programming for business computing graphical …lckung/courses/pbc17/slides/pbc106-1...programming...

Ling-Chieh Kung (NTU IM)Programming for Business Computing ndash GUI 1 51

Programming for Business Computing

Graphical User Interface

Ling-Chieh Kung

Department of Information Management

National Taiwan University

Basic concepts Example 1 A simple square root calculator

Example 1B A cool square root calculator Example 2 A scatter plot plotter


Outline

bull Basic concepts

bull Example 1A A simple square root calculator

bull Example 1B A cool square root calculator

bull Example 2 A scatter plot plotter




User interface

bull Our program interact with users through a user interface (UI)

bull User interface design is important

ndash Intuitiveness

ndash Fail-safe

ndash User experience (UX)

bull So far we worked with text-based interfaces

ndash Command linesconsolesterminals

bull Letrsquos try to build a graphical user interface (GUI) now

ndash Also called ldquofront-end developmentrdquo




Developing a GUI

bull Easier to use than a text-based user interface

ndash Better user experience

bull Easier to do fail safe

ndash Checkbox vs entering YN

ndash Dropdown list vs entering 12345

bull Worse performance

ndash Compared to a text-based user interface




Learning to develop a GUI

bull Using Python to develop a GUI is not hard

ndash Easier than using C C++ Java etc

ndash However still harder than web development

bull Today you develop a GUI only if you want to make desktop software or

smartphone app to sell

ndash If you just want to implement an algorithm use a text-based UI

ndash If you want to develop an application write a web page

bull Still (slightly) learning how to write a GUI in Python is good

ndash Getting the fundamental ideas of GUI

ndash Getting more ideas about classes

ndash Getting more ideas about software development and online search

bull And getting something to demonstrate to your parents and friends




Basic structure of a GUI window

bull A desktop application is typically presented in a window (or multiple windows)

bull A window has a header

ndash An icon a title and three buttons (minimize maximizegetting back close)




Basic structure of a GUI widgets

bull There are widgets (components elements)

ndash Many of them are called icons

labelsbuttons checkboxes textboxes canvases dropdown listsa menu




Our GUI development

bull To develop a GUI we first create a window

ndash We will write a class by ldquoinheritingrdquo an existing window class in a library

bull We then create components by creating objects (using existing classes)

ndash Button objects label objects etc

ndash They are member variables of our window class

ndash We specify their looks and locations by modifying their member variables

bull Finally we determine their behaviors

ndash We define member functions of our window class

ndash We specify the function to invoke upon an event (eg when a button is

clicked)

bull The example programs are for Windows

ndash For Mac please refer to the supplemental handout




Outline

bull Basic concepts







A square root calculator

bull Our first example is a square root calculator

ndash A simpler version of a calculator

ndash A user may click on the number pad to enter a

number (as a nonnegative integer)

ndash She may then click on the square root icon to get

the square root of the input number (as a float

number rounded to the second digit after the

decimal point)

bull We need to

ndash Create a window

ndash Create one label and eleven buttons

ndash Implement event-triggered functions

ndash Arrange them nicely




Calculator 01 Creating a window

bull First we import tkinter the standard

Python library for creating GUI and give it an alias tk

bull We then write a class Calculator by

inheriting from a class Frame

ndash Frame is a class defining an

ldquoemptyrdquo window frame

ndash To inherit from a class put the class

name inside the pair of parentheses

ndash Inheriting an existing class allows

our own class having everything

defined in the ldquoparent classrdquo

import tkinter as tk

class Calculator(tkFrame)

def __init__(self)

tkFrame__init__(self)

selfgrid()

cal = Calculator()

calmastertitle(My Calculator)

calmainloop()





bull We then define our constructor

ndash Invoking the parentrsquos constructor

ndash Invoking a member function (defined in Frame) to prepare

ldquogridsrdquo to place widgets



def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()





bull Now we use the class to create a

Calculator object

ndash First create the object

ndash Second use a member function (defined in Frame) to set up the

title

ndash Lastly invoke mainloop() to let it

keep listening to events (like invoking input() and waiting for

user input)

bull The result



def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()




Calculator 02 Adding widgets

bull Letrsquos add a label and a button

bull To add widgets into a window we need to

decide where to place them

ndash A window is divided into grids

intersections of rows and columns

ndash Here we have 5 rows and 3 columns

ndash A widget may span for multiple rows

or columns

bull Later we will put the label at (row = 0

column = 0) and the button at (row = 1

column = 0)

row 0

row 1

row 2

row 3

row 4

column

0 1 2





bull We define a member function createWidgets()

bull We use the class Label to

create a member label object

ndash The first argument says

that this label belongs to

this window

ndash The second argument

sets the initial text to ldquo0rdquo

ndash The label object is a

member of this window

bull The class Buttonworks

similarly



def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()

def createWidgets(self)

selflblNum = tkLabel(self text = 0)

selfbtnNum1 = tkButton(self text = 1)

selflblNumgrid(row = 0 column = 0)

selfbtnNum1grid(row = 1 column = 0)

cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()





bull Each of the two widgets need to invoke grid() to set up

its location

ndash We specify the row and

column indices of each

widget

bull The result



def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()






cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()




