47

CHAPTER NO . 3

PROFILE OF SATARA DISTRICT

3.1 Introduction :-

Every district presents its own particular situation in its own special

way. Its uniqueness can firstly be attributed to its natural situation. Because

primarily human society tends to adjust itself to its natural environment which

is not homogeneous at all over the world. Even in any district the element of

heterogeneity is distinctly marked. Some parts of the districts are more

advanced while in other part, where rigours of climate make life of people

more difficult, remains naturally backward. Thus geographical conditions by

and large determine the state of society.

As time advances and human culture matures, the human element

becomes more influential source in bringing about all sided development of the

region and it is partly to be understood in terms of natural or environmental

relationship and partly in terms of kind, character and qualities of the people.

In order to understand the history – educational, social, economical,

political, of a district it becomes imperative to have thorough study of its local,

physical as well as socio-economic aspect. Such studies also help us to

understand the relationship between co-relation and socio-economic life of the

people.

3.2 Brief History of the Satara District :-

“Inscriptions as old as 200 B.C. reveal that probably the oldest known

place in Satara district is Karad (mentioned as Karhakada ). It is also believed

that Wai in Satara district is the “Viratanagari” where Pandavas lived in the

13th

year of their exile. 1

“In the Deccan, the Mauryan Empire was followed by the rule of

Satvahanas. For about two centuries (between 550 A.D. tc 750 A.D.) Satara,

also known as the Southern Maharatra, was ruled by Chalukyas of Bahamani

and later by Rastrakutas, Silhars and Yadavas of Devgiri, the Bahamanis, Adil

48

shahi, Shivaji (Maratha rule), Shahu Ram Raja and Shahu – II Pratapsinh.

Princely state of Satara came under British rule on 10th

February 1818”.2

“The district of Satara came into existence in 1848 on the death of

Chhatrapati Shahu Raje alias Appasaheb Raje of satara”.3 Mr. Frere was the

first commissioner. It was firstly named as Satara Province and not as

collectorate or district.

As to its name the Satara district Gazetteer has been observed as follows

“District Satara so called from the seven walls towards the gates which the

Satara fort was supposed to possess”.4 some other sources claim that the word

Satara is derived from the “Saptarishi” god whose temple is built on the fort

which was called “Sapt- tara” and Satara is derived from ‘Sapt – tara’. Thus

there is a great deal of controversy about the name of Satara. It is now well

accepted thing that the Chhatrapati Rajaram (1789-1800) made it the capital of

his kingdom by the turn of the 18th

century A.D. and since then it became the

capital of Maratha Empire. When the British Government annexed this

territory, they made Satara City as their headquarters.

In 1848, the Satara Province comprised of eleven sub-divisions namely

Bijapur (now a part of Karnataka state), Jaoli, Karad , Khanapur, Khatav,

Koregav, Pandharpur, Satara, Targaon, Walwa, and Wai. In 1856 twelve new

mahals were formed and these were pimpaude in koregon, Khandala in Wai,

Bamnoli in Jaoli, Kole in Karad, Shirala and Peth in Walwa, Helwak in

Targaon, Mayni in Khanapur, Natepute and Pusegaon in Khatav and Sangola

and Bhalvani in Pandharpur. The sub-divisional boundaries were again over-

hauled in the year 1862 and then the Satara Province included the sub-divisions

of Bijapur, Jaoli, Karad, Khanapur, Khatav, Koregaon, Malshiras, Man,

Pandharpur, Patan, Satara, Targaon, Walwa, Wai and Khandala Peta in Wai

and Shirala Peta in Walwa. In the same year Bijapur Sub-division was

transferred to belgaum district (now in Karnataka state). Tasgaon taluka was

transferred to Satara Province from Belgaun in 1863 and Pandharpur was

transferred to solapur in 1864. Tasagaon Sub-division got abolished in 1867.

49

Malshiras was transferred to solapur in 1875 and Malcompeth peta (later

named as Mahabaleshwar) was formed in 1884. Khandala Peta was abolished

in 1927 and was reconstituted in 1947” 5

“Consequent upon the merger of former Indian states, the district

received parts of Phaltan, Jamkhindi, Akkalkot, Bhor, Aundh, Sangli and one

village from Pune district. A New taluka Phaltan was created in 1949. In the

same year the district was bifurgated in the two, North Satara and South Satara.

The south Satara with its head-quarters at Sangli included four talukas namely

Khanapur, Tasgon, Walwa, and Shirala Peta. The remaining portion of the

Satara district was called as North Satara district. In 1958 one village from

khanapur taluka of South Satara district was transferred to Karad taluka of

North Satara district. With the reorganization of states in 1956. both the

districts were included in Bombay state. Since 1960, they form parts of

Maharashtra state and in the same year i.e. 1960, the name of North Satara

district was changed to Satara district and that of south Satara to Sangli

district.”6

At the time of 1961 census, Satara district comprised of nine talukas and

two mahals which among themselves included 1960 inhabited villages and ten

towns. During 1961-71 the mahals were up-graded as talukas thus raising their

number to eleven. At the time of 1971 census, the district had eleven tahsils

comprising 1167 villages and 14 towns. Since then, the number of tahsils in the

district has remained unchanged till the reference date of March 1st 2001.

However, there have been certain changes as to the number of villages within

the tahsils during the previous decade. With the upgrading of hamlets (wadis)

in the district, the number of villages has gone up to 1739. Consequent upon

the declassification of five towns and with the creator of one town qualified the

specific criteria to be declared as town, the number of towns in the district has

gone down from 14 in 1971 to 10 in 1991. At present according to 2001 census

the district has 15 towns and 1739 villages in 11 Tahasils.

50

3.3 Location of the Satara district :-

The satara district is situated partly in the Bhima river basin and partly

in the Krishna river basin. The tahsils Khandala, Phaltan and Man are situated

in the Bhima river Basin, while the rest of the Tahsils are situated in the upper

Krishna basin. The Satara district is situated on the west and deccan plateau

and is surrounded by Pune district on the North, by the Solapur district on the

East, by Sangli district on the South and by the district of Sindhudurg,

Ratnagiri and Raigad on the West. 1st

Locations of Dairy Unions

51

“The Satara district lies between 1705

’’and 18

0 11” north latitude and 73

0

33”and 74

0 54

” east longitude”

7. (See. Fig.1) According to 2001census the

District Satara covers an area of 10484 sq. kilometers and has a population of

28,09,000 out of the total geographical area of 10484 sq. kilometer, 10123.5 sq.

kilometers is rural and 360.5 sq kilometers is urban area. It occupies 3.41

percent part of the Maharashtra state and 2.89 per cent of the total Population

of the state.

The Satara town is located on the National Highway No. 4 with nearest

railway connection at Satara railway station of the south central railway at a

distance of three kilometers.

3.4 Main Physical Features :-

3.4.1. Hill Ranges :-

There are two main systems of hills in the Satara district. The Sahyadri

range and its off shoots, and the Mahadeo range and its off-shoots. The main

range of Sahyadri with a length of about 96 kilometers from north to South

forms the Western boundary of this district. The Mahadeo range starts about 16

kilometers north of Mahableshwar and stretches east and southeast across the

whole breadth of the district. From this range three spurs strench to the south of

the district hills in the district are very low, barren and rugged-except near

Mahabaleshwar and Koyna valley. The top of Mahabaleshwar the highest point

in the district is about 1436 meters above the mean sea level. Mahabaleshwar is

one of the most attractive hill stations in the state hill ranges .

3.4.2 Rivers:-

The Krishna is the principle river of the Satara district. The other

important rivers are the Koyna, The Nira, the Man, the Kudali, the Venna, the

Urmodi, the Vasna, the Yerala and the Tarali.

A) The Krishna:-

“The river Krishna rises in the eastern brow of Mahableshwar plateau

with it source at about 1371 metres above mean sea level. The drainage system

of the Krishna river includes, besides the drainage system, the drainage of

52

seven feeders, namely, the Kudali, the Venna, the Urmodi, the Tarali, and the

Koyna on the right bank and the Vasana and the Yerala on the left”.8

From the

source the Krishna flows for nearly 160 kilometers through the Satara district

and enters thereafler into the adjoining Sangli district. The Krishna river is one

of the important rivers of Southern India.

