profiling sa’s system of towns - introducing the csir/sacn south...
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Profiling SA’s system of towns - Introducing
the CSIR/SACN South African Settlement
Typology Van Huyssteen, E., Mans, G., le Roux, A., Maritz, J., Ngidi, M. & Maditse, K. CSIR, Built Environment Date: February 2016
For more information contact [email protected]
Citation: Van Huyssteen, E., Mans, G., le Roux, A., Maritz, J., Ngidi, M. & Maditse, K. 2016.
Profiling SA’s system of towns - Introducing the CSIR/SACN South African Settlement Typology.
CSIR document. Available on stepsa.org
Introduction
It is estimated that almost 78% of South Africa’s population reside within cities and towns throughout
the so-called urban and rural landscapes. Of the 78%, it was calculated in 2011 that 42% resided
within the four City Regions, namely Gauteng, Cape Town, eThekwini and Nelson Mandela Bay; 7.5%
lived within Cities, approximately 14% in several large Service Towns and the remainder in smaller
towns. Given that a further 12% of South Africans actually reside in high density ‘rural’ settlements
and that a mere 14% of the country’s population reside further than 20km away from a formal town or
city1, it is evident that South Africa can no longer afford to ignore the fact that this country’s
development challenges will need to be addressed within its network of cities, towns and settlements.
Over the last couple of years, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), together with a
number of other role players, has invested in building capability to provide spatial planning, analysis,
modelling and platform support to government, with a focus on strengthening strategic regional, inter-
regional and intergovernmental planning, resource allocation and monitoring and evaluation in South
Africa. The functional settlement typology provides a mechanism to profile, identify, calculate and
analyse a set of development information and trends pertaining to the range of towns and cities, as
well as high density rural settlements across South Africa. It enables understanding and analyses of
the network of settlements, towns and cities and the hierarchical and functional relationships between
them (Figure 1), especially related to government and economic service provision and migration.
1 For a definition of settlements (City Regions, Cities, Towns, etc.) see Table 1.1
Due to its wide application by the National Planning Commission (NPC) in the National spatial
diagnostics report (stepsa.org); by the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform (DRDLR)
in understanding development dynamics in the priority rural districts; by Statistics South Africa in
analysing household survey data and to inform discussion regarding urban v/s rural and by the
Department of Cooperative Government (DCOG) in the development of the latest Urban Development
Framework (Van Huyssteen et al, 2013), the typology was refined and updated in 2013-2014. Since
then, the new typology has been used as key input to profile the growth of towns, as well as the
extent of change in population dynamics within towns and cities in the latest draft of the Integrated
Urban Development Framework (IUDF) and State of Cities Report (South African Cities Network,
2016).
Figure 1: South African town and settlement functions and sizes (2013)
Background
The Functional Settlement Typology was originally developed by the CSIR as part of the National
Spatial Trends Overview project (2008-2009) commissioned by the South African Cities Network, The
Presidency and former DPLG to inform Cabinet discussions on urban development policy aspects
and the process of developing a National Urban Development Framework (SACN et al, 2009). It was
developed through an interactive technical and consultative process, overseen by an expert reference
group. The typology development was widely consulted, presented and utilised within development
planning, and government policy and planning units (Van Huyssteen et al, 2009 & Spocter et al,
2010). It is based on a classification of settlement patterns (Figure 2). For more information on the
development process and core building blocks (Figure 3) visit http://stepsa.org/settlement_typology.
Figure 2: South African settlement patterns
Figure 3: Original methodology of the CSIR/SACN functional settlement typology
Categories
The spatial distribution of cities, towns and settlements according to the typology is set to represent
the functional role that cities and towns play in their regional contexts, not a mere hierarchical
calculation of population and/or economic production or services. The categories and definitions are
set out in Table 1. It’s important to note that place names of the biggest and most well-known
towns/settlement are used for ease of reference but refer to an area that includes the functional town
and its close surroundings (especially thus integrating former apartheid towns within one functional
group) to enable an understanding not only of formal economic activities but also the extent of
population in the area and thus also the functional role of the bigger town area in providing access to
services and opportunities. Metro’s and secondary cities are included within the City regions and ‘city
area’ category within the typology.