Calculator 03 Event-triggered functions

bull We now implement an event-triggered function for the button

bull The member function clickBtnNum1() sets the

labelrsquos text to be ldquo1rdquo

ndash By invoking the configure()member function

bull command = selfclickBtnNum1 adds an event listener to the button

ndash When one clicks the button a ldquoclickrdquo event triggers clickBtnNum1()

ndash Without Calculator this would become a (weird) global function



selfbtnNum1 = tkButton(self text = 1 command = selfclickBtnNum1)



def clickBtnNum1(self)

selflblNumconfigure(text = 1)






bull What does this implementation do

ndash selflblNumcget(text) returns the

current text of a label object

ndash Clicking the button appends one more ldquo1rdquo to the current text







selflblNumconfigure(text = selflblNumcget(text) + 1)




Calculator 05 heights widths fonts

bull Letrsquos adjust the look of our widgets

bull All widgets have attributes height and width

ndash For a label or button of texts height is the number of lines and width is

the number of characters

ndash For a label or button of images height and width are pixels

bull Most widgets have the attribute font

ndash We may use the class font in tkinter to define a font object

ndash Assigning a font object to font sets the font familytypesize of the widget

ndash To import the class add

into your Python program

import tkinterfont as tkFont





ndash f1 and f2 are two font objects

ndash The label contains one line of seven 48-point

Courier New characters

ndash The button contains one line of two 32-point


bull Calculator 10 (which is just 05) is in

ldquoCalculator1pyrdquo


f1 = tkFontFont(size = 48 family = Courier New)


selflblNum = tkLabel(self text = 0 height = 1 width = 7 font = f1)

selfbtnNum1 = tkButton(self text = 1 command = selfclickBtnNum1

height = 1 width = 2 font = f2)






Calculator 11 all widgets

bull Letrsquos put all eleven buttons into the window





selfbtnNum1 = tkButton(self text = 1 height = 1 width = 2

command = selfclickBtnNum1 font = f2)



let all buttons trigger clickBtnNum1() for a while

btnNum3 to btnNum9 omitted



selfbtnSqrt = tkButton(self text = s height = 1 width = 2






bull Letrsquos set up their locations

ndash The attribute columnspan specifies the number

of columns spanned by the widget

ndash The attribute rowspan specifies the number of

columns spanned by the widget


font and widget creation omitted

selflblNumgrid(row = 0 column = 0 columnspan = 3)




selfbtnNum0grid(row = 4 column = 0 columnspan = 2)

selfbtnSqrtgrid(row = 4 column = 2)




Calculator 12 expanding widgets

bull How to take away the margins between widgets

bull The grid() function has a parameter stickywhose

value decides how to stick a widget to a side (and

remove the margin)

ndash sticky = tkE sticks the widget to the east

(right)

ndash sticky = tkNE sticks the widget toward the

north (top) and east (right)

ndash To sticks the widget to multiple sides write eg sticky = tkE + tkNW





bull Letrsquos try it

selfbtnNum1grid(row = 1 column = 0 sticky = tkE)

selfbtnNum2grid(row = 1 column = 1 sticky = tkW)

selfbtnNum3grid(row = 1 column = 2 sticky = tkN)

selfbtnNum4grid(row = 2 column = 0 sticky = tkS)

selfbtnNum5grid(row = 2 column = 1 sticky = tkNE)





selfbtnNum0grid(row = 4 column = 0

columnspan = 2

sticky = tkNE + tkSW)






bull Letrsquos remove all margins

selflblNumgrid(row = 0 column = 0 columnspan = 3







selfbtnNum0grid(row = 4 column = 0 columnspan = 2


selfbtnSqrtgrid(row = 4 column = 2





Calculator 13 adding functions

bull Letrsquos add a function for button 2

bull And then repeat this for all buttons (except square root)


all others omitted













bull Letrsquos add a function for the square root button

ndash Take the current number cast it to a float find its square root round it

convert it to a string and then override the current number

bull This is good buthellip

ndash What happens if we then click a button of any number


all others omitted


command = selfclickBtnSqrt font = f2)

def clickBtnSqrt(self)

