programmer’s reference guide - fuze introduction this reference guide aims to provide a...

©FUZE Technologies Ltd

Programmer’s Reference Guide

https://www.fuze.co.uk

2

FUZE BASIC

Programmer’sReference Guide

Introduction

Immediate Mode Commands

Functions, Constants & Procedures

Joystick and Gamepad commands

Keycodes (scanKeyboard)

Notes & Octaves for Sound command

For new commands, features and projects visit;

www.fuze.co.uk

Published in the United Kingdom ©2016 - 2016 FUZE Technologies Ltd. FUZE, FUZE BASIC,FUZE logos, designs, documentation and associated materials are Copyright FUZE Technologies Ltd.No part of this document may be copied, reproduced and or distributed without written consent fromFUZE Technologies Ltd. All rights reserved.

With many thanks and a great deal of respect to Gordon Henderson for his work on RTB where FUZE BASIC originated.

FUZE BASIC is developed by FUZE Technologies Ltd in the UK. The team consists of;

Jon Silvera - Project managerLuke Mulcahy - Lead programmerDavid Silvera - FUZE Product managerColin Bodley - DocumentationAdditional information – www.fuze.co.uk

Manual Version: Date: 17th June 2016 FUZE BASIC Version: 3.5

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3

IntroductionThis reference guide aims to provide a comprehensive anddetailed explanation of every command in the FUZE BASIClibrary.

It is an evolving document because FUZE BASIC is constantlybeing updated and improved. To download the latest versionplease visit the resources section on the www.fuze.co.ukwebsite.

FUZE BASIC is currently available for Microsoft Windows®,Raspberry Pi, The FUZE and Linux. We hope to add Android inthe coming months and possibly Mac OSx & iOS versions too.

Listed alongside each command is a series of operating systemicons highlighted to show which OS the command iscompatible with. For example;

ANALOGREAD

The direct analog commands require the FUZE IO Boardbecause it has a built in analog chip whereas the Raspberry Pidoes not have one as standard.

SENSEPLOT

..because this command will work on a standalone Pi and aFUZE with a senseHAT connected.

Installing FUZE BASICFor details on installing and getting started we highlyrecommend you begin with the FUZE BASIC Project Workbookwhich can be downloaded for free from the FUZE website.

The website also has many other tutorials, examples andprojects. You are encouraged to contribute more to help fellowcoding students.

Introduction

displays

displays

Here at FUZE we’re constantly adding new commands andfeatures so it is worth checking the resource pages on the FUZEwebsite for new versions from time to time.

CommunityWe really hope you enjoy using FUZE BASIC as much as we do.While it is intended as a language to learn coding with ratherthan one you would expect to use in a professional environment,it is unquestionably very powerful and flexible. As such it makesan ideal steppingstone between visual coding platforms likeScratch and more complex professional languages like C++, Java,PHP and so on.

If you find yourself becoming quite proficient at FUZE BASIC thenwhy not show off er.. share your work on the FUZE website. Atthe very least you’ll be helping others to progress.

Many thanks from teamFUZE

www.fuze.co.uk


4

Immediate mode Commands455667778899

10101111

CLEARCLSCONTCONTINUEDIREDITEXITL ISTL ISTGAMEPADSLOADNEWRUNSAVETROFFTRONVERSION

CLEARPurposeClear variable memory.

SyntaxCLEAR

DescriptionClears all variables and deletes all arrays. It also removesany active sprites from the screen. Stopped programs maynot be continued after a CLEAR command.

ExampleREM Immediate ModeVARIABLE=10PRINT VARIABLECLEARREM Unassigned variable error!PRINT VARIABLE

AssociatedNEW

5

CLSPurposeClear the video display screen.

SyntaxCLS

DescriptionClears the video display screen and places the cursor inthe top left corner. The background is set to the currentbackground (PAPER) colour.

ExamplePAPER=WHITEINK=BLACKCLSPRINT "Hello World"END

AssociatedCLS2, INK, PAPER, UPDATE

Immediate mode Commands

CONTPurposeContinue running a program that has been stopped.

SyntaxCONT

DescriptionContinues program execution after a STOP instruction.Variables are not cleared.

ExampleREM Immediate modeCONT

AssociatedSTOP

6

CONTINUEPurposeContinue a loop.

SyntaxCONTINUE

DescriptionWill cause the loop to re-start at the line containing theLOOP instruction, continuing a FOR instruction and re-evaluating any WHILE or UNTIL instructions.

ExampleREM Prints 1 to 10 but skips over 5FOR I=1 to 10 LOOP

IF (I=5) THEN CONTINUEPRINT I

REPEATEND

AssociatedBREAK, LOOP, LOOP REPEAT, FOR REPEAT, REPEATUNTIL, UNTIL REPEAT, WHILE REPEAT


DIRPurposeList FUZE BASIC program files in the current or specifieddirectory.

SyntaxDIR [directory]

DescriptionLists the program files in your current working directory orthe optional specified directory. These will have the .fuzefile extension.

ExampleREM Immediate ModeDIR

AssociatedLOAD, SAVE

7

EDITPurposeEdit the program in memory.

SyntaxEDIT

DescriptionEdits the program in memory using a full screen editor.

ExampleREM Immediate modeEDIT

EXITPurposeExit FUZE BASIC and return to the environment.

SyntaxEXIT

DescriptionExit FUZE BASIC and return to the environment you started itin.

ExampleREM Immediate modeEXIT


LISTPurposeList the program stored in memory to the screen.

SyntaxLIST

DescriptionThis lists the program stored in memory to the screen.You can pause the listing with the space-bar andterminate it with the escape key.

ExampleREM Immediate ModeLIST

8

LISTGAMEPADSPurposeTo display any connected joysticks and gamepads.

SyntaxLISTGAMEPADS

DescriptionThis lists, by name, any attached joystick devices thatare currently connected via USB or wireless USB, ifsupported by the OS.

ExampleREM Immediate ModeLISTGAMEPADS

LOADPurposeLoad a program into memory.

SyntaxLOAD filename$

DescriptionLoads in a program from the local non-volatile storage. Aswith SAVE, you need to supply the filename without anyquotes. Do not include the .fuze file extension. Note, ifyour filename has spaces then you must enter it withinquoatation marks. LOAD "my game" for example.

ExampleREM Immediate ModeLOAD demos/ballRUN

AssociatedSAVE


9

NEWPurposeStart a new program

SyntaxNEW

DescriptionDeletes the program in memory. There is no verificationand once it’s gone, it’s gone. Remember to save first!

ExampleREM Immediate ModeNEWREM List will now be emptyLIST

AssociatedCLEAR

RUNPurposeRuns the program in memory.

SyntaxRUN

DescriptionRuns the program in memory. Note that using RUN willclear all variables.

ExampleREM Immediate ModeRUN


10

SAVEPurposeSaves your program to the local non-volatile storage.

SyntaxSAVE filename$

DescriptionSaves your program to the local non-volatile storage. Thefilename$ is the name of the file you wish to save andmay not contain spaces. If you have already saved a file,then you can subsequently execute SAVE without thefilename and it will overwrite the last file saved. (This isreset when you load a new program or use the NEWcommand)

ExampleREM Immediate ModeSAVE testprog

AssociatedLOAD


TROFFPurposeDisables TRON

SyntaxTROFF

DescriptionIf TRON is enabled then TROFF switches it off.

ExampleREM Immediate ModeTROFF

AssociatedTRON

11

TRONPurposeEnables TRON mode for debugging.

SyntaxTRON

DescriptionSwitching TRON on has a very dramatic effect. Running yourprogram when TRON is enabled displays a section of code onscreen to show exactly which line is being executed.

You can adjust TRON settings with the following controls;

CTRL+ UP / DOWN to change speedCTRL+ LEFT to Pause (hold down)CTRL+ LEFT + RIGHT to stepCTRL+ RIGHT toggle transparentCTRL+ SHIFT + UP toggle TRON displayCTRL+ PAGEUP increase number of lines displayedCTRL+ PAGEDOWN decrease number of lines displayedCTRL+ SHIFT + PAGEUP move TRON display upCTRL+ SHIFT + PAGEDOWN move TRON display down

ExampleREM Immediate ModeTROFF

AssociatedTRON

VERSIONPurposePrint the current version of FUZE BASIC.

SyntaxVERSION

DescriptionPrint the current version of FUZE BASIC.

ExampleREM Immediate ModeVERSION


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Functions, Constants & ProceduresABSACOSADVANCESPRITEANALOGREADANALOGWRITEARMBODYARMELBOWARMGRIPPERARMLIGHTARMRESETARMSHOULDERARMWRISTASCASINATANBREAKCHR$CIRCLECLEARKEYBOARDCLOCKCLONESPRITECLOSECLSCLS2COLOURCOPYREGIONCOS

LOOPLOOP REPEATDATADATE$DEF FNDEF PROCDEFCHARDEGDIGITALREADDIGITALWRITEDIMDRCANALOGREADDRCCLOSEDRCDIGITALREADDRCDIGITALWRITEDRCOPENDRCPINMODEDRCPWMWRITEELLIPSEELSEENDENDIFENDPROCENVELOPEEOFEXPFADEOFF

FADEONFADINGFALSEFFWDFNFONTSIZEFOR REPEATFREEIMAGEFULLSCREENGETGET$GETIMAGEHGETIMAGEWGETMOUSEGETPIXELGETPIXELRGBGETSPRITEANGLEGETSPRITEHGETSPRITEWGETSPRITEXGETSPRITEYGHEIGHTGRABREGIONGWIDTHHIDESPRITEHLINEHTABHVTABIF THEN

INKINKEYINPUTINPUT#INTLEFTLEFT$LENLINELINETOLOADIMAGELOADMUSICLOADSAMPLELOADSPRITELOCALLOGMAXMID$MINMOUSEOFFMOUSEONMOUSEXMOUSEYMOVEMOVETONEWSPRITENUMFORMATOPENORIGIN

141415151616171718181919202021212222232324242525262728

282929303131323233333435353636373738383939404041424243

4344444545464647474848494950505151525253535454555556565757

5858595960606161626263636464656566666767686869697070717272

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SENSEHUMIDITYSENSELINESENSEPLOTSENSEPRESSURESENSERECTSENSERGBCOLOURSENSESCROLLSENSETEMPERATURESENSEVFLIPSETCHANVOLSETMODESETMOUSESETMUSICVOLSETSPRITEALPHASETSPRITEANGLESETSPRITEFLIPSETSPRITEORIGINSETSPRITESIZESETSPRITETRANSSGETSGET$SGNSHOWKEYSSINSOFTPWMWRITESOPENSOUNDSPACE$SPRITECOLLIDESPRITECOLLIDEPP

REWINDRGBCOLOURRIGHTRIGHT$ROTATEIMAGERNDSAVEREGIONSAVESCREENSCALEIMAGESCANKEYBOARDSCLOSESCROLLDOWNSCROLLLEFTSCROLLRIGHTSCROLLUPSEEDSEEKSENSEACCELXSENSEACCELYSENSEACCELZSENSECLSSENSECOMPASSXSENSECOMPASSYSENSECOMPASSZSENSEGETRGBSENSEGYROXSENSEGYROYSENSEGYROZSENSEHEIGHTSENSEHFLIP

PAPERPAPEROFFPAPERONPAUSECHANPAUSEMUSICPENDOWNPENUPPIPINMODEPLAYMUSICPLAYSAMPLEPLOTPLOTIMAGEPLOTSPRITEPOLYENDPOLYPLOTPOLYSTARTPLOTTEXTPRINTPRINT#PRINTATPROCPWMWRITERADREADRECTREPEAT UNTILRESTORERESUMECHANRESUMEMUSIC

SPRITEOUTSPUTSPUT$SQRTSREADYSTOPSTOPCHANSTOPMUSICSTR$SWAPSWITCHTANTANGLETHEIGHTTIMETIME$TONETRIANGLETRUETWIDTHUPDATEMODEUNTIL REPEATUPDATEVALVLINEVTABWAITWHILE REPEAT

737374747575767677777878797980808181828283838484858586868787

888889899090919292939394949494959596969696979797979898989899

99100100101101102102103103104104105105106106107107108108109110110111111112112113113114115

116116117117118118119119120120121122122123123124124125125126126127127128128129129130

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ABSPurposeReturn the absolute value of the argument.

Syntaxpositivenumber=ABS(number)

DescriptionReturns the absolute value of the supplied argumentnumber i.e. If the argument is negative, make it positive.

ExamplePRINT FN ElapsedYears(1966,2013)PRINT FN ElapsedYears(2013,1966)ENDREM Return Number of years elapsedREM Between two datesDEF FN ElapsedYears(Year1, Year2)=ABS(Year1-Year2)

AssociatedSGN

ACOSPurposeReturns the arc cosine of the supplied argument.

Syntaxangle=ACOS(cosine)

DescriptionThis is the inverse of the COS function returning the anglefor a given cosine.

ExamplePRINT "Angle with cosine = 0.5: "DEGREM 60 DegreesPRINT "In Degrees: ";ACOS(0.5)RADREM PI/3 RadiansPRINT "In Radians: "; ACOS(0.5)CLOCKPRINT "In Minutes: "; ACOS(0.5)END

AssociatedATAN, COS, SIN, TAN


15

ADVANCESPRITEPurposeAdvances a sprite a specified amount

SyntaxADVANCESPRITE( sprite, distance )

DescriptionMoves a sprite forward by the specified distance. Thedirection is set by the SETSPRITEANGLE function. This isvery useful when used with rotating sprites.

Examplepic = NEWSPRITE( 1 )LOADSPRITE("logo.bmp", pic,0)PLOTSPRITE( pic, gWidth / 2, gHeight / 2, 0 )FOR angle = 0 TO 360 LOOPSETSPRITEANGLE( pic, angle )ADVANCESPRITE( pic, 5 )UPDATEREPEATEND

AssociatedPLOTSPRITE, SETSPRITEANGLE

ANALOGREADPurposeReturns the value from an analog input.

SyntaxANALOGREAD(0)

Description

Returns the a value of between 0 and 255 (0V & 3.3V) fromthe specified analog pin. There are four inputs, 0 to 3.

ExampleREM Attach an LDR to 3.3V and analog pin 0PRINT analogRead(0)REM cover the LDR and run again.END

AssociatedANALOGREAD, ANALOGWRITE


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ARMBODYPurposeMove the robot arm body.

SyntaxARMBODY(direction)

DescriptionActivates the motor in the base of the robot armaccording to the direction argument as follows:1 Move clockwise0 Stop-1 Move anti-clockwise.

ExampleREM Move the body for 2 seconds clockwiseARMBODY(1)WAIT(2)ARMBODY(0)END

AssociatedARMELBOW, ARMGRIPPER, ARMLIGHT, ARMRESET,ARMSHOULDER, ARMWRIST

ANALOGWRITEPurposeSends a value to the analog output.

SyntaxANALOGWRITE(0,value)

Description

Sends a voltage between 0V and 3.3V (as a value of 0 to255) to analog pin 0. There is one analog output.

ExampleREM Attach an LED to analog OUT pin 0 (thelonger leg) and the shorter leg to GNDLOOPFOR volt= 0 TO 255 LOOPanalogWrite(0,volt)REPEATREPEATEND

AssociatedANALOGREAD, ANALOGWRITE


17

ARMELBOWPurposeMove the robot arm elbow.

SyntaxARMELBOW(direction)

DescriptionActivates the motor in the elbow of the robot armaccording to the direction argument as follows:1 Move clockwise0 Stop-1 Move anti-clockwise.

ExampleREM Move the elbow for 1s anti-clockwiseARMELBOW(-1)WAIT(1)ARMELBOW(0)END

AssociatedARMBODY, ARMGRIPPER, ARMLIGHT, ARMRESET,ARMSHOULDER, ARMWRIST

ARMGRIPPERPurposeOpen or close the robot arm gripper.

SyntaxARMGRIPPER(direction)

DescriptionActivates the motor in the gripper of the robot armaccording to the direction argument as follows:1 Open gripper0 Stop-1 Close gripper

ExampleREM Open the gripper for 1 secondsARMGRIPPER(1)WAIT(1)ARMGRIPPER(0)END

AssociatedARMBODY, ARMELBOW, ARMLIGHT, ARMRESET,ARMSHOULDER, ARMWRIST


18

ARMLIGHTPurposeSwitch the robot's LED on or off.

SyntaxARMLIGHT(switch)

DescriptionIf the switch argument is 1 then the LED is illuminated andif it is 0 it is switched off.

ExampleREM Flash the LED with 1 second intervalLOOP

ARMLIGHT(1)WAIT(1)ARMLIGHT(0)WAIT(1)

REPEAT

AssociatedARMBODY, ARMELBOW, ARMGRIPPER, ARMRESET,ARMSHOULDER, ARMWRIST

ARMRESETPurposeReset the robot arm.

SyntaxARMRESET

DescriptionStops any moving motors on the robot arm and switchesoff the LED.

ExampleARMLIGHT(1)ARMELBOW(1)WAIT(2)ARMRESETEND

AssociatedARMBODY, ARMELBOW, ARMGRIPPER, ARMLIGHT,ARMSHOULDER, ARMWRIST


19

ARMSHOULDERPurposeMove the robot arm shoulder.

SyntaxARMSHOULDER(direction)

DescriptionActivates the motor in the shoulder of the robot armaccording to the direction argument as follows:1 Move clockwise0 Stop-1 Move anti-clockwise.

ExampleREM Move shoulder for 1s clockwise & backARMSHOULDER(1)WAIT(1)ARMSHOULDER(-1)WAIT(1)ARMSHOULDER(0)END

AssociatedARMBODY, ARMELBOW, ARMGRIPPER, ARMLIGHT,ARMRESET, ARMWRIST

ARMWRISTPurposeMove the robot arm wrist.

SyntaxARMWRIST(direction)

DescriptionActivates the motor in the wrist of the robot armaccording to the direction argument as follows:1 Move clockwise0 Stop-1 Move anti-clockwise.

