Theories, Models, Practices, and Standards

SORAB SADRIDean Research

Lovely Professional University

Professional Ethics

What Is Professional Ethics?Professional ethics concerns the moral

issues that arise because of the specialist knowledge that professionals attain, and how the use of this knowledge should be governed when providing a service to the public

Anyone who promises to deliver and delivers as promised without giving up his/her own values is a professional.

Professional ethics is about the code of conduct on moral issues pursued by persons sharing the same skill, trade or occupation.

When Used In In this context ETHICS Is:1.a. A set of principles of right conduct.b. A theory or a system of moral values: "An

ethic of service is at war with a craving for gain" (Gregg Easterbrook).

2. ethics (used with a sing. verb) The study of the general nature of morals and of the specific moral choices to be made by a person; moral philosophy.

3. ethics (used with a sing. or pl. verb) The rules or standards governing the conduct of a person or the members of a profession: medical ethics

Goals and IntentionsParticipants will…Practice and discuss ethical decision

makingExplore the process of decision makingRecognize interactions of multiple

personal and professional values in making decisions

Ethics Rank Order ExerciseDo on own first (10 min)Come to consensus with small group of

5 people (15 min)Large Group Discussion (15 min)

Outside Influences/Own Experience?Rules/Laws/Regulations?You decide.

Baddi UNIVERSITYStatement of Ethical Values

We At Baddi University are committed to: Integrity. We will conduct ourselves with integrity in our

dealings with and on behalf of the University. Excellence. We will conscientiously strive for excellence in our

work. Accountability. We will be accountable as individuals and as

members of this community for our ethical conduct and for compliance with applicable laws and University policies and directives.

Respect. We will respect the rights and dignity of others.

Baddi University StandardsFair DealingIndividual Responsibility and AccountabilityRespect for OthersCompliance with Applicable Laws and

RegulationsCompliance with Applicable University

Policies, Procedures and other forms of guidance

Conflicts of Interest or Commitment

Baddi Univeersity Standards Continued…

Ethical Conduct of ResearchRecords: Confidentiality/ Privacy and AccessInternal ControlsUse of University ResourcesFinancial ReportingReporting Violations and Protection from

Retaliation

Baddi University Principles of Community

Baddi University is committed to promoting and protecting an environment that values and supports every person in an atmosphere of civility, honesty, cooperation, professionalism and fairness.

Baddi University expects that every campus member will practice these Principles of Community.

Baddi University aims to give back to society more than what it has received from society.

We strive to be: * Diverse: We embrace diversity in all its forms and we

strive for an inclusive community that fosters an open, enlightened and productive environment.

* Open: We believe free exchange of ideas requires mutual respect and consideration for our differences.

* Purposeful: We are a participatory community united by shared commitments to: service to society; preservation and advancement of knowledge; and innovative teaching and learning.

Baddi University Principles of Community Continued…

* Caring: We promote mutual respect, trust and support to foster bonds that strengthen the community.

* Just: We are committed to due process, respect for individual dignity and equitable access to resources, recognition and rewards.

* Disciplined: We seek to advance common goals through reasonable and realistic practices, procedures and expectations.

* Celebrative: We celebrate the heritage, achievements and diversity of the community and the uniqueness and contributions of our members.

We accept the responsibility to pursue these principles in an atmosphere of personal and intellectual freedom, security, respect, civility and mutual support.

Community Ethics

Baddi University , the largest University in India is a diverse community of students, faculty and staff dedicated to the pursuit of knowledge in an atmosphere of open discussion and mutual respect. In the embracing of this diversity, we find stimulation, freedom, and strength. Freedom to express one’s opinions and beliefs is of the utmost importance.

We respect friendship, honesty, community, individual freedom, individual responsibility and academic integrity. Individual freedom in a community requires respect for one another as well as for the beauty of the college and the campus. Academic integrity fosters a positive learning environment and is essential to the functioning of the university. Responsibility for personal actions, regardless of circumstances, is required of every member of our community.