curNum = float(selflblNumcget(text))

selflblNumconfigure(text = str(round(mathsqrt(curNum) 2)))





bull Letrsquos add a flag for whether we should reset the number

bull Should we modify the functions for other buttons in the same way

class Calculator(tkFrame) all others omitted

shouldReset = True the flag


if selfshouldReset == True


selfshouldReset = False

else





selfshouldReset = True





bull Letrsquos use a more modularized way

bull Calculator 20 (which is just 13) is in ldquoCalculator2pyrdquo


def setNumStr(self content)


selflblNumconfigure(text = content)


else

selflblNumconfigure(text = selflblNumcget(text) + content)


selfsetNumStr(1)


selfsetNumStr(2)




Outline

bull Basic concepts







Calculator 21 the square root image

bull The current version is good

but the label of the square

root button is not good

bull Which one do you prefer

bull Letrsquos use an image rather

than a text as the label





bull First we need to prepare an image of square root

bull While many images are in PNG JPG and BMP format the default tkinter class PhotoImage only

support GIF PGM PPM and XBM formats

bull Suppose that we have a GIF image we do

ndash Donrsquot forget to use cmd to run the program

bull Okay but not perfect

selfimageSqrt = tkPhotoImage(file = sqrtgif)

selfbtnSqrt = tkButton(self image = selfimageSqrt

command = selfclickBtnSqrt)




Calculator 30 using PIL

bull To use a PNG format we may install the library PIL

(Python Image Library) by install Pillow

ndash httpspython-pilloworg

ndash To install Pillow run ldquopip install Pillowrdquo

in cmd

bull We now write



from PIL import ImageTk


all others omitted

selfimageSqrt = ImageTkPhotoImage(file = sqrtpng)






Challenge

bull If we write

the calculator works well but the image disappears

bull Why



all others omitted

imageSqrt = ImagePhotoImage(file = sqrtpng)

selfbtnSqrt = tkButton(self image = imageSqrt





Calculator 40 textbox

bull Letrsquos allow a user to type in numbers





bull First we change the label to a textbox ie we change

to

bull We also change the code of setting its location ie we change

to

selflblNum = tkLabel(self height = 1 width = 7 text = 0 font = f1)

selftxtNum = tkText(self height = 1 width = 7 font = f1)

selflblNumgrid(row = 0 column = 0 columnspan = 3 sticky = tkNE + tkSW)

selftxtNumgrid(row = 0 column = 0 columnspan = 3 sticky = tkNE + tkSW)





bull When one clicks a number button we change

to

bull When one types a number the textbox always gets that number inserted





else




selftxtNumdelete(10 tkEND) 10 the first line

selftxtNuminsert(10 content) the 0th character

selfshouldReset = False tkEND the last character

else

selftxtNuminsert(tkEND content)





bull When one clicks the square root button we change

to

bull Calculator 40 is in ldquoCalculator4pyrdquo






curNum = float(selftxtNumget(10 tkEND))

selftxtNumdelete(10 tkEND)

selftxtNuminsert(10 str(round(mathsqrt(curNum) 2)))





Outline

bull Basic concepts







A scatter plot plotter

bull In our second example

we will

ndash Use two textboxes to

let users input comma-

separated values

ndash Use a canvas to place

a scatter plot based on

the user input




Plotter 10 window and widgets



class Plotter(tkFrame)

def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()


f = tkFontFont(size = 16 family = Courier New)

selflblX = tkLabel(self text = x height = 1 width = 3 font = f)

selflblY = tkLabel(self text = y height = 1 width = 3 font = f)

selftxtX = tkText(self height = 1 width = 40 font = f)

selftxtY = tkText(self height = 1 width = 40 font = f)

selfbtnLoad = tkButton(self text = plot height = 1 width = 5 font = f)

selfcvsMain = tkCanvas(self width = 800 height = 600 bg = white)





bull The sticky setting pushes the texts in the two labels to the right

bull Plotter 10 is in ldquoPlotter1pyrdquo

selflblXgrid(row = 0 column = 0 sticky = tkE)

selflblYgrid(row = 1 column = 0 sticky = tkE)

selftxtXgrid(row = 0 column = 1 sticky = tkNE + tkSW)

selftxtYgrid(row = 1 column = 1 sticky = tkNE + tkSW)

selfbtnLoadgrid(row = 0 rowspan = 2 column = 2 sticky = tkNE + tkSW)

selfcvsMaingrid(row = 2 column = 0 columnspan = 3 sticky = tkNE + tkSW)

pl = Plotter()

plmastertitle(My Plotter)

plmainloop()




