prof. n. t. kim oanh facilitator [email protected] high level sub-regional consultation on advancing...
TRANSCRIPT
Prof. N. T. Kim OanhFacilitator
High Level Sub-regional Consultation on Advancing Action on SLCPs in
Southeast and Northeast Asia
19 August 2014, Bangkok, Thailand
Short-lived climate forcers
Short life spans Warming agents: black carbon
(soot particles), methane, tropospheric ozone, and HCFs
Cooling agents: sulfate, nitrate particles, organic carbon (OC)
These are also toxic air pollutants to human health and ecosystem short-lived climate forcing pollutants (SLCPs)
SLCP and GWP (on mass-basis)
Species Life time GWP, 20 years
Additional concern
Emission sources
CO2 ~100 yrs 1 None Combustion
CH4 12 yrs 62 O3 production Agriculture, ruminants, landfill, mining, etc.
Trop. O3 ~days to weeks
- Crop and health effects
Formed in atmosphere (VOC, NOx, CO)
VOC ~days 4.9 O3 production Health effects
Various sources (combustion, evap., etc.)
BC ~days 2000 Health effects Incomplete combustion (diesel, cookstoves, etc.)
HFCs,HCFCs
~years– >200 yrs
500-9000
ODS AC, refrigerators, industry (foam, aluminium)
Source: IPCC (1990, 1995, 1996); Bond et al. (2004)
SLCPs from Agricultural Sector
Emission of SLCP from agricultural activities
Potential co-benefit and opportunities of co-control in agricultural sector in Asia
Kim Oanh, 2013
Emission from agricultural sectorSub-category
coveredRelevant species Remarks Global
(Tg/year)
1. Rice cultivation CH4
CH4 emission from anaerobic process (methanogenic bacteria) 36.5
2. Live-stock managementa. Enteric fermentation CH4
CH4 as by-product of livestock digestive process 99
b. Manure management
CH4 NH3 and
N2O
CH4 from decomposition of manure during storage and application N2O and NH3 from excess N content in manure through the N cycle
CH4: 11.4NH3:16.5N2O: 2.3
3. Soila. Fertilizer/urea application NH3 N-fertilizer application (volatile to air) 22.5b. Direct emission from managed soil
N2O, NOx Increase in available N enhances nitrification/denitrification emission
N2O: 2.6NOx: 4.6
c. Liming application
CO2Due to addition of lime for soil treatment 111
Sub-category covered
Relevant pollutants Remarks Global
(Tg/year)*4. Biomass open burninga. Crop residue open burning
Combustion products:SO2, NOx, CO, NH3, NMVOC, PM10, PM2.5, BC, OC, CO2, CH4, N2O
Field burning of crop residue burned after harvest
BC: 0.9OC: 4.25
b. Forest fire (related to agro activities)
Open burning of vegetation biomass and peat soil in forests
BC:2.4OC: 20.75
5. Agriculture machinery (tractors etc.)
Fossil fuel combustion in agricultural machineries NA
* Extracted from EDGAR for 2007
GHG and air pollution from agricultural sector
Other sources: land-use change (forest crop land urban areas)
Kim Oanh, 2013
Agriculture
CH4: control emission from
livestock (anaerobic digestion of
cattle and pig manure) and
aeration of flooded paddy)
BC: ban field burning
Percentage change in anthropogenic emissions of pollutants in 2030 relative to 2005 in scenarios of CH4 , BC and CH4 + BC
measures applications
Agricultural measure
Kim Oanh, 2013
Agro-residue field burning
Deliberate burning of various types of crop residue that occurs on-site (field): Rice straw, Corn, Cassava, Groundnut/soil bean, Cotton/jute, Potato, Sorghum, others
Purpose: for faster crop rotation and to ease the harvesting (e.g. sugarcane)
Increasing trend: burning is projected to increase in the short and medium terms
Kim Oanh, 2014
Large emission from agro-residue field burning Uncontrolled and largely incomplete
combustion: large emission Pollutants: PM with BC & OC and gases
(CO, NOx, VOC, SO2, NH3, etc.), semi-
VOC: pesticides, PAHs, dioxins Climate forcers: CO2, BC, OC, CH4, and
ozone precursors (NOx, HC, CO) Large amount of emission from crop
residue field burning in Asia but is not well quantified
Rice straw field burning in Asia and emission, Gg/y
Pollutants India Philippine
Thailand China Indonesia
RS burned, Tg 13.9 10.2 20.3 24.1 43.5
Portion burned% of total RS
14 95 68 24 84
CO2 16,253 11,850 15,360 18,952 52,614
PM2.5 144 105 108 330
BC & OC 6.5 & 39 22 & 132
CH4 13.4 9.7 125 382
NMHC 44.5 32.5 91 304
CO 386 282 1,210 1,538 7,172
N2O 0.78 0.57 3
NOx 35 25 29.7 43.5 89
PAH 0.21 0.15Sources: Gadde et al. 2009; Kanabkaew and Kim Oanh, 2010; Zhang et al. 2008; Permadi and Kim Oanh, 2012
Kim Oanh, 2014
Kim Oanh, 2013
Policy approaches for field burning emission control
Command and control (CAC): ban/restriction
Market based instruments (MBI) Subsidy on appropriate
technologies/equipment for harvesting and residue collection
Markets for the collected residue: bring in additional income to farmers from selling it
Educative/persuasive: Raising awareness: health effects of burning
smoke, mushroom farming Good practices of sustainable residue
management Community participatory to promote non-
burning
Emission reduction of field burning
Develop and implement non-burning alternatives of residue
Change in harvesting technologies Onsite treatment (incorporate crop
residue) Develop methods for residue collection Burn only when it is dry and good
dispersion Kim Oanh, 2013
NON-BURNING AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IN THAILAND
(by Dares Kittiyopas, UNEP meeting, 2014)
Development of soil preparation:
incorporate crop residue
Utilization of crop residue
Used Microbial Activator Super LDD2 to accelerate
the decomposition of crop residue
Others measures used in Thailand
Produce of the organic fertilizer (organic compost)
Used as animal fodder, or renewable energy Other purpose: soil mulching material in
vegetable production
Educative and regulation (banning)
Source: Dares Kittiyopas (2014)
Agroresidue for biomass briquettes/pellets: clean cooking and less open burning
Briquetting: loose biomass residues (sawdust, straw or rice husk) are converted into high density solid blocks
Biomass briquettes/pellets (very small briquettes) used for cooking and industrial combustion
Sawdust and other woody residues have lignin good for briquetting
Dry agricultural residues can be used alone but work better when mixed with woody materials.
Thank You!
Facilitator/discussion
An introduction to reducing SLCPs in the agricultural sector (approx. twenty minutes;)
Taking question and answers about experiences with SLCPs in the agricultural sector in Asia (approx. ten minutes);
A facilitated discussion of experiences, lessons, and good practices with participants (approx.. one hour);
A facilitated synthesis over the key findings from the discussion with ideas for the way forward (approx.. thirty minutes); and
Nominating a rapporteur to report findings back to the plenary
Discussion points
1. Specific sources and SLCPs to be priority of control in Asia
2. Experiences with SLCPs in the agricultural sector in Asia
3. Challenges and lessons learned
4. Good practices
1. Suggestions on actions and implementation plans at national and
regional level
2. Suggestions on stakeholder engagement from inception to
implementation
3. Suggestions on cross-linkages with other CCAC initiatives:
Waste management (agricultural wastes)
Household cooking and domestic heating (agroresidue to fuel)
Agroresidue waste management strategies
Financing mitigation of SLCPs (financing for improved agricultural
practices) etc.
Suggestions from the Group!