B) The Koyana:-

The Koyana is the largest feeder of the Krishna River in the district. It

rises in the Mahabaleshwar Plateau, runs towards south up to Helwak in Patan

tehsil, where it changes its course and flows towards east and falls into the

Krishna at Karad. Today the Koyana has become the most important river in

the state of Maharashtra on account of the Hydro-Electric Project. And Koyana

dam with capacity of 105 TMC where Koyana is regarded as the life line of

Maharashtra.

C) The Nira :-

The Nira river flows on the northern boundary of the district and is the

main river which flows in the southeast as tributaries of Bhima which itself

meets the Krishna. These rivers go dry during summer.

3.4.3 Soils :-

The soils of the Satara district fall under the deccan trap and it is

observed to be of varied textures. In the west, the soil in Mahabaleshwar, Wai,

Jaoli and Patan tahsils is formed from the red laterite of the ghats. It is thin and

poor on the hill slopes, but gets richer, where natural or artificial terracing has

accumulated soil with vegetable matter drained by rain waters. Rich black soil

is found in the low lands of the valleys of Krishna, Venna, Kudali, Koyana

rivers in wai, Jaoli and Patan tahsils.

The central portion of the district consists of medium to black alluvial

soil. “Krishna valley soils are said to be one of the richest in the Deccan and

the portion which lies in Satara and Karad tahsils is reported as the richest in

the Krishna valley”.9 For the most part it is the finest, black alluvial soil highly

retentive of moisture and very fertile.

53

The soil in Khandala and Phaltan tahsils is poor and stony in the vicinity

of the hills, but there are good black soils along the Nira and its tributary

streams. In the eastern part of Khandala tahsil the soil is poor, shallow and

whitish but it is capable of growing wheat if adequate water is available.

Towards the east of the Krishna valley the soil is poor with the

exception of wide streteches of good black soil along the numerous streams and

rivers in Koregaon tahsil.

In Khatav tahasil, Soils are of intermediate depth and more widely

spreading than Man tahsil but not as rich as in Koregaon tahasil. In Man

tahasil, the soils are extremely poor and shallow. Good soil is found only in

narrow strips along the streams.

3.5 Climate : -

The climate of this district is on the whole agreeable. The district neither

experiences abrupt changes of temperature nor extremes of heat and cold. The

year may be divided broadly into four seasons. The rainy season starts from

middle of June and ends by September .It is followed by sultry weather from

October till the middle of November, winter from November to January, dry

hot time from February to March and hot weather from April to middle of June.

Within the district, the seasons show local variations. In the Western Part

climate is cool and healthy as compared to that in the eastern part. The plains of

wai have temperate climate-throughout the year. In the central part there is

considerable heat during hot months. In general, warmth increases as one

proceeds from western to eastern part.

The rainfall is not uniform throughout the district. It is very heavy in the

western region and it goes on receding towards eastern part. The extreme

western part gets over 5000 mm. of rainfall, while the eastern part receives

rainfall between 1200 mm to 2000 mm. In the central zone the rainfall varies

between 600 mm to 1200 mm. The normal annual rainfall is maximum (6209

mm) in Mahabaleshwar and minimum (473. mm) in Phaltan. The district

54

receives nearly 85 per cent of the total rainfall in mansoon season (i.e. from

June to September.)

The Eastern part of the district is prone to scarcity conditions. The fact

finding committee appointed by the state Government has opined that, “ the

tahsils of Khandala, Koregaon, Man and southern part of Khatav and Phaltan

are the prone areas in the district. The areas in Khandala and Man tahsils are

likely to be affected by scarcity conditions once in six years. While areas in

southern part of Phaltan and Khatav tahsils are likely to be affected once in ten

years”.10

3.6 Natural Zones and Their Speacial Features:-

The Satara district can be broadly divided into three zones so as to

compare and contrast its special features. This will help to understand the

regional imbalances in terms of economic, social, cultural and educational

development of the district. These apects of the district have been influenced

by the hill complexes of Sahyadri and the Mahadeo hills originated in

Mahabaleshwar Peta. Sahyadri stretches from the north to south along the

western boundary of the district. The Mahadeo hills spread at the initial stage

towards the east, and then turned to south and the south east boundry of the

district. This has resulted into the formation of these three natural zones viz.,

the western zone, the central zone and eastern zone.

(i) The western zone:-

This zone comprises of Patan, Jaoli, Mahableshwer tahsils and part of

Satara and Wai tahsils. The western zone boardering the Sahyadri ranges

receives rainfall between 1200 mm to 5000 mm. The soil in this zone is thin

and poor on the hill slopes. The agricultural pursuits of this zone are similar to

those of Konkan tract. Rice, Jowar, Vari, Nachani, Wheat and Pulses are the

main crops of this zone. The villages and hamlets are to be found on the sumit

and valleys of the hills. Transport and communication facilities in this zone are

poor as compared to other parts of the district. The area in this zone is covered

by thick forest.

55

(ii) Central zone:-

This zone covers the areas of tahsils of Koregaon and Karad and eastern

parts of Satara and Wai tahsils. It is Known as ‘Krishna Khore’. Though not

quite plain it is free from forests and hills. The area is generally flat. The soil

and rain-fall are very congenial to better agricultural productions. The rainfall

varies between 600 mm to 1200 mm. per year. Transport facilities are very

good. The railway line was started in 1886 and other roads are good for means

of communication. The main crops of this zone are Jowar, Wheat, Groundnut

and Sugarcane etc.

(iii) The Eastern Zone:-

The eastern zone comprises of Phaltan, Khatav and Man tahsils and

eastern part of Khandala tahsil. The soil is poor and shallow. The rainfall is not

certain and the annual average rainfall received by this zone is less than 600

mm. This is prone to scarcity conditions as whatever rainfall it receives is not

assured. The main crop of this zone is Bajara. But wheat, Sugarcane and Jowar

are grown on irrigated land. The principle industry other than agriculture is

sheep rearing, wool spinning, Kambali weaving etc.

3.7 Minerals :-

There are no minerals except building stone, limestone, and little iron

deposits in 20 villages of Jaoil tahsil and 30 villages in Patan Tahsil. Building

stone, sand of good quality and limestone are available all over the district.

Good clay for bricks and tiles is found on the river banks.

3.8 Forests :-

In the year 2008-09there was 1277 Sq k.m geographical area of the

district under forests. It is scattered over the entire district. These forests belong

to three groups. (i) the evergreen Sahyadri forests, (ii) the plantation on the

slopes of the off-shoots of sahyadri hills that run east and (iii) bush sprinkled

hills to the east of Krishna.

56

The evergreen forests of the Sahyadri range form a belt along the west

of the district 10 to 22 kilometers broad. These forests extend without a break

through the whole length of the district. They contain many trees valuable both

as timber and firewood. The chief of these are Jambool, Anjan, Umbar, Kenjal,

Hirada, Phanas, Shikekai, Apta, Temburni leaves. Teak is found in the second

group of forest lands. These forests are much broken by patches of cultivated

land. The forests of the third group are only sprinkled with bush and are very

much scattered.

3.9 Agriculture:-

Agriculture is the main source of livelihood in the district. Out of the

total main working population 69.96 percent population in the district is

engaged in agriculture. The district has nearly 7,99,266 hectares (75.53

percent) area under cultivation out of the total geographical area (10,58,243.00

hectares) of the district. Within the district the proportion of cultivable land to

the total land is highest i.e. 11.44 percent in Khatav tahsil and the lowest i.e.

0.96 percent in Mahabaleshwar tahsil. Other tahsils where proportion of

cultivable area exceeds the district average are Satara – 6.29 percent, Koregaon

7.13 percent, Karad 8.28 percent, Khandala 3.56 percent and Phaltan 8.63

percent.

“Rainfall is a prime importance as a factor considerably influencing

agricultural economy of the district. It determines the cropping pattern and the

preference of various agricultural operations. The western part of the district

has a high rainfall on account of its mountainous topography while the eastern

part of the district has a low rainfall. Usually, sowings are completed during the

first and second week of June. In November-December there is a shower

known as mango shower which is beneficial to the agriculturalists for rabbi

crops.