Plotter 20 drawing scatter plots

bull To draw a scatter plot we first

ndash Extract the texts in the two textboxes (and process them)

ndash Draw a scatter plot by matplotlibpyplot

import matplotlibpyplot as pyplot

class Plotter(tkFrame) all others omitted


selfbtnLoad = tkButton(self text = plot height = 1 width = 5

command = selfclickBtnLoad font = f)

def clickBtnLoad(self)

x = selftxtXget(10 tkEND)split() 10 the first line

for i in range(len(x)) the 0th character

x[i] = float(x[i]) tkEND until the last character

y = selftxtYget(10 tkEND)split()

for i in range(len(y))

y[i] = float(y[i])

pyplotplot(x y bo)

pyplotshow()





bull That was good but

ndash The scatter plot is not on

the canvas

ndash xlim and ylim of the

scatter plot is not set

properly





Plotter 30 revision

bull Letrsquos write a function for making a ldquonicerdquo scatter plot

ndash And save it as a file


def makeScatter(self x y)

pyplotfigure() to create a new figure

pyplotplot(x y bo)

rangeX = max(x) - min(x)

pyplotxlim(min(x) - rangeX 01 max(x) + rangeX 01)

rangeY = max(y) - min(y)

pyplotylim(min(y) - rangeY 01 max(y) + rangeY 01)

pyplotsavefig(temppng)




Plotter 30 revision

bull Now we put the saved file onto the canvas




x = selftxtXget(10 tkEND)split()

for i in range(len(x))

x[i] = float(x[i])



y[i] = float(y[i])

selfmakeScatter(x y)

selfimageMain = ImageTkPhotoImage(file = temppng)

selfcvsMaincreate_image(400 300 image = selfimageMain anchor = tkCENTER)




Plotter 30 revision

bull Letrsquos delete the file after it is used

import os



string processing




ossystem(del temppng)




Plotter 30 revision





Plotter 40 coordinates

bull May we add coordinate labels onto the plot Yes



fig = pyplotfigure()

ax = figadd_subplot(111)


axset_xlim(min(x) - rangeX 01 max(x) + rangeX 01)


axset_ylim(min(y) - rangeY 01 max(y) + rangeY 01)

pyplotplot(x y bo)

for i j in zip(x y)

axannotate(str(j) xy = (i j))










Remarks

bull GUI development motivated OOP

bull Most of us in the future will not write programs to build a GUI

bull However the following concepts are good to know

ndash Objects classes and inheritance

ndash Modularization (eg each button is an object)

ndash Event listeners

bull To add more widgets and make more powerful applications search online




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Python Software Foundation Guido van Rossumhttpswwwpythonorg依據著作權法第465265條合理使用20171013 visited

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Outline

bull Basic concepts







User interface



ndash Intuitiveness

ndash Fail-safe









Developing a GUI









































Our GUI development










clicked)






Outline

bull Basic concepts















decimal point)

bull We need to






















def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()











def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()






Calculator object



title



user input)

bull The result



def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()












or columns



column = 0)

row 0

row 1

row 2

row 3

row 4

column

0 1 2










this window






similarly



def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()






cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()






its location



widget

bull The result



def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()






cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()
















































































































remove the margin)


(right)



















columnspan = 2


























all others omitted



















all others omitted


















else

















else



selfsetNumStr(1)


selfsetNumStr(2)




Outline

bull Basic concepts



































in cmd

bull We now write





all others omitted







Challenge

bull If we write


bull Why



all others omitted














to


to










to






else







else







to














Outline

bull Basic concepts









we will



separated values



the user input








def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()





















pl = Plotter()


plmainloop()



















y[i] = float(y[i])

pyplotplot(x y bo)

pyplotshow()







the canvas



properly





Plotter 30 revision






pyplotplot(x y bo)









Plotter 30 revision







x[i] = float(x[i])



y[i] = float(y[i])







Plotter 30 revision


import os



string processing








Plotter 30 revision















pyplotplot(x y bo)

for i j in zip(x y)











Remarks











版權聲明



267


3

10143133


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版權聲明


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10 23


11 24


122531



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


15 40


16 44


17 48


18 50



User interface



ndash Intuitiveness

ndash Fail-safe









Developing a GUI









































Our GUI development










clicked)






Outline

bull Basic concepts















decimal point)

bull We need to






















def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()











def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()






Calculator object



title



user input)

bull The result



def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()












or columns



column = 0)

row 0

row 1

row 2

row 3

row 4

column

0 1 2










this window






similarly



def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()






cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()






its location



widget

bull The result



def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()






cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()
















































































































remove the margin)


(right)



















columnspan = 2


























all others omitted



















all others omitted


















else

















else



selfsetNumStr(1)


selfsetNumStr(2)




