program guide: 6th international workshop on ice caves

1 6th International Workshop on Ice Caves • 2014

Table of ConTenTs

About IWIC ............................................................1Welcome from the IWIC-VI Chairmen ...............2Welcome from the UIS Commission on Glacier, Firn, and Ice Caves President ................................3IWIC-VI Organizing Committee .........................4About Idaho Falls, Idaho .......................................4Location Maps .........................................................5Program Schedule ..................................................6Evening Activities ...................................................9Field Trip Information King’s Bowl Area ...............................................10 Crystal Falls Ice Cave ......................................10 Craters of the Moon Natl. Monument ..........11 Fossil Mountain Ice Cave ...............................12National WNS Decontamination Protocol .......13Craters of the Moon Natl. Mon. map .................14Cave Maps Crystal Falls Ice Cave ......................................15 Snow Cone Spatter Cone ................................16 Buffalo Caves ....................................................17 Beauty Cave ......................................................18 Boy Scout Cave ................................................19 Indian Tunnel ....................................................20 Fossil Mountain Ice Cave ................................21Directions to Fossil Mountain Ice Cave .............22Geologic Description of the King’s Bowl Area ..............................................................23Program Schedule at a Glance ............................24

abouT IWICThe International Workshop on Ice Caves (IWIC) is a series of workshops devoted entirely to ice cave research. IWIC is the only conference focused on state-of-the-art ice cave research, where interna-tional experts discuss ongoing research efforts and promote global cooperation in ice cave science and management.

IWIC is a conference of the Glacier, Firn, and Ice Caves Commission of the International Union of Speleology, held every two years. Past workshops have been held in Romania, the Slovak Republic, Russia, Austria, and Italy.

IWIC-VI is being hosted by the National Cave and Karst Research Institute of the USA.

IWIC -VI is sponsored by theU.S. National Park Service

Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve

•••Timpanogos Cave National Monument

Cover PhotosFront cover: Ann Bosted poses among ice formations in the Arco Tunnel lava tube in Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve. Photo by Ann and Peter Bosted, www.cavepics.com. Back cover: Ice formations in a New Mexico lava tube. Photo by Kenneth Ingham, keninghamphoto.com.

2014 • 6th International Workshop on Ice Caves 2

25 June 2014

Welcome Ice and Glacier Cave Explorers, Scientists, and Managers!

On behalf of the National Cave and Karst Research Institute and the Organizing Committee, we’re de-lighted to be your hosts for the 6th International Workshop on Ice Caves (IWIC).

IWIC is a function of the International Union of Speleology’s (UIS) Commission on Glacier, Firn, and Ice Caves. It is held every two years, bringing together ice experts from around the world, and this is the first IWIC held outside of Europe.

Bringing IWIC to a new continent also brings new opportunities. This is the first IWIC in an area with lava tubes. They bring a new perspective to ice cave studies since ice forms more readily in these caves than in limestone caves. The reasons may be associated with the different thermal properties of the rocks, but this uncertainty shows how even many fundamental questions of cave ice development still need to be studied and answered.

As typical for IWIC, this conference is small but highly focused with many excellent papers. For the first time the proceedings will be distributed digitally by open access so their results can be better shared with people around the world.

At the time of this writing, participants have registered from four US states and 13 different counties, with talks covering three states, eight countries, and even other planets! We expect you’ll have a won-derful week learning new things and meeting new and old friends. If you have any questions or concerns about the workshop, please tell us directly and we will address them as soon as possible. We are honored to be your hosts.

Sincerely,

George Veni, Ph.D. Andreas PflitschCo-Chairman, IWIC-VI Co-Chairman, IWIC-VIExecutive Director, Ruhr-University Bochum, USANational Cave & Karst Research Institute, USA


Commission on Glacier, Firn,and Ice Caves

The International Workshop on Ice Caves (IWIC) has a short, but intense history. Since starting 10 years ago, 2004, in Romania, IWIC has occurred every two years. It has served to collect and exchange sci-entific and technical information and ideas in this very exciting hypogean environment. At the border between karstology and glaciology, scientists from different disciplines meet at these workshops, and the international nature of IWIC is well highlighted by the countries hosting the previous workshops. After Romania, cavers and scientists in the Slovak Republic, Russia, Austria, and Italy hosted these workshops. Now, the United State of America is hosting the 6th IWIC in Idaho Falls, Idaho, a famous area of lava tube caves, which also contain ice bodies.