The main crops are Jawar, Bajara, Rice Wheat, Groundnut and

Sugarcane. Except these crops the Gram, Matki, Udid, and Tur are other crops

of the district.

57

3.10 Irrigation Facilities:-

Irrigation assumes special importance in the scheme of agriculture. The

main sources of water supply are Government canals, Wells, bandharas and

tanks. Lift irrigation from rivers, streams, and wells through installation of

pumping sets has also benefited many places.

Fields are irrigated at frequent intervals. The interval depends upon the

season, the type of soil and requirement of crops and varies from eight to

fifteen days. Out of the total cultivable area of 799266 hectares only 1,78,612

hectares (22.35 percent) area is under irrigation in this district in 2009.

“The main irrigation projects in Satara district are Dhom Dam, Koyana

Dam, Kanher Dam and Veer Dam. Krishna Irrigation project with two dams,

one at Dhom across the river Krishna and other at Kanher across the river

Venna along with their left bank canal and right bank canal systems from each

of these dams”.12

Beside these main irrigation projects, Urmodi Bandhara, Krishna-

Khodashi Canal, Yeralwadi project are the medium irrigation projects in this

district. These medium irrigation projects are also important in the field of

irrigation in this district. Minor irrigation works and wells are other sources of

irrigation in this district.

Table No. 3.1

Area under irrigation by Different Sources of irrigation in

Satara District. (2009)

Sr No sources of irrigation Area under irrigation

(In hectores) Percentage

1 Surface irrigation 65,248 36.53

2 Well irrigation 1,13,364 63.47

3 Total 1,78,612 100

Source : Socio-Economic Review and district Statistical Abstract – 2009

58

3.11 Industries:-

The district has not achieved a high degree of industrialization before

and also after independence. At some places handloom industries are located in

the district. Other important industries like leather works and tanning, pottery,

carpentary, blacksmithy, copper and goldsmithy, etc are located in almost all

towns and big villages which were carried out traditionally. In the western part

of the district rice mills are established on large scale and in the central part of

the district, where sugarcane cultivation is held, the Jaggery industries have

flourished. The other village industries such as ghee making, chalk making,

slate and pencil making, mat weaving, bee-keeping are in existence in many

villages.

At present, there are ten sugar factories in the district. Out of them three

in Karad and two in Phaltan tahsils and one each in Patan, Wai, Koregaon,

Jaoli and Satara tahsil. The Krishna Sahakari sugar factory located at Rethare

Budruk. In Karad tahsil is one of the biggest sugar factories in Maharashtra

state.

The major important industries in the district are Maharashtra Scooters

Private Limited, Satara, Aristocrat Suitcase Company, Satara, Ayurvedic

Medicine Factory Satara, MAFCO factory Koregaon, Kirloskar numetic and

Neumatic Company Karad, Nimbkar Seeds establishment Phaltan etc.

The Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation which is located

at Satara, had established two industrial co-operative estates at Satara and one

each at Ogalewadi, Malkapur, Satara Road, Karad, Khatav , Lonand and

Phaltan and Wai. At present, Out of registered 513 industries 79 industries are

closed. large and medium scale industries working in the industrial estate of

M.I.D.C. at Satara. Besides this, there are more than 6700 small-scale

industries and 29 medium scale industries working in the district. The District

Industrial Centre at Satara was formed on 15th

March 1979 and is progressing

very well. It is providing guidance and all sided assistance to educated and un-

employed persons.

59

3.12 Transport and Communication Facilities:-

The pace of economic development depends considerably on adequate

provisions of transport facilities particularly by rail and road for transport of

essential requirements, for various projects of agricultural and industrial

produce.

The National Highway No. 4 (Poona-Banglore) passes through the

nearly central part of the district for about 130 Kilometers. The state highways

passes through this district are (I) Bhigwan – Baramati – Sangli – Miraj Road

S.H. No. 14 A. (2) Hadapsar – Satara – Nira Road S.H. No. 36 (3) Mahad –

Bhor – Pandharpur Road S.H. No. 40 (4) Pandharpur – Wai Surur Road S.H.

No. 45 (5) Guhagar – Chiplun – Karad – Jat – Bijapur – State Border Road S.

H. No.47 (6) Mahabaleshwar – Mohol – Vairag Road S. H. No. 58 comprises

an 996.67 kilometers length. The length of the District roads in Satara district is

about 10504.58 kilometers. Except these, district roads, MDR, ODR and

various village roads are also constructed in the district for the development of

rural economy. The total length of other roads including village roads, other

district roads and other non-planned roads in the district is about 651.95

kilometers. The following Table shows the road length according to category.

And surface classification in Satara district.

Table No. 3.2

Road Length According to Category and Surface Classification

in Satara District

Sr.

No. Category

Length in

Kilometer

Sr.

No.

Surface

classification

Length in

Kilometer

1. National

Highway 130 1 Cement Concrete 12.22

2. State

Highway 988 2 Black Topped 5624.11

3. Major District

Roads 4123 3

Water Bound

Macadam 3004.08

4. Other Roads 5263.58 4 Granular

Material 1864.17

Total 10504.58 Total 10504.58

Source : Socio-Economic Review and district Statistical Abstract 2009

60

The southern central railway passes through the district in the south to

north direction for about 124 kilometers. The road facilities in the district are

especially very poor in the western part of the district due to its hilly

topography The district have only 53.53 percent of the gravel-tar-roads.

Majority of the roads in the district are kuchha roads. As compared to western

part, the central and eastern part of the district have a better network of roads.

In the district nearly 1455 villages are attached by the State Transport Bus For

the remaining villages the bus stop facility is available within a distance of five

kilometers and more than five kilometers. The villages Kaccha Approach road

in the district are only 50.10 percent and these village constitute about 85.83

percent of the rural population. The situation is comparatively poor in Man

tahsil, where only 25.68 percent of the villages are linked with Pacca road.

Communication :

The Indian Post and Telegraph Department maintains a postal division

at Satara. Besides the chief receiving and distributing head office at Satara,

there are a number of sub-offices, combined offices, and branch offices

working in the district.

The information of postal and telegraph and telephone statistics in

Satara district is as follows.

Table No. 3.3

Postal and Telegraph and Telephone Facilites in Satara District (2009)

Sr no Talukas

No. of

post

offices

No. of

telegraph

offices

No of

letter

boxes

No. of

Postmen’s

No of

village

post

offices

Personal

telephones

No of

(PCO)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 M,Shwar 15 0 160 6 13 4268 443

2 Wai 48 0 219 6 45 8512 708

3 Khandala 30 0 170 6 33 5662 604

4 Phaltan 54 0 203 14 49 10984 632

5 Man 36 0 216 4 29 5391 560

61

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

6 Khatav 68 0 207 6 65 6864 1106

7 Koregaon 68 0 245 7 57 9728 944

8 Satara 85 0 445 26 83 28010 2624

9 Jaoli 52 0 197 25 46 2604 462

10 Patan 99 0 233 4 101 6491 1110

11 Karad 110 0 427 22 107 25141 1772

Total 665 0 2722 126 628 113655 10965

Source : Socio-Economic Review and District Statistical Abstract of Satara District – 2009

page-97

Telegraph and telephone facilities are also extended in rural area by post

and telegraph department. The public call offices are also established at various

places. The number of villages having branch post offices in Satara district is

628 in 2009 and these villages account for 85.83 percent of the rural population

of the district.

“The rural electrification program assigned importance from third five

year plan and thus has resulted in accelerating the supply of power in rural

areas. The reservoir of the Koyana Hydro-Electric project at Pophali in

Ratnagiri district is located in this district. The work of another Hydro-Electric

project at the Dhom reservoir on the river Krishna is also now progressing in

this district.”13

The number of electrified villages in the district has

substantially increased since 1951. The following table shows the progress in

number of electrified villages in the district during the period 1951 – 1990.

62

Table No. 3.4

Progress in Number of Electrified Villages in Satara District (1951 – 2009)

Year Total Number of

Electrified Villages

Percentage of Electrified Villages

to Total Inhabited Villages.

1951 N. A. -

1961 48 4.0

1971 484 42.0

1981 1125 79.0

1990 1417 100.0

2001 1724 100.0

Source : Socio-Economic Review and District Statistical Abstract of Satara District 1961,

1971, 1981, 1990.2009.

