeachievedbyprovidingsupporttoandencouragementforculturalmaintenanceanddevelopmentamongallethnoculturalgroups.*Thisprogramme isdesignedtoensurethecontinuingculturaldiversityofthepopulationovergenerations.

4.2.InterculturalComponent*Thesecondprogrammecomponentistheinterculturalcomponent(onthelowerleft).

*Itseekstofosterthesharingofculturalexpressionsbyprovidingopportunitiesforintergroupcontactandtheremovalofbarrierstofullandequitableparticipationinthedailylifeofthelargersociety.

*Thiscomponentisdesignedtopreventtheisolationofculturalcommunitiesfromothers,andtoensureequitableparticipationamongtheculturalcommunities.

4.3.CommunicationsComponent*Thethirdprogrammecomponentistheinterculturalcommunicationcomponent(inthelowerrightcorner).

*ThisrepresentsthebilingualrealityofthelargersocietyofCanada,butalsothelinguisticrealityofmanysocieties.

*Theprogrammepromotesthelearningofoneorbothofficiallanguages(EnglishandFrench)asameansforallethnoculturalgroupstointeractwitheachotherandtoparticipateinnationallife.

4.4.LinksAmongMCPolicyComponents*Thesecomponentsmaybeseenasbeinglinkedtoeachother,givingrisetothreehypotheses:

1. Acrossthetopisthemulticulturalismhypothesis

2.Downtheleftsideistheintegrationhypothesis

3. Diagonallyfromlowerlefttoupperrightisthecontacthypothesis

4.5.MulticulturalismHypothesis*Themulticulturalismhypothesisproposesthatifindividualsfeelsecureintheirgroup’sandpersonalplaceinsociety(withrespecttotheirculturalidentityandtheireconomicsituation),theywillbemoreacceptingofthosewhodifferfromthemselves.*Thisshouldleadtogreatermutualacceptance*Conversely,iftheyfeelculturally,economicallyorpersonallythreatened,theywillrejectotherswhoaredifferentfromthemselves.

4.6.IntegrationHypothesis*Theintegrationhypothesisproposesthatindividualswillfeelwell(psychologically)anddowell(socioculturally)iftheyareengagedinboththeirowncultureandthatofthelargersociety.*Thatis,beingintegrated(doubly-engaged;‘bi-cultural’)willprovidethebasisforsuccessfuladaptationtointerculturalliving.*Incontrast,ifindividualsadoptastrategyofbeingengagedinonlyoneortheotherculture(bywayofassimilationorseparation),oriftheyengageinneitherculture(bywayofmarginalization),theywillhavepoorerpsychologicalandsocioculturaladaptationthanwhentheyadopttheintegrationstrategy.

4.7.ContactHypothesis

*Thecontacthypothesisproposesthatindividualswillbemoreacceptingofothersiftheyengageincontactwiththem.

*However,theseimprovementsinmutualacceptancemaytakeplaceonlyundercertainconditions,suchaswhencontactisvoluntary,isofrelativelyequalstatus,andwhenpromotedbysharednormsorbypublicpolicy.

4.8.CommunicationsComponent*Thethirdprogrammecomponentistheinterculturalcommunicationcomponent(inthelowerrightcorner).

*ThisrepresentsthebilingualrealityofthelargersocietyofCanada,butalsothelinguisticrealityinEstonia.

*Theprogrammepromotesthelearningofoneorbothofficiallanguages(EnglishandFrench)asameansforallethnoculturalgroupstointeractwitheachotherandtoparticipateinnationallife.

5.MIRIPSProject*Aprojectthatexaminesthesethreeprinciplesacross16societiesisnearingcompletion.

*Thegoalistodiscovertheconditions(historical,cultural,political)underwhichtheymaybevalid.

*Thisprojectisintendedtoprovideawiderexaminationoftheevidence,acrossmanysocieties,andmanydifferentkindsofethnoculturalgroups.

*Iftheyarefoundtobegenerallyvalid,theymaybeusefultodeveloppoliciesandprogrammes toimproveinterculturalrelationsinmanysocieties.