Under the auspices of the International Union of Speleology (UIS) and the UIS Commission on Glacier, Firn, and Ice Caves, two days of presentations will cover ice cave processes, glacier caves, micrometeorol-ogy and cave climate topics, and future perspectives in this science. This will be followed by three days of field trips in the caves and ice caves in the Idaho volcanic province.

This program contains the schedule of this workshop and description of the conference venue and field trips. The workshop proceedings, contained digitally in your registration materials, have the full scien-tific papers and abstracts of the presentations given at this workshop and cover many aspects of ice cave science.

Special thanks go to the National Cave and Karst Research Institute, the scientific and the local secretari-at, and to the referees and all of the people who organized this workshop and the field trips.

Sincerely,

Valter MaggiPresidentUIS Commission on Glacier, Firn, and Ice Caves


6Th InTernaTIonal Workshop on ICe CavesorganIzIng CommITTee

Chairmen ..................................................George Veni and Andreas PflitschAdvisors ....................................................... Valter Maggi and Aurel PersoiuBanquet and Hotel Facilities ....................................................... George VeniField Trips ...........Andy Armstrong, Scott and April Earl, Andreas PflitschLogo ................................................................................................ Mark RabinPublic Relations ............................................................... Suzanna LangowskiProceedings Editor ........................................................................Lewis LandProceedings Scientific Committee ...........Zoltán Kern, Valter Maggi, and Stefano TurriProgram Editor .................................................................. Bonny ArmstrongRegistration/Treasurer ................................................................. Debbie HerrSponsors ........................................................................... Suzanna LangowskiWebsite ....................................................................................................Jill Orr

WelCome To Idaho falls, IdahoIdaho Falls is located in southeastern Idaho along the Snake River. It has the many conveniences of a big city without losing its small town charm. The majestic Teton Mountains serve as the city’s skyline, and world famous Yellowstone National Park is not far away.

The city has a population of about 58,000 people. It is renowned in the region for its museum, symphony, opera, orchestra, performing arts groups, zoo, and shopping. If you decide to take a break from IWIC ac-tivities, you will find many other things to do!

Idaho TriviaIdaho state motto: Esto Perpetua, meaning “It is perpetual.” • Population: 1,567,582 • Land Area: 83,557 square miles • Capital City: Boise • Highest Elevation: 12,662 ft. (Mt. Borah) • Lowest Elevation: 738 ft. (Lewiston, ID) • River Miles: 3,100 miles (more than any other state in the contiguous U.S.) • Idaho is the leading national producer in potatoes, trout, lentils, and Austrian winter peas • Hells Canyon, located on the Idaho-Oregon border, is the deepest river gorge in America, deeper than the Grand Canyon • Inventor Philo T. Farnsworth’s home town of Rigby, Idaho, is known as the birthplace of television


LoCaTIon maps

475 River ParkwayIdaho Falls, ID 83402208-523-8000Fax 208-529-9610

Idaho

Idaho Falls

Idaho Falls


program sChedule6Th InTernaTIonal Workshop on ICe Caves

All sessions and social activities will occur in the Bannock Room at the Hotel on the Falls, except for pre-sentations and activities on Wednesday and Thursday evenings. All field trips will leave from the front of the hotel.

Sunday, 17 August 201419:00 – 22:00 Registration and welcome reception. Come visit with old and new friends as we

get ready for the week ahead. Hors d’ oeuvres and a cash bar will be provided.