It is observed from the above table that, out of the total villages only 4.0

percent villages electrified in 1961. But thereafter the percentage of electrified

in the district had increased up to 42 percent in 1971 and upto 79.0 in 1981.

Upto the year 1990, each village in the district was provided the facility of

electricity. These percentage figures show the success of the rural

electrification Programme in the district.

3.13 Medical and Public Health Services :-

The public health of Satara district is looked after by three agencies i.e.

the Public Health Department of the state, Local Bodies and Satara district

which is located at Satara, named as Civil Hospital Satara. It provides medical

facilities to the people of Satara district and it also gives training to nurses,

midwives and x-ray laboratory technicians with the help of special branches.

The following table shows the progress in medical and public health facilities

in Satara district during the period from 1951 to 2005-06.

63

Table No. 3.5

Medical and Public Health Facilities in Satara District (1951 – 2009)

Sr.

No. Item 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2009

1. No. of Hospitals 2 2 7 14 13 13 18

2. No. of primary

Health centers 7 7 16 18 69 69 71

3. No. of

Dispensaries 30 31 33 39 57 22 17

4. No. of Doctors 43 52 71 150 214 255 262

5. No. of Beds 148 234 889 1072 1070 1124 1290

6. No. of Indoor

Patients 2,820 7,079 1,20,121 1,38,000 9,87,000 - 1,36,900

7. No, of Outdoor

Patients 3,17,113 3,53,512 5,35,165 6,98,000 9,16,400 - 19,87,600

Source : Socio-Economic Review and District Statistical Abstract of Satara District – 1961,

1971, 1981,1991, 2001, 2009.

The Table 5 shows the increase in medical and public health facilities in

the district during post-independence period. The data presented in the above

table on medical and public health facilities are of state Government and

Central Government institutions, institutions owned and run by Z P. State

Health Authority. The Private clinics run by individuals are not included in the

above table. The primary health centers play a vital role in the rural health. The

number of primary health centers has been increased in the district from 7 in

1951 to 71 in 2009. Each primary health centre is attached to various sub-

centers. In the year 2009 there were 400 sub-centers and 6 primary health

seconds working in the Satara district. Every primary health centre is a unit

providing medical care both curative and preventive to the rural people. The

Family Welfare and Child Welfare Centers and sub-centres are in the district .

There is also one Leprosy Unit and one District B.C.G. centre in the Satara

district. The community health worker scheme is also introduced in this

district. The vaccination is also carried on for various diseases and epidemics

such as Maleria, Cholera, Small Pox etc. in the district.

64

3.14 Administration :-

The collector is the administrative head of the district. He acts as the

head of the Revenue Department and also supervises the work of other offices.

He is in charge of general administration, law and order, land revenue and civil

supplies. He is assisted by a resident, Chief Executive Officer. Who holds

charge of the three revenue divisions in the district with headquarters at Satara,

The district is divided in to eleven tahsils and they are incharge of the tahsildars

and B.D.O.s

For facilitating the smooth and co-ordinated working of the

administration, several offices of the state and the central Government are

located at district head-quarters and other places.

3.15 Local Bodies :-

“Until May 1962 the administrative set up of the Satara district was

under the unitory control of the district Collector. After passing of Maharashtra

Zilla Parishad and Pancayat Samities act, 1962, Satara Zilla Parishad and

eleven Panchayat Samities have been established in 1962”.14

About 96.56 per

cent of the district area and 87.11 percent of population of the Satara district

are covered under the zilla Parashad.

The Zilla Parishad is headed by the president elected from the elected

members. He is assisted by the elected vice-president and the elected

chairpersons of different subject committees. To carry out the administrative

and executive work of the Zilla Parishad an officer in the senior scale of I.A.S.

works as the chief executive officer of zilla parishad. He is assisted by various

departmental heads for carrying out developmental activities effectively.

The other local bodies functioning in the district are the Municipal

Councils of the eight urban areas, viz. Karad Mahabaleshwar, Mhaswad,

Panchagani, Rahimatpur, Satara, Wai Phaltan and Gram Panchayats at village

level. The total number of the Gram Panchayats functioning at the end of the

March 2009 in the district was, 1509 under which all the villages in the district

65

are covered. The table 6 Shows the progress in the Gram Panchayats in Satara

District during the period from 1951 to 2009.

Table No. 3. 6

Progress in Number of village Panchayats in Satara District

During The Period from 1951 to 1991.

YEAR NO. OF VILLAGE PANCHAYATS

1951 58

1961 724

1971 1020

1981 1133

1991 1321

2001 1478

2007 1509

Source:- Socio-Economic Review and District Statistical Abstracts of

Satara District – 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991.2001,2009.

The other Statutory bodies functioning in the district are Maharashtra

State Road Transport Corporation, Maharashtra State Electricity Board and

Life Insurance Corporation. The offices of these and corporate bodies are

located at Satara. A sub-office of Maharashtra State Finance Corporation is

also set-up at Satara to assist the industries.

3.16 Demography :-

The population of Satara district as per 2001 census stands at 28,09,000

including 14,08,000 males and 14,01,000 females. The following table 7 shows

the variation in the population during the period from 1901 to 2001 in Satara

District.

66

Table No. 3.7

Population of Satara District at the Census from 1901 to 2005-06

YEAR MALE FEMALE TOTAL DECADAL VARIATION

1901 4,18,418 4,31,254 8,49,672 -

1911 4,12,412 4,22,925 8,35,337 -1.69

1921 3,87,434 3,99,002 7,86,436 -5.85

1931 4,46,189 4,48,825 8,95,014 +13.81

1941 4,97,993 5,15,219 10,13,212 +13.21

1951 5,73,800 6,03,216 11,77,016 +16.17

1961 6,98,555 7,31,550 14,30,105 +21.50

1971 8,48,092 8,79,284 17,27,376 +20.79

1981 9,82,122 10,49,555 20,38,677 +18.02

1991 12,08,375 12,42,997 24,51,372 +20.24

2001 14,08,000 14,01,000 28,09,000 +14.59

Source : District census handbook of Satara District – 1981 and Provisional Population

Totals Maharashtra, 2001.

From the table 7 it is clear that the population of the district for the

period from 1901 to 1921 showed downward trend. This is in keeping with the

general trend of Indian population. The decline in the population of the district

could be ascribed to the severe epidemies like plague and influenza. The fall in

the population is due to great influenza epidemic of 1918-1919 which created

havoc in the damp hilly tracts, cut off from medical help. The epidemic of 1918

was severe and fearful, mortality caused by this one disease was sufficient to

destroy the natural increase of more than thirty years. In 1918 roughly 6600

persons died of influenza. There were break out of cholera in 1914 and in

1919. The percentage of growth rate of population in this district sharply

decreased from 1.69 in 1911 to -5.85 in1921.

The population of the Satara district increased rapidly during the period

between 1921-1981. The percentage of decadal variation in population shows

that there is a high increase in population during the period from 1921 to 1931.

67

The percentage of growth rate of population in the district increased from -5.85

in 1921 to + 13.31. The percentage of growth rate which was + 13.81 in 1931

slightly decreased up to + 13.21 in 1941. During the decade 1941 -1951 and

1951 – 1961 the percentage of growth rate increased steadily.

Table No. 3.8

Tahsilwise Population, Number of Villages and Towns

in the Satara District (2001)

Population

Sr.

No. Tahsils

Area in

sq. km.

Number

of

Inhabited

villages

No. of

towns Rural Urban Total

1 Satara 876.24 210 05 282267 169603 451870

2 Wai 619.10 120 1 158226 31110 189336

3 Khandala 523.72 66 1 107983 11836 119819

4 Koergaon 921.80 139 1 236574 16554 253138

5 Phaltan 1199.43 123 1 262827 50800 313627

6 Man 1449.11 104 1 179098 20500 199598

7 Khatav 1129.60 141 - 260951 - 260951

8 Karad 969.20 220 02 483321 60103 543424

9 Patan 1320.92 343 1 286297 11598 298095

10 Jaoli 864.53 218 - 124600 - 124600

11 M,Shwar 223.01 55 2 28529 26017 54546

Total 14480.0 1739 15 2410873 398121 2808994

Source : Provisional Population Totals Maharashtra 2001

Satara is predominantly a rural district. There are 1739 villages in the

district, out of them 1717 are the inhabited villages and the remaining 22

villages are the uninhabited villages. The number of towns in the district is l5.