We believe that the institution is greater than the individual

Ethic of Care

Gilligan’s Theory of Moral JudgmentConflict between Self and Others

Level One: Centered on Self: Transition is Selfishness to Responsibility (semi-teleological)

Level Two: Goodness as Self Sacrifice: Transition is Goodness to Truth (semi-deontological)

Level Three: Care as Universal Obligation: Transition is Self and Others Independent (semi-praxis)

Ethic of Justice

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Growth1. Pre-Conventional Level Punishment and Obedience Orientation Instrumental-Relativist Orientation2. Conventional Level Interpersonal Concordance Orientation Law and Order Orientation3. Post-Conventional Level Social Contract, Legalistic Orientation Universal-Ethical-Principle Orientation(Smith, 1978)

Five Ethical Principles

Respect Autonomy It is assumed that individuals have the right to decide how they live their lives, as long as their actions do not interfere with the welfare of others. One, therefore, has the right to act as a free agent, and has freedom of thought and choice.

Do No Harm The obligation to avoid inflicting either physical or psychological harm on others may be a primary ethical principle.

Five Ethical Principles (cont’d)Benefit Others There is an obligation to

improve and enhance the welfare of others, even where such may inconvenience or limit the freedom of the person offering the assistance.

Be Just To be just in dealing with others assumes equal treatment of all, to afford each individual his or her due portion, and in general, to observe the golden rule.

Five Ethical Principles (cont’d)

Be Faithful One should keep promises, tell the truth, be loyal, and maintain respect and civility in human discourse. Only in so far as we sustain faithfulness can we expect to be seen as truly trustworthy.

LET THE PARTICIPANTS NOW ADD ONE MOR THAT IS GENERIC TO LPU

Kitchener, K.S. (1985). Ethical principles and decisions in student affairs. In H.J. Canon and R.D. Brown (Eds.). Applied ethics in student services (pps. 17-20). San Francisco: Jossey Bass, Inc.

Kitchener’s Ethical Principles

Karen Kitchener observes that ethical principles are commonly in conflict with each other as we apply them to real-life dilemmas. Consequently, there are no absolutes. Further, no one principle is absolute, and there are times when a higher standard of ethical conduct requires the violation of one or more principles. Nonetheless, Kitchener notes that violating any of these principles -- whether because they are in conflict with each other or because a “higher moral purpose” might be served -- places a strong burden on the individual to provide a rationale for rejecting the principle.

Ethics Check ListIs it Legal?

Will I be violating any civil law or institutional policy?Is it balanced?

Is it fair to all concerned?Does it promote win/win situations?

How will it make me feel about myself?Will I be proud?Would I feel good if my hometown newspaper published my decision?Would I feel good if my family know about my choice?

Blanchard, Kenneth and Peale, Norman Vincent (1988). The Power of Ethical Management, page 20. New York: William Morrow Co.

Bell, Book and Candle Test1. Listen for the bells warning you of an ethical issue.

2. Check to see if there are any laws, regulations or rules which restrict your choices.

3. How will your decision look in the light? Could a reasonable fair-minded person conclude you acted improperly?

Action

Integrity Model

Priorities

Values

Beliefs

Integrity

Self-Reflection

Evaluation

DecisionMaking

RoleModeling

1

2

3

4

REFLECTIONBeliefs Values Actions Priorities

What messagesdid you getgrowing up

about yourselfor others?

  

Who did thosemessages come from (individuals

or groups)?  

  I believe…

Based on yourbeliefs, whatstandards orprinciples doyou hold for

yourself?

What do you do(how do youbehave) that

woulddemonstrate

yourvalues?

List the people,activities or

thingsyou spend your

time(or money) on…

The Golden Rules

Confucius: What you do not want done to yourself, do not do unto others.

Aristotle: We should behave to other as we wish others to behave to us.

Judaism: What you dislike for yourself, do not do to anyone. Hinduism: Do nothing to thy neighbor which though wouldst not

have him do to thee thereafter. Islam: No one of you is a believe unless he loves for his brother

what we loves for himself. Buddhism: Hurt not others with that which pains thyself. Christianity: Do unto other as you would have them do unto you. Social Justice: Do unto others as they would like to have done

unto them.

Rule of Thumb We judge other people by their actions and

we judge ourselves by our intent. Never judge others by your values and

allow others to judge you by theirs.

Ref: Jayashree S, Sadri S and Dastoor D S (2008) The Theory and Practice of Managerial Ethics, Jaico Pub. Co., Mumbai