ExampleREM Move wrist for 1s clockwise & backARMWRIST(1)WAIT(1)ARMWRIST(-1)WAIT(1)ARMWRIST(0)END

AssociatedARMBODY, ARMELBOW, ARMGRIPPER, ARMLIGHT,ARMRESET, ARMSHOULDER


20

ASCPurposeReturn the ASCII code for a string character.

Syntaxasciicode=ASC(string$)

DescriptionReturns the ASCII value represented by the first characterof string$ e.g. "A" would return 65. It is the opposite ofthe CHR$ function.

Examplecode=ASC("A")PRINT "ASCII value of letter A is: "; codePRINT "ASCII char of code 65: "; CHR$(code)END

AssociatedCHR$

ASINPurposeReturns the arc sine of the supplied argument.

Syntaxangle = ASIN(sine)

DescriptionThis is the inverse of the SIN function returning the anglefor a given sine.

ExamplePRINT "Angle with sine = 0.5: "DEGREM 30 DegreesPRINT "In Degrees: ";ASIN(0.5)RADREM PI/6 RadiansPRINT "In Radians: ";ASIN(0.5)CLOCKPRINT "In Minutes: ";ASIN(0.5)END

AssociatedACOS, ATAN, COS, SIN, TAN


21

ATANPurposeReturns the arc tangent of the supplied argument.

Syntaxangle=ATN(tangent)

DescriptionThis is the inverse of the TAN function returning the anglefor a given tangent.

ExamplePRINT "Angle with tangent equal to 1: "DEGREM 45 DegreesPRINT "In Degrees: ";ATAN(1)RADREM PI/4 RadiansPRINT "In Radians: ";ATAN(1)CLOCKPRINT "In Minutes: ";ATAN(1)END

AssociatedACOS, ASIN, COS, SIN, TAN

BREAKPurposeProvide an early exit from a loop.

SyntaxBREAK

DescriptionTerminates a loop before the terminating condition ismet.

ExampleREM Loop until the space bar is pressedPRINT "Press the space bar to continue"LOOP

IF INKEY=32 THEN BREAKREPEATEND

AssociatedCONTINUE, LOOP, LOOP REPEAT, FOR REPEAT, REPEATUNTIL, UNTIL REPEAT, WHILE REPEAT


22

CHR$PurposeReturns the string character for the specified ASCII code.

Syntaxcharacter$=CHR$(asciicode)

DescriptionReturns a one-character string consisting of the charactercorresponding to the ASCII code indicated by the asciicodeargument. This is the opposite of the ASC function.

ExamplePRINT "The following print the letter A"PRINT CHR$(65)PRINT CHR$(ASC("A"))PRINT "The following print the number 3"PRINT CHR$(51)PRINT CHR$(ASC("0") + 3)END

AssociatedASC

CIRCLEPurposeDraw a circle on the screen.

SyntaxCIRCLE(centrex,centrey,radius,fill)

DescriptionDraws a circle at position (centrex,centrey) with thespecified radius in the current foreground COLOUR. Thefinal parameter fill is either TRUE or FALSE, and specifiesfilled (TRUE) or outline (FALSE).

ExampleCLSPRINT "Draw a filled yellow circle ";PRINT "In the centre of the screen"COLOUR=yellowCIRCLE(GWIDTH/2,GHEIGHT/2,100,TRUE)UPDATEEND

AssociatedELLIPSE, RECT, TRIANGLE


23

CLEARKEYBOARDPurposeClear all pending keyboard input.

SyntaxCLEARKEYBOARD

DescriptionClears the keyboard input buffer.

ExamplePRINT "Press space to continue"WHILE NOT SCANKEYBOARD(scanSpace) LOOPREPEATCLEARKEYBOARDEND

AssociatedSCANKEYBOARD

CLOCKPurposeSet angle units to minutes.

SyntaxCLOCK

DescriptionSwitches the internal angle system to clock mode. Thereare 60 minutes in a full circle.

ExamplePRINT "ATAN(1) = "DEGPRINT ATAN(1); " Degrees"CLOCKPRINT ATAN(1); " Minutes"RADPRINT ATAN(1); " Radians"END

AssociatedDEG, RAD


24

CLOSEPurposeClose a file after use.

SyntaxCLOSE(handle)

DescriptionThe CLOSE instruction closes the file specified by handleafter use and makes sure all data is securely written to thestorage medium.

Examplehandle = OPEN("testfile.txt")PRINT# handle, "Colin"CLOSE(handle)handle = OPEN("testfile.txt")INPUT# handle, Name$CLOSE(handle)PRINT "Name: " + Name$END

AssociatedEOF, FFWD, INPUT#, OPEN, PRINT#, REWIND, SEEK


CLONESPRITEPurposeCreate a new sprite from an existing one.

SyntaxCLONESPRITE ( sprite handle )

DescriptionCopies a sprite and its settings from an existing one(sprite handle) into a new one.

Example

sprite = newSprite (1)loadSprite (“ballBlue.png”, sprite, 0)sprite2 = cloneSprite (sprite)LOOP PlotSprite (sprite, 100, 100, 0) PlotSprite (sprite2, 200, 200, 0)REPEAT

AssociatednewSprite, loadSprite

25

CLS2PurposeClear screen without an update.

SyntaxCLS2

DescriptionIdeally suited to games and graphical programming. CLS2clears the background or buffer screen and does not issue anupdate command. This means you can wipe the screen buffer,redraw on it and then issue an update. This ensures flicker freeupdates. It is also much faster than CLS.

Exampley = GHEIGHT / 2radius = GWIDTH / 10FOR x = 0 TO GWIDTH STEP radius LOOPCLS

COLOUR = PINKCIRCLE (x, y, radius, 1)UPDATE

REPEATFOR x = GWIDTH TO 0 STEP -10 LOOP

CLS2COLOUR = YELLOWCIRCLE (x, y, radius, 1)UPDATE

REPEAT

AssociatedCLS, UPDATE

CLSPurposeClear screen.

SyntaxCLS

DescriptionCompletely clear the screen of text and graphics. Note, thisdoes not clear sprites from the screen.

ExamplePRINT “Hello World”WAIT (1)CLSEND

AssociatedCLS, UPDATE


26

COLOURPurposeSet/Read the current graphics plot colour.

SyntaxCOLOUR=setcolour

DescriptionSet/Read the current graphics plot colour as follows:

ExampleCLSFOR c=0 TO 29 LOOP

COLOUR=cCIRCLE(50,GHEIGHT-c*40-50,20,TRUE)COLOUR=WHITECIRCLE(50,GHEIGHT-c*40-50,20,FALSE)READ NameOfColour$HVTAB(5,c*2+2)PRINT NameOfColour$;" ";c

REPEATUPDATEDATA "Black", "DarkGrey", "Grey", "Silver"DATA "LightGrey", "White", "Maroon", "Red"DATA "Purple", "Raspberry", "Pink", "LightPink"DATA "DarkGreen", "Green", "BrightGreen", "Olive"DATA "Lime", "LightGreen", "Navy", "Blue", "Teal"DATA "Cyan", "Aqua", "LightBlue", "Brown"DATA "LightBrown", "Orange", "Gold", "Yellow"DATA "LightYellow"END

AssociatedINK, PAPER, RGBCOLOUR

0 Black1 DarkGrey2 Grey3 Silver4 LightGrey5 White6 Maroon7 Red8 Purple9 Raspberry

10 Pink11 LightPink12 DarkGreen13 Green14 BrightGreen15 Olive16 Lime17 LightGreen18 Navy19 Blue

20 Teal21 Cyan22 Aqua23 LightBlue24 Brown25 LightBrown26 Orange27 Gold28 Yellow29 LightYellow


27

COPYREGIONPurposeCopy a region of the screen from one location to another.

SyntaxCOPYREGION(oldx,oldy,width,height,newX,newY)

DescriptionThis enables you to duplicate the contents of a section ofthe screen from one place to another. This could be usedfor example to create a background for a game bydrawing an image and then duplicating it. The region to becopied is specified by the rectangle at coordinates(oldx,oldy) width pixels wide and height pixelshigh. The region is copied to coordinates (newx,newy)

ExampleREM Draws a Brick WallCOLOUR=REDRECT(0,0,50,50,TRUE)COLOUR=WHITELINE(0,50,50,50)LINE(0,25,50,25)LINE(0,25,0,50)LINE(50,25,50,50)LINE(25,0,25,25)LINE(0,0,50,0)FOR X=0 TO GWIDTH STEP 50 LOOP

FOR Y=0 TO GHEIGHT STEP 50 LOOPCOPYREGION(0,0,50,50,X,Y)

REPEATREPEATUPDATEEND

AssociatedGRABREGION


28

COSPurposeReturns the cosine of the given angle.

Syntaxcosine=COS(angle)

DescriptionReturns the cosine of the argument angle. This is the ratioof the side of a right angled triangle, that is adjacent tothe angle, to the hypotenuse (the longest side).

ExampleCLSPRINT "Draw ellipse in screen centre"DEGFOR Angle=0 TO 360 LOOP

Xpos=100*COS(Angle)+GWIDTH / 2Ypos=50*SIN(Angle)+GHEIGHT / 2PLOT(Xpos, Ypos)

REPEATEND

AssociatedACOS, ASIN, ATAN, SIN, TAN

LOOPPurposeDefines the start of a block of code to be repeated.

SyntaxLOOP

DescriptionMarks the start of a block of repeating code (called aloop). The number of times that the loop is executeddepends on the command used before LOOP or at theend of the loop.

ExampleREM See Associated commands below.

AssociatedBREAK, CONTINUE, LOOP REPEAT, FOR REPEAT, REPEATUNTIL, UNTIL REPEAT, WHILE REPEAT


29

LOOP REPEATPurposeCreate an infinite loop.

SyntaxLOOP

{statements}REPEAT

DescriptionExecute the statements again and again forever.The BREAK command can be used to terminate the loopor control can be explicitly transferred to somewhereoutside of the loop by commands like GOTO (notrecommended).Pressing the Esc key will also interrupt the loop (andprogram).

ExampleREM Loop until the space bar is pressedPRINT "Press the space bar to continue"LOOP

IF INKEY = 32 THEN BREAKREPEATEND

AssociatedBREAK, CONTINUE, LOOP, FOR REPEAT, REPEAT UNTIL,UNTIL REPEAT, WHILE REPEAT

DATAPurposeStore constant data.

SyntaxDATA constant{,constant}

DescriptionStores numerical and string constants for later retrievalusing the READ command.

ExampleREM Load the name of the days of theREM week into a string arrayDATA "Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday"DATA "Thursday", "Friday", "Saturday"DATA "Sunday"DIM DaysOfWeek$(7)FOR DayNo=1 TO 7 LOOP

READ DaysOfWeek$(DayNo)REPEATFOR DayNo=1 TO 7 LOOP

PRINT "Day of the week number ";DayNo;PRINT " is ";DaysOfWeek$(DayNo)

REPEATEND

AssociatedREAD, RESTORE


30

DATE$PurposeReturn the current date.

Syntaxtodaysdate$ = DATE$

DescriptionThis returns a string with the current date in the format:YYYY-MM-DD. For example: 2015-03-24.

ExamplePRINT "Today is ";FN FormatDate(DATE$)END

DEF FN FormatDate()DayNo=VAL(RIGHT$(DATE$, 2))MonthNo=VAL(MID$(DATE$, 5, 2))Year$=LEFT$(DATE$,4)SWITCH (DayNo MOD 10)

CASE 1DaySuffix$ = "st"

ENDCASECASE 2DaySuffix$ = "nd"

ENDCASECASE 3DaySuffix$ = "rd"

ENDCASEDEFAULTDaySuffix$ = "th"

ENDCASEENDSWITCHFOR I=1 TO MonthNo LOOP

READ MonthName$REPEATResult$=STR$(DayNo)+DaySuffix$+" "

=Result$+MonthName$+" "+Year$DATA "January","February","March","April"DATA "May","June","July","August"DATA "September","October","November"DATA "December"

AssociatedTIME$


31

DEF FNPurposeCreate a user defined function.

SyntaxDEF FN name({parameter}{,parameter})

{commands}=value

DescriptionUser defined functions are similar to user definedprocedures except that they can return a value. This canbe either a number or a character string.

ExampleREM Function test - print squaresFOR I=1 TO 10 LOOP

x=FN square(I)PRINT I; " squared is "; xREPEATENDDEF FN square(num)

LOCAL resultresult=num*num

=result

AssociatedFN, LOCAL

DEF PROCPurposeCreate a user defined procedure.

SyntaxDEF PROC name({parameter}{,parameter})

{commands}ENDPROC

DescriptionAllows you to create your own routines that can be called bytheir label. Once you have written a procedure to do aparticular task you can copy it into other programs that requireit. Procedures are usually defined after the END of theprogram.

ExampleCLSPROC Hexagon(200,200,100,Red)UPDATEENDDEF PROC Hexagon(x,y,l,c)

PENUPMOVETO(x-l*COS(30),y+l/2)COLOUR = cPENDOWNFOR I=1 to 6 LOOPRIGHT(60)MOVE(l)

REPEATENDPROC

AssociatedLOCAL, PROC


32

DEFCHARPurposeDefine a new font character.

SyntaxDEFCHAR(char,line1 … line10)

DescriptionCreate a user defined font character. The char parameteris the position of the character within the font (0-255) e.g.65 is the capital letter A in ASCII. The character consists of10 lines with 8 pixels in each line. These are set by thecorresponding bits in each of the line parameters. So forexample decimal 170 (binary 10101010) would setalternate pixels on the corresponding line of the character.

ExampleREM Define Chessboard CharacterFONTSIZE(10)DEFCHAR(2,0,85,170,85,170,85,170,85,170,0)PRINT CHR$(2)END

AssociatedCHR$

DEGPurposeSet angle units to degrees.

SyntaxDEG

DescriptionSwitches the internal angle system to degree mode. Thereare 360 degrees in a full circle.

ExampleREM Draw an ellipse in the screen centreCLSDEGFOR Angle = 0 TO 360 LOOP

Xpos=100*COS(Angle)+GWIDTH / 2Ypos=50*SIN(Angle)+GHEIGHT / 2PLOT(Xpos, Ypos)

REPEATEND

AssociatedCLOCK, RAD


33

DIGITALREADPurposeRead the state of a digital pin on the Raspberry Pi.

Syntaxpinvalue=DIGITALREAD(pinno)

DescriptionReads the state of a digital pin on the Raspberry Pi. Youmay need to set the pin mode beforehand to make sureit’s configured as an input device. It will return TRUE orFALSE to indicate an input being high or low respectively.

ExampleREM Set pin 12 to inputPINMODE(12,0)REM Wait for button to be pushedUNTIL DIGITALREAD(12) LOOPREPEATPRINT "Button Pushed"END

AssociatedDIGITALWRITE, PINMODE, PWMWRITE

DIGITALWRITEPurposeSet the state of a digital pin on the Raspberry Pi.

SyntaxDIGITALWRITE(pinno,pinvalue)

DescriptionThis procedure sets a digital pin to the supplied value - 0for off or 1 for on. As with DigitalRead, you may need toset the pin mode (to output) beforehand.

ExampleREM Flash LED attached to pin2 of GPIOREM Set pin 2 to output modePINMODE(2,1)LOOP

REM Set output High (on)DIGITALWRITE(2,1)WAIT(1)REM Set output Low (off)DIGITALWRITE(2,0)WAIT(1)

REPEATEND

AssociatedDIGITALREAD, PINMODE, PWMWRITE


34

DIMPurposeDimension an array of variables.

SyntaxDIM variable(dimension{,dimension})

DescriptionCreates an indexed variable with one or more dimensions.The variable can be either a numeric or character stringtype (they cannot hold mixed values). The index is anumber from 0 to the size of the dimension.Associative arrays (sometimes called maps) are anotherway to refer to the individual elements of an array. In theexample below we use a number, however strings arealso allowed. They can be multi-dimensional and you canfreely mix numbers and strings for the array indices.

ExampleREM Initialise the squares of a chessREM board to black or whiteDIM ChessBoard(8,8)Count=0FOR Row=1 TO 8 LOOP

FOR Col=1 TO 8 LOOPCount=Count+1IF Count MOD 2=1 THEN

ChessBoard(Row,Col) = BlackELSE

ChessBoard(Row,Col) = WhiteENDIF

REPEATREPEATPRINT ChessBoard(1,4)END


35

DRCANALOGREADPurposeRead an analog channel on a DRC device.

Syntaxvoltage=DRCANALOGREAD(handle,pin)

DescriptionThis function reads an analog channel on a DRCcompatible device specified by handle and returns theresult. The value returned will depend on the hardwareyou’re connected to - for example the Arduino will returna number from 0 to 1023 representing an input voltagebetween 0 and 5 volts. Other devices may have differentranges.

Examplearduino=DRCOPEN("/dev/ttyUSB0")REM Get voltage on pin 4voltage=DRCANALOGREAD(arduino, 4)/1023*5PRINT "Voltage= "; voltageDRCCLOSE(arduino)END

AssociatedDRCCLOSE, DRCDIGITALREAD, DRCDIGITALWRITE,DRCOPEN, DRCPINMODE, DRCPWMWRITE

DRCCLOSEPurposeClose a connection to a DRC compatible device.

SyntaxDRCCLOSE(handle)

DescriptionThis closes a connection to a DRC device and frees up anyresources used by it. It’s not strictly necessary to do thiswhen you end your program, but it is considered goodpractice.

Examplearduino = DRCOPEN("/dev/ttyUSB0")REM Set pin 12 to inputDRCPINMODE(arduino, 12, 0)LOOPREPEAT UNTIL DRCDIGITALREAD(arduino, 12)PRINT "Button Pushed"DRCCLOSE(arduino)END

AssociatedDRCANALOGREAD, DRCDIGITALREAD, DRCDIGITALWRITE,DRCOPEN, DRCPINMODE, DRCPWMWRITE


36

DRCDIGITALREADPurposeRead the state of a digital pin on a remote DRC device.

Syntaxstate=DRCDIGITALREAD(handle,pin)

DescriptionThis function allows you to read the state of a digital pinon a DRC device specified by handle. You may need to setthe pin mode beforehand to make sure it’s configured asan input device. It will return TRUE or FALSE to indicate aninput being high or low respectively.