Outline

bull Basic concepts



































in cmd

bull We now write





all others omitted







Challenge

bull If we write


bull Why



all others omitted














to


to










to






else







else







to














Outline

bull Basic concepts









we will



separated values



the user input








def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()





















pl = Plotter()


plmainloop()



















y[i] = float(y[i])

pyplotplot(x y bo)

pyplotshow()







the canvas



properly





Plotter 30 revision






pyplotplot(x y bo)









Plotter 30 revision







x[i] = float(x[i])



y[i] = float(y[i])







Plotter 30 revision


import os



string processing








Plotter 30 revision















pyplotplot(x y bo)

for i j in zip(x y)











Remarks











版權聲明



267


3

10143133


4 13


5 16


6 17



版權聲明


7 18


8 19


9 22


10 23


11 24


122531



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


15 40


16 44


17 48


18 50



Developing a GUI









































Our GUI development










clicked)






Outline

bull Basic concepts















decimal point)

bull We need to






















def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()











def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()






Calculator object



title



user input)

bull The result



def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()












or columns



column = 0)

row 0

row 1

row 2

row 3

row 4

column

0 1 2










this window






similarly



def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()






cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()






its location



widget

bull The result



def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()






cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()
















































































































remove the margin)


(right)



















columnspan = 2


























all others omitted



















all others omitted


















else

















else



selfsetNumStr(1)


selfsetNumStr(2)




Outline

bull Basic concepts



































in cmd

bull We now write





all others omitted







Challenge

bull If we write


bull Why



all others omitted














to


to










to






else







else







to














Outline

bull Basic concepts









we will



separated values



the user input








def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()





















pl = Plotter()


plmainloop()



















y[i] = float(y[i])

pyplotplot(x y bo)

pyplotshow()







the canvas



properly





Plotter 30 revision






pyplotplot(x y bo)









Plotter 30 revision







x[i] = float(x[i])



y[i] = float(y[i])







Plotter 30 revision


import os



string processing








Plotter 30 revision















pyplotplot(x y bo)

for i j in zip(x y)











Remarks











版權聲明



267


3

10143133


4 13


5 16


6 17



版權聲明


7 18


8 19


9 22


10 23


11 24


122531



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


15 40


16 44


17 48


18 50

































Our GUI development










clicked)






Outline

bull Basic concepts















decimal point)

bull We need to






















def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()











def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()






Calculator object



title



user input)

bull The result



def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()












or columns



column = 0)

row 0

row 1

row 2

row 3

row 4

column

0 1 2










this window






similarly



def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()






cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()






its location



widget

bull The result



def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()






cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()
















































































































remove the margin)


(right)



















columnspan = 2


























all others omitted



















all others omitted


















else

















else



selfsetNumStr(1)


selfsetNumStr(2)




Outline

bull Basic concepts



































in cmd

bull We now write





all others omitted







Challenge

bull If we write


bull Why



all others omitted














to


to










to






else







else







to














Outline

bull Basic concepts









we will



separated values



the user input








def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()





















pl = Plotter()


plmainloop()



















y[i] = float(y[i])

pyplotplot(x y bo)

pyplotshow()







the canvas



properly





Plotter 30 revision






pyplotplot(x y bo)









Plotter 30 revision







x[i] = float(x[i])



y[i] = float(y[i])







Plotter 30 revision


import os



string processing








Plotter 30 revision















pyplotplot(x y bo)

for i j in zip(x y)











Remarks











版權聲明



267


3

10143133


4 13


5 16


6 17



版權聲明


7 18


8 19


9 22


10 23


11 24


122531



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


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17 48


18 50



Outline

bull Basic concepts















decimal point)

bull We need to






















def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()











def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()






Calculator object



title



user input)

bull The result



def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()












or columns



column = 0)

row 0

row 1

row 2

row 3

row 4

column

0 1 2










this window






similarly



def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()






cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()






its location



widget

bull The result



def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()






cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()
















































































































remove the margin)


(right)



















columnspan = 2


























all others omitted



















all others omitted


















else

















else



selfsetNumStr(1)


selfsetNumStr(2)




Outline

bull Basic concepts



































in cmd

bull We now write





all others omitted







Challenge

bull If we write


bull Why



all others omitted














to


to










to






else







else







to














Outline

bull Basic concepts









we will



separated values



the user input








def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()





















pl = Plotter()


plmainloop()



















y[i] = float(y[i])

pyplotplot(x y bo)

pyplotshow()







the canvas



properly





Plotter 30 revision






pyplotplot(x y bo)









Plotter 30 revision







x[i] = float(x[i])



y[i] = float(y[i])