Figure 2: South African settlement typology by category and location
Figure 5: CSIR/SACN Functional settlement system with relative size of population and formal economic productivity
Table 1: CSIR/SACN Functional Settlement Typology Categories
CATEGORY DESCRIPTION IMAGE REPRESENTING CHARACTERISTICS
City Region Areas
Population >1million, Government & Economic Services Index >7 EXAMPLES: Global city region: Gauteng Coastal City regions: Cape Town City Region, eThekwini City Region, Nelson Mandela Bay City Region
CATEGORY DESCRIPTION IMAGE REPRESENTING CHARACTERISTICS
City Areas
Population 500 000 – 1million Government & Economic Services Index 2-5 EXAMPLES (this includes metro’s and secondary city areas) Polokwane Mbombela Pietermaritzburg Buffalo City Mangaung
Regional Service Centres (Bigger and medium sized towns with key roles in the surrounding hinterland)
Regional Centre 1
Population 300 000 -500 000 Government & Economic Services Index 1-2 EXAMPLES Regional Service Centres - high population numbers and high economic activity: Rustenburg Witbank/Middelburg New Castle Richards Bay Regional Centre 2
Population 100 000 - 300 000 Government & Economic Services Index >0.3 EXAMPLES Regional Service Centres - high population numbers in densely settled areas: Mthata Queenstown Thohoyandou Tzaneen Grahamstown Mmabatho
Regional Centre 3
Population 40 000 - 100 000 Government & Economic Services Index >0.25 EXAMPLES Regional Service Centres - low population numbers playing a key role in sparsely populated areas: Kimberley Upington Worcester
Service Town (Medium to smaller sized towns)
Population mostly >20 000 Significant role in hinterland (service Index 0.065-0.25) EXAMPLES Saldanha Groblersdal Piet Retief Bothaville Lichtenburg
Local and Niche Towns
Population size varies widely Service role in immediate surroundings (Service Index 0.001-0.065) EXAMPLES Local Towns: Alice (EC), Koppies (FS) Niche Towns: Clarens (FS), Prince Albert (WC), Riebeeck-Kasteel (WC)
High Density Settlement Areas
Rural Nodes in High Density Settlement Areas - Meso Zones with >100 people/square km OR more than 10 people/square km PLUS Economic activity in service sector - identified as areas within high density settlement areas, with highest levels of access to household income High Density Settlement Areas - Meso Zones with >100 people/square km OR more than 10 people/square km PLUS Economic activity in service sector. These areas typically have very little economic activity, no consolidated town centre/nodes, and a spread out morphological structure.
Rest of South Africa
Less densely populated areas, Sparsely populated areas, mountainous, national parks
Table 1: Functional settlement type (CSIR/SACN Settlement Typology, 2013)
Results
Findings from analyses based on the profiles made available on the StepSA platform, also illustrate
the crucial role that these populated places, and especially city region areas play as economic
engines and job baskets within South Africa. An estimated 57% of the formal economy alone is being
generated in the City Regions. We add to the City Regions the network of Cities and major towns and
this includes more than 80% of the total South African economy. Table 2 provides an overview of the
extent (land area in square kilometres), population and economic activity (using GVA as indicator) for
the various categories of place.