AssociatedDRCANALOGREAD, DRCCLOSE, DRCDIGITALWRITE,DRCOPEN, DRCPINMODE, DRCPWMWRITE

DRCDIGITALWRITEPurposeSet a digital pin on a remote DRC device to the suppliedvalue.

SyntaxDRCDIGITALWRITE(handle,pin,value)

DescriptionThis procedure sets a digital pin on a DRC device specifiedby handle to the supplied value - 0 for off or 1 for on. Aswith DrcDigitalRead, you may need to set the pin modebeforehand.

Examplearduino=DRCOPEN("/dev/ttyUSB0")REM Set pin 2 to output modeDRCPINMODE(arduino, 2, 1)REM Set Output High (on)DRCDIGITALWRITE(arduino, 2, 1)REM Pause for 1 secondWAIT(1)REM Set output Low (off)DRCDIGITALWRITE(arduino, 2, 0)DRCCLOSE(arduino)END

AssociatedDRCANALOGREAD, DRCCLOSE, DRCDIGITALREAD,DRCOPEN, DRCPINMODE, DRCPWMWRITE


37

DRCOPENPurposeOpen a connection to a DRC compatible device.

Syntaxhandle=DRCOPEN(drcdevice)

DescriptionThis opens a connection to a DRC compatible device andmakes it available for our use. It takes the name of thedevice as an argument and returns a number (the handle)of the device. We can use this handle to reference thedevice and allow us to open several devices at once. Someimplementations may have IO devices with fixed names.


AssociatedDRCANALOGREAD, DRCCLOSE, DRCDIGITALREAD,DRCDIGITALWRITE, DRCPINMODE, DRCPWMWRITE

DRCPINMODEPurposeConfigure the mode of a pin on a remote DRC device.

SyntaxDRCPINMODE(handle,pin,mode)

DescriptionThis configures the mode of a pin on the DRC device specifiedby handle. It takes an argument which specifies the mode ofthe specified pin - input, output or PWM output. Other modesmay be available, depending on the device and its capabilities.Note that not all devices support all functions. The modes are:0 pinINPUT1 pinOUTPUT2 pinPWM


AssociatedDRCANALOGREAD, DRCCLOSE, DRCDIGITALREAD,DRCDIGITALWRITE, DRCOPEN, DRCPWMWRITE


38

DRCPWMWRITEPurposeOutput a PWM waveform on the selected pin of a DRCdevice.

SyntaxDRCPWMWRITE(handle,pin,value)

DescriptionThis procedure outputs a PWM waveform on the specifiedpin of a DRC compatible device specified by handle. Thepin must be configured for PWM mode beforehand, anddepending on the device you are using, then not all pinson a device may support PWM mode. The value setshould be between 0 and 255.

Examplearduino=DRCOPEN("/dev/ttyUSB0")REM Set pin 11 to PWM output modeDRCPINMODE(arduino, 11, 2)DRCPWMWRITE(arduino, 11, 200)DRCCLOSE(arduino)END

AssociatedDRCANALOGREAD, DRCCLOSE, DRCDIGITALREAD,DRCDIGITALWRITE, DRCOPEN, DRCPINMODE

ELLIPSEPurposeDraw an ellipse on the screen.

SyntaxELLIPSE(xpos,ypos,xradius,yradius,fill)

DescriptionDraws an ellipse centred at position (xpos,ypos) with thespecified xradius and yradius in the current foregroundCOLOUR. The final parameter fill is either TRUE or FALSE,and specifies filled (TRUE) or outline (FALSE).

ExampleCLSREM Draw a filled red ellipse atREM location 200,200COLOUR=redELLIPSE(200,200,100,50,TRUE)UPDATEEND

AssociatedCIRCLE, RECT, TRIANGLE


39

ELSEPurposeExecute statement(s) when a tested condition is False.

SyntaxIF condition THEN{statements}ELSE{statements}ENDIF

ExampleNumber = 13IF Number MOD 2 = 0 THEN

PRINT "Number is Even"ELSE

PRINT "Number is Odd"ENDIFEND

AssociatedENDIF, IF THEN

ENDPurposeEnd program execution.

SyntaxEND

DescriptionProgram execution is ended. Programs must terminatewith the END or STOP commands or an error will occur.

ExamplePRINT "Hello World"END


40

ENDIFPurposeTerminate a multiline conditional statement.

SyntaxIF condition THEN{statements}ENDIF

DescriptionWe can extend the IF statement over multiple lines, ifrequired. The way you do this is by making sure there isnothing after the THEN statement and ending it all withthe ENDIF statement.

ExampleDayOfWeek = 5IF DayOfWeek < 6 THEN

PRINT "It is a Weekday"PRINT "Go to Work!"

ENDIFEND

AssociatedELSE, IF THEN

ENDPROCPurposeDefines the end of a PROCedure

SyntaxENDPROC

DescriptionEnd a PROCedure and return to the next command afterthe procedure was called.

ExampleCLSPROC helloENDDEF PROC helloPRINTAT (10,10); "Hello"ENDPROC

AssociatedPROC


41

ENVELOPEPurposeEmulate the BBC BASIC sound envelope command.

SyntaxENVELOPE(N,T,PI1,P12,PI3,PN1,PN2,PN3,AA,AD,AS,AR,ALA,ALD)

DescriptionNOTE: This is an experimental function. It might notperform entirely as expected. It is also prone to crashingif incorrect values are used. Use with caution!

N 1 to 8 Envelope number.

T 0 to 127 Length of each step in hundredths of a second.Add 128 to cancel auto repeat of the pitch envelope.

PI1 −128 to 127 Pitch change per step in section 3PI2 −128 to 127 Change of pitch per step in section 2PI3 −128 to 127 Change of pitch per step in section 1PN1 0 to 255 Number of steps in section 1PN2 0 to 255 Number of steps in section 2PN3 0 to 255 Number of steps in section 3AA −127 to 127 Change of attack amplitude per stepAD −127 to 127 Change of decay amplitude per stepAS −127 to 0 Change of sustain amplitude per stepAR −127 to 0 Change of release amplitude per stepALA 0 to 126 Level at end of the attack phaseALD 0 to 126 Level at end of the decay phase

ExampleENVELOPE(1,2,-2,10,1,80,40,40,127,0,0,0,126,126)SOUND(1, 1, 53, 64)END

AssociatedSOUND


42

EOFPurposeReturn true if the end of an input file has been reached.

Syntaxendoffile=EOF(handle)

DescriptionThe EOF function returns a TRUE or FALSE indication ofthe state of the file pointer when reading the file. It is anerror to try to read past the end of the file, so if you arereading a file with unknown data in it, then you mustcheck at well defined intervals (e.g. Before each INPUT#).

Examplehandle=OPEN("eoftest.txt")FOR r = 0 TO 10 LOOP

PRINT# handle, "Record "; rREPEATCLOSE (handle)handle = OPEN("eoftest.txt")WHILE NOT EOF (handle) LOOP

INPUT# handle, record$PRINT record$

REPEATCLOSE (handle)END

AssociatedCLOSE, FFWD, INPUT#, OPEN, PRINT#, REWIND, SEEK

EXPPurposeReturn the exponential value of the specified number.

Syntaxexponential=EXP(number)

DescriptionReturns the exponential value of the specified number.This is e to the power of number where e is theexponential constant (approximately 2.718281828). Theexponential function arises whenever a quantity grows ordecays at a rate proportional to its current value. This isthe opposite of the LOG function i.e. EXP(LOG(X)) = X

ExampleREM prints 2.718281828PRINT EXP(1)REM prints 22026.46579PRINT EXP(10)REM prints 10PRINT LOG(EXP(10))END

AssociatedLOG


43

FADEOFFPurposeFade the display from light to dark

SyntaxFADEOFF

DescriptionFADEOFF initiates a fade from light to dark. The entirescreen display is affected.

ExamplePAPER=0INK=1CLSPRINT "LOADING..."FADEOFFWHILE FADING = true LOOP

UPDATEREPEATFADEONWHILE FADING = true LOOP

UPDATEREPEATEND

AssociatedFADEON, FADING

FADEONPurposeFade the display from dark to light

SyntaxFADEON

DescriptionFADEON initiates a fade from dark to light. The entirescreen display is affected.

ExamplePAPER=0INK=1CLSPRINT "LOADING..."FADEOFFWHILE FADING = true LOOOP


UPDATEREPEATEND

AssociatedFADEOFF, FADING


44

FADINGPurposeCheck if the display is fading

SyntaxFADING

DescriptionReturns either TRUE (if fade in progress) or FALSE (nofade active)

ExamplePAPER=0INK=1CLSPRINT "LOADING..."FADEOFFWHILE FADING = true LOOP


UPDATEREPEATEND

AssociatedFADEON, FADING

FALSEPurposeRepresent the logical "false" value.

SyntaxFALSE

DescriptionRepresents a Boolean value that fails a conditional test. Itis equivalent to a numeric value of 0.

Examplecondition = FALSEIF condition = FALSE THEN

PRINT "Condition is FALSE"ENDIFIF NOT condition THEN

PRINT "Condition is FALSE"ENDIFPRINT "Condition= ";conditionEND

AssociatedTRUE


45

FFWDPurposeMove the file pointer to the end of a file.

SyntaxFFWD(handle)

DescriptionMove the file pointer back to the end of the file specifiedby handle. If you want to append data to the end of anexisting file, then you need to call FFWD before writingthe data.

Examplehandle=OPEN("ffwdtest.txt")PRINT# handle, "First Line"CLOSE (handle)handle = OPEN ("ffwdtest.txt")FFWD (handle)PRINT# handle, "Appended line"CLOSE (handle)handle = OPEN("ffwdtest.txt")WHILE NOT EOF (handle) LOOP



AssociatedCLOSE, EOF, INPUT#, OPEN, PRINT#, REWIND, SEEK

FNPurposeCall a user defined function.

Syntaxresult=FN name({argument}{,argument})

DescriptionCalls the specified user defined function called name withthe specfied arguments. The returned result can then beused by the program. Once the function has beenexecuted control returns to the command following.

ExamplePRINT FN SphereVolume(10)ENDREM Function calculate volume of a sphereREM with radius rDEF FN SphereVolume(r)= (4/3)*PI*r*r*r

AssociatedDEF FN


46

FONTSIZEPurposeScale the text font.

SyntaxFONTSIZE(scale)

DescriptionChange the size of the text font.

ExampleFOR S=1 TO 10 LOOP

FONTSIZE(S)PRINT "Hello World"

REPEATEND

AssociatedPRINTAT, LOADFONT

FOR LOOPPurposeLoop a specified number of times using a counter.

SyntaxFOR count=start TO end [STEP step] LOOP

statementsREPEAT

DescriptionThe count variable is initially set to start and changes by stepeach time around the loop until count is greater than or equalto end. The optional step, which defaults to 1 may be lessthan zero to count backwards. The end of the loop is indicatedusing the REPEAT.

ExampleREM year into a string arrayDATA "January", "February", "March"DATA "April", "May", "June"DATA "July", "August", "September"DATA "October", "November", "December"DIM Months$(12)FOR Month = 1 TO 12 LOOP

READ Months$(Month)REPEATPRINT "The seventh month is ";Months$(7)END

AssociatedBREAK, CONTINUE, LOOP, LOOP REPEAT, REPEAT UNTIL,UNTIL REPEAT, WHILE REPEAT


47

FREEIMAGEPurposeRelease an image from memory

SyntaxFREEIMAGE(handle)

DescriptionFrees up the memory space taken up by a stored image

Examplehandle = LOADIMAGE( "sprite1.bmp" )PLOTIMAGE( handle, 0, 0 )UPDATEFREEIMAGE( handle )handle = LOADIMAGE( "sprite2.bmp" )PLOTIMAGE( handle, 100, 100 )UPDATEEND

AssociatedLOADIMAGE, PLOTIMAGE

FULLSCREENPurposeSets the display to full screen mode.

SyntaxFULLSCREEN={TRUE/FALSE}

DescriptionSwitches between full screen or windowed mode. Notethis does not set the resolution to the screen displaymode so unless you set the mode manually you will get aborder.

ExampleSETMODE(800,600)FULLSCREEN=0COLOUR=REDRECT(0,0,GWIDTH, GHEIGHT,0)UPDATEWAIT(2)FULLSCREEN=1WAIT(2)END

AssociatedSETMODE


48

GETPurposeGet a single character code from the keyboard.

Syntaxasciicode=GET

DescriptionThis pauses program execution and waits for you to type asingle character on the keyboard, then returns the valueof the key pressed as a numeric variable (ASCII).

ExamplePRINT "Press a key"key = GETPRINT "ASCII Value of key = "; keyEND

AssociatedGET$, INKEY

GET$PurposeGet a single character from the keyboard.

Syntaxkey$ = GET$

DescriptionThis pauses program execution and waits for you to type asingle character on the keyboard, then returns the key asa string variable.

ExamplePRINT "Press a key"key$ = GET$PRINT "You Pressed Key: "; key$END

AssociatedGET, INKEY


49

GETIMAGEHPurposeGet the pixel height of a loaded image.

SyntaxGETIMAGEH(handle)

DescriptionGets the height in pixels of a loaded image

ExampleREM Centre image on screenlogo=LOADIMAGE("/usr/share/fuze/logo.bmp")imageW=GETIMAGEW(logo)imageH=GETIMAGEH(logo)X=(GWIDTH-imageW)/2Y=(GHEIGHT-imageH)/2PLOTIMAGE(logo,X,Y)UPDATEEND

AssociatedGETIMAGEW, LOADIMAGE, PLOTIMAGE

GETIMAGEWPurposeGet the pixel width of a loaded image.

SyntaxGETIMAGEW(handle)

DescriptionGets the width in pixels of an image previously loadedusing LOADIMAGE (using the handle returned byLOADIMAGE).

ExampleREM Centre image on screenlogo=LOADIMAGE("/usr/share/fuze/logo.bmp")imageW=GETIMAGEW(logo)imageH=GETIMAGEH(logo)X=(GWIDTH-imageW)/2Y=(GHEIGHT-imageH)/2PLOTIMAGE(logo,X,Y)UPDATEEND

AssociatedGETIMAGEH, LOADIMAGE, PLOTIMAGE


50

GETMOUSEPurposeRead values from an attached mouse

SyntaxGETMOUSE(xpos,ypos,buttons)

DescriptionThis reads values for the current state of the mouse. xpos is thehorizontal mouse position, ypos is the vertical position andbuttons is the state of the mouse buttons. You can testwhether the left button has been pressed by using the logical &operator to see if bit 0 of the buttons value is set: buttons & 1will be TRUE. Likewise if the right button is pressed then bit 3will be set and buttons & 4 will be TRUE.

ExampleCLSMOUSEONLOOP

GETMOUSE(x,y,b)LINETO(x,y)UPDATEREM LOOP colour if left button pressedIF b & 1 THEN

COLOUR = COLOUR MOD 16 + 1ENDIFREM Exit if right button pressed

REPEAT UNTIL b & 4MOUSEOFFENDAssociatedMOUSEOFF, MOUSEON, MOUSEX, MOUSEY, SETMOUSE

GETPIXELPurposeReturn the colour of the specified pixel.

Syntaxcolour = GETPIXEL(xpos, ypos)

DescriptionThis returns the internal colour code (0-15) of the pixel atthe specified point (xpos,ypos). This is for the "named"colours - e.g. Red, Green etc. It returns -1 if the pixelcolour is not a standard colour - in which case, you needto use GETPIXELRGB.

ExampleCLSCOLOUR = REDXpos = GWIDTH / 2Ypos = GHEIGHT / 2PLOT(Xpos, Ypos)PRINT GETPIXEL(Xpos, Ypos)END

AssociatedGETPIXELRGB


51

GETPIXELRGBPurposeReturn the RGB colour of the specified pixel.

SyntaxRGBcolour = GETPIXELRGB(xpos, ypos)

DescriptionThis returns the RGB colour of the pixel at the specified point(xpos,ypos). This will return a 24-bit value.

ExampleCLSRGBCOLOUR(49, 101, 206)Xpos = GWIDTH / 2Ypos = GHEIGHT / 2CIRCLE(Xpos, Ypos, 50, TRUE)pixel = GETPIXELRGB(Xpos, Ypos)PRINT "RGB = "; pixelPRINT "Red = "; (pixel >> 16) & 0xFFPRINT "Green = "; (pixel >> 8) & 0xFFPRINT "Blue = "; (pixel >> 0) & 0xFFEND

AssociatedGETPIXEL

GETSPRITEANGLEPurposeReturns a sprite’s current angle

SyntaxGETSPRITEANGLE(spriteIndex)

DescriptionReturns the angle of the sprite with the specifiedspriteIndex.

Examplesprite = newSprite (1)loadSprite ("logo.png", sprite, 0)angle = 0plotSprite (sprite, gWidth / 2, gHeight / 2, 0)LOOPcls2 setSpriteAngle (sprite, angle) angle = angle + 1 if angle>359 THEN angle=0 printat(0,0);getspriteangle(sprite) UPDATEREPEAT

AssociatedGETSPRITEW, HIDESPRITE, LOADSPRITE, NEWSPRITE,PLOTSPRITE, SETSPRITETRANS, SPRITECOLLIDE,SPRITECOLLIDEPP


52

GETSPRITEHPurposeGet the pixel height of a sprite.

SyntaxGETSPRITEH(spriteIndex)

DescriptionReturns the height in pixels of the sprite with the specifiedspriteIndex.

ExampleREM Centre sprite on the screenindex=NEWSPRITE(1)fuzelogo$="/usr/share/fuze/logo.bmp"LOADSPRITE(fuzelogo$,index,0)spriteW=GETSPRITEW(index)spriteH=GETSPRITEH(index)X=(GWIDTH-spriteW)/2Y=(GHEIGHT-spriteH)/2PLOTSPRITE(index,X,Y,0)UPDATEEND


GETSPRITEWPurposeGet the pixel width of a sprite.

SyntaxGETSPRITEW(spriteIndex)

DescriptionReturns the width in pixels of the sprite with the specifiedspriteIndex.