Plotter 30 revision


import os



string processing








Plotter 30 revision















pyplotplot(x y bo)

for i j in zip(x y)











Remarks











版權聲明



267


3

10143133


4 13


5 16


6 17



版權聲明


7 18


8 19


9 22


10 23


11 24


122531



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


15 40


16 44


17 48


18 50











decimal point)

bull We need to






















def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()











def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()






Calculator object



title



user input)

bull The result



def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()












or columns



column = 0)

row 0

row 1

row 2

row 3

row 4

column

0 1 2










this window






similarly



def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()






cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()






its location



widget

bull The result



def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()






cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()
















































































































remove the margin)


(right)



















columnspan = 2


























all others omitted



















all others omitted


















else

















else



selfsetNumStr(1)


selfsetNumStr(2)




Outline

bull Basic concepts



































in cmd

bull We now write





all others omitted







Challenge

bull If we write


bull Why



all others omitted














to


to










to






else







else







to














Outline

bull Basic concepts









we will



separated values



the user input








def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()





















pl = Plotter()


plmainloop()



















y[i] = float(y[i])

pyplotplot(x y bo)

pyplotshow()







the canvas



properly





Plotter 30 revision






pyplotplot(x y bo)









Plotter 30 revision







x[i] = float(x[i])



y[i] = float(y[i])







Plotter 30 revision


import os



string processing








Plotter 30 revision















pyplotplot(x y bo)

for i j in zip(x y)











Remarks











版權聲明



267


3

10143133


4 13


5 16


6 17



版權聲明


7 18


8 19


9 22


10 23


11 24


122531



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


15 40


16 44


17 48


18 50

















def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()











def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()






Calculator object



title



user input)

bull The result



def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()












or columns



column = 0)

row 0

row 1

row 2

row 3

row 4

column

0 1 2










this window






similarly



def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()






cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()






its location



widget

bull The result



def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()






cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()
















































































































remove the margin)


(right)



















columnspan = 2


























all others omitted



















all others omitted


















else

















else



selfsetNumStr(1)


selfsetNumStr(2)




Outline

bull Basic concepts



































in cmd

bull We now write





all others omitted







Challenge

bull If we write


bull Why



all others omitted














to


to










to






else







else







to














Outline

bull Basic concepts









we will



separated values



the user input








def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()





















pl = Plotter()


plmainloop()



















y[i] = float(y[i])

pyplotplot(x y bo)

pyplotshow()







the canvas



properly





Plotter 30 revision






pyplotplot(x y bo)









Plotter 30 revision







x[i] = float(x[i])



y[i] = float(y[i])







Plotter 30 revision


import os



string processing








Plotter 30 revision















pyplotplot(x y bo)

for i j in zip(x y)











Remarks











版權聲明



267


3

10143133


4 13


5 16


6 17



版權聲明


7 18


8 19


9 22


10 23


11 24


122531



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


15 40


16 44


17 48


18 50










def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()






Calculator object



title



user input)

bull The result



def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()












or columns



column = 0)

row 0

row 1

row 2

row 3

row 4

column

0 1 2










this window






similarly



def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()






cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()






its location



widget

bull The result



def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()






cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()
















































































































remove the margin)


(right)



















columnspan = 2


























all others omitted



















all others omitted


















else

















else



selfsetNumStr(1)


selfsetNumStr(2)




Outline

bull Basic concepts



































in cmd

bull We now write





all others omitted







Challenge

bull If we write


bull Why



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to


to










to






else







else







to














Outline

bull Basic concepts









we will



separated values



the user input








def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()





















pl = Plotter()


plmainloop()



















y[i] = float(y[i])

pyplotplot(x y bo)

pyplotshow()







the canvas



properly





Plotter 30 revision






pyplotplot(x y bo)









Plotter 30 revision







x[i] = float(x[i])



y[i] = float(y[i])







Plotter 30 revision


import os



string processing








Plotter 30 revision















pyplotplot(x y bo)

for i j in zip(x y)











Remarks











版權聲明



267


3

10143133


4 13


5 16


6 17



版權聲明


7 18


8 19


9 22


10 23


11 24


122531



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


15 40


16 44


17 48


18 50





Calculator object



title



user input)

bull The result



def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()












or columns



column = 0)

row 0

row 1

row 2

row 3

row 4

column

0 1 2










this window






similarly



def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()






cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()






its location



widget

bull The result



def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()






cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()
















































































































remove the margin)


(right)



















columnspan = 2


























all others omitted



















all others omitted


















else

















else



selfsetNumStr(1)


selfsetNumStr(2)




