program and policy innovations at the water energy nexus
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Program and Policy Innovations at the Water Energy Nexus, presented by Meredith Younghein at the Electrochemical Energy Summit in San Francisco on October 27.TRANSCRIPT
Program and Policy Innovations at the Water-Energy Nexus
Electrochemical Society Energy-Water Nexus Symposium
Meredith Leigh Younghein, JDWater/Energy Analyst
California Public Utilities CommissionState Water Resources Control Board
Big Picture Questions:
• What is the potential for saving energy and reducing GHGs via the water sector in CA?
• When water efficiency programs save energy and reduce GHGs, how do we account for these savings? – What is the value to energy and water ratepayers? – What is the value to California?
Water and Climate
AB 32 forms the basis for most climate and energy activities in California: AB 32 Scoping Plan (2008) Goals for Water : • Water Efficiency: �20% by 2020• Water Recycling: �23% municipal by 2030• Water System Energy Efficiency: �20% = 4400Gwh/yr• On-site generation at water agencies �2100 Gwh/yr• Water/Energy Team of the Climate Action Team Oversight
CPUC-Past Efforts on Water-Energy
• Three comprehensive studies on Water-Energy Relationship in California (2009-2012)
• Water-Energy Pilot Projects (2007-2011) – Leak/loss detection and pressure management– Landscape irrigation efficiency – High efficiency toilets– Ozone laundry– More
• All materials can be downloaded via: http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/PUC/energy/Energy+Efficiency/Water-Energy+Nexus+Programs.htm
4
CPUC Energy Efficiency Guidance Decision 12-05-015
DIRECTIVES FOR WATER/ENERGY:
• Document water savings benefits from Energy Efficiency projects • Expand Agricultural programs for water/energy • Work with Local Governments and Regional Energy Networks • Determine potential for program expansion in 2015
5
Current Water/Energy Activities
Investor Owned Utilities, via energy efficiency programs: 1) increase targeting of agricultural and industrial customers--the
largest end users of water in the state.2) Target programs with small and medium water utilities 3) Develop programs with water agencies for leak-loss
detection/remediation and pressure management services for water entities
4) Develop cost-effectiveness method for joint-water energy savings projects
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Current Program Portfolio:Reducing Energy used by Water Sector
• Energy Efficiency programs: – “Industrial” Custom projects for water agencies/utilities/districts – Local Government and Institutional Partnerships– Agricultural: pumping & irrigation efficiency
• Integrated Demand Side Management – Encouraging DR and DG simultaneously with EE improvements
• Continuous Energy Improvement – create and implement strategic energy management plans at water
agencies
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New Activities: Aimed at Embedded Energy Savings
• Commission Guidance Decision (May 2012) – IOUs to expand water-energy efficiency programs,
including: » leak/loss detection and
pressurization studies at water utilities
» Joint water/energy programs for industrial and agricultural customers
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Examples of New Water/Energy Programs
• SoCalEdison: Leak/Loss Audits/Repairs and Pressurization Studies– South Bay Cities Council of Governments: Cities of: El Segundo,
Lomita, Manhattan Beach, and Inglewood– City of Westminster
• San Diego: Commercial Landscape Irrigation Efficiency– New technologies: moisture sensors, weather prediction
• SoCalEdison: Continuous Energy Improvement Cohort– Public Water Agencies in Orange County
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Energy Innovations in Water
• Water Agencies in CA are leaders in on-site renewable generation
• Traditional: on-site biogas fired engines at Wastwater/Sanitation Facilities
• New/emerging: Fuel cells, on-site wind/solar, in-conduit hydro, transportation fuels, pipeline injection