Monday, 18 August 201408:00 – 08:45 Registration08:45 – 09:00 Opening comments

Ice Cave Processes 109:00 – 09:30 Numerical modeling of formation of a static ice cave—Ningwu Ice Cave,

Shanxi, China. Yaolin Shi and Shaohua Yang09:30 – 10:00 Can glacier in ice cave cut U-shaped valley—a numerical analysis. Shaohua

Yang10:00 – 10:30 The influence of karst topography to ice cave occurrence—example of Ledena

Jama in Lomska Duliba (Croatia). Nenad Buzjak10:30 – 11:00 Break11:00 – 11:30 Ice connected processes in the morphology of the cave—an example from

Snezna Jama, Slovenian Alps. Andrej Mihevc11:30 – 12:00 Study of multiyear ice in Medeo Cave (north Ural). Yuri Stepanov, Bulat Mavly-

udov, Alexandr Tainitskiy, Alexandr Kichigin, and Olga Kadebskaya12:00 – 14:00 Lunch

Ice Cave Processes 214:00 – 14:30 New research in cave Ledenica in Bukovi Vrh on Velebit Mt. in Croatian Di-

naric karst. Mladen Garašic14:30 – 15:00 Characterization of two permanent ice cave deposits in the southeastern Alps

(Italy) by means of ground penetrating radar (GPR). Renato Colucci, Daniele Fontana, and Emanuele Forte

15:00 – 15:30 Break15:30 – 16:00 On the mechanism of the naturally-formed ice spikes. Hi-Ryong Byun and

Chang-Kyun Park16:00 – 16:30 Stable isotope composition of perennial ice in caves as an aid to characterizing

ice cave types. Chas YongeClimate, Microclimates, and Cave Ice 1

16:30 – 17:00 Time, money, and melting ice: Proposal for a cooperative study of the world’s cave ice in a race against climate change. George Veni

17:00 – 18:00 Break18:00 – 19:30 Dinner19:30 – 20:00 Meeting of the UIS Commission on Glacier, Firn, and Ice Caves20:00 – 22:00 Discussion of proposal and possible organization of an international ice cave

study followed by social time with cash bar


program sChedule, ConTInued

Tuesday, 19 August 201408:00 – 08:45 Registration08:45 – 09:00 Opening comments

Glacier Caves09:00 – 09:30 Internal drainage of glaciers and its origin. Bulat Mavlyudov09:30 – 10:00 The Sandy Glacier cave project: The study of glacial recession from within.

Eduardo Cartaya10:00 – 10:30 Break

Climate, Microclimates, and Cave Ice 210:30 – 11:00 Analysis of selected climatological observations of talus & gorge ice caves in

New England. David Holmgren and Andreas Pflitsch11:00 – 11:30 Some new potential subterranean glaciation research sites from Velebit Mt.

(Croatia). Neven Bocic, Nenad Buzjak, and Zoltán Kern11:30 – 12:00 Climate study in an abandoned auto tunnel in Alaska, USA. Andreas Pflitsch

and David Holmgren12:00 – 14:00 Lunch

Climate, Microclimates, and Cave Ice 314:00 – 14:30 Schellenberger ice cave (Germany): A conceptual model of temperature and

airflow. Christiane Meyer, Andreas Pflitsch, David Holmgren, and Valter Maggi14:30 – 15:00 Ice cave monitoring at Lava Beds National Monument. Katrina Smith15:00 – 15:30 The MONICA (Monitoring of ice within caves) project: A multidisciplinary

approach for the geophysical and paleoclimatic characterization of permanent ice deposits in the southeastern Alps. Renato Colucci, Emanuele Forte, Barbara Stenni, Marco Basso Bondini, Mauro Colle Fontana, Costanza Del Gobbo, Dan-iele Fontana, Doriana Belligoi, Valter Maggi, and Marco Filipazzi

15:30 – 16:00 BreakCave Ice Data and Future Research

16:00 – 16:30 Bridging the work of field scientists and the needs of data re-users. Antonia Rosati and Lynn Yarmey

16:30 – 17:00 Ice caves on extraterrestrial bodies: What are the prospects for speleogenesis and detection? Penelope Boston