Out of the 15 towns, 12 towns municipal cities. Out of the total geographical

area of the district, 3.44 percent forms the urban area with 14 percent

population and 96.56 percent of rural area with 86 percent population. Among

the eleven tahsils in the district Karad is the most populous and Mahabaleshwar

68

is least populous tahsil in the district. It is observed from the Table 8 that, the

most populous tahsil has more than ten times the population of the least

populous tahsil.

In 1971, there were 14 towns in the district. In 1981 there has been

addition of one town i.e. Koregaon as it qualified the specific criteria to be

declared as census town. On the Contrary, five of the 14 towns which existed in

1971 were declassified at the time of 1981 census. These declassified towns

include Bhade, Gokul Tarf Helwak, Humbrali, Patan, Sadashivgad. In 2001

four towns are added, hence the total number of towns goes up to fifteen. Out

of the fifteen towns in the district twelve towns have municipalities. The

twelve towns in the district which have municipalities are : Satara, Wai,

Rahimatpur, Phaltan, Karad, Mhaswad, Panchagani and Mahabaleshwar. The

remaining three towns namely Koregaon, Patan and satara-Road are without

municipality. From the table 9 it is seen that, tahsils of Jaoli, Khatav, have

without town and hence they are purely rural tahsils.

i) Density :-

The density of population per sq. Km. during the period from 1951to

2001 of the satara district and Maharashatra state shows increasing trend. The

following table1 shows tahsilwise distribution of density of population during

the period from 1951 to 2001 in Satara district and also for Maharashtra state.

The population density of Satara district rose from 113 in 1951 to 268 in

2001 The density of population (per Sq.Km) of Satara district remained higher

than the density of population (per sq. km.) of Maharashtra state during the

period 1951 to 1971. But thereafter during the next three decades the density of

population of Maharashtra state increased from 164 to 314 which is higher than

the density of population of Satara district during the same period. During these

three decades the density of population of Satara district increased from 165 to

268.

69

Table No. 3.9

Density of Population in Satara District and Maharashtra State

from 1951 to 2001.

(Density per sq. km.)

Sr.

No.

Name of the

Tahsil 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991

2001

1 Satara 178 209 262 320 403 516

2 Wai 149 176 211 241 282 306

3 Khandala 91 120 137 157 192 229

4 Koergaon 122 147 174 202 238 275

5 Phaltan 85 119 158 190 231 261

6 Man 58 69 84 101 128 138

7 Khatav 100 118 135 154 178 231

8 Karad 198 235 291 358 430 561

9 Patan 110 136 156 175 206 226

10 Jaoli 80 90 103 118 132 144

11 M,Shwar 90 108 134 161 197 245

Satara District 113 137 165 194 234 268

Maharashtra State 105 129 164 204 256 314

Source :- (i) Socio-Economic Review and District Statistical Abstract of Satara District –

1975, (ii) Census Handbook of Satara district 1981 and Provisional Population Totals,

Maharashtra 2001.

Within the district, great variations are observed in the tahsilwise density

of population. The density of population is low in the hilly tracts of western

zones and also in the scarcity affected areas in the eastern zone. The density is

561 persons per sq. km. in Karad tahsil which is the most thickly populated

tahsil while it is 138 persons per sq. km. in Man tahsil as per 2001 census. The

central zone consists of rich soil and has a high proportion of net sown area to

geographical area and as such it has the highest density of population.

There has been consistent rise in the urban density of population in the

district during the period from 1951 to 2001. It has increased from 213 persons

70

per sq. km. in 1951 to 268 persons per sq. km. in 2001, in the district. Among

the various towns in the district, Karad recorded the highest density of

population i.e.561 persons per sq. km. On the contrary Man with a density of

merely 138 persons per sq. kilometer is at the bottom.

ii) Sex-Ratio:-

Table No. 3.10

Sex-ratio Satara District by Tahsils – 2001

Sr. No. Name of the tahsil Females per thousand males

1. Satara 973

2. Wai 1021

3. Khandala 961

4. Koregaon 1000

5. Phaltan 953

6. Man 994

7. Khatav 1024

8. Karad 962

9. Patan 1089

10. Jaoli 1101

11. M.Shwar 873

Satara District 995

Source: Census of India – 2001, Series 14, Provisional Population Totals, Maharashtra.

The above table shows that, within the district the sex-ratio differs

strinkingly. The Jaoli tahsil with a sex ratio of 1101 ranks at the top and

Mahabaleshwar tahsil having a sex ratio of 813 is at the bottom. In other words,

sex ratio of the eleven tahsils in the district are female biased. Particularly,

people from the eastern and western zone out-migrated for their livelihood due

to unfavorable climate and economic condition in their zone.

The sex-ratio in the district i.e. 995 is also significantly higher than that

of the state i.e. 922.

71

iii) Scheduled Castes And Scheduled Tribes:-

“For evolving any suitable plan for socio-economic uplift of scheduled

castes and scheduled tribes the governments need to have the necessary data

about them. Scheduled castes include castes, races of tribes as are declared to

be scheduled castes by the president of India by Public Notification under

article 341 (i) of the Indian Constitution. Similarly, Scheduled tribe means all

such tribes of tribal community as are declared by the President of India to be

treated as scheduled tribes under 342 (i) of the Indian Constitution”15

In

Maharashtra state, 50 castes and 47 tribes have been declared to be recognized

as scheduled castes and scheduled tribes respectively.

At the time of 2001census, scheduled castes population in the district

was 8.76 percent schedule tribes 0.81 percent of the district population. In

urban area schedule castes constitute 11.08percent

In urban areas, scheduled castes constitute 11.08 percent and scheduled

tribes 0.81 percent and in rural area i.e 8.38 percent and 0.77 percent of the

total urban population. Scheduled castes percentage is more than in Phaltan,

Satara, Patan and Man tahasil.

The percentage of scheduled castes population to total population is

highest i.e. 15.82 in Phaltan tahsil. On the contrary, it is lowest i.e. 2.44 percent

in Jaoli tahsil in 2001.

iv) Working Population:-

A Census of 2001 recorded 37.20 percent of the district population as

main workers, 7.21 percent as marginal workers and the remaining 53.59

percent as non-workers. This shows that one-third of the population of the

district is engaged in economically productive activity as the main workers.

Within the district, work-participation rate recorded at 2001 census was the

highest (39.47 %) in Jaoli tahsil and the lowest (28.99%) in Koregaon tahsil.

Among the main workers in the district 22.44 percent are cultivators,

10.01 percent are agricultural labourers 1.14 percent are engaged in household

industry and 12.67 percent are engaged in other services. Evidently more than

72

two-third (70.85%) of the main workers in the district are directly engaged in

agriculture as cultivators or agricultural labourers. Male and female

participation rate as cultivators is substantially higher than that of the state

whereas the position is reverse for participation as agricultural labourers.

In Satara district 7.95 percent of the population was recorded as

marginal workers i.e. 1.16 among the males and 14.84 percent females. The

high incidence of marginal workers among females as compared to males is

understandable as the former besides, looking after their household duties tend

to engage themselves in some economically productive activity to lend support

to their male counterparts.

v) Literacy and Education:-

The percentage of literacy in Satara district increased substantially from

33.98 percent in 1961 to 78.52 percent in 2009. The female literacy rose form

21.16 percent in 1961 to 68.71 percent in 2009. The male literacy rose from

47.41 percent in 1961 to 88.50 in 2009. The latest 2009 figures revealed that

78.52 percent of the total population in the district is literate against the state

average literacy rate of 77.27 percent.

Within the district the literacy rate is highest i.e. 85.00 percent in Satara

tahsil and the lowest i.e. 69.00 percent in Man tahsil.