ExampleREM Centre sprite on the screenindex=NEWSPRITE(1)fuzelogo$="/usr/share/fuze/logo.bmp"LOADSPRITE(fuzelogo$,index,0)spriteW=GETSPRITEW(index)spriteH=GETSPRITEH(index)X=(GWIDTH-spriteW)/2Y=(GHEIGHT-spriteH)/2PLOTSPRITE(index,X,Y,0)UPDATEEND

AssociatedGETSPRITEH, HIDESPRITE, LOADSPRITE, NEWSPRITE,PLOTSPRITE, SETSPRITETRANS, SPRITECOLLIDE,SPRITECOLLIDEPP


53

GETSPRITEXPurposeGet the X position of a sprite.

SyntaxGETSPRITEX(spriteIndex)

DescriptionReturns the X position in pixels of the sprite with thespecified spriteIndex.

ExampleupdateMode = 0sprite = newSprite (1)loadSprite ("logo.png", sprite, 0)LOOP

CLS2plotSprite (sprite, gWidth / 2, gHeight / 2, 0)PRINT getSpriteX (sprite)PRINT getSpriteY (sprite)UPDATE

REPEAT


GETSPRITEYPurposeGet the Y position of a sprite.

SyntaxGETSPRITEY(spriteIndex)

DescriptionReturns the Y position in pixels of the sprite with thespecified spriteIndex.

ExampleupdateMode = 0sprite = newSprite (1)loadSprite ("logo.png", sprite, 0)LOOP

CLS2plotSprite (sprite, gWidth / 2, gHeight / 2, 0)PRINT getSpriteX (sprite)PRINT getSpriteY (sprite)UPDATE

REPEAT

AssociatedGETSPRITEH, HIDESPRITE, LOADSPRITE, NEWSPRITE,PLOTSPRITE, SETSPRITETRANS, SPRITECOLLIDE,SPRITECOLLIDEPP


54

GHEIGHTPurposeFind the current height of the display.

Syntaxheight=GHEIGHT

DescriptionThis can be read to find the current height of the displayin either high resolution or low resolution pixels.

ExampleREM Draw a circle in the centre of thescreenCLSCOLOUR = blueCIRCLE(GWIDTH/2,GHEIGHT/2,50,TRUE)UPDATEEND

AssociatedGWIDTH, ORIGIN, SETMODE

GRABREGIONPurposeGrab a region of the screen to a temporary buffer

Syntaxhandle = GRABREGION(x, y, width, height)

DescriptionGrab a region of the screen with x and y as the locationand with width and height in pixels. The region can berecalled by its handle and pasted using PLOTIMAGE.

ExampleFOR n = 0 TO 15 LOOPRECT(0,n*GHEIGHT/16, GWIDTH, GHEIGHT/16,1)REPEAThandle=GRABREGION(0,0,200,200)CLSPLOTIMAGE(handle, GWIDTH/2, GHEIGHT/2)UPDATEEND

AssociatedCOPYREGION, FREEIMAGE, LOADIMAGE, PLOTIMAGE,SAVEREGION, SAVESCREEN, SCROLLDOWN, SCROLLLEFT,SCROLLRIGHT, SCROLLUP


55

HIDESPRITEPurposeRemove a sprite from the screen.

SyntaxHIDESPRITE(spriteindex)

DescriptionThis removes the sprite at the specified spriteindex from thescreen. You do not have to erase a sprite from the screen whenyou move it, just call PLOTSPRITE with the new coordinates.

ExampleCLSfuzelogo$="logo.bmp"s1=NEWSPRITE (1)s2=NEWSPRITE (1)LOADSPRITE (fuzelogo$,s1,0)LOADSPRITE (fuzelogo$,s2,0)PLOTSPRITE (s1,100,100,0)PLOTSPRITE (s2,200,200,0)UPDATEWAIT(2)REM Remove a sprite from the screenHIDESPRITE (s2)UPDATEEND

AssociatedGETSPRITEH, GETSPRITEW, LOADSPRITE, NEWSPRITE,PLOTSPRITE, SPRITECOLLIDE, SPRITECOLLIDEPP, SPRITEOUT

GWIDTHPurposeReturns the current width of the display.

Syntaxwidth=GWIDTH

DescriptionThis can be read to find current width of the display ineither high resolution or low resolution pixels.

ExampleREM Draw a circle in the centre of thescreenCLSCOLOUR = blueCIRCLE(GWIDTH/2,GHEIGHT/2,50,TRUE)UPDATEEND

AssociatedGHEIGHT, ORIGIN, SETMODE


56

HLINEPurposeDraw a horizontal line.

SyntaxHLINE(xpos1, xpos2, ypos)

DescriptionDraws a horizontal line on row y, from column xpos1to column xpos2.

ExampleCLSCOLOUR=redFOR ypos=0 TO GHEIGHT STEP 100 LOOP

HLINE(0,GWIDTH,ypos)REPEATUPDATEEND

AssociatedLINE, LINETO, VLINE

HTABPurposeSet/Read the current text cursor horizontal position.

SyntaxHTAB=valuevalue=HTAB

DescriptionSet/Read the current text cursor horizontal position.

ExampleCLSFOR xpos = 0 TO TWIDTH STEP 2 LOOP

HTAB=xposPRINT HTAB

REPEATEND

AssociatedHVTAB, VTAB, PRINTAT


57

HVTABPurposeMove the current text cursor to the specified position.

SyntaxHVTAB(xpos,ypos)

DescriptionThe cursor is moved to the supplied column xpos and lineypos. Note that (0,0) is top-left of the text screen.

ExampleCLSHVTAB(TWIDTH/2-3,THEIGHT/2)PRINT "CENTRE"HVTAB(0,0)END

AssociatedHTAB, VTAB, PRINTAT

IF THENPurposeExecute a statement conditionally.

SyntaxIF condition THEN {statement}

DescriptionThe statement is executed when the condition evaluatesto TRUE (not 0). Unlike some implementations of BASICthe THEN is required.

ExamplePRINT "Press Space Bar to Continue"LOOP

IF INKEY = 32 THEN BREAKREPEATPRINT "Space Bar Pressed"END

AssociatedELSE, ENDIF, SWITCH


58

INKEYPurposeGet a single character code from the keyboard withoutpausing.

Syntaxasciicode=INKEY

DescriptionThis is similar to GET except that program execution is notpaused; If no key is pressed, then -1 is returned. The followingconstants are predefined to test for special keys: KeyUp,KeyDown, KeyLeft, KeyRight, KeyIns, KeyHome, KeyDel,KeyEnd, KeyPgUp, KeyPgDn, KeyF1, KeyF2, KeyF3, KeyF4,KeyF5, KeyF6, KeyF7, KeyF8, KeyF9, KeyF10, KeyF11, KeyF12.

ExampleREM Show the ASCII code for the last keypressedLastKey = -1REM Press Esc to QuitLOOP

Key=INKEYIF Key<>-1 AND Key<>LastKey THEN

PRINT "Key Pressed: "; KeyLastKey = Key

ENDIFREPEAT

AssociatedGET, INPUT, SCANKEYBOARD

INKPurposeSet/Read the current text foreground colour.

Syntaxforegroundcolour=INKINK=foregroundcolour

DescriptionSet/Read the current text foreground (ink) colour.

ExamplePAPER=blackCLSstring$="This is multicoloured text"FOR I=1 TO LEN(string$) LOOP

INK=I MOD 15 + 1PRINT MID$(string$,I-1,1);

REPEATINK=whitePRINTEND

AssociatedPAPER


59

INPUTPurposeRead data from the keyboard into a variable.

SyntaxINPUT [prompt$,] variable

DescriptionWhen FUZE BASIC encounters the INPUT statement,program execution stops, a question mark(?) is printedand it waits for you to type something. It then assignswhat you typed to the variable. If you typed in a stringwhen it was expecting a number, then it will assign zero tothe number. To stop it printing the question mark, youcan optionally give it a string to print.

ExampleINPUT "What is your Name? ", Name$PRINT "Hello " + Name$END

AssociatedINKEY

INPUT#PurposeRead data from a file.

SyntaxINPUT# handle,variable

DescriptionThis works similarly to the regular INPUT instruction, butreads from the file identified by the supplied handlerather than from the keyboard. Note that unlike theregular keyboard INPUT instruction, INPUT# can only readone variable at a time.

Examplehandle=OPEN("testfile.txt")PRINT# handle,"Hello World"REWIND(handle)INPUT# handle,record$PRINT record$CLOSE (handle)END

AssociatedCLOSE, EOF, FFWD, OPEN, PRINT#, REWIND, SEEK


60

INTPurposeReturn the integer part of a number.

Syntaxintegerpart=INT(number)

DescriptionReturns the integer part of the specified number.

ExamplePRINT "The integer part of PI is ";PRINT INT(PI)END

LEFTPurposeTurns the turtle to the left (counter clockwise) by thegiven angle.

SyntaxLEFT(angle)

DescriptionTurns the virtual graphics turtle to the left (counterclockwise) by the given angle in the current angle units.

ExampleREM Draw a box using turtle graphicsCLSCOLOUR=REDMOVE(50)DEGLEFT(90)MOVE(50)PENDOWNFOR I = 1 TO 4 LOOP

LEFT(90)MOVE(100)

REPEATUPDATEEND

AssociatedMOVE, MOVETO, PENDOWN, PENUP, RIGHT, TANGLE


61

LEFT$PurposeReturn the specified leftmost number of a characters froma string.

Syntaxsubstring$=LEFT$(string$,number)

DescriptionReturns a substring of string$ with number charactersfrom the left (start) of the string. If number is greater thanor equal to the length of string$ then the whole string isreturned.

Examplestring$="The quick brown fox"FOR I=1 TO 20 LOOP

PRINT LEFT$(string$, I)REPEATEND

AssociatedMID$, RIGHT$

LENPurposeReturn the length of the specified character string.

Syntaxlength=LEN(string$)

DescriptionReturns the number of characters in the specified string$.

ExampleString$="The Quick Brown Fox"Chars=LEN(String$)PRINT "String Length is: ";CharsFOR I=0 TO Chars - 1 LOOP

Char$=MID$(String$,I,1)PRINT "Character No. ";I;" is "+Char$

REPEATEND


62

LINEPurposeDraw a line between two points

SyntaxLINE(xpos1,ypos1,xpos2,ypos2)

DescriptionDraw a line between point (xpos1,ypos1) and point(xpos2,ypos2) in the current COLOUR.

ExampleCLSCOLOUR = limeGH=GHEIGHTGW=GWIDTHLINE(10,10,10,GH-10)LINE(10,GH-10,GW-10,GH-10)LINE(GW-10,GH-10,GW-10,10)LINE(GW-10,10,10,10)UPDATEEND

AssociatedHLINE, LINETO, VLINE

LINETOPurposeDraw a line from the last point plotted.

SyntaxLINETO(xpos1,ypos1)

DescriptionDraws a line from the last point plotted (by the PLOT orLINE procedures) to point (xpos1,ypos1).

ExampleCLSCOLOUR = yellowORIGIN(10,10)GH=GHEIGHTGW=GWIDTHLINETO(0,GH-20)LINETO(GW-20,GH-20)LINETO(GW-20, 0)LINETO(0,0)UPDATEEND

AssociatedHLINE, LINE, VLINE


63

LOADIMAGEPurposeLoad an image file into memory.

Syntaxhandle=LOADIMAGE(filename)

DescriptionLoad an image from a file with the specified filename. Thereturned handle can then be used to plot it on the screen withPLOTIMAGE.

ExampleCOLOUR=REDRECT(0,0,50,50,TRUE)COLOUR=WHITELINE(0,50,50,50)LINE(0,25,50,25)LINE(0,25,0,50)LINE(50,25,50,50)LINE(25,0,25,25)LINE(0,0,50,0)SAVEREGION("bricks.bmp",0,0,50,50)handle=LOADIMAGE("bricks.bmp")FOR X=0 TO GWIDTH STEP 50 LOOP

FOR Y=0 TO GHEIGHT STEP 50 LOOPPLOTIMAGE(handle,X,Y)


AssociatedGETIMAGEH, GETIMAGEW, PLOTIMAGE, FREEIMAGE

LOADMUSICPurposeLoad a music file into memory ready to be played.

Syntaxhandle=LOADMUSIC(filename)

DescriptionLoads an uncompressed music file in wav format (fileextension .wav) from the file filename into memory andreturns a handle which can then be used to play the musicusing the PLAYMUSIC function.

Examplehandle=LOADMUSIC("takeoff.wav")SETMUSICVOL(70)PLAYMUSIC(handle,1)END

AssociatedPAUSEMUSIC, RESUMEMUSIC, SETMUSICVOL, STOPMUSIC


64

LOADSAMPLEPurposeLoad a sound sample into memory ready to be played.

Syntaxhandle=LOADSAMPLE(filename)

DescriptionThe LOADSAMPLE function loads a sound sample from theuncompressed WAV format file called filename andreturns a handle to it so that it can be played using thePLAYSAMPLE function. You can load up to 32 soundsamples into memory at the same time.

Examplechannel=0volume=70SETCHANVOL(channel,volume)intro=LOADSAMPLE("pacman_intro.wav")PLAYSAMPLE(intro,channel,0)WAIT(4.5)END

AssociatedPAUSECHAN, PLAYSAMPLE, RESUMECHAN, SETCHANVOL,STOPCHAN

LOADSPRITEPurposeLoad a sprite from a file into memory.

SyntaxLOADSPRITE(filename$,index,subindex)

DescriptionThis loads a sprite from the supplied filename$ into memoryand associates it with the given sprite index and subindex. Theindex is the handle returned by a call to NewSprite and thesubindex is the version of the sprite to allow for animation. Thefirst subindex is 0.

ExampleCLSREM Create a new sprite with 1 versionSpriteIndex=NEWSPRITE(1)REM Load a sprite from a filefuzelogo$="logo.bmp"LOADSPRITE(fuzelogo$,SpriteIndex,0)REM Draw the sprite on the screenPLOTSPRITE(SpriteIndex,200,200,0)UPDATEEND

AssociatedGETSPRITEH, GETSPRITEW, HIDESPRITE, NEWSPRITE,PLOTSPRITE, SETSPRITETRANS, SPRITECOLLIDE,SPRITECOLLIDEPP


65

LOCALPurposeDefine variables to be local to a user defined procedure orfunction.

SyntaxLOCAL variable

DescriptionAllows a variable name to be reused in a procedure orfunction without affecting its value in the calling program.

ExampleX=10PRINT "Global X="+STR$(X)Proc Test()PRINT "Global X="+STR$(X)ENDDEF PROC Test()

PRINT "Global X="+STR$(X)LOCAL XX=5PRINT "Local X="+STR$(X)

ENDPROC

AssociatedDEF FN, DEF PROC

LOGPurposeReturn the natural logarithm of the specified number.

Syntaxnaturallogarithm = LOG(number)

DescriptionReturns the natural logarithm of the specified number.This is the opposite of the EXP function i.e. LOG(EXP(X)) =X. Logarithms are used in science to solve exponentialradioactive decay problems and in finance to solveproblems involving compound interest.

ExampleX = EXP(10)PRINT X // Will print 22026.46579PRINT LOG(X) // Will print 10END

AssociatedEXP


66

MAXPurposeReturns the larger of two numbers.

Syntaxmaxvalue=MAX(number1,number2)

DescriptionReturns the larger (highest value) of number1 or number2.

ExampleREM Prints the value of number2number1=12.26number2=27.45PRINT MAX(number1, number2)END

AssociatedMIN

MID$PurposeReturn characters from the middle of a string.

SyntaxMID$(string$, start, length)

DescriptionReturns the middle length characters of string$ startingfrom position start. The first character of the string isposition number 0.

ExampleREM Prints Quickstring$="The Quick Brown Fox"PRINT MID$(string$,4,5)END

AssociatedLEFT$, RIGHT$


67

MINPurposeReturns the smaller of two numbers.

Syntaxminvalue=MIN(number1,number2)

DescriptionReturns the smaller (lowest value) of number1 ornumber2.

ExampleREM Prints the value of number1number1=12.26number2=27.45PRINT MIN(number1, number2)END

AssociatedMAX

MOUSEOFFPurposeMake the mouse cursor invisible.

SyntaxMOUSEOFF

DescriptionMake the mouse cursor invisible within the FUZE BASICwindow. This is the default value.




REPEAT UNTIL b & 4MOUSEOFFEND

AssociatedGETMOUSE, MOUSEON, MOUSEX, MOUSEY, SETMOUSE


68

MOUSEONPurposeMake the mouse cursor visible.

SyntaxMOUSEON

DescriptionMake the mouse cursor visible within the FUZE BASICwindow. It is invisible by default.




REPEAT UNTIL b & 4MOUSEOFFEND

AssociatedGETMOUSE, MOUSEOFF, MOUSEX, MOUSEY, SETMOUSE

MOUSEXPurposeTo find the mouse X position

Syntaxvalue = MOUSEX

DescriptionReturns the X position of the current mouse location

ExampleLOOPPRINTAT(0,0); "Mouse X Position="; MOUSEX;" "REPEAT

AssociatedGETMOUSE, MOUSEOFF, MOUSEON, MOUSEY,SETMOUSE


69

MOVEPurposeMove the graphics turtle forward

SyntaxMOVE(distance)

DescriptionThis causes the virtual graphics turtle to move forwardsdistance in screen pixels. A line will be drawn if the penisdown.

ExampleCLSCOLOUR=REDMOVE(50)DEGLEFT(90)MOVE(50)PENDOWNFOR I = 1 TO 4 LOOP

LEFT(90)MOVE(100)

REPEATUPDATEEND

AssociatedLEFT, MOVETO, PENDOWN, PENUP, RIGHT, TANGLE

MOUSEYPurposeTo find the mouse Y position

Syntaxvalue = MOUSEY

DescriptionReturns the Y position of the current mouse location

ExampleLOOPPRINTAT(0,0); "Mouse Y Position="; MOUSEY;" "REPEAT

AssociatedGETMOUSE, MOUSEOFF, MOUSEON, MOUSEX,SETMOUSE


70

MOVETOPurposeMove the graphics turtle to a point on the screen.