5.MIRIPSResearchFindingsInthe16country-studies,therewere38possibleevaluationsofthethreehypotheses.Thesestudiesincludedsamplesofbothdominantandnon-dominantgroupsinallthecountries;insomecountries,therewasmorethanonestudy,andmorethanonenon-dominantsample;inonecountry,onlyonehypothesisevaluated).

Thefindingshavegenerallysupportedthethreehypotheses.

However,therearevariationsinthelevelofsupportaccordingtothesample(nationalorethnic).

5.MIRIPSResearchFindingsHypothesisNationalSamplesEthnicSamplesTotal

+0- +0- +0-____________________________________________________Multiculturalism163115313162Contact1261117123132Integration123213232555

_____________________________________________________Note+supportive

0norelationship- contrary

5.MIRIPSinEstonia:MCHypothesis

Theresultsforbothmajority(Estonian-speaking)andminority(Russian-speaking)participantsshowedthatintergroupanxietyasaformofthreatisnegativelyassociatedwithintergroupoutcomes.Highperceptionofintergroupanxietypredictedmorenegativeoutgroup feelings,lessoutgroup trust,andmoreingroup bias.

5.MIRIPSinEstonia:ContactHypothesisMajorityEstonianparticipants.

Inlinewiththecontacthypothesis,alltheformsofoutgroupcontactsstudiedarenegativelyrelatedtogroupanxietyandpositivelyrelatedtosupportforminorityrightsandpracticalactionspromotingminorityrightsMinorityRussianparticipants.Inlinewiththehypothesis,alltheformsofoutgroup contacts

reducegroupanxietyandarepositivelyrelatedtoself-esteem.Thosewithahighsenseofnationalbelongingdemonstratestrongerpositiverelationsbetweenoutgroup contactsandself-esteemandstrongernegativerelationsbetweenoutgroupcontactsandgroupanxiety,comparedtothosewithalowsenseofnationalbelonging.

5.MIRIPSinEstonia:IntegrationHypothesisMinorityRussianparticipantsWithrespecttotherelationshipbetweenacculturationstrategiesandpsychologicaladaptation,thoseintheassimilationgrouphavehigherlifesatisfactionthanthoseintheothergroups.Withrespecttoeconomicindicatorsofsocioculturaladaptation(economicsituationandproportion),thoseintheintegrationgrouphavelowerscores.Withrespecttointerculturaladaptation(anxietyandtrust),thoseintheassimilationgrouphavethemostpositivescorescomparedtotheothergroups;andforoutgroup feelings,theintegrationandassimilationgroupsaremorepositivethanthoseintheseparationandmarginalizationgroup.MajorityEstoniansample…notreported

6.PromotingMulticulturalisminPluralSocietiesWiththeseconcepts,frameworksandfindings,itshouldbepossibletocarryoutpolicy-relevantresearch,andthroughthisresearchtodevelopappropriatepoliciesandprogrammes.Applicationsofsuchresearchtoeducation,health,justiceandlabourmaybeattemptedthroughtheuseoffindingslinkedtothesethreeprinciples:1. Provideasecureplaceforallpeoplesintheregion2. Supportthecontactandengagementofindividualsandgroups

acrosstheregion3. Advocateforthedevelopmentofintegratedidentities

6.PromotingMulticulturalisminEstoniaWithinthecontextofthegeneralfindings,Estoniahaspresentedauniquehistoryanddemographythatneedstobetakenintoaccountwhendevelopingapolicyandprogrammes toimproveinterculturalrelations.Ibelievethatthegeneralfindings,andtheirimplications,arevalidHowever,thespecificfindingsinEstoniarequirecaution:- intergroupanxietyplaysamajorroleinhowboththe

multiculturalismandcontacthypothesesareworking.- being‘doublyengaged’(integration)maynotservewellthegoal

ofsuccessfulmutualadaptation.

Presentation given atInternationalconferenceIntegration Challenges inaRadicalisingWorld

29– 30November2016inTallinn,EstoniaFormoreconferencematerialsandpresentations

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