Table No: 3.11

Literacy

Particular 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2009

Male 47.41 52.38 61.39 86.61 88.45 88.45

Female 21.16 24.77 35.67 53.65 68.71 68.71

Total 33.98 38.32 47.15 66.67 78.52 78.52-

Rural - - 45.41 64.56 77.00 77.00

Urban - - 66.41 80.48 86.00 86.00

Source :- (i) Socio-Economic Review of District Statistical .

73

vi) Education :

At the end of the year 2009, there were 2869 primary schools, 658

secondary and Higher secondary schools, 9 Junior colleges of education, 5

collages of education, 6 industrial training institutes, 2 engineering colleges, 4

polytechnics, 29 colleges giving instructions into Arts, Science, Commerce and

one college of each Medical, Ayurvedic, Law, Pharmacy, Veternary.

3.17 Trade and Commerce :-

The major portion of foodgrains, oilseeds, turmeric, cotton, gur, Sugar

etc. collected in Satara district meets the local requirements within the district.

However, some quantity of the same is being sent to districts of Ratnagiri, Pune

and Greater Bombay. The chief articles which are brought in the district

include salts, coconuts, betelnuts, dates, groceries, copper, and brass pots, cloth

etc.

3.17.1 Places of Tourist Importance :-

The hill resorts of Mahableshwar and Panchagani are important tourist

attractions in the district. Museums at Aundh (khatav tahsil) and Shivaji

Museum at Satara have archacological importance, Yemai fair at Aundh

(Khatav) Mahadeo Fair at Shinganapur (Man), Shriram Navami Fair at

Chaphal (Patan) and Parali (Sajjangad) and Khandoba Fair at Pal (Karad) have

big religious importance. Historically Satara, Phaltan, Aundh and Pratapgad are

important places in the district.

This description related to physical and socioeconomic background of

the Satara district is helpful to interpret the growth of education in Satara

district during the period under study as well as to examine to changes occurred

in the life of the rural people during the post-independence period.

3.18 Co-operation :-

The co-operative movement was started in India in 1904, and the first

co-operative society was established in Satara district in 1906 at the village

Bothe which is located on the hilly top area in Man taluka. The co-operative

74

movement has been rapidly expanded in Satara district mainly due to the

leadership and inspiration of the great national leader, the late Shri.

Yashvantrao Chavan. The co-operative societies play an important role in the

field of Agricultural and Industrial development of the district by extending

credit facilities on an extensive scale. The following table shows the number of

co-operative societies working in the Satara district during the year 2001.

Table No. 3.12

Co-operative Societies in Satara District 2009

Sr. No. Name of the co-operative societies Numbers

1. Agricultural credit co-operative Societies 944

2. Non agriculture credit co-operative Societies 1121

3. Housing co-operative Societies 722

4. Co-operative Consumer stores 105

5. Fishery co-operative Societies 65

6. Co-operative water supply Societies 599

7. Co-operative Labour Societies 386

8. Other industrial co-operative Societies 63

9. Central co-operative Banks 01

10. Other manufacturing co-op. societies 31

11. Sugar Factories 12

12. Dairy co-operative Sangh 11

13. Primary Dairy co-operative Societies 1341

14. Weavers co-operative societies 27

15. Other Social service co-op. societies 588

16. Co-op. marketing societies 38

Total 6147

Source: Socio-Economic Review and District Statistical abstract 2009.

75

3.19 Definitions Of Milk And Milk Products Under The Pervention Of

Food Adulteration (Pfa)Rules, 1955 (As Amended Up To March

3,2006)

3.19.1 Milk :

Milk is the normal mammary secretion derived from complete milking

of healthy milk animal without either addition thereto or extraction There from.

It shall be from colostrums. Milk of different classes and of different

designation shall conform to the standards laid down in the Rules. Total urea

content in the milk shall not be more than 700 ppm.

3.19.2 Pasteurization :

The terms “Pasteurization” ,”Pasteurized” and similar terms shall be

taken to refer to the process of heating every particle of milk of different

classes to at least 630 C and holding at such temperature continuously for at

least 30 minutes, or heating it to at least 71.50C, and holding at such

temperature continuously for at least 15 seconds or an approved temperature-

time combination that will serve to give a negative phosphates Test. All

pasteurized milk of different classes shall be cooled immediately to a

temperature of 100C, or less.

3.19.3 Sterilization:

When used in association with milk, means heating milk in sealed

container continuously to a temperature of either 1150C for 15 minutes or at

lease 1300C for a period of one second or more in a continuous flow and then

packed under aseptic condition in hermetically sealed containers to ensure

preservation at room temperature for a period not less than 15 days from the

date of manufacture.

3.19.4 Boiled:

Milk which has been brought to boil.

3.19.5 Flavored:

By whatever name called, may contain nuts(whole, fragmented or

ground), chocolate, coffee or any other edible flavor, edible food colours and

76

cane sugar. Flavored milk shall be pasteurized, sterilized or boiled. The type of

milk shall be mentioned on the label.

3.19.5 Mixed :

A combination of milk of cow, buffalo, sheep, goat or any other milk

animal and may be a combination of any of these milk which has been made

and conforms to the standards given in the rules.

3.19.5 Standardized :

Cow milk or buffalo milk or sheep milk or goat milk or a combination

of any of these milk that has been standardized to fat and solids non fat

percentage given in the Rules by adjustment of milk solids. Standardized milk

shall be pasteurized and shall show a negative phosphates test.

3.19.6 Recombined :

The homogenized product prepared from milk fat, non-fat-milk solids

and water. Recombined milk shall be pasteurized and shall show a negative

phosphates test.

3.19.7 Toned:

The product prepared by admixture of cow or buffalo milk or both with

fresh skimmed milk; or by admixture of cow or buffalo milk or both that has

been standardized to fat and solids non fat percentage given in the rules by

adjustment of milk solids. It shall be pasteurized and shall show a negative

phosphates test. When fat or dry non-fat-milk solids are used, it shall be

ensured that the product remains homogeneous and no deposition of solids take

place on standing.

3.19.8 Double toned:

The product prepared by admixture of cow or buffalo milk or both with

fresh skimmed milk, or by admixture of cow or buffalo milk or both that has

bee standardized to fat and solids-non-fat percentage given in the rules, by

adjustment of milk solids. It shall be pasteurized and shall show a negative

phosphates test. When fat or dry non-fat milk solids are used, it shall be

77

ensured that the product remains homogeneous and no deposition of solids take

place on standing.

3.19.9 Skimmed:

The product prepared from milk from which almost all the milk fat has

been removed mechanically.

3.19.10 1Full cream milk:

Milk or a combination of buffalo or cow milk or a product prepared by

combination of both that has been standardized to fat and solids-non-fat

percentage by adjustment/ addition of milk solids, full cream milk shall be

pasteurized. It shall show a negative phosphates test. It shall be packed in

clean, sound and sanitary containers properly sealed so as to prevent

contamination.

Milk products:

The products obtained from milk such as cream, butter, ghee, milk

powder, paneer, chhakka, khoa, cheese, infant milk foods, etc.

Butter: The fatty product derived exclusively from milk of cow and/ or buffalo

or its products principally in the form of an emulsion of the type water-in-oil.

The product may be with or without added common salt and starter cultures of

harmless lactic acid and / or flavor producing bacteria. Table butter shall be

obtained from pasteurized milk and /or other milk products which have

undergone adequate heat treatment to ensure microbial safety. It shall be free

from animal body fat, vegetable oil and fat, mineral oil and added flavour. It

shall have pleasant taste and flavor free from off flavor and rancidity. It may

contain food additives permitted as specified in the rules. It shall conform to

the microbiological requirements prescribed in the rules. Provided that where

butter is sold or offered for sale without any indication as to whether it is table

or desi butter, the standards of table butter shall apply. It shall conform to the

following requirements.

78

Table No. 3.13

STANDARD OF TABLE BUTTER

Product Moisture Milk fat Milk solids

not fat

Common

salt

Table

Butter

Not more than

16.0 percent m/m

Not less than

80.0 percent

m/m

Not more

than

1.5 percent

m/m

Not more

than

3.0 percent

m/m

Desi

Cooking

Butter

- Not less than

76.0 percent

m/m

- -

Chakka or Paneer: The product obtained from the cow or buffalo milk or a

combination there of by precipitation with sour milk, lactic acid or citric acid.