SyntaxMOVETO(xpos,ypos)

DescriptionThis moves the virtual graphics turtle to the absolutelocation (xpos,ypos). A line will be drawn if the pen isdown.

ExampleREM Draw a spiral in the centre of thescreenCLSCOLOUR=REDPENUPMOVETO(GWIDTH/2,GHEIGHT/2)PENDOWNFOR I=2 TO GWIDTH LOOP

MOVE(I)RIGHT(30)

REPEATUPDATEEND

AssociatedLEFT, MOVE, PENDOWN, PENUP, RIGHT, TANGLE

NEWSPRITEPurposeCreate a new sprite.

Syntaxindex=NEWSPRITE(count)

DescriptionThis returns an index (or handle) to the internal spritedata. You need to use the index returned in all futuresprite handling functions/procedures. The countargument specifies the number of different versions ofthe sprite.

Example overleaf…


71

ExampleCLSCOLOUR=YELLOWCIRCLE(100,100,50,TRUE)SAVEREGION("pac1.bmp",50,50,101,101)COLOUR=BLACKTRIANGLE(100,100,150,125,150,75,TRUE)SAVEREGION("pac2.bmp",50,50,101,101)TRIANGLE(100,100,150,150,150,50,TRUE)SAVEREGION("pac3.bmp",50,50,101,101)CLSpacman=NEWSPRITE(3)LOADSPRITE("pac1.bmp",pacman,0)LOADSPRITE("pac2.bmp",pacman,1)LOADSPRITE("pac3.bmp",pacman,2)FOR X=1 TO GWIDTH STEP 25 LOOP

FOR S=0 TO 2 LOOPPLOTSPRITE(pacman,X,GHEIGHT/2,S)UPDATEWAIT(.1)

REPEATREPEATHIDESPRITE(pacman)END

AssociatedGETSPRITEH, GETSPRITEW, HIDESPRITE, LOADSPRITE,PLOTSPRITE, SETSPRITETRANS, SPRITECOLLIDE,SPRITECOLLIDEPP

NUMFORMATPurposeControl how numbers are formatted.

SyntaxNUMFORMAT(width,decimals)

DescriptionYou can affect the way numbers are printed using theNUMFORMAT procedure. This takes 2 arguments, thewidth specifying the total number of characters to printand the decimals the number of characters after thedecimal point. Numbers printed this way are right-justified with leading spaces inserted if required.NUMFORMAT (0,0) restores the output to the generalpurpose format used by default.

ExampleNUMFORMAT(6,4)REM Prints 3.1416PRINT PINUMFORMAT(0,0)REM Prints 3.141592654PRINT PIEND

AssociatedPRINT, PRINTAT


72

OPENPurposeOpen a file for read or write.

Syntaxhandle=OPEN(filename$)

DescriptionThe OPEN function opens a file and makes it available forreading or writing and returns the numeric handleassociated with the file. The file is created if it doesn’texist, or if it does exist the file pointer is positioned at thestart of the file.

Examplehandle = OPEN("testfile.txt")PRINT# handle, "Colin"PRINT# handle, 47CLOSE(handle)handle = OPEN("testfile.txt")INPUT# handle, Name$INPUT# handle, AgeCLOSE(handle)PRINT "Name: " + Name$PRINT "Age: "; AgeEND

AssociatedCLOSE, EOF, FFWD, INPUT#, PRINT#, REWIND, SEEK

ORIGINPurposeMove the graphics origin.

SyntaxORIGIN(xpos,ypos)

DescriptionThis changes the graphics origin for the Cartesian plottingprocedures. The xpos, ypos coordinates are alwaysabsolute coordinates with (0,0) being bottom left (thedefault).

ExampleCLSCOLOUR=yellowREM Move the origin to the screen centreORIGIN(GWIDTH/2, GHEIGHT/2)PLOT(-100,-100)LINETO(-100,100)LINETO(100,100)LINETO(100,-100)LINETO(-100,-100)UPDATEORIGIN(0,0)END

AssociatedGHEIGHT, GWIDTH


73

PAPERPurposeSet/Read the current text background colour.

Syntaxbackgroundcolour=PAPERPAPER=backgroundcolour

DescriptionSet/Read the current text background (paper) colour.Clear screen (CLS) will set the entire background to thiscolour.

ExamplePRINT "Text background colour "; PAPERPAPER=REDPRINT "Text background colour "; PAPERPAPER=7PRINT "Text background colour "; PAPEREND

AssociatedINK, PAPERON, PAPEROFF

PAPEROFFPurposeSwitches the text background colour off.

SyntaxPAPEROFF

DescriptionThis function switches the background text colour off. Itcan be turned on or off so that the text background doesnot obscure whatever is behind it.

ExampleLOOP INK = Orange PaperOn fontSize (RND (10) + 1) printAt (RND(tWidth), RND(tHeight - 1)); "ON"; WAIT(.3) INK = Yellow PaperOff fontSize (RND (10) + 1) printAt (RND(tWidth), RND(tHeight - 1)); "OFF"; WAIT(.3)REPEAT

AssociatedINK, PAPER, PAPERON


74

PAPERONPurposeSets text background colour to display

SyntaxPAPERON

DescriptionThis function switches the background text colour on.It can be turned on or off so that the text backgrounddoes not obscure whatever is behind it.

ExampleLOOP INK = Orange PaperOn fontSize (RND (10) + 1) printAt (RND(tWidth), RND(tHeight - 1)); "ON"; WAIT(.3) INK = Yellow PaperOff fontSize (RND (10) + 1) printAt (RND(tWidth), RND(tHeight - 1)); "OFF"; WAIT(.3)REPEAT

AssociatedINK, PAPER, PAPEROFF

PAUSECHANPurposePause the playing of a sound sample.

SyntaxPAUSECHAN(handle)

DescriptionThis function pauses the playing of the sound sampleassociated with the handle returned by LOADSAMPLEthat has been started using PLAYSAMPLE. The samplecan be resumed where it left off using RESUMECHAN

Examplechannel=0volume=70SETCHANVOL(channel,volume)intro=LOADSAMPLE("pacman_intro.wav")PLAYSAMPLE(intro,channel,0)WAIT(3)PAUSECHAN(intro)Wait(2)RESUMECHAN(intro)END

AssociatedLOADSAMPLE, PLAYSAMPLE, RESUMECHAN,SETCHANVOL, STOPCHAN


75

PAUSEMUSICPurposePause a playing music file

SyntaxPAUSEMUSIC

DescriptionPauses a playing music track which can them be restartedusing RESUMEMUSIC.

Examplehandle=LOADMUSIC("takeoff.wav")SETMUSICVOL(70)PLAYMUSIC(handle,1)PAUSEMUSIC

AssociatedLOADMUSIC, RESUMEMUSIC, SETMUSICVOL, STOPMUSIC

PENDOWNPurposeStart drawing using the graphics turtle.

SyntaxPENDOWN

DescriptionThis lowers the “pen” that the virtual graphics turtle isusing to draw with. Nothing will be drawn until youexecute this procedure.


MOVE(I)RIGHT(30)

REPEATUPDATEEND

AssociatedLEFT, MOVE, MOVETO, PENUP, RIGHT, TANGLE


76

PENUPPurposeStop drawing using the graphics turtle.

SyntaxPENUP

DescriptionThis lifts the “pen” that the virtual graphics turtle uses todraw. You can move the turtle without drawing while thepen is up.


MOVE(I)RIGHT(30)

REPEATUPDATEEND

AssociatedLEFT, MOVE, MOVETO, PENDOWN, RIGHT, TANGLE

PIPurposeReturns the value of the constant pi.

Syntaxvalueofpi=PI

DescriptionReturns an approximation of the value of the constant piwhich is the ratio of a circle’s circumference to itsdiameter (approximately 3.141592654) which is widelyused in mathematics, specifically trigonometry andgeometry.

ExamplePRINT FN AreaOfCircle(12)ENDDEF FN AreaOfCircle(withRadius)

LOCAL resultresult=PI*withRadius*withRadius

= result


77

PINMODEPurposeConfigure the mode of a pin on the Pi’s GPIO.

SyntaxPINMODE(pinno,pinmode)

DescriptionConfigures the mode of a pin on the Pi’s GPIO. It takes anargument which specifies the mode of the pin - input,output or PWM output. The modes are:0 pinINPUT1 pinOUTPUT2 pinPWM

ExampleREM Set pin 12 to inputPINMODE(12,1)REM Wait for button to be pushedUNTIL DIGITALREAD(12) LOOPREPEATPRINT "Button Pushed"END

AssociatedDIGITALREAD, DIGITALWRITE, PWMWRITE,SOFTPWMWRITE

PLAYMUSICPurposeStart playing a music track.

SyntaxPLAYMUSIC(handle,repeats)

DescriptionThis function plays a music track previously loaded usingthe LOADMUSIC function which returns the handle. Therepeats are the number of times to play the track.

Examplehandle=LOADMUSIC("takeoff.wav")SETMUSICVOL(70)PLAYMUSIC(handle,1)END

AssociatedLOADMUSIC, PAUSEMUSIC, RESUMEMUSIC,SETMUSICVOL, STOPMUSIC


78

PLAYSAMPLEPurposeStart playing a sound sample.

SyntaxPLAYSAMPLE(handle,channel,loops)

DescriptionThis function plays a sound previously loaded using theLOADSAMPLE function which returns the handle. Thechannel is 0, 1, 2 or 3 which lets you play up to 4concurrent samples. The loops parameter is different tothe repeats one in the PLAYMUSIC function. Here it meansthe number of times to loop the sample – zero means noloops which means play it ONCE.

Examplechannel=0volume=70SETCHANVOL(channel,volume)intro=LOADSAMPLE("pacman_intro.wav")PLAYSAMPLE(intro,channel,0)WAIT(4.5)END

AssociatedLOADSAMPLE, PAUSECHAN, RESUMECHAN, SETCHANVOL,STOPCHAN

PLOTPurposeDraw a single point on the screen.

SyntaxPLOT(xpos,ypos)

DescriptionThis plots a single pixel at screen location (xpos,ypos) inthe selected graphics mode in the selected colour. Notethat (0,0) is bottom left by default.

ExampleCLSLOOP

IF INKEY<>-1 THEN BREAKxpos=RND(GWIDTH)ypos=RND(GHEIGHT)COLOUR=RND(16)PLOT(xpos, ypos)UPDATE

REPEATEND


79

PLOTIMAGEPurposeDisplay a loaded image on the screen.

SyntaxPLOTIMAGE(handle,xpos,ypos)

DescriptionPlot an image previously loaded using LOADIMAGE(using the handle returned by LOADIMAGE) on thescreen at coordinates (xpos,ypos).

ExampleCOLOUR=REDRECT(0,0,50,50,TRUE)COLOUR=WHITELINE(0,50,50,50)LINE(0,25,50,25)LINE(0,25,0,50)LINE(50,25,50,50)LINE(25,0,25,25)LINE(0,0,50,0)SAVEREGION("bricks.bmp",0,0,50,50)handle=LOADIMAGE("bricks.bmp")FOR X=0 TO GWIDTH STEP 50 LOOP

FOR Y=0 TO GHEIGHT STEP 50 LOOPPLOTIMAGE(handle,X,Y)


AssociatedGETIMAGEH, GETIMAGEW, LOADIMAGE, FREEIMAGE

PLOTSPRITEPurposeDraw a sprite on the screen.

SyntaxPLOTSPRITE(index,xpos,ypos,subindex)

DescriptionThis plots the sprite index and version subindex at thecoordinates (xpos, ypos). The coordinates specify the bottom-left corner of the bounding rectangle of the sprite.

ExampleCLSREM Create a new sprite with 1 versionSpriteIndex=NEWSPRITE(1)REM Load a sprite from a filefuzelogo$="/usr/share/fuze/logo.bmp"LOADSPRITE(fuzelogo$,SpriteIndex,0)REM Draw the sprite on the screenPLOTSPRITE(SpriteIndex,200,200,0)UPDATEEND

AssociatedGETSPRITEH, GETSPRITEW, HIDESPRITE, LOADSPRITE,NEWSPRITE, SETSPRITEALPHA, SETSPRITEANGLE,SETSPRITEFLIP, SETSPRITESIZE, SETSPRITETRANS,SPRITECOLLIDE, SPRITECOLLIDEPP, SPRITEOUT


80

POLYENDPurposeDraw the filled polygon started by PolyStart.

SyntaxPOLYEND

DescriptionThis marks the end of drawing a polygon. When this iscalled, the stored points will be plotted on the screen andthe polygon will be filled.

ExampleCLSPROC Hexagon(200,200,50,Red)UPDATEENDDEF Proc Hexagon(x,y,l,c)

COLOUR=cPOLYSTARTPOLYPLOT(x+l,y)POLYPLOT(x+l/2,y-l*SQRT(3/2))POLYPLOT(x-l/2,y-l*SQRT(3/2))POLYPLOT(x-l,y)POLYPLOT(x-l/2,y+l*SQRT(3/2))POLYPLOT(x+l/2,y+l*SQRT(3/2))POLYEND

ENDPROC

AssociatedPOLYPLOT, POLYSTART

POLYPLOTPurposeAdd a point to a filled polygon.

SyntaxPOLYPLOT(xpos,ypos)

DescriptionThis remembers the given xpos,ypos coordinates as part of afilled polygon. Nothing is actually drawn on the screen until thePolyEnd instruction is executed. Polygons can have a maximumof 64 points.



ENDPROC

AssociatedPOLYEND, POLYSTART


81

POLYSTARTPurposeStart drawing a filled polygon.

SyntaxPOLYSTART

DescriptionThis marks the start of drawing a filled polygon.



ENDPROC

AssociatedPOLYEND, POLYPLOT

PLOTTEXTPurposeDisplay text using graphic coordinates.

SyntaxPLOTTEXT(“text”, xpos, ypos)

DescriptionThe PRINT command uses the cursor coordinates todisplay text whereas PLOTTEXT can position text at aspecified pixel location

ExampleLOOP INK = RND (30) fontSize (RND (10) + 1) plotText("HELLO", RND(gWidth), RND(gHeight-1)) UPDATEREPEAT

AssociatedPRINT, PRINTAT


82

PRINTPurposeOutput text to the screen

SyntaxPRINT {text}{;text}

DescriptionOutputting text to the screen is done via the PRINTcommand. The PRINT command is quite versatile and willprint any combination of numbers and strings separatedby the semi-colon (;). A trailing semi-colon will suppressthe printing of a new line.

ExamplePRINT "Hello Colin"PRINT "Hello ";name$="Colin"PRINT name$PRINT "Hello "; name$END

AssociatedNUMFORMAT, PRINTAT

PRINT#PurposePrint data to a file.

SyntaxPRINT# handle,data

DescriptionThe PRINT# instruction acts just like the regular PRINTinstruction except that it sends data to the file identifiedby the supplied file-handle rather than to the screen.Numbers are formatted according to the settings ofNUMFORMAT. It is strongly recommended to only printone item per line if you are going to read those items backinto a FUZE BASIC program again.

Examplehandle = OPEN("testfile.txt")PRINT# handle, "Hello World"CLOSE (handle)END

AssociatedCLOSE, EOF, FFWD, INPUT#, OPEN, REWIND, SEEK


83

PRINTATPurposeSet the text cursor position and print

SyntaxPRINTAT( x, y ); "text"

DescriptionUse to position the text cursor at the specified locationand print. Useful for laying out text and or variables atany preferred screen location.

Examplename$ = "Sam"age = 10PRINTAT( 0, 5 ); "My name is "; name$PRINTAT( 5, 10 ); "I am "; age ; " yearsold"END

AssociatedCHR$, HTAB, HVTAB, INK,PAPER, PRINT, PRINT, THEIGHT, TWIDTH, VTAB

PROCPurposeCall a user defined procedure.

SyntaxPROC name({argument}{,argument})

DescriptionCalls the specified user defined procedure called namewith the specified arguments. Once the procedure hasbeen executed control returns to the command following.

ExampleCLSLOOP

x=RND(TWIDTH)y=RND(THEIGHT)c=RND(15)Text$=”Blossom”PROC text(text$, x, y, c)

REPEATENDDEF PROC text(text$, x, y, c) INK=c PRINTAT(x,y); text$ENDPROC

AssociatedDEF PROC, ENDPROC


84

PWMWRITEPurposeOutput a PWM waveform on the selected pin.

SyntaxPWMWRITE(pinno,pinvalue)

DescriptionThis procedure outputs a PWM waveform on the selectedpin. The pin must be configured for PWM modebeforehand. The value set should be between 0 and 100.

ExampleREM Set pin 1 to PWM output modePINMODE(1,2)PWMWRITE (1,50)END

AssociatedDIGITALREAD, DIGITALWRITE, PINMODE

RADPurposeSet angle units to radians.

SyntaxRAD

DescriptionSwitches the internal angle system to radians. There are 2* PI radians in a full circle.

ExampleREM Draw an ellipse in the screen centreCLSRADFOR Angle=0 TO 2 * PI STEP 0.01 LOOP

Xpos=100*COS(Angle)+GWIDTH / 2Ypos=50*SIN(Angle)+GHEIGHT / 2PLOT(Xpos,Ypos)

REPEATEND

AssociatedCLOCK, DEG


85

READPurposeRead data into program variables.

SyntaxREAD variable {,variable}

DescriptionTo get data into your program variables, we use the READinstruction. We can read one, or many items of data at atime.

ExampleREM Load the name of the days of theREM week into a string arrayDATA "Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday"DATA "Thursday", "Friday", "Saturday"DATA "Sunday"DIM DaysOfWeek$(7)FOR Day = 1 TO 7 LOOP

READ DaysOfWeek$(Day)REPEATPRINT "The third day of the week is ";PRINT DaysOfWeek$(3)END

AssociatedDATA, RESTORE

RECTPurposeDraw a rectangle on the screen.

SyntaxRECT(xpos,ypos,width,height,fill)

DescriptionDraws a rectangle at position (xpos,ypos) with width andheight. The final parameter, fill is either TRUE or FALSE,and specifies filled (TRUE) or outline (FALSE).