Inland Empire Utilities Agency Overview
Service Area• 240 Square Miles• 850,000 People• 7 Facilities
• Wastewater Treatment (4)• Water Treatment (1)• Biosolids Treatment (2)• Composting Facility (1)
• Platinum LEED Headquarters Building
0
3,000
6,000
9,000
12,000
15,000
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Su
mm
er
Pe
ak
Lo
ad
(k
W)
Purchased from Grid
Food Waste to Energy
Wind
Solar
Conservation / Efficiency
Fuel Cell
IEUA--Peak Power Independence by 2020
IEUA Fuel Cell
Technology Benefits• All Power Used On-Site• Heat Recovered for Process• PPA – No Capital Outlay• $0.126/kWh + 2.5%/yr
• On-Line 1/1/13• Run on 75/25 Biogas/NG Blend• 2.8 MW gross output• Manufactured by Fuel Cell
Energy
Fuel Cell Operation Uptime
• Average uptime of 89% since 1/1/13
• Operating on biogas 69% of time
• Major issue • Dimethyl sulfide
breakthrough degraded pre-converter catalyst
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Fuel Cell Uptime
Operation Uptime Digester Gas Operation
9/6/13 - Dimethyl
Sulfide breakthrough
resulted in catalyst
degradation and DG 10/8/13 – Fuel Cell
shut down for
catalyst
replacement
March 2013 - NG
PRV failed due to
variable flows;
PRV upgraded
Fuel Cell Power Generation
• 2.35 MW when operational
• Overall average of 2.14 MW
• 89% of expected power output
• Power Cost ~$0.146/kWh
• Includes NG costs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
Po
we
r O
utp
ut
(kW
)
Average Fuel Cell Power Output (Jan 2013 - Oct 2013)
Overall Average Power Output
Digester Gas Cleaning System(Key Component of Fuel Cell System)
• Iron sponge for H2S removal
• Moisture removal
• Compression to 20 psig
• Regenerable activated carbon system
• Backup activated carbon system
• Polishing media
IEUA Fuel CellPower Purchase Agreement (PPA)
Public Sector Role (IEUA)
• Provides host site and fuel
• Purchases electricity
generated
• Recovers heat for digestion
process
Private Sector Role (UTS BioEnergy/Anaergia)
• Funds all project costs
• Design and construction
• Operations & Maintenance
• Owns asset
Ellis Avenue
Digesters
OCSD
Fuel Cell
Demonstration
ProjectFountain Valley, CA
War
d S
tree
tFueling
Station
MainEntrance
Orange CountyWater District
Fuel Cell Site
Energy Station
Orange CountySanitation DistrictProject Participants:
• South Coast AQMD
• CARB
• US Dept of Energy
• National Fuel Cell
Research Center
(UC Irvine)
• Fuel Cell Energy
• Air Products &
Chemicals, Inc.
Fuel Cell Power Generation, Hydrogen Production and
Fuel Consumption from Commissioning to Present
3-Year Fuel Cell Demonstration Project
June 1, 2011 to
May 31, 2014
Water Recycling Innovations
• California water agencies produce >500,000 AF3 of recycled water for various purposes*:– Irrigation (agricultural and urban)– Groundwater replenishment– Indirect Potable re-use– Habitat Enhancement– Recreational Reservoir replenishment *Source: Assn. of CA Water Agencies
Water Recycling Innovations
Orange County Groundwater Replenishment System: 2008-present• Joint project: Orange Co. Sanitation and Water
District• Total production >120 billion gallons• Powered (in part) by OCSD Biogas • Less energy intensive than imported supplies
=GHG reductions
Orange County Cont….
3 Step Treatment Process:(post tertiary wastewater treatment)1) Microfiltration2) Reverse-Osmosis3) UV Disinfection
Opportunities at Data Centers
• Utilize wastewater biogas to either power on-site fuel cells or co-located biogas powered engines/ turbines
• Utilize recycled water for cooling needs• Examples: UCSD fuel cell uses biogas • Various data centers being located near WWTP to use
recycled water• Advocating for data centers to locate near WWTPs in
Bay Area
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Low Carbon Fuel Standard
• California Air Resources Board Program to measure life-cycle carbon intensity of transportation fuels
• Staff Proposal to certify “pathway” for wastewater biogas converted to CNG/LNG
• Initial estimate: -65.3 g CO2e / MJ • Negative CI = fuel credits under LCFS