It shall not contain more than 70.0 percent moisture, and the milk fat content

shall not be less than 50.0 percent of the dry matter. Milk solids may also be

used in preparation of this product. Provided that paneer or chakka when sold

as low fat paneer or chakka, it shall conform to the following requirements: i)

Moisture- Not more than 70.0 percent, ii)Milk fat- not more than 15.0 percent

of dry matter. Provided further that such low fat paneer / chakka shall be sold

in sealed package only and shall bear proper label declarations provided in sub

rule (19) of rule 42.

Cheese: The ripened or unripened soft or semihard, hard and extra hard

product, which may be coated with food grade waxes or polyfilm, and in which

the whey protein / casein ratio does not exceed that of milk. Cheese is obtained

by coagulation wholly or partly milk and / or products obtained from milk

through the action of non-animal rennet or other suitable coagulation agents

and by partially draining the whey resulting from such coagulation and /or

processing techniques involving coagulation of milk and/ or products obtained

from milk which give a final product with similar physical, chemical and

organoleptic characteristics. The product may contain starter cultures of

harmless lactic acid and /or flavor producing bacteria and cultures of other

79

harmless microorganisms, safe and suitable enzymes and sodium chloride. It

may be in the form of blocks, slices, cut, shredded or grated cheese.

-Ripened: Cheese which is not ready for consumption shortly after

manufacture but which must be held for some time at such temperature and

under such other conditions as will result in necessary biochemical and

physical changes characterizing the cheese in question.

-Mould ripened: A ripened cheese in which the ripening has been

accomplished primarily by the development of characteristic mould growth

throughout the interior and /or on the surface of the cheese.

Unripened: Unripened cheese including fresh cheese is cheese which is ready

for consumption shortly after manufacture.

Cheese processed: The product obtained by grinding, mixing, melting and

emulsifying one or more varieties of cheeses with the aid of heat and

emulsifying agents. It may contain cream, butter, butter oil and other milk

products subject to maximum 5.0 percent lactose content in the final product

and edible common salt, vinegar / acetic acid, spices and other vegetable

seasoning and foods other than sugars properly cooked or prepared for

flavouring and characterization of the product provided these additions do not

exceed one sixth of the weight of the total solids of the final product on dry

matter basis and cultures of harmless bacteria and enzymes. It shall have

pleasant taste and smell free from off flavor and rancidity. It may contain food

additives permitted as specifies in the rules. It shall conform to the following

requirement: i) Moisture- Not more than 47.0 percent, ii) Milk fat on dry basis

– Not less than 40.0 percent. Provided that processed chesse chiplets (packed

sliced cheese) when sold in a package other than tin, shall not contain more

than 50.0 percent moisture.

Cheese spread, processed: The product obtained by grinding, mixing, melting

and emulsifying one or more varieties of cheese with emulsifying agents, with

the aid of heat. It may contain cream, butter / butter oil and other dairy

products, subject to a maximum limit of 5.0 percent lactose in the final product,

80

salt, vinegar, spices, condiments and seasonings, natural carbohydrate

sweetening agents namely sucrose, dextrose, corn syrup, corn syrup solids,

honey, maltose, malt syrup and hydrolyzed lactose and foods properly cooked

or otherwise prepared for flavouring and characterization of the product

provided these addition do not exceed one sixth of the weight of total solids of

the final product on dry weight basis and cultures of harmless bacteria and

enzymes. It shall have pleasant taste and flavor free from off flavor and

rancidity. It may contain food additives permitted as specified in the rules. It

shall conform to the microbiological requirements prescribed in the rules. It

shall conform to the following requirements: i) Moisture – Not more than 60.0

percent, ii) Milk fat on dry basis- Not less than 40.0 percent.

Other cheese varieties: For detailed definitions of other cheese varieties, vi.

Cheddar cheese, danbo cheese, edam cheese, gouda cheese, havarti cheese,

tilsiter, cottage cheese and creamed cottage cheese, cream cheese,

coulommiers cheese, camembert cheese, brie cheese, saint paulin, samsoe,

emmentaler, provolone and, extra hard grating cheese, please refer to the

prevention of food adulteration rules,1995.

Condensed milk, sweetened: The product obtained by partial removal of

water from milk of cow and / or buffalo with the addition of sugar or a

combination of sucrose with other sugars or by any other process which leads

to a product of the same composition and characteristics. The fat and / or

protein content of the milk may be adjusted by addition and / or withdrawal of

milk constituents in such a way as not to alter the whey protein to casein ratio

of the milk being adjusted. It shall have pleasant taste and flavor free from off

flavour and rancidity. It shall be free from any substance foreign to milk. It

may contain food additives permitted as specified in the rules. It shall conform

to the microbiological requirements, etc prescribed in the rules.

Cream: Cream including sterilized cream means the product of cow or buffalo

milk or a combination thereof. It shall be free from starch and other ingredients

foreign to milk. It may be of following three categories, namely:

81

1. Low fat cream containing milk fat not less that 25.0 percent by

weight.

2. Medium fat cream containing milk fat not less that 40.0 percent by

Weight.

3. High fat cream containing milk fat not less that 60.0 percent by

weight.

Cream sold without any indication about milk fat content shall be

treated as high fat cream. Draft rules are under circulation for

redefining cream.

Dahi (curd): The product obtained from pasteurized or boiled milk by souring,

natural or otherwise, by a harmless lactic acid or other bacterial culture. Dahi

may contain added cane sugar. Dahi shall have the same minimum percentage

of milk fat and milk solids-not-fat as the milk from which it is prepared. Where

Dahi or curd is sold or offered for sale without any indication of class of milk,

the standards prescribed for Dahi prepared from buffalo milk shall apply. Milks

solids may also be used in preparation of this product.

Evaporated milk: The product obtained by partial removal of water from milk

of cow and /or buffalo by heat or any other process which leads to a product of

the same composition and characteristics. The fat and protein content of the

milk may be adjusted by addition and /or withdrawal of milk constituents in

such a way as not to alter the whey protein to casein ration of the milk being

adjusted. It shall have pleasant taste and flavor free from any substance foreign

to milk. It may contain food additives permitted as specified in the rules. It

shall conform to the microbiological requirements, etc prescribed in the rules.

Frozen dessert / frozen confection: The product obtained by freezing a

pasteurized mix prepared with milk fat and / or edible vegetable oils and fats

having a melting point of not more than 370C in combination and milk protein

alone or in combination / or vegetable protein products in combination with the

addition of nutritive sweetening agents, e.g. sugar, dextrose, fructose, liquid

glucose, dried liquid glucose, maltodextrin, high maltose corn syrup, honey,

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fruit and fruit products, eggs and egg products, coffee, cocoa, ginger, and nuts.

It may also contain chocolate, cake or cookies as a separate layer or coating. It

may be frozen hard or frozen to a soft consistency. It shall be free from

artificial sweetener. It shall have pleasant taste and flavor free from off flavor

and rancidity. The product may contain food additives permitted as specified in

the rules. It shall conform to the microbiological requirements prescribed in the

rules. It shall conform to the following requirements.

Table No: 3.14

Frozen Dessert/Frozen Confection

Requirements Frozen dessert/

Frozen confection

Medium fat

frozen dessert /

frozen confection

Low fat frozen

dessert / frozen

confection

Total solids Not less than

36.0 percent

Not less than 30.0

percent

Not less than 26.0

percent

Weight/vol.(gms/I) Not less than 525 Not less than 475 Not less than 475

Total fat Not less than 10.0

percent

Not less than 5.0

percent but less

than 10.0 percent

Not more than

2.5 percent

Total

protein(N*6.25)

Not less than 3.5

percent

Not less than 3.5

percent

Not less than 2.5

percent

3.20 History of Satara District :

Dairy co-operatives in Satara district were among the first types of

agricultural co-operatives organized in Satara district, The Koyana Sahakari

Dudh Utpadak Prakriya Sangh Limited Karad was established in 1957. It plays

a very significant role in procurement, processing and marketing of milk and

dairy products at the state level. There were private collection centers, which

procured milk and supplied it to the milk union. The second district level milk

union was established at Satara a District place. It is interesting to note that the

first milk school emerged at the hills station known as Mahabaleshwar. The

farmers living in an around Karad, Satara, Phaltan, Koregaon, Wai, started milk

co-operative societies. They took interest in rearing hybrid cows and buffaloes

by March 2006 there were1316 co-operative societies formed by 1,37835 small

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farmers. During that period 6,58,10,000-liter milk was procured and sent to

Karad and Satara.