ExampleCLSLOOP

COLOUR=RND(16)x=RND(GWIDTH)y=RND(GHEIGHT)w=RND(GWIDTH / 4)h=RND(GHEIGHT / 4)f=RND(2)RECT(x,y,w,h,f)UPDATEIF INKEY<>-1 THEN BREAK

REPEATEND

AssociatedCIRCLE, ELLIPSE, TRIANGLE


86

REPEAT UNTILPurposeLoop until the specified condition is met.

SyntaxLOOP

{statements}REPEAT UNTIL condition

DescriptionExecute the statements one or more times until thecondition is TRUE (not 0).

ExampleNumber=INT(RND(10)) + 1Guess=0REM Guessing GamePRINT "Guess a Number Between 1 and 10"LOOP

INPUT "Enter Your Guess: ", GuessIF (Number<>Guess) THEN

PRINT "Incorrect Guess Again"ENDIF

REPEAT UNTIL Number = GuessPRINT "You are Correct!"END

AssociatedBREAK, CONTINUE, LOOP, LOOP REPEAT, FOR REPEAT,UNTIL REPEAT, WHILE REPEAT

RESTOREPurposeReset the DATA pointer.

SyntaxRESTORE

DescriptionWith no lineno specified resets the READ command to thevery first DATA statement in the program.

ExampleDATA "Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday"DATA "Thursday", "Friday", "Saturday","Sunday"FOR Day = 1 TO 3 LOOP

READ DayOfWeek$REPEATPRINT DayOfWeek$RESTOREFOR Day = 1 TO 4 LOOP

READ DayOfWeek$REPEATPRINT DayOfWeek$END

AssociatedDATA, READ


87

RESUMECHANPurposeResume the playing of a sound sample.

SyntaxRESUMECHAN(handle)

DescriptionThis function resumes the playing of the sound sampleassociated with the handle returned by LOADSAMPLEthat has been started using PLAYSAMPLE and pausedusing PAUSECHAN.

Examplechannel=0volume=70SETCHANVOL(channel,volume)intro=LOADSAMPLE("pacman_intro.wav")PLAYSAMPLE(intro,channel,0)WAIT(3)PAUSECHAN(intro)WAIT(2)RESUMECHAN(intro)END

AssociatedLOADSAMPLE, PAUSECHAN, PLAYSAMPLE, SETCHANVOL,STOPCHAN

RESUMEMUSICPurposeResumes music playing after it has been paused.

SyntaxRESUMEMUSIC

DescriptionResumes the playing of a music track previously pausedusing PAUSEMUSIC.

Examplehandle=LOADMUSIC("takeoff.wav")SETMUSICVOL(70)PLAYMUSIC(handle,1)PAUSEMUSICWAIT(1)RESUMEMUSIC

AssociatedLOADMUSIC, PAUSEMUSIC, SETMUSICVOL, STOPMUSIC


88

REWINDPurposeMove the file pointer to the start of a file.

SyntaxREWIND(handle)

DescriptionMove the file pointer to the start of the file specified byhandle.

Examplehandle=OPEN ("rewindtest.txt")PRINT# handle,"First Record"PRINT# handle,"Second Record"CLOSE(handle)handle=OPEN("rewindtest.txt")INPUT# handle, record$PRINT record$REWIND(handle)REM reads the first record againINPUT# handle, record$PRINT record$CLOSE (handle)END

AssociatedCLOSE, EOF, FFWD, INPUT#, OPEN, PRINT#, SEEK

RGBCOLOURPurposeSet the current graphical plot colour to an RGB(Red,Green, Blue) value.

SyntaxRGBCOLOUR(red,green,blue)

DescriptionThis sets the current graphical plot colour to an RGB(Red,Green, Blue) value. The values should be from 0 to 255.

ExampleCLSPRINT "Draw Spectrum"FOR v = 0 TO 255 LOOP

RGBCOLOUR(255,v,0)LINE(v,300,v,400)RGBCOLOUR(v,255,0)LINE(511-v,300,511-v,400)RGBCOLOUR(0,255-v,v)LINE(512+v,300,512+v,400)RGBCOLOUR(0,v,255)LINE(768+v,300,768+v,400)

REPEATUPDATEEND

AssociatedCOLOUR, INK, PAPER


89

RIGHTPurposeTurns the turtle to the right (clockwise) by the given angle.

SyntaxRIGHT(angle)

DescriptionTurns the virtual graphics turtle to the right (clockwise) bythe given angle in the current angle units.

ExampleCLSPRINT "Draw Pink Hexagon"PENUPCOLOUR = PINKPENDOWNFOR I = 1 TO 6 LOOP

RIGHT(60)MOVE(100)

REPEATEND

AssociatedLEFT, MOVE, MOVETO, PENDOWN, PENUP, TANGLE

RIGHT$PurposeReturn the specified rightmost number of a charactersfrom a string.

Syntaxsubstring$=RIGHT$(string$,number)

DescriptionReturns a substring of string$ with number charactersfrom the right (end) of the string. If number is greaterthan or equal to the length of string$ then the wholestring is returned.

ExampleString$="The quick brown fox"FOR I=1 TO 20 LOOP

PRINT RIGHT$(String$, I)REPEATEND

AssociatedLEFT$, MID$


90

ROTATEIMAGEPurposeReturn the specified rightmost number of a charactersfrom a string.

Syntaxsubstring$=RIGHT$(string$,number)

DescriptionReturns a substring of string$ with number charactersfrom the right (end) of the string. If number is greaterthan or equal to the length of string$ then the wholestring is returned.

Exampleimage = loadImage ("screen.png")plotImage (image, 0, 0)UPDATEWAIT (2)CLSrotateImage (image, 90)plotImage (image, 0, 0)UPDATEWAIT (2)END

AssociatedLOADIMAGE, SCALEIMAGE

RNDPurposeGenerate a random number in a given range.

Syntaxrandom=RND(range)

DescriptionThis function returns a random number based on thevalue of range. If range is zero, then the last randomnumber generated is returned, if range is 1, then arandom number from 0 to 1 is returned, otherwise arandom number from 0 up to, but not including range isreturned.

ExampleDiceRoll=RND(6)+1PRINT "Dice Roll: "; DiceRollCoinToss=RND(2)IF CoinToss=0 THEN

PRINT "Heads"ELSE

PRINT "Tails"ENDIFEND

AssociatedSEED


91

SAVEREGIONPurposeSave a snapshot of an area of the screen to an image file.

SyntaxSAVEREGION(file$,xpos,ypos,width,height)

DescriptionThis takes a snapshot of an area of the current screen,specified by the rectangle with bottom left at coordinates(xpos,ypos) of specified width and height, and saves it tothe file named file$ in a bitmap (.bmp) format.

Example (overleaf)

SAVEREGION Example

CLSCOLOUR=YELLOWCIRCLE(100,100,50,TRUE)SAVEREGION("pac1.bmp",50,50,101,101)COLOUR=BLACKTRIANGLE(100,100,150,125,150,75,TRUE)SAVEREGION("pac2.bmp",50,50,101,101)TRIANGLE(100,100,150,150,150,50,TRUE)SAVEREGION("pac3.bmp",50,50,101,101)CLSpacman=NEWSPRITE(3)LOADSPRITE("pac1.bmp",pacman,0)LOADSPRITE("pac2.bmp",pacman,1)LOADSPRITE("pac3.bmp",pacman,2)FOR X=1 TO GWIDTH STEP 25 LOOP

FOR S=0 TO 2 LOOPPLOTSPRITE(pacman,X,GHEIGHT/2,S)UPDATEWAIT(.1)

REPEATREPEATHideSprite(pacman)END

AssociatedSAVESCREEN


92

SAVESCREENPurposeSave a snapshot of the screen to an image file.

SyntaxSAVESCREEN(filename$)

DescriptionThis takes a snapshot of the current screen and saves it tothe filename given in a bitmap (.bmp) format file.

ExampleCLSPRINT "Draw Spectrum"FOR v = 0 TO 255 LOOP

RGBCOLOUR(255,v,0)LINE(v,300,v,400)RGBCOLOUR(v,255,0)LINE(511-v,300,511-v,400)RGBCOLOUR(0,255-v,v)LINE(512+v,300,512+v,400)RGBCOLOUR(0,v,255)LINE(768+v,300,768+v,400)

REPEATUPDATESAVESCREEN("screenshot.bmp")END

AssociatedSAVEREGION

SCALEIMAGEPurposeResize a loaded image.

SyntaxSCALEIMAGE(handle, percent)

DescriptionScales a preloaded image by a specified percentage.

Exampleimage = loadImage ("screen.png")plotImage (image, 0, 0)UPDATEWAIT (2)CLSscaleImage (image, 50)plotImage (image, 0, 0)UPDATEWAIT (2)END

AssociatedLOADIMAGE, ROTATEIMAGE


93

SCANKEYBOARDPurposeScan for a key pressed down.

SyntaxSCANKEYBOARD(keycode)

DescriptionAllows you to detect that any of the keys have beenpressed (including special keys) and also to detect mutiplekeys pressed at the same time. The keycode parameterindicates the key press to be scanned for e.g scanSpace isthe space bar. See the end of this guide for a full list ofSCANKEYBOARD keycodes.

ExamplePRINT "Press Ctrl-Alt-Delete"LOOP

LCtrl = SCANKEYBOARD(scanLCtrl)LAlt = SCANKEYBOARD(scanLAlt)Delete = SCANKEYBOARD(scanDelete)Reboot = LCtrl AND LAlt AND Delete

REPEAT UNTIL RebootPRINT "Rebooting…"CLEARKEYBOARDEND

AssociatedCLEARKEYBOARD, GET, INKEY, INPUT

SCLOSEPurposeClose an open serial port.

SyntaxSCLOSE(handle)

DescriptionThis closes a serial port and frees up any resources usedby it. It’s not strictly necessary to do this when you endyour program, but it is considered good practice.

ExampleREM Read a character from a serial portarduino=SOPEN("/dev/ttyUSB0", 115200)char$=SGET$(arduino)PRINT char$SCLOSE(arduino)END

AssociatedSGET, SGET$, SOPEN, SPUT, SPUT$, SREADY


94

SCROLLDOWNSCROLLLEFTSCROLLRIGHTSCROLLUPPurposeScroll a region of the screen down.

SyntaxSCROLLDOWN(xpos,ypos,width,height,pixels)

DescriptionScroll the region of the screen specified by the rectangleat position (xpos,ypos) with dimensions width X heightdown by the specified number of pixels.

Example overleaf

ExampleCLSW=100 // WidthS=2 // Step SizeX=(GWIDTH-W)/2Y=(GHEIGHT-W)/2COLOUR=WHITERECT(X,Y,W,W,TRUE)RECT(X+W,Y+W,W,W,TRUE)RECT(X-2,Y-2,W*2+4,W*2+4,FALSE)UPDATECOLOUR=BLACKFOR I=1 TO W STEP S LOOP

SCROLLUP(X,Y,W,W*2,S)SCROLLDOWN(X+W,Y,W,W*2,S)UPDATEWAIT(0.01)

REPEATFOR I = 1 TO W STEP S LOOP

SCROLLRIGHT(X,Y+W,W*2,W,S)SCROLLLEFT(X,Y,W*2,W,S)WAIT(0.01)

UPDATEREPEATEND

AssociatedSCROLLLEFT, SCROLLRIGHT, SCROLLUP


95

SEEDPurposeSeed the random number generator.

SyntaxSEED=value

DescriptionThis can be assigned to initialise the random numbergenerator, or you can read it to find the current seed.

ExampleSEED=10PRINT RND(100)SEED=10REM Will print the same numberPRINT RND(100)REM Will print a different numberPRINT RND(100)END

AssociatedRND

SEEKPurposeMove the file pointer to any place in the file.

SyntaxSEEK(handle,offset)

DescriptionThe SEEK instruction moves the file pointer to any place in thefile. It can even move the file pointer beyond the end of the filein which case the file is extended. The argument supplied toSEEK is an absolute number of bytes from the start of the file. Ifyou are using random access files and want to access the 7threcord in the file, then you need to multiply your record size by7 to get the final location to seek to.

Examplehandle=OPEN("TestFile.txt")recSize = 20FOR recNo=0 TO 10 LOOP

record$ = "Record " + STR$(recNo)pad = recSize - LEN(record$)PRINT# handle,record$;SPACE$(pad)

REPEATREM read the 7th recordSEEK (handle,(recSize+1)*7)INPUT# handle,record$PRINT record$CLOSE(handle)END

AssociatedCLOSE, EOF, FFWD, INPUT#, OPEN, PRINT#, REWIND


96

SENSEACCELX / Y / ZPurposeReturns the value of the Raspberry Pi senseHATaccelerometer.

Syntaxvalue=SENSEACCELXvalue=SENSEACCELYvalue=SENSEACCELZ

Description

The Raspberry Pi senseHAT has a number of built insensors. The accelerometer can be accessed with thisfunction.

ExampleCLSLOOPPRINT “Sense Accelerometer X=”; senseAccelXPRINT “Sense Accelerometer Y=”; senseAccelYPRINT “Sense Accelerometer Z=”; senseAccelZREPEATEND

AssociatedsenseCompass, senseGyro

SENSECLSPurposeSets all of the LEDs on the Raspberry Pi senseHAT to off.

SyntaxSENSECLS

Description

Sets an RGB value of 0, 0, 0 to all of the matrix LEDsthereby clearing the display.

ExampleCLSsensePlot(2,2)WAIT (1)senseClsEND

AssociatedsensePlot, senseRect, senseScroll, senseHFlip,senseVflip, senseRGBcolour, senseGetRGB, senseLine


97

SENSECOMPASSX / Y / ZPurposeReturns the value of the Raspberry Pi senseHATcompass.

Syntaxvalue=SENSECOMPASSXvalue=SENSECOMPASSYvalue=SENSECOMPASSZ

Description

The Raspberry Pi senseHAT has a number of built insensors. The compass can be accessed with this function.

ExampleCLSLOOPPRINT “Sense Compass X=”; senseCompassXPRINT “Sense Compass Y=”; senseCompassYPRINT “Sense Compass Z=”; senseCompassZREPEATEND

AssociatedsenseAccel, senseGyro,

SENSEGETRGBPurposeReturn the values used by a Raspberry Pi senseHAT LED

SyntaxSENSEGETRGB(xpos, ypos, red, green, blue)

Description

Returns the Red, Green and Blue values from a given LEDat the specified matrix coordinates. It is possible to usethis for collision detection in games using the senseHAT.

ExampleCLSsenseRGBcolour (0, 0, 255)sensePlot (0, 0)SenseGetRGB (0, 0, R, G, B)PRINT “Red=”; RPRINT “Green=”; GPRINT “Blue=”; BEND

AssociatedsenseCls, sensePlot, senseRect, senseScroll, senseHFlip,senseVflip, senseRGBcolour, , senseLine


98

SENSEGYROX / Y / ZPurposeReturns the value of the Raspberry Pi senseHAT gyro.

Syntaxvalue=SENSEGYROXvalue=SENSEGYROYvalue=SENSEGYROZ

Description

The Raspberry Pi senseHAT has a number of built insensors. The gyro can be accessed with this function.

ExampleCLSLOOPPRINT “Sense Gyro X=”; senseGyroXPRINT “Sense Gyro Y=”; senseGyroYPRINT “Sense Gyro Z=”; senseGyroZREPEATEND

AssociatedsenseAccel, senseCompass

SENSEHEIGHTPurposeReturns the value of the Raspberry Pi senseHAT heightsensor.

Syntaxvalue=SENSEHEIGHT

Description

The Raspberry Pi senseHAT has a number of built insensors. Height above sea level can be accessed with thisfunction. Note, this does not work well indoors.

ExampleCLSLOOPPRINT “Height”; senseHeightREPEATEND

AssociatedsenseHumidity, sensePressure, senseTemperature


99

SENSEHFLIPPurposeHorizontally flips the Raspberry Pi senseHAT LED matrix.

SyntaxSENSEHFLIP

Description

Reverses (flips) the LED matrix display horizontally.

ExampleCLSSenseRGBcolour(255,0,0)senseLine(0,0,0,7)SenseRGBcolour(0,255,0)senseLine(0,7,7,7)LOOPsenseHflipWAIT(1)SenseVflipWAIT(1)END

AssociatedsenseCls, sensePlot, senseRect, senseScroll, senseVflip,senseRGBcolour, senseGetRGB, , senseLine

SENSEHUMIDITYPurposeReturns the value of the Raspberry Pi senseHAThumidity sensor.

Syntaxvalue=SENSEHUMIDITY

Description

The Raspberry Pi senseHAT has a number of built insensors. Humidity can be accessed with this function.

ExampleCLSLOOPPRINT “Humidity”; senseHumidityREPEATEND

AssociatedsenseHeight, sensePressure, senseTemperature


100

SENSELINEPurposeLights a line on the Raspberry Pi senseHAT LED matrix.

SyntaxSENSELINE(x1, y1, x2, y2)

Description

Sets the RGB values, defined by senseRGBcolour, to a lineof LEDs on the Raspberry Pi senseHAT LED matrix. Theline is displayed from x1, y1 to x2, y2.


AssociatedsenseCls, sensePlot, senseRect, senseScroll, senseVflip,senseRGBcolour, senseGetRGB

SENSEPLOTPurposeLights an LED on the Raspberry Pi senseHAT LED matrix.

SyntaxSENSEPLOT(xpos, ypos)

Description

Sets the RGB values, defined by senseRGBcolour, to asingle LED on the Raspberry Pi senseHAT LED matrix.

ExampleCLSSenseRGBcolour(255,0,0)sensePlot(0,0)SenseRGBcolour(0,255,0)sensePlot(7,7)END

AssociatedsenseCls, senseHflip, senseRect, senseScroll, senseVflip,senseRGBcolour, senseGetRGB, senseLine


101

SENSEPRESSUREPurposeReturns the value of the Raspberry Pi senseHAT airpressure sensor.

Syntaxvalue=SENSEPRESSURE

Description

The Raspberry Pi senseHAT has a number of built insensors. Air pressure can be accessed with this function.