Outline

bull Basic concepts



































in cmd

bull We now write





all others omitted







Challenge

bull If we write


bull Why



all others omitted














to


to










to






else







else







to














Outline

bull Basic concepts









we will



separated values



the user input








def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()





















pl = Plotter()


plmainloop()



















y[i] = float(y[i])

pyplotplot(x y bo)

pyplotshow()







the canvas



properly





Plotter 30 revision






pyplotplot(x y bo)









Plotter 30 revision







x[i] = float(x[i])



y[i] = float(y[i])







Plotter 30 revision


import os



string processing








Plotter 30 revision















pyplotplot(x y bo)

for i j in zip(x y)











Remarks











版權聲明



267


3

10143133


4 13


5 16


6 17



版權聲明


7 18


8 19


9 22


10 23


11 24


122531



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


15 40


16 44


17 48


18 50











or columns



column = 0)

row 0

row 1

row 2

row 3

row 4

column

0 1 2










this window






similarly



def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()






cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()






its location



widget

bull The result



def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()






cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()
















































































































remove the margin)


(right)



















columnspan = 2


























all others omitted



















all others omitted


















else

















else



selfsetNumStr(1)


selfsetNumStr(2)




Outline

bull Basic concepts



































in cmd

bull We now write





all others omitted







Challenge

bull If we write


bull Why



all others omitted














to


to










to






else







else







to














Outline

bull Basic concepts









we will



separated values



the user input








def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()





















pl = Plotter()


plmainloop()



















y[i] = float(y[i])

pyplotplot(x y bo)

pyplotshow()







the canvas



properly





Plotter 30 revision






pyplotplot(x y bo)









Plotter 30 revision







x[i] = float(x[i])



y[i] = float(y[i])







Plotter 30 revision


import os



string processing








Plotter 30 revision















pyplotplot(x y bo)

for i j in zip(x y)











Remarks











版權聲明



267


3

10143133


4 13


5 16


6 17



版權聲明


7 18


8 19


9 22


10 23


11 24


122531



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


15 40


16 44


17 48


18 50









this window






similarly



def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()






cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()






its location



widget

bull The result



def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()






cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()
















































































































remove the margin)


(right)



















columnspan = 2


























all others omitted



















all others omitted


















else

















else



selfsetNumStr(1)


selfsetNumStr(2)




Outline

bull Basic concepts



































in cmd

bull We now write





all others omitted







Challenge

bull If we write


bull Why



all others omitted














to


to










to






else







else







to














Outline

bull Basic concepts









we will



separated values



the user input








def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()





















pl = Plotter()


plmainloop()



















y[i] = float(y[i])

pyplotplot(x y bo)

pyplotshow()







the canvas



properly





Plotter 30 revision






pyplotplot(x y bo)









Plotter 30 revision







x[i] = float(x[i])



y[i] = float(y[i])







Plotter 30 revision


import os



string processing








Plotter 30 revision















pyplotplot(x y bo)

for i j in zip(x y)











Remarks











版權聲明



267


3

10143133


4 13


5 16


6 17



版權聲明


7 18


8 19


9 22


10 23


11 24


122531



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


15 40


16 44


17 48


18 50





its location



widget

bull The result



def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()






cal = Calculator()


calmainloop()
















































































































remove the margin)


(right)



















columnspan = 2


























all others omitted



















all others omitted


















else

















else



selfsetNumStr(1)


selfsetNumStr(2)




Outline

bull Basic concepts



































in cmd

bull We now write





all others omitted







Challenge

bull If we write


bull Why



all others omitted














to


to










to






else







else







to














Outline

bull Basic concepts









we will



separated values



the user input








def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()





















pl = Plotter()


plmainloop()



















y[i] = float(y[i])

pyplotplot(x y bo)

pyplotshow()







the canvas



properly





Plotter 30 revision






pyplotplot(x y bo)









Plotter 30 revision







x[i] = float(x[i])



y[i] = float(y[i])







Plotter 30 revision


import os



string processing








Plotter 30 revision















pyplotplot(x y bo)

for i j in zip(x y)











Remarks











版權聲明



267


3

10143133


4 13


5 16


6 17



版權聲明


7 18


8 19


9 22


10 23


11 24


122531



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


15 40


16 44


17 48


18 50















































































































remove the margin)


(right)



















columnspan = 2


























all others omitted



















all others omitted


















else

















else



selfsetNumStr(1)


selfsetNumStr(2)




Outline

bull Basic concepts



































in cmd

bull We now write





all others omitted







Challenge

bull If we write


bull Why



all others omitted














to


to










to






else







else







to














Outline

bull Basic concepts









we will



separated values



the user input








def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()





















pl = Plotter()


plmainloop()



















y[i] = float(y[i])

pyplotplot(x y bo)

pyplotshow()







the canvas



properly





Plotter 30 revision






pyplotplot(x y bo)