Table No: 3.15

Dairy Co-operative societies in Satara district during 2008 -09

Annually Milk

Procured Sr.

no Tahasil

Number

of

Daries

Number

of

Members Total

Milk

000Ltr.

Daily

Average

000Ltr

Number

of Cold

Storage

Capacity

of Cold

Storage

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 Mahabaleshwar 10 387 1095 3 1 40

2 Wai 42 2942 365 1 0 0

3 Khandala 36 1340 1496 4 1 40

4 Phaltan 105 11206 5767 16 1 40

5 Man 128 15660 730 2 1 10

6 Khatav 129 1920 1825 5 1 20

7 Koregaon 70 1230 949 3 0 0

8 Satara 132 15032 1095 3 1 100

9 Jawali 32 2132 912 2 0 0

10 Patan 139 12300 2738 8 1 20

11 Karad 169 23666 21791 60 1 100

12 District Total 1002 95865 38763 107 8 370

Source: - District Milk school development officer.

The table shows that in Karad taluka there are 169 dairy co-

operative societies,covered 23666 members and procured 60000 liter milk per

day is at rank top and Mahabaleshwar taluka where only 10 primary dairy co-

operative societies, cover 837 members and procured 3000 liter milk per day at

bottom in Satara district. Other talukas dairy co-operative societies at Patan

149, Satara 132,Phaltan 105, Khandala 36, Wai 42, Khatav 129, Koregaon 70,

Jaoli 32.

Satara and Karad taluka cold storage capacity is 100 thousand liters

each, but Man taluka storage capacity is 10000 liters only at bottom. Where as

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Wai, Koregaon and Jaoli their is no storage system. Satara district milk storage

capacity is 370 thousand liters.

Table No: 3.16

Veterinary Societies

Sr.

No Taluka

Veterinary

Hospitals

Veterinary

Dispensaries

Primary

Veterinary

Centers

Mobile

deices

control

squad

Mobile

vaternity

hospitals

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 Maha’shwar 0 1 9 0 0

2 Wai 1 4 14 0 0

3 Khandala 0 5 4 0 0

4 Phaltan 1 4 9 0 0

5 Man 0 5 8 0 0

6 Khatav 1 10 9 0 0

7 Koregaon 1 6 12 0 0

8 Satara 1 7 15 0 1

9 Jawali 0 3 12 0 0

10 Patan 0 5 12 0 1

11 Karad 1 10 21 0 0

District Total 6 60 125 0 2

Source: - District Milk school development officer.

This table shows that, Animal Husbandry plays a very important part of

the agriculture in Maharashtra. Cattle rearing for milk and milk products,

leather and flesh are an important occupation for most of the people living in

the state. The agricultural activities in most of the states are still dependent on

agriculture. Animal husbandry plays a very important part in the rural

economy.

Since animal husbandry is included in the state list, the responsibility of

taking care of the cattle belongs to the state. The schemes are related to sheep

development, poultry, Piggery, fodder development and livestock health.

The Department of Animal Husbandry has taken the responsibility of

advising the people about taking care of their cattle and treatment of the sick

85

cattle. Apart from that there are cattle breeding farms in the districts and the

talukas under the districts. There are 60 veterinary dispensaries and 125

primary veterinary centers. There are livestock supervisors, District Animal

Husbandry officers and Extension Officers for Animal Husbandry, In Karad

and Satara there are10 Veterinary dispensaries but in Mahabaleshwar their is

only one veterinary dispensary.

Table No. 3.17

Present Dairy Unions in Satara District

Sr no. Taluka Private Government Co-operative

1 Satara 5 1 1

2 Wai - - 1(closed)

3 Jaoli 2 - 1(closed)

4 Mahabaleshwar - 1 1(closed)

5 Koregaon 2 - 1

6 Karad 5 - 1

7 Patan 1 - 2

8 Phaltan 11 1 1

9 Man 3 1 -

10 Khatav 3 - 1

11 Khandala 1 1 1

Total 33 5 11

Source: Dainik Sakal 8-2-2010

The table shows that 49 dairy unions in Satara district, out of these 33

unions are working in private sector, 5 unions in government sector and 11

unions in co-operative sector of these 3 unions are closed. Private and co-

operative dairy unions procured milk 865300 liter and 130000 liter per day

respectively because local political leaders open private unions and societies in

each taluka so that co-operative unions require to make competition with

private sector, private daires can procured quality \ less quality milk, they can

86

pay more price for procurement of milk as compared to co-operative unions

but co-operative daires can not pay more price / procure less quality milk due

to restrictions of co-operative department. If co-operative department require

to run these unions effectively, department must release the restrictions.

87

References:

1. Census of India – 2001, District census handbook Satara District

Bombay : Director of Government Printing, Stationary and publications,

Maharashtra state,

2. Lbid. P 9-10.

3. B. Thomas, (1857) : Memoir on the Satara Territory. – Selection from

the records of the Bombay Government No. XLI, New series. Bombay :

Bombay Education Society’s Press. P. 5.

4. Ibid., P. 5.

5. Census of India – 1981. District Census Handbook-Satara District. Loc

Cit.

6. Census of India – 1981. District Census Handbook- Satara district Loc.

Cit.

7. Government of Maharashtra, Socio-Economic Review and District

Statistical Abserace – Satara District 1974-1975. Bombay : Directorate

of Economics and statistics, P. 1.

8. Ibid., P. 2.

9. Ibid., P. 2.

10. Ibid., P. 3.

11. Government of Maharashtra, Socio-Economic Review and District

statistical Abstract – Satara District 1991. Bombay : Directorate of

Economics and statistics P. 27.

12. Government of Maharashtra, (1988), Districts in Maharashtra- Satara.

Bombay : Directorate of Information and Broadcasting, P. 37.

13. Census of India – 1981, District census Handbook- Satara District. Op.

cit., P. 24.

14. Government of Maharashtra, Socio-Economic Review and district

Statistical Abstract – Satara District 1974-1975. Op. Cit., P. 5.

88

15. census of India – 1991. Series 14, Maharashtra Paper – 2 of 1991,

Provisional Population Totals. Bombay : Director of Census Operations,

Maharashtra State, P. 20.

16. Census of India – 1981. District Census Handbook- Satara District. Op.

cit., P. 14.

17. Census of India – 1981, District census handbook Satara District

Bombay : Director of Government Printing, Stationary and publications,

Maharashtra state, p. 9.

18. Lbid. P 9-10.

19. B. Thomas, (1857) : Memoir on the Satara Territory. – Selection from

the records of the Bombay Government No. XLI, New series. Bombay :

Bombay Education Society’s Press. P. 5.

20. Ibid., P. 5.

21. Census of India – 1981. District Census Handbook-Satara District. Loc

Cit.

22. Census of India – 1981. District Census Handbook-Satara district Loc.

Cit.

23. Government of Maharashtra, Socio-Economic Review and District

Statistical Abserace – Satara District 1974-1975. Bombay : Directorate

of Economics and statistics, P. 1.

24. Ibid, P. 2.

25. Ibid, P. 2.

26. Ibid, P. 3.

27. Government of Maharashtra, Socio-Economic Review and District

statistical Abstract – Satara District 1991. Bombay : Directorate of

Economics and statistics P. 27.

28. Government of Maharashtra, (1988), Districts in Maharashtra- Satara.

Bombay : Directorate of Information and Broadcasting, P. 37.

29. Census of India – 1981, District census Handbook- Satara District. Op.

cit., P. 24.

89

30. Government of Maharashtra, Socio-Economic Review and district

Statistical Abstract – Satara District 1974-1975. Op. Cit., P. 5.

31. Census of India – 1991. Series 14, Maharashtra Paper – 2 of 1991,

Provisional Population Totals. Bombay : Director of Census Operations,

Maharashtra State, P. 20.

32. Census of India – 1981. District Census Handbook- Satara District. Op.

cit., P. 14.