ExampleCLSLOOPPRINT “Pressure”; sensePressureREPEATEND

AssociatedsenseHumidity, senseHeight, senseTemperature

SENSERECTPurposeLights a rectangle on the Raspberry Pi senseHAT LEDmatrix.

SyntaxSENSERECT(xpos, ypos, width, height, fill)

Description

Sets the RGB values, defined by senseRGBcolour, to arectangle of LEDs on the Raspberry Pi senseHAT LEDmatrix. The rectangle is displayed from xpos, ypos with awidth and height as specified. Fill can be either 0 for anoutline or 1 for filled in.

ExampleCLSSenseRGBcolour(255,0,0)senseRect(0,0,7,7,1)SenseRGBcolour(0,255,0)senseRect(0,0,7,7,0)END

AssociatedsenseCls, sensePlot, senseLine, senseScroll, senseVflip,senseRGBcolour, senseGetRGB


102

SENSERGBCOLOURPurposeSet the Red, Green and Blue values used by a RaspberryPi senseHAT LED.

SyntaxSENSERGBCOLOUR(red, green, blue)

Description

Sets the Red, Green and Blue values to be used by thesenseHAT FUZE BASIC drawing commands.

ExampleCLSsenseRGBcolour (255, 0, 0)sensePlot (0, 0)senseRGBcolour (0, 255, 0)sensePlot (3, 3)senseRGBcolour (0, 0, 255)sensePlot (7, 7)END

AssociatedsenseCls, sensePlot, senseRect, senseScroll, senseHFlip,senseVflip, senseLine, senseGetRGB

SENSESCROLLPurposeScrolls the Raspberry Pi senseHAT LED matrix.

SyntaxSENSESCROLL(direction, direction)

DescriptionShifts the Raspberry Pi senseHAT LED matrix in thespecified direction by the number of pixels indicated.

ExamplesenseCLSsensePlot (2, 2)sensePlot (2, 3)LOOPSenseScroll (0, 2) // two upWAIT(0.1)SenseScroll (2, 0) // two rightWAIT(0.1)SenseScroll (0, -2) // two downWAIT(0.1)SenseScroll (-2, 0) // two leftWAIT(0.1)REPEATEND

AssociatedsenseCls, sensePlot, senseRect, senseRGBcolour,senseHFlip, senseVflip, senseLine, senseGetRGB


103

SENSETEMPERATUREPurposeReturns the value of the Raspberry Pi senseHAT heatsensor.

Syntaxvalue=SENSETEMPERATURE

Description

The Raspberry Pi senseHAT has a number of built insensors. Temperature, in degrees, can be accessed withthis function.

ExampleCLSLOOPPRINT “Temperature”; senseTemperatureREPEATEND

AssociatedsenseHumidity, senseHeight, sensePressure

SENSEVFLIPPurposeVertically flips the Raspberry Pi senseHAT LED matrix.

SyntaxSENSEHFLIP

Description

Reverses (flips) the LED matrix display vertically.


AssociatedsenseCls, sensePlot, senseRect, senseScroll, senseVflip,senseRGBcolour, senseGetRGB, senseLine


104

SETCHANVOLPurposeSet the volume of a sound sample.

SyntaxSETCHANVOL(channel,volume)

DescriptionSets the sound sample playback volume on the specifiedchannel where volume is a percentage of the maximum(0-100)

Examplechannel=0chomp=LOADSAMPLE("pacman_chomp.wav")FOR volume=10 TO 100 STEP 10 LOOP

SETCHANVOL(channel,volume)PLAYSAMPLE(chomp,0,0)WAIT(1)

REPEATEND

AssociatedLOADSAMPLE, PAUSECHAN, PLAYSAMPLE, RESUMECHAN,STOPCHAN

SETMODEPurposeSet display width and height

SyntaxSETMODE( width, height )

DescriptionSets the display width and height to the specified. It isgenerally sensible to use standard screen display sizes

ExampleSETMODE( 1280, 720 )PRINT "Hello World"WAIT( 2 )SETMODE( 640, 480 )PRINT "Hello Another World"END

AssociatedGHEIGHT, GWIDTH


105

SETMOUSEPurposeMove the mouse pointer to the specified point.

SyntaxSETMOUSE(xpos,ypos)

DescriptionMoves the mouse pointer to the screen coordinate (xpos,ypos)

ExampleCLSMOUSEONCOLOUR=WHITERECT(100,100,150,50,TRUE)INK=BLACKPAPER=WHITEPRINTAT(7,38); PRINT "Click Me"UPDATEClicked=FALSELOOPGETMOUSE(X,Y,Z)IF Z <> 0 THENIF (X > 100 AND X < 250) THEN

IF (Y > 100 AND Y < 150) THENClicked=TRUE

ENDIFENDIF

ENDIFREPEAT UNTIL ClickedSETMOUSE(GWIDTH/2,GHEIGHT/2)END

AssociatedGETMOUSE, MOUSEOFF, MOUSEON, MOUSEX, MOUSEY

SETMUSICVOLPurposeSets the music playback volume.

SyntaxSETMUSICVOL(level)

DescriptionSets the music playback volume where level is apercentage of the maximum (0-100)

Examplehandle=LOADMUSIC("takeoff.wav")SETMUSICVOL(70)PLAYMUSIC(handle,1)

AssociatedLOADMUSIC, PAUSEMUSIC, RESUMEMUSIC, STOPMUSIC


106

SETSPRITEALPHAPurposeSets the transparency of a sprite

SyntaxSETSPRITEALPHA( sprite, alpha )

DescriptionSets how transparent a sprite is. An alpha of 0 means it'sinvisible and 255 means it's completely opaque, or solid.

Examplepic = NEWSPRITE( 1 )LOADSPRITE( "/usr/share/fuze/logo.bmp",pic, 0 )FOR alpha = 0 TO 255 LOOPSETSPRITEALPHA( pic, alpha )PLOTSPRITE( pic, GWIDTH / 2, GHEIGHT / 2, 0)UPDATEREPEATEND

AssociatedGETSPRITEH, GETSPRITEW, LOADSPRITE, NEWSPRITE,PLOTSPRITE, SETSPRITEANGLE, SETSPRITEFLIP,SETSPRITEORIGIN, GETSPRITEX, GETSPRITEY

SETSPRITEANGLEPurposeRotate a sprite to the given angle

SyntaxSETSPRITEANGLE( sprite, angle )

DescriptionUse to rotate the specified sprite to the given angle indegrees. 0 is default.

Examplepic = NEWSPRITE( 1 )LOADSPRITE( "/usr/share/fuze/logo.bmp",pic, 0 )FOR angle = 0 TO 360 LOOPSETSPRITEANGLE( pic, angle )PLOTSPRITE( pic, GWIDTH / 2, GHEIGHT / 2, 0)UPDATEREPEATEND

AssociatedGETSPRITEH, GETSPRITEW, LOADSPRITE, NEWSPRITE,PLOTSPRITE, SETSPRITESIZE, SETSPRITEFLIP,SETSPRITEORIGIN, GETSPRITEX, GETSPRITEY


107

SETSPRITEFLIPPurposeMirror a sprite in the specified direction

SyntaxSETSPRITEFLIP( sprite, flip )

DescriptionGraphically mirrors (flips) the specified sprite.

0 Reset to default1 mirrored vertically2 mirrored horizontally3 mirrored vertically & horizontally

Examplepic = NEWSPRITE( 1 )LOADSPRITE("/usr/share/fuze/logo.bmp",pic, 0)PLOTSPRITE(pic, gWidth / 2, gHeight / 2, 0)FOR a=3 TO 0 step -1 LOOPSETSPRITEFLIP( pic, a )UPDATEWAIT( 1 )REPEAT

AssociatedGETSPRITEH, GETSPRITEW, LOADSPRITE, NEWSPRITE,PLOTSPRITE, SETSPRITEANGLE, SETSPRITESIZE,SETSPRITEORIGIN, GETSPRITEX, GETSPRITEY

SETSPRITEORIGINPurposeSets the anchor point of a sprite

SyntaxSETSPRITEorigin( sprite, xpos, ypos )

DescriptionUse to set the origin of a specified sprite. When plotting asprite its default origin is bottom left. You can change this toany point on the sprite. This example sets it to the middle.

Examplepic = NEWSPRITE( 1 )LOADSPRITE( "logo.png", pic, 0 )LOOPSETSPRITEORIGIN( pic, 0, 0 )Plotsprite( pic, 0, 0, 0)UpdateWait(1)MiddleX=GETSPRITEW(pic)/2MiddleY=GETSPRITEH(pic)/2SETSPRITEORIGIN( pic, MiddleX, MiddleY )PLOTSPRITE( pic, 0, 0, 0)UPDATEREPEAT

AssociatedGETSPRITEH, GETSPRITEW, LOADSPRITE, NEWSPRITE, PLOTSPRITE,SETSPRITEANGLE, SETSPRITEFLIP, SETSPRITESIZE, GETSPRITEX, GETSPRITEY


108

SETSPRITESIZEPurposeChange the size of a sprite

SyntaxSETSPRITESIZE( sprite, size )

DescriptionSets the sprite to the specified size in percent. 100 is thedefault, therefore 50 is half the size and 300 is three timesas big as the original.

Examplepic = NEWSPRITE( 1 )LOADSPRITE("/usr/share/fuze/logo.bmp",pic, 0)FOR angle = 50 TO 200 LOOPSETSPRITESIZE( pic, size )PLOTSPRITE( pic, GWIDTH / 2, GHEIGHT / 2, 0)UPDATEREPEATEND

AssociatedGETSPRITEH, GETSPRITEW, LOADSPRITE, NEWSPRITE,PLOTSPRITE, SETSPRITEANGLE, SETSPRITEFLIP,SETSPRITEORIGIN, GETSPRITEX, GETSPRITEY

SETSPRITETRANSPurposeSet a transparency colour for a given sprite and its sub-sprites.

SyntaxSETSPRITETRANS(spriteId, Red, Green, Blue)

DescriptionIf you specify a transparency colour for a sprite then anypixels in the sprite that are this colour will be transparenti.e. They will show as the background colour. This allows asprite to pass over a background image without blocking itout. You need to load the sprite files first before settingthe transparency colour.

Example (overleaf)


109

SETSPRITETRANS Example

CLSRGBCOLOUR(247, 247, 247)RECT(50, 50, 101, 101, TRUE)COLOUR = YELLOWCIRCLE(100, 100, 50, TRUE)SAVEREGION("s3.bmp", 50, 50, 101, 101)CLS2COLOUR = REDMidY = GHEIGHT / 2FOR X = 0 TO GWIDTH STEP 100 LOOP

RECT(X, MidY - 50, 50, 200, TRUE)REPEATCOLOUR = Blacks1 = NEWSPRITE(1)LOADSPRITE("s3.bmp", s1, 0)SETSPRITETRANS(s1, 247, 247, 247)FOR X = 0 TO gWidth STEP 10 LOOP

PLOTSPRITE(s1, X, GHEIGHT / 2, 0)UPDATEWAIT (0.0005)

REPEATEND

AssociatedGETSPRITEH, GETSPRITEW, LOADSPRITE, NEWSPRITE,PLOTSPRITE, RGBCOLOUR

SGETPurposeRead a byte from a serial port.

Syntaxbyte=SGET(handle)

DescriptionFetch a single byte of data from an open serial port andreturn the data as a number. This function will pauseprogram execution for up to 5 seconds if no data isavailable. If there is still not data after 5 seconds, thefunction will return -1.

ExampleREM Read a byte from a serial portarduino=SOPEN("/dev/ttyUSB0", 115200)byte=SGET(arduino)PRINT byteSCLOSE(arduino)END

AssociatedSCLOSE, SGET$, SOPEN, SPUT, SPUT$, SREADY


110

SGET$PurposeRead a character from a serial port.

Syntaxcharacter=SGET$(handle)

DescriptionFetch a single byte of data from an open serial port andreturn the data as a single character string. This functionwill pause program execution for up to 5 seconds if nodata is available. If there is still not data after 5 seconds,the function will return an empty string.

ExampleREM Read a character from a serial portarduino=SOPEN("/dev/ttyUSB0", 115200)char$=SGET$(arduino)PRINT char$SCLOSE(arduino)END

AssociatedSCLOSE, SGET, SOPEN, SPUT, SPUT$, SREADY

SGNPurposeReturns the sign of the specified number.

Syntaxsign=SGN(number)

DescriptionReturns -1 if the number is negative, 1 otherwise. (Zero isconsidered positive)

ExampleREM Prints 1PRINT SGN(100)PRINT SGN(0)REM Print -1PRINT SGN(-5)END

AssociatedABS


111

SHOWKEYSPurposeList the function key definitions

SyntaxSHOWKEYS

DescriptionIt is possible to set the 12 function keys at the top of thekeyboard to user defined values. This command will showwhat the current definitions are. By default function keyF2 is defined to enter the EDIT command and F3 the RUNcommand but it is possible to overwrite these.

ExampleREM Set key F5 to clear screenkeyF5$ = "CLS\n"SHOWKEYS

SINPurposeReturns the sine of the given angle.

Syntaxsine=SIN(angle)

DescriptionReturns the sine of the argument angle in radians. This isthe ratio of the side of a right angled triangle, that isopposite to the angle, to the hypotenuse (the longestside).

ExampleREM Draw an ellipse in the screen centreCLSDEGFOR Angle=0 TO 360 LOOP

Xpos=100*COS(Angle)+GWIDTH/2Ypos=50*SIN(Angle)+GHEIGHT/2PLOT(Xpos,Ypos)

REPEATEND

AssociatedASIN, ATAN, COS


112

SOFTPWMWRITEPurposeSynthesize Pulse Wave Modulation to the specified GPIOpin.

SyntaxSOFTPWMWRITE(pinNo,value)

DescriptionThis enables you to simulate an analog output. For exampleinstead of an LED being just on or off you can make it appearbrighter or dimmer. The pinNo parameter is the number of theGPIO output pin. This must first be set to pinSoftPwm. Thevalue parameter is a percentage (0-100).

ExampleREM Connect an LED to GPIO pin 0PINMODE (0, PINSOFTPWM)FOR I=0 TO 100 LOOP

SOFTPWMWRITE (0,I)WAIT(0.1)

REPEATFOR I=100 to 0 STEP -1 LOOP

SOFTPWMWRITE (0,I)WAIT(0.1)

REPEATEND

AssociatedPINMODE

SOPENPurposeOpens a serial device and makes it available for use.

Syntaxhandle=SOPEN($device,speed)

DescriptionThis opens a serial device and makes it available for ouruse. It takes the name of the serial port and the speed asan argument and returns a number (the handle) of thedevice. We can use this handle to reference the deviceand allow us to open several devices at once.The following baud rates are recognised: 50, 75, 110, 134,150,200, 300, 600, 1200, 1800, 2400, 19200, 3840057600, 115200 and 230400, but do check your local PCand devices capabilities. The device is always opened withthe data format set to 8 data bits, 1 stop bit and no parity.All handshaking is turned off.

ExampleREM Read a byte from a serial portarduino=SOPEN("/dev/ttyUSB0", 115200)byte=SGET(arduino)SCLOSE(arduino)END

AssociatedSCLOSE, SGET, SGET$, SPUT, SPUT$, SREADY


113

SOUNDPurposePlay a synthesised sound with the specified parameters(emulates BBC BASIC SOUND command).

Syntaxsound(channel,amplitude,pitch,duration)

DescriptionThe channel is 0 to 3 with 0 being for white noise (static). Theamplitude goes from 0 to -15 where 0 is silent and -15 is fullvolume (-7 being half volume and so on). The duration is in20ths of a second, so 20 represents one second, 10 half asecond and so on. The pitch values are taken from a tablewhich can be found at the end of the manual but, middle C hasa value of 53 and each note is 4 away from the next. Note thatwhen used with a sound envelope amplitude is replaced bythe envelope number.

ExampleChannel=1Volume=-10FOR Note=1 TO 5 LOOP

READ Frequency,DurationSOUND(Channel,Volume,Frequency,Duration)

REPEATENDDATA 89, 20, 97, 20, 81, 20, 33, 20, 61, 40

AssociatedENVELOPE, TONE

SPACE$PurposeReturns a blank string of the specified length.

Syntaxblankstring=SPACE$(number)

DescriptionReturns a string of blank spaces number characters long.

ExampleBlank$ = SPACE$(100)FOR I=1 TO 20 LOOP

PRINT Blank$REPEATEND


114

SPRITECOLLIDEPurposeDetect a sprite collision (fast bounding box)

Syntaxcollision=SPRITECOLLIDE(target)

DescriptionReturns the sprite index of the first sprite that the spriteindex target has collided with, or -1 if there is no collision.It only checks the current sprite location and this is onlyupdated after a screen update LOOP so it is possible to callPLOTSPRITE() and have a sprite overlap but it not bedetected until after the update has happened on screen.

ExampleCLSRGBCOLOUR(254,254,254)RECT(50,50,101,101,TRUE)COLOUR=YELLOWCIRCLE(100,100,50,TRUE)SAVEREGION("s1.bmp",50,50,101,101)COLOUR=REDCIRCLE(100,100,50,TRUE)SAVEREGION("s2.bmp",50,50,101,101)CLS2s1=NEWSPRITE(1)s2=NEWSPRITE(1)LOADSPRITE("s1.bmp",s1,0)LOADSPRITE("s2.bmp",s2,0)FOR X=0 TO GWIDTH STEP 1 LOOP

PLOTSPRITE(s1,X,200,0)PLOTSPRITE(s2,GWIDTH-X-100,200,0)IF SPRITECOLLIDE (s2) <> -1 THEN BREAKUPDATEWAIT(0.0005)

REPEATEND

AssociatedGETSPRITEH, GETSPRITEW, HIDESPRITE, LOADSPRITE,NEWSPRITE, PLOTSPRITE, SPRITECOLLIDEPP


115

SPRITECOLLIDEPPPurposeDetect a sprite collision (pixel perfect)

Syntaxcollision=SPRITECOLLIDEPP(target,accuracy)

DescriptionThis is a slower but more accurate version of SpriteCollide.It first does do a simple bounding box test then checksrow at a time. The accuracy parameter is how many pixelsto skip both horizontally and vertically. This is from 1 to16, where 1 is "perfect" and greater than 1 is lessaccurate, but faster. This will affect the amount of visibleoverlap you get before a collision is detected.