17:00 – 18:00 Break18:00 – 19:30 Dinner19:30 – 20:30 Video: Glacier Caves of Mount Hood’s Secret World, Brent McGregor and Edu-

ardo Cartaya20:30 – 21:00 Briefing on Wednesday’s field trip, Scott Earl21:00 – 22:00 Social time with cash bar


program sChedule, ConTInued

Wednesday, 20 August 201407:00 – 09:00 Drive to King’s Bowl Area field trip09:00 – 11:00 Geologic tour of area and lava cave11:00 – 12:00 Western barbeque style lunch12:00 – 17:00 Divide into two groups: some visit King’s Bowl Ice and others examine more

lava features17:00 – 19:00 Return to hotel19:30 – 21:00 Dinner with cash bar20:30 – 21:00 Dinner time presentation: Booming Ice Chasm, Chas Yonge21:00 – 21:30 Briefing in dinner room on Thursday’s field trip, Scott Earl21:30 – 22:00 Social time

Thursday, 21 August 201408:00 – 09:30 Drive to Crystal Falls Ice Cave09:30 – 11:30 Divide into two groups; one visits the upper cave and the other the lower cave11:00 – 12:00 Western barbeque style lunch12:30 – 14:30 Divide into two groups; visit the parts of the cave not seen in the morning14:30 – 17:00 Visit big crater17:00 – 19:00 Return to hotel19:30 – 21:00 Banquet with cash bar21:00 – 21:30 Briefing at banquet on Friday’s field trips, Andreas Pflitsch and George Veni21:30 – 22:00 Social time at banquet

Friday, 22 August 201407:00 – 09:00 Drive to optional field trips09:00 – 18:00 Optional field trips at Craters of the Moon National Monument and Fossil

Mountain Ice Cave

Bring your lunch, drinks, and snacks to be eaten in the field18:00 – 22:00 Return times to the hotel are approximate

Dinner on your own as decided by the group

Visitors peer into Indian Tunnel skylight at Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve. NPS Photo.


evenIng aCTIvITIesMonday evening:

Discussion of Proposal and Possible Organization of an International Ice Cave StudyThe last paper on Monday will discuss the need for increased international ice cave research due to climate change melting the ice in many of the world’s caves. George Veni will discuss the National Cave and Karst Research Institute’s efforts to conduct such a study, and desire to collaborate with more ice cave scientists for greater reach, funding, and effectiveness. It is hoped that this discussion will become the first meeting of a new team to intensively find and study ice caves sites, before more are lost.

Tuesday evening:

Glacier Caves: Mt. Hood’s Secret WorldThis 29-minute film, produced by Oregon Public Broadcast, documents the recent discovery, exploration, and documentation of the largest glacier cave system in the Continental US. Cave explorers Eddy Cartaya and Brent McGregor organized teams of scientists, surveyors, and local “Sherpas” to conduct two expedi-tions on the Sandy Glacier in 2012 and 2013 to gather a baseline of data including over 2.1 km of surveyed glacier cave passage. The documentary explores the unique methods of monitoring glacier recession from inside the glacier as opposed to the use of more traditional surface measurements. A short talk will be a lead in to the video to describe points of interest that the video doesn’t cover.

Introduction to King’s Bowl Area Field TripScott Earl will discuss what to bring and expect during the next day’s field trip.

Wednesday evening:

The Booming Ice ChasmChas Yonge will discuss The Booming Ice Chasm, a recently discovered ice cave in the Southern Canadian Rockies (see also Stable Isotope Composition Of Perennial Ice In Caves As An Aid To Characterizing Ice

Eddy Cartaya entering the moulin of Pure Imagination Cave on the Sandy Glacier. Photo by Brent McGregor.


Cave Types presented on Monday). While it has been mapped to almost 1 km in length, the cave is dom-inated by a spectacular, large sloping shaft of 140 m filled with perennial ice. The ice survives year-round due to a combination of winter accumulated snow and the trapping of cold air. Professional photography in the cave has resulted in its images going viral, attracting ice climbers and other types of users, thus presenting some management challenges. In addition, two other remote Canadian ice caves, which are currently under study will be discussed: The Ice Trap, Jasper National Park, a 3.5 km long cave with large passages and chambers in permafrost (-2oC) and the Ice Cave, Wood Buffalo National Park, a gypsum cave containing prominent layer-cake like ice, which may be old in glacial terms. A trip to this cave is planned before IWIC and new information may be presented.

Introduction to Crystal Falls Ice Cave Field TripScott Earl will discuss what to bring and expect during the next day’s field trip.