Table 2: Comparative analyses of population and economic activity in South Africa (Van Huyssteen et al, 2013)
The profiles have also been used successfully in the analyses of urban and settlement growth and
changing demographic profiles in South Africa, which place the importance of towns and cities in the
country’s development future firmly on the urban and rural agenda. See the Policy Brief prepared in
this regard “Reaching development outcomes through a dedicated focus” available on
http://stepsa.org/pdf/policy_implication_notes
For more information on the updated CSIR/SACN South African Settlement Typology and related
analyse, research and implications contact:
Elsona van Huyssteen, CSIR
Functional Settlement
Type (CSIR/SACN
2013v2)
Area_Km % of
National
Area
Population
2011
% of
National
Population
Service
Economy (Service Sector
GVA (xR1000))
Economic
Activity (*Total GVA
(xR1000))
Contribu-
tion to
Formal Nat
Econ Activity
CityRegions 20 575 1.65% 21 856 192 42.22% 758 652 1 185 948 56.77%
Cities 8 225 0.66% 3 876 064 7.49% 102 574 178 276 8.53%
TOTAL CITIES 28 800 2.30% 25 732 256 49.70% 861 226 1 364 224 65.30%
Regional Centres 18 079 1.45% 7 313 730 14.13% 141 580 229 697 10.99%
ServiceTowns 7 232 0.58% 2 720 372 5.25% 47 847 87 232 4.18%
TOTAL MAJOR TOWNS 25 311 2.02% 10 034 102 19.38% 189 427 316 929 15.17%
Local or Niche Towns 29 756 2.38% 4 327 891 8.36% 69 102 121 169 5.80%
Rural Nodes in High
density areas 928 0.07% 191 123 0.37% 2 537 4 850 0.23%
TOTAL SMALL TOWNS 30 684 2.45% 4 519 014 8.73% 71 639 126 019 6.03%
High Density
Settlements 59 276 4.74% 6 081 912 11.75% 40 074 73 587 3.52%
Sparse Rural Areas 1 070 931 85.66% 3 036 010 5.86% 51 830 184 994 8.86%
Dense Rural Areas 35 258 2.82% 2 366 803 4.57% 13 921 23 351 1.12%
TOTAL REST OF SA 1 165 465 93.22% 11 484 725 22.18% 105 826 281 932 13.50%
NATIONAL TOTALS 1250260 100.00% 51770097 100% 1228117 2089104 100%
* GVA Total excludes Construction sector
77.82%
SOURCE: CSIR GAP 2013 based on StatsSA Census 1996,2001,2011; SACN/CSIR Settlement Typology 2013v2, CSIR TAT (Temporal
Analyses Tool) 2013
2011 Population in cities & tow
ns
2011 Population in cities,towns &
Settlements
89.56%
References
SACN, the Presidency and DCOG (2009). National Spatial Trends Overview. CSIR: Unpublished
Report.
SACN/CSIR Settlement Typology (2013).
Spocter, M., van Huyssteen, E., Mans, G. and Green, C. (2010) Overview of Settlement Typologies
in South Africa. Unpublished Report, CSIR.
Van Huyssteen, E., le Roux, A. and Mans, G. (2013) Exploring the value of Settlement Typologies in
Urban v/s Rural Definitions. Unpublished Presentation to the IUDF Urban/Rural Definition
Working Group, 14 January 2013.
Van Huyssteen, E., Manfred, G., Maritz, J., le Roux, A. and Nigidi, M. (2013) Update of the
CSIR/SACN South African Settlement Typology. Unpublished Report, CSIR.
Van Huyssteen, E., Mans, G. and Ngidi, M. (2013) Reaching development outcomes through a
dedicated focus on cities, towns and settlements. StepSA Policy Brief Series: Policy Brief 3.
Accessed at http://stepsa.org/pdf/policy_implication_notes. December 2015.
Van Huyssteen, E., Mans, G., Maritz, J., van Niekerk, W., Le Roux, A., Green, C., et al. (2014).
Regional and temporal dynamics of South African cities and towns. Unpublished PG research
report. Pretoria: CSIR.
Van Huyssteen, E; Biermann, S.; Naudé, A. and le Roux, A. (2009) Advances in Spatial Analysis to
Support a more Nuanced Reading of the South African Space Economy, Urban Forum, 20 (2),
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