ExampleCLSRECT(50,50,101,101,TRUE)COLOUR=YELLOWCIRCLE(100,100,50,TRUE)SAVEREGION("s1.bmp",50,50,101,101)COLOUR=REDCIRCLE(100,100,50,TRUE)SAVEREGION("s2.bmp",50,50,101,101)CLS2s1=NEWSPRITE(1)s2=NEWSPRITE(1)LOADSPRITE("s1.bmp",s1,0)LOADSPRITE("s2.bmp",s2,0)FOR X=0 TO GWIDTH STEP 1 LOOP

PLOTSPRITE(s1,X,200,0)PLOTSPRITE(s2,GWIDTH-X-100,200,0)IF SPRITECOLLIDEPP(s2,1) <> -1 THEN BREAKUPDATE

REPEATEND

AssociatedGETSPRITEH, GETSPRITEW, HIDESPRITE, LOADSPRITE,NEWSPRITE, PLOTSPRITE, SPRITECOLLIDE


116

SPRITEOUTPurposeFind out if a sprite is off screen

Syntaxresult = SPRITEOUT( sprite )

DescriptionIf the sprite is off screen then result is true otherwise it isfalse.

Examplepic = NEWSPRITE( 1 )LOADSPRITE("/usr/share/fuze/logo.bmp",pic, 0)PLOTSPRITE( pic, GWIDTH / 2, GHEIGHT / 2, 0)WHILE NOT SPRITEOUT( pic ) LOOPADVANCESPRITE( pic, 2 )UPDATEREPEATPRINT "GONE!"END

AssociatedHIDESPRITE, PLOTSPRITE

SPUTPurposeSend a byte to an open serial port.

SyntaxSPUT(arduino,byte)

DescriptionSend a single byte of data to an open serial port.

ExampleREM Write a byte to a serial portarduino=SOPEN("/dev/ttyUSB0", 115200)SPUT(arduino,52)SPUT(arduino,50)SCLOSE(arduino)END

AssociatedSCLOSE, SGET, SGET$, SOPEN, SPUT$, SREADY


117

SPUT$PurposeSend a character string to an open serial port.

SyntaxSPUT$(arduino,string)

DescriptionSend a string of characters of data to an open serial port.

ExampleREM Write a byte to a serial portarduino=SOPEN("/dev/ttyUSB0", 115200)SPUT$(arduino,"Hello")SCLOSE(arduino)END

AssociatedSCLOSE, SGET, SGET$, SOPEN, SPUT, SREADY

SQRTPurposeReturn the square root of the specified number.

Syntaxsquareroot=SQRT(number)

DescriptionReturns the square root of the argument number. This isthe opposite of multiplying a number by itself i.e. X =SQRT(X * X)

Examplefoursquared=4*4PRINT SQRT(foursquared)END


118

SREADYPurposeGet the number of characters available to be read on anopen serial port.

Syntaxcount=SREADY(handle)

DescriptionReturns the number of characters available to be readfrom an open serial port. This can be used to poll thedevice to avoid stalling your program when there is nodata available to be read.

ExampleREM Read a character from a serial portarduino=SOPEN("/dev/ttyUSB0", 115200)IF SREADY(arduino) THEN

char$=SGET$(arduino)PRINT char$

ENDIFSCLOSE(arduino)END

AssociatedSCLOSE, SGET, SGET$, SOPEN, SPUT, SPUT$

STOPPurposeStop a running program.

SyntaxSTOP

DescriptionProgram execution is stopped with a message indicatingthe current line number.

ExampleINPUT "Enter the Password: ", pass$IF pass$<>"wibble" THEN

PRINT "Password Incorrect"STOP

ENDIFPRINT "Password Correct"END

AssociatedCONT


119

STOPCHANPurposeStop the playing of a sound sample.

SyntaxSTOPCHAN(handle)

DescriptionThis function stops the playing of the sound sampleassociated with the handle returned by LOADSAMPLE thathas been started using PLAYSAMPLE. It cannot be resumedonce stopped.

Examplechannel=0volume=70SETCHANVOL(channel,volume)intro=LOADSAMPLE("pacman_intro.wav")PLAYSAMPLE(intro,channel,0)WAIT(3)STOPCHAN(intro)END

AssociatedLOADSAMPLE, PAUSECHAN, PLAYSAMPLE, RESUMECHAN,SETCHANVOL

STOPMUSICPurposeStop music playing completely.

SyntaxSTOPMUSIC

DescriptionStops a playing music track which cannot then beresumed.

Examplehandle=LOADMUSIC("takeoff.wav")SETMUSICVOL(70)PLAYMUSIC(handle,1)STOPMUSIC

AssociatedLOADMUSIC, PAUSEMUSIC, RESUMEMUSIC,SETMUSICVOL


120

STR$PurposeReturns a string version of the supplied number.

Syntaxstring$=STR$(number)

DescriptionReturns a string in the decimal (base 10) representation ofnumber. This is useful if you want to append a number toa string. This is the opposite of the VAL function.

ExamplePRINT "The Answer is "+STR$(42)END

AssociatedVAL

SWAPPurposeSwap the value of two variables.

SyntaxSWAP(value1,value2)

DescriptionThis swaps the value of the 2 variables round. Botharguments must be the same type - i.e. Both numeric orboth string.

Examplelowest=99highest=0IF lowest>highest THEN

SWAP(highest,lowest)ENDIFPRINT "Lowest "; lowestPRINT "Highest ";highestEND


121

SWITCHPurposeTest a value against many different values and executedifferent code.

SyntaxSWITCH (variable)

{ CASE value {, value }commands

ENDCASE }[ DEFAULT

commandsENDCASE ]

ENDSWITCH

DescriptionSimplify the writing of multiple IF. . . THEN. . . ELSEstatements. Rules• Every SWITCH must have a matching ENDSWITCH.• Every CASE or DEFAULT statement must have amatching ENDCASE.• Statements after a CASE statement must not run-intoanother CASE.• The constants after the CASE statement (and theexpression in the SWITCH statement) can be eithernumbers or strings, but you can’t mix both.

ExampleINPUT aSWITCH(a)

CASE 1,2PRINT "You entered 1 or 2"

ENDCASECASE 7

PRINT "You entered 7"ENDCASEDEFAULT

PRINT "You entered something else"ENDCASE

ENDSWITCHEND

AssociatedELSE, IF THEN


122

TANPurposeReturn the tangent of the given angle.

Syntaxtangent=TAN(angle)

DescriptionReturns the tangent of the angle in the current angleunits. In a right-angled triangle the tangent of an angle isthe ratio of the length of the opposite side to the lengthof the adjacent side. This is a measure of the steepness ofan angle.

ExampleDEGPRINT "Tangent of 45 degrees: "; TAN(45)PRINT "ArcTangent of 1: "; ATAN(1)END

AssociatedACOS, ASIN, ATAN, COS

TANGLEPurposeRead or set the current angle of the turtle.

Syntaxangle=TANGLETANGLE=angle

DescriptionThis can be read or assigned to and represents the currentangle of the turtle when using turtle graphics mode (in thecurrent angle units)

ExampleCLSORIGIN(GWIDTH/2,GHEIGHT/2)CLOCKFOR I = 1 TO 60 LOOP

TANGLE = IMOVETO(0,0)PENDOWNMOVE(100)

REPEATEND

AssociatedLEFT, MOVE, MOVETO, PENDOWN, PENUP, RIGHT


123

THEIGHTPurposeThe height in characters of the display.

Syntaxheight=THEIGHT

DescriptionThe height in characters of the display.

ExampleCLStext$="This text is centred in the screen"HVTAB((TWIDTH-LEN(text$))/2,THEIGHT/2)PRINT text$END

AssociatedTWIDTH

TIMEPurposeFind out how long the program has been running.

Syntaxtime=TIME

DescriptionThis returns a number which represents the time thatyour program has been running in milliseconds.

ExampleREM Simple reaction timerWAIT(2)REM Make sure no key pressedWHILE INKEY<>-1 LOOPREPEATstime=TIMEPRINT "Go!"WHILE INKEY=-1 LOOPREPEATetime = TIMEPRINT "Your reaction time is ";PRINT etime-stime; " milliseconds"END


124

TONEPurposePlay a tone with the specified parameters.

SyntaxTONE(channel,volume,frequency,duration)

DescriptionThis plays a simple tone of the given frequency (1 to5000Hz), volume (%) and duration (0.01 to 20 seconds) onthe given channel.You can play multiple tones by playing them one after theother and up to three tones can be played simultaneouslyon different channels.Channel 0 is white noise and the frequency has no bearingon the sound produced.

ExampleChannel=1Volume=70FOR Note=1 TO 5 LOOP

READ Frequency,DurationTONE(Channel,Volume,Frequency,Duration)

REPEATENDDATA 440, 1, 493, 1, 392, 1, 196, 1, 294 ,2

AssociatedSOUND

TIME$PurposeReturns a string with the current time.

Syntaxnow$=TIME$

DescriptionThis returns a string with the current time in the followingformat: HH:MM:SS. For example: 18:05:45.

ExamplePRINT "The time now is ";PRINT TIME$END

AssociatedDATE$


125

TRIANGLEPurposeDraw a triangle on the screen.

SyntaxTRIANGLE (xpos1, ypos1, xpos2, ypos2,xpos3, ypos3, fill)

DescriptionDraws a triangle with its corners at the three given points.The final parameter, fill is either TRUE or FALSE, andspecifies filled (TRUE) or outline (FALSE).

ExampleLOOP

COLOUR=RND(16)x1=RND(GWIDTH)x2=RND(GWIDTH)x3=RND(GWIDTH)y1=RND(GHEIGHT)y2=RND(GHEIGHT)y3=RND(GHEIGHT)f=RND(2)TRIANGLE (x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3,f)UPDATEIF INKEY<>-1 THEN BREAK

REPEATEND

AssociatedCIRCLE, ELLIPSE, RECT

TRUEPurposeRepresents the logical "true" value.

SyntaxTRUE

DescriptionRepresents a Boolean value that succeeds a conditionaltest. It is equivalent to a numeric value of 1 (in factanything other than 0 evaluates to TRUE)

Examplecondition=TRUEIF condition=TRUE THEN

PRINT "Condition is TRUE"ENDIFPRINT conditionEND

AssociatedFALSE


126

TWIDTHPurposeThe width in characters of the display.

Syntaxwidth=TWIDTH

DescriptionThe width in characters of the display.

Exampletext$="This text is centred horizontally"HTAB=(TWIDTH-LEN(text$))/2PRINT text$END

AssociatedTHEIGHT

UPDATEMODEPurposeSet the video update mode.

SyntaxUPDATEMODE=mode

Description (overleaf)

Functions, Constants & ProceduresUPDATEMODE DescriptionThe updateMode determines when the screen is redrawn.Redrawing the screen takes a little time and will slowdown a program if you do it too often. The value of themode parameter can be 0, 1, or 2 as follows:0- automatic updates do not happen. Nothing will bedrawn on the screen until the UPDATE command is issued.1-This is the default mode whereby an UPDATE happensautomatically when you output a new line, or the screenscrolls.2-The screen is updated after every PRINT instructionwhether it takes a new line or not.

ExampleCLSINPUT "Update Mode? ",modeIF mode>=0 AND mode<=2 THEN

PRINT "Press space to exit"WAIT(1)UPDATEMODE=modeLOOP

PRINT "Hello World ";REPEAT UNTIL INKEY=32UPDATE

ELSEPRINT "Invalid Update Mode"

ENDIFWAIT(1)END

AssociatedUPDATE

127

UNTIL REPEATPurposeLoop until the specified condition is met.

SyntaxUNTIL condition LOOP

{statements}REPEAT

DescriptionExecute the statements zero or more times until thecondition is TRUE (Not 0).Because the test is done at the start of the loop thestatements may not be executed at all

ExampleREM Print 1 to 10count=1UNTIL count>10 LOOP

PRINT countcount=count + 1

REPEATEND

AssociatedBREAK, CONTINUE, LOOP, LOOP REPEAT, FOR REPEAT,REPEAT UNTIL, WHILE REPEAT

UPDATEPurposeUpdate screen graphics.

SyntaxUPDATE

DescriptionGraphics are drawn to a temporary screen buffer ratherthan the visible screen. The UPDATE command copies theworking area to the main display. An update is alsoperformed if your program stops for input, or when youPRINT a new line.ExampleREM Moire patternsLOOP

CLSCOLOUR=RND(15)+1x=RND(GWIDTH)y=RND(GHEIGHT)FOR w=0 TO GWIDTH-1 STEP 3 LOOP

LINE(x,y,w,0)LINE(x,y,w,GHEIGHT-1)

REPEATFOR h=0 TO GHEIGHT-1 STEP 3 LOOP

LINE(x,y,0,h)LINE(x,y,GWIDTH-1,h)

REPEATUPDATE

REPEATEND

AssociatedUPDATEMODE


128

VALPurposeReturns the number represented by a character string.

Syntaxnumber=VAL(string$)

DescriptionReturns the number represented by string$. This is theopposite of the STR$ function.

Examplenow$ =TIME$hh=VAL(LEFT$(now$, 2))mm=VAL(MID$(now$, 3, 2))ss=VAL(RIGHT$(now$, 2))elapsed=hh*3600+mm*60+ssPRINT "Seconds since midnight: "; elapsedEND

AssociatedSTR$

VLINEPurposeDraws a vertical line.

SyntaxVLINE (ypos1,ypos2,xpos)

DescriptionDraws a vertical line on column xpos, from row ypos1 torow ypos2.

ExampleCLSCOLOUR=redFOR xpos=0 TO GWIDTH STEP 100 LOOP

VLINE(0, GHEIGHT, xpos)REPEATUPDATEEND

AssociatedHLINE, LINE, LINETO


129

VTABPurposeSet/Read the current text cursor vertical position.

SyntaxVTAB=valuevalue=VTAB

DescriptionSet/Read the current text cursor vertical position.

ExampleCLSFOR ypos = 0 TO THEIGHT LOOP

VTAB=yposPRINT VTAB

REPEATVTAB=0END

AssociatedHTAB, HVTAB

WAITPurposeWaits for the specified time to elapse.

SyntaxWAIT(time)

DescriptionThis waits (does nothing) for time seconds. This may be afractional number, but the accuracy will depend on thecomputer you are running it on, however delays down to1/100th of a second should be achievable.

ExampleREM COUNT 10 SecondsCLSSeconds = 0FOR I=1 TO 10 LOOP

WAIT(1)Seconds=Seconds + 1HVTAB(10,10)PRINT Seconds

REPEATPRINT "Elapsed "; TIME/1000END


130

WHILE REPEATPurposeLoop while the specified condition is met.

SyntaxWHILE condition LOOP

{statements}REPEAT

DescriptionExecute the statements zero or more times while the conditionis TRUE (Not 0). Because the test is done at the start of the loopthe statements may not be executed at all.

Examplehandle=OPEN("whiletest.txt")FOR r=0 TO 10 LOOP

PRINT# handle,"Record ";rREPEATCLOSE(handle)handle = OPEN("whiletest.txt")WHILE NOT EOF(handle) LOOP



AssociatedBREAK, CONTINUE, LOOP, LOOP REPEAT, FOR REPEAT,REPEAT UNTIL, UNTIL REPEAT


listGamepadsImmediate mode only. Displays a list of connecteddevices.

numButtons( gamepad )Returns the number of buttons on a specified device

numAxes( gamepad )Returns the number of analog axis on a specified device

numHats( gamepad )Returns the number of HATS on a specified device

numGamepadsReturns the number of devices connected

getAxis( gamepad, axis )Returns the value of a given axis on a specified device

getButton( gamepad, button )Returns the value of a given button on a specified device

getHat( gamepad, hat )Returns the value of a given HAT on a specified device

SetupGamepad( gamepad )Configure a specified device

Joystick and Gamepad commands

131

132

scanBackspacescanTabscanClearscanReturnscanPausescanEscapescanSpacescanExclaimscanQuoteDblscanHashscanDollarscanAmpersandscanQuotescanLeftParenscanRightParenscanAsteriskscanPlusscanCommascanMinusscanPeriodscanSlashscan0

scanAscanBscanCscanDscanEscanFscanGscanHscanIscanJscanKscanLscanMscanNscanOscanPscanQscanRscanSscanTscanUscanV

scanDownscanRightscanLeftscanInsertscanHomescanEndscanPageupscanPagedownscanF1scanF2scanF3scanF4scanF5scanF6scanF7ScanF8scanF9scanF10scanF11scanF12scanF13scanF14ScanF15scanNumLock

scanCapsLockscanScrolLockscanRShiftscanLShiftscanRCtrlscanLCtrlscanRAltscanLAltscanRMetascanLMetascanLSuperscanRSuperscanModescanComposescanHelpscanPrintscanSysReqscanBreakscanMenuscanPowerscanEuroscanUndo

ScanKeyboard values

scan1scan2scan3scan4scan5scan6scan7scan8scan9scanColonscanSemiColonScanLessScanEqualsscanGreaterscanQuestionscanAtscanLeftBracketscanBackSlashscanRightBracketscanCaretScanUnderscorescanBackQuote

scanVscanWscanXscanYScanZscanDeletescanKP0scanKP1scanKP2scanKP3scanKP4scanKP5scanKP6scanKP7scanKP8scanKP9scanKpPeriodscanKpDividescanKpMultiplyscanKpMinusscanKpPlusScanKpEnterScanKpEqualsscanUp

133

Notes & Octaves for Sound function

Octave NumberNote 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

B 0 49 97 145 193 241A# 0 45 93 141 189 237

A 41 89 137 185 233G# 37 85 133 181 229

G 33 81 129 177 225F# 29 77 125 173 221

F 25 73 121 169 217E 21 69 117 165 213

D# 17 65 113 161 209D 13 61 109 157 205 253

C# 9 57 105 153 201 249C 5 53 101 149 197 245

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