Thursday evening:

IWIC Banquet and Introduction to the Optional Field TripsA formal dinner will close the banquet with a presentation by Andreas Pflitsch on the next day’s optional field trips.

A cash bar will be available during these evening activities and for social mixing afterward.

fIeld TrIp desCrIpTIons King’s Bowl Area, Wednesday, 20 August.

Time between lunch and supper will be approximately 6 hours. Bringing snacks is recommended.7:00 Leave hotel9:00 Arrive at King’s Bowl Guided tour with everyone around and into King’s Bowl. Discuss geology, lava cave, and feature development11:00 Western-style barbeque lunch12:00 A small team of vertically competent cavers will enter the rift on rope at Dean’s Hole and go down approximately 90 m in multiple drops to the ice formations in King’s Bowl South Cave. A second small team of vertically competent cavers will enter the Crystal Ice Cave via a 13 m drop and travel through it and down another 10 m drop into Great Cavern. The rest of the group will hike on the surface along the rift to South Grotto and back, observing the lava flows and features.5:00 Start back to Idaho Falls7:00 Arrive at hotel and have supper

Crystal Falls Ice Cave, Thursday, 21 August

8:00 Leave hotel9:30 Arrive at Crystal Falls Ice Cave

King’s Bowl area. Photo by Ann and Peter Bosted.


Group splits into 2 equal size groups. Group ‘A’ will enter the upper cave, and Group ‘B’ the lower cave.11:30 Western-style barbeque lunch12:30 Groups trade places and visit the other entrance to view that part of the cave.2:30 Travel a short distance to big crater.5:00 Start back to Idaho Falls7:00 Arrive at hotel and have supper

Optional Field Trips:

Meals are not included with these trips. Breakfast at the hotel starts at 6 am. Everyone must bring their own lunch, drinks, and snacks for the trips. Dinner can be taken on your own or as a group à la carte at the hotel restaurant or at other restau-rants in town.

Below is information on the two trips. Except for the departure times, all times are approximate. Be pre-pared for the times to vary according to field conditions and the speed at which your group will travel.

Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve, Friday, 22 August

Craters of the Moon is a lava field covering more than 1,600 km2. It formed from eight volcanic periods dating from 15,000 to 2,000 years ago. During this trip we will hike through some of these lava fields, ob-serving many lava features as we focus on visiting several caves.

We will first visit Snow Cone, where we will look down (not enter) the 30-m deep pit in the throat of a spatter cone that opens into a magma chamber. Ice and rocks block much of the pit at a depth of about 10m, and an ice cone fills part of the chamber below.

Next we will hike a loop of about 2.6 km and visit Buffalo Caves along the way. Although called “caves” for its multiple entrances through a collapse in the lava, this is a single cave about 370 m in total length.

Our next stop will also include about 2.6 km of roundtrip hiking over lava to visit four caves. Beauty Cave has three entrances and about 290 m of passages. Boy Scout Cave is a single, shorter passage, divided by a collapse. Indian Tunnel is the longest cave at 665 m with six collapse-formed entrances. Dew Drop Cave is a small chamber, nearly all of which can be seen from the entrance. All of the caves are generally less than about 12 m deep.

One of the purposes of this trip will be to discuss ideas on ice development that may be unique or enhanced in volcanic caves.

Only basic caving equipment is needed: a helmet, pack, boots, and three sources of light. Bring your cam-eras and flashes. Some of the caves have small sections that you can optionally visit. If you think you may wish to crawl into them, bring elbow and knee pads.07:00 Leave hotel09:00 Arrive at Craters of the Moon. Visit Snow Cone and hike through the Broken Top Lava Flow to visit Buffalo Caves

Ice crystal in a lava tube located in El Malpais National Monument, New Mexico. The crystal is about 28mm wide. Photo by Kenneth Ingham.


11:00 Lunch12:00 Visit Beauty Cave, Boy Scout Cave, Indian Tunnel, and Dew Drop Cave17:00 Start the drive back to Idaho Falls19:00 Arrive at the hotel

Fossil Mountain Ice Cave, Friday, 22 August

Fossil Mountain Ice Cave, located in the Teton Mountains, is a world-class alpine ice cave in limestone. It requires a 160 km drive to the trailhead, then a nice hike of about 1.5 to 2 hours up to 2,800 m elevation. The last part up the talus slope is very strenuous. The cave has about 5 km of passage, with a trip between entrances requiring 2.4 km of travel underground. The distance between the two entrances on the surface is 1.6 km.

The ice is in the upper entrance. The first part of the cave is easy to visit with nice features, ice crystals on the walls, and an ice river. The second part of the ice section requires vertical equipment to drop down about 15 m. The group may split up, with some doing the upper ice cave, some the lower limestone cave, and a few very tough people may want to do a through-trip of about 8 hours to the lower entrance past seven vertical drops on rope.

Helmets, three sources of light, and other appropriate caving and cold-weather equipment is nec-essary for the cave. Crampons are needed for the ice part of the cave. Trip participants who registered in advance were notified to bring their own crampons or reserve a set with the trip leaders. Extra crampons may or may not be available for anyone who registers during IWIC or soon before. Additionally, if you are interested in doing the through-trip, you must bring your own ver-tical equipment.

07:00 Leave hotel09:00 Arrive at trail head to the cave entrance Guided tour with everyone to the cave entrance. If possible, visit the lower entrance of the cave system (Wind Cave)11:00 Arrive at the upper entrance; short break11:30 Visit the cave in small groups. Because we cannot know the conditions in the cave at the time of this writing, we will give more detailed information during the presentation on Thursday evening15:00 Start the hike back to the van (participants on the through-trip will exit the cave much later)17:00 Start the drive back to Idaho Falls19:00 Arrive at hotel

Fossil Mountain Ice Cave. Photo by Dave Bunnell.


National White-Nose Syn-drome Decontamination Protocol The fungus Geomyces destructans is the cause of white-nose syndrome (WNS), a disease that has devastated populations of hibernating bats in eastern North America. Since its dis-covery in New York in 2007, WNS has spread rapidly through northeastern, mid-Atlantic, and Midwest states and eastern Canada. It continues to threaten bat populations across the continent. For the protection of bats and their habitats, com-ply with all current cave and mine closures, advisories, and regulations on the federal, state, tribal, and private lands you plan to visit. In the absence of cave and mine closure policy, or when planned activities involve close/direct contact with bats, their environments, and/or associated materials, the following decontamination procedures should be implement-ed to reduce the risk of transmission of the fungus to other bats and/or habitats. For the purposes of clarification, the use of the word “decontamination,” or any similar root, in this document entails both the 1) cleaning and 2) treatment to disinfect exposed materials.

Under no circumstances should clothing, footwear, or equip-ment that was used in a confirmed or suspect WNS-affected state or region be used in a WNS-unaffected state or region. Some state/federal regulatory or land management agencies have supplemental documents that provide additional re-quirements or exemptions on lands under their jurisdiction.

I. Treatments to Reduce Risk of Transferring Geomyces Destructans:The most universally available option for treatment of sub-mersible gear is submersion in hot water: Effective at sus-tained temperatures ≥50ºC (122ºF) for 20 minutes.Secondary or non-submersible treatment options (for a mini-mum of 10 min.) include use of commercial products such as Chlorox or Lysol. See www.whitenosesyndrome.org/topics/decontamination for procedures and further information.

II. Plan Ahead and Cave Clean:Dedicate your Gear. Many types of rope and webbing have not been thoroughly tested for integrity after decontamina-tion. Dedicate your gear to a single cave/mine or don’t enter caves/mines that require this gear.Bag it Up. Bring bags on all of your trips. All gear not decon-taminated on site should be isolated (quarantined) in a sealed plastic bag/s or container/s to be cleaned and disinfected off-site.

Before Each Cave/Mine or Site Visit:• Determine G.d./WNS status of the state/county(s) where

your gear was previously used.• Determine G.d./WNS status of state/county(s) to be

visited.• Determine whether your gear is permitted for your cave/

mine visit or bat related activity, as defined by the cur-rent WNS case definitions.

• Choose gear that can be most effectively decontaminated [i.e., rubber wellington type (which can be treated with hot water and/or secondary treatment options in section I.) vs. leather boots] or dedicated to a specific location. Remember, under no circumstances should any gear that was used in a WNS-affected state or region be used in a WNS-unaffected state or region. Brand new gear can be used at any location where access is otherwise permitted.

• Determine if any state/federal regulatory or land man-agement agency addendum or supplemental document1 provides additional requirements or exemptions on lands under its jurisdiction that supplement the final instruc-tion identified in the flowchart below.

• Prepare a “Clean Caving” strategy (i.e., how and where all gear and waste materials will be stored, treated and/or disposed after returning to your vehicle and base area) for your particular circumstances that provides for clean-ing and treatment of gear on a daily basis unless instruct-ed above to do so more frequently throughout the day.

• When visiting multiple caves/mines or bat research sites on the same day, clean and treat all gear between each cave/mine/site, unless otherwise directed in an agency/landowner addendum. It is recommended that known confirmed or suspect caves/mines be visited only after those sites of unknown G.d. status have been visited, to further reduce the risk of inadvertent transmission.

After Each Cave/Mine or Site Visit:• Thoroughly scrub and remove sediment/dirt from

clothing, footwear, and other gear immediately upon emerging from the cave/mine or bat research site. Avoid contamination of vehicles; store exposed gear separately from unexposed gear.

• Once fully scrubbed and rinsed of all soil and organ-ic material, clothing, footwear, and any appropriate gear should be sealed, bagged in a plastic container and once at home, machine or hand-washed/cleaned using a conventional cleanser like Woolite® detergent or Dawn® antibacterial dish soap in water (the use of Dawn® antibacterial dish soap is not intended for use in conventional washing machines.) Once cleaned, rinse gear thoroughly in water. Clean/treat gear used in a suspect or confirmed state prior to transport when traveling back to or through a state without known cases of G.d./WNS. Use the treatments listed under Applica-tions/Products on page 1 for a minimum of 10 (prod-ucts) or 20 (hot water) minutes.

This material is a condensed version of the National White-Nose Syndrome Decontamination Protocol, Version 06.25.2012. For the complete document visit www.whitenosesyndrome.org.


Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve Area map


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Rocks

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Alignment references for

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Survey indicates

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1 = Gypsum/Thenardite


3 = Gypsum

4 = Gypsum

5 = Thenardite


7 = Thenardite/Gypsum

8 = Thenardite


10 = Thenardite

1

Snow Cone Spatter ConeCraters of the Moon National Monument

Surveyed 9/24/94 through 11/20/94Total Length 398.9' Total Depth 119.4'

Surveyed by:

Copyright 1994 Idaho Cave Survey

Scale: Feet

0 25 50

Jeff BaldwinApril EarlScott Earl

Eirik FowlerChris JensenDean Killian

Scott NelsonScott Ryan

17°

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Driving Directions from Hotel on the Falls to Fossil Mountain Ice Cave

NOTES:

1) Turn south on River Parkway.

2) Turn left onto W Broadway St.0.4 mi

3) Turn left onto Yellowstone Ave (US-26 E/US-91 N). Continue to follow US-26 E.43.3 mi

4) Turn left onto State Highway 31 (ID-31).21.0 mi

5) Turn left onto N Main St (ID-33). 5.3 mi

6) Turn right onto W 300 S. W 300 S becomes Darby Canyon Rd.2.7 mi

7) Stay to the right at the first T, then left.Continue for about 4 miles to the trailhead and park.

Follow the hiking trail for a little over 2.5 miles, up 1,800 feet elevation. The lower cave entrance is located at an elevation of 8,940 feet above sea level. The upper entrance is a mile further up the canyon at about 9,200 feet elevation.


Geologic Description of the King’s Bowl AreaExcerpted, with updates by Scott Earl, from James L. Papadakis, Southern Half of the Great Rift, Idaho; in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Vulcanospeleology and its Extraterrestrial Applications, William R. Halliday (editor), 1976, Western Speleological Survey.

The Great Rift is located in southeastern Idaho on the 20,000 square mile Snake River Plain. It consists of a zone of fissures from which volcanic products have erupted. Its northern end is in the Pioneer Mountains, north of Craters of the Moon National Monument. It cuts across the monument from northwest to southeast, then curves southward and ends south of the Crystal Ice Cave area where its trend is about north 10° west. The Crystal Ice Cave Field segment of the rift is about 3 1/2 miles long and covers an area of about 1 1/2 square miles.

Just south of this is the Wapi Field, which has an area of about 160 square miles. Although not proven, it is sus-pected that the Great Rift was the source of lava for the Wapi Field. Apparently all of its lava came from Pillar Butte, which is perforated with craters and small vents. The Wapi is relatively unknown but is a young volcano very similar to hundreds of some-what older volcanoes on the Snake River Plain. Many lava channels and tubes radiate from Pillar Butte. Some can be followed for more than a mile. Away from Pillar Butte, most of the rest of the Wapi Field looks as if it was the product of a single eruption.

The series of volcanic events leading to the origin of caves within the Great Rift at the Crystal Ice Cave Lava Field is complex. The dominant structure here is a ma-jor fissure from which flowed two sequences of lava (the King’s Bowl Rift). When this rift first opened, surface soils either cracked, forming two vertical faces, or caved off into the rift. Along an excavated trail, the soil zone is at least nine feet thick; caving into the rift occurred at this particular location. Ash blown by a west wind was deposited in stratified layers on the east side of the rift before the first eruption.

Reddish soil is sandwiched between the older lava below and young rift flows above. Lateral baking of the soil ex-tends about 12 feet from the King’s Bowl Rift. Vertical baking extends only about three inches below the lava. In unbaked soil, sagebrush roots have yielded a radiocar-bon date of 2,130 plus or minus 130 B.P.

Secondary fissures opened parallel to and about 1,500 feet distant from the main (King’s Bowl) rift during the eruptions. These erupted no lava, and lava from the main rift flowed into them.

After initial flows, draining of lava occurred along the King’s Bowl Rift to a point below the water table. Steam explosions resulted, followed by a spatter phase. A row of spatter cones called the Kilns formed at the extreme south end of the field.

A second period of lava flows followed. Numerous mi-nor vents became plugged and this rift began to devel-op specific centers of eruption. The South Grotto spatter cone is the largest on the Crystal Ice Cave Field. Lava channels formed when lava drained back into the rift for the second time. Especially fine examples are located about 1,000 feet south of the King’s Bowl. In other areas, the lava crust over the rift subsided as draining occurred.

Subsequently a major steam eruption occurred. In the King’s Bowl area where vents were numerous, much of the lava capping was ripped off the previously capped portions of the rift. The King’s Bowl explosion pit was the center of greatest violence. Lava drained to unknown depths below the water table, leaving the rift momentar-ily empty. Flooding ground water then resulted in steam explosions. A well drilled near the King’s Bowl has en-countered the present water table at a depth of 775 feet.

Fine ejecta was swept eastward by a west wind, obscur-ing the east edge of the lava field immediately down wind from the King’s Bowl. Nearby are small mounds, which are believed to be rootless vents, and erupted lava, which flowed under the surface crust of flows from the King’s Bowl vent. This surface originally was level with or high-er than the tops of these rootless vents. Evidently much lava flowed out from these vents, enlarging the field, but great quantities must have drained back into the rift. The present surface slopes toward the rift and King’s Bowl.

To view part of the King’s Bowl Rift underground, vis-itors walk on a trail blasted out of solid rock. Exposed on the walls of the rift are vertical layers, called selvages. These were coated on the walls of the rift by chilling of the molten lava. Each layer represents one eruption fol-lowed by a draining of lava. In the vicinity of the King’s Bowl, the rift is about six feet wide.

Crystal Ice Cave was a commercialized segment of the rift. It once had a continuous ice floor that was 370 feet long. Most of the ice formations have melted due to changes in airflow and other unknown factors (editor).

Another cave (Great Cavern) south of Crystal Ice Cave and north of the King’s Bowl contains a room 500 feet long, 40 feet wide, and 70 feet high. We know of no oth-er cavern chamber approaching such dimensions [in the area].


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Program Schedule at a Glance

National Cave and Karst Research Institute400-1 Cascades AvenueCarlsbad, New Mexico88220, USAwww.nckri.org

program guide: 6th international workshop on ice caves

Documents