Plotter 30 revision







x[i] = float(x[i])



y[i] = float(y[i])







Plotter 30 revision


import os



string processing








Plotter 30 revision















pyplotplot(x y bo)

for i j in zip(x y)











Remarks











版權聲明



267


3

10143133


4 13


5 16


6 17



版權聲明


7 18


8 19


9 22


10 23


11 24


122531



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


15 40


16 44


17 48


18 50















columnspan = 2


























all others omitted



















all others omitted


















else

















else



selfsetNumStr(1)


selfsetNumStr(2)




Outline

bull Basic concepts



































in cmd

bull We now write





all others omitted







Challenge

bull If we write


bull Why



all others omitted














to


to










to






else







else







to














Outline

bull Basic concepts









we will



separated values



the user input








def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()





















pl = Plotter()


plmainloop()



















y[i] = float(y[i])

pyplotplot(x y bo)

pyplotshow()







the canvas



properly





Plotter 30 revision






pyplotplot(x y bo)









Plotter 30 revision







x[i] = float(x[i])



y[i] = float(y[i])







Plotter 30 revision


import os



string processing








Plotter 30 revision















pyplotplot(x y bo)

for i j in zip(x y)











Remarks











版權聲明



267


3

10143133


4 13


5 16


6 17



版權聲明


7 18


8 19


9 22


10 23


11 24


122531



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


15 40


16 44


17 48


18 50























all others omitted



















all others omitted


















else

















else



selfsetNumStr(1)


selfsetNumStr(2)




Outline

bull Basic concepts



































in cmd

bull We now write





all others omitted







Challenge

bull If we write


bull Why



all others omitted














to


to










to






else







else







to














Outline

bull Basic concepts









we will



separated values



the user input








def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()





















pl = Plotter()


plmainloop()



















y[i] = float(y[i])

pyplotplot(x y bo)

pyplotshow()







the canvas



properly





Plotter 30 revision






pyplotplot(x y bo)









Plotter 30 revision







x[i] = float(x[i])



y[i] = float(y[i])







Plotter 30 revision


import os



string processing








Plotter 30 revision















pyplotplot(x y bo)

for i j in zip(x y)











Remarks











版權聲明



267


3

10143133


4 13


5 16


6 17



版權聲明


7 18


8 19


9 22


10 23


11 24


122531



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


15 40


16 44


17 48


18 50










all others omitted


















else

















else



selfsetNumStr(1)


selfsetNumStr(2)




Outline

bull Basic concepts



































in cmd

bull We now write





all others omitted







Challenge

bull If we write


bull Why



all others omitted














to


to










to






else







else







to














Outline

bull Basic concepts









we will



separated values



the user input








def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()





















pl = Plotter()


plmainloop()



















y[i] = float(y[i])

pyplotplot(x y bo)

pyplotshow()







the canvas



properly





Plotter 30 revision






pyplotplot(x y bo)









Plotter 30 revision







x[i] = float(x[i])



y[i] = float(y[i])







Plotter 30 revision


import os



string processing








Plotter 30 revision















pyplotplot(x y bo)

for i j in zip(x y)











Remarks











版權聲明



267


3

10143133


4 13


5 16


6 17



版權聲明


7 18


8 19


9 22


10 23


11 24


122531



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


15 40


16 44


17 48


18 50












else

















else



selfsetNumStr(1)


selfsetNumStr(2)




Outline

bull Basic concepts



































in cmd

bull We now write





all others omitted







Challenge

bull If we write


bull Why



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to


to










to






else







else







to














Outline

bull Basic concepts









we will



separated values



the user input








def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()





















pl = Plotter()


plmainloop()



















y[i] = float(y[i])

pyplotplot(x y bo)

pyplotshow()







the canvas



properly





Plotter 30 revision






pyplotplot(x y bo)









Plotter 30 revision







x[i] = float(x[i])



y[i] = float(y[i])







Plotter 30 revision


import os



string processing








Plotter 30 revision















pyplotplot(x y bo)

for i j in zip(x y)











Remarks











版權聲明



267


3

10143133


4 13


5 16


6 17



版權聲明


7 18


8 19


9 22


10 23


11 24


122531



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


15 40


16 44


17 48


18 50











else



selfsetNumStr(1)


selfsetNumStr(2)




Outline

bull Basic concepts



































in cmd

bull We now write





all others omitted







Challenge

bull If we write


bull Why



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to


to










to






else







else







to














Outline

bull Basic concepts









we will



separated values



the user input








def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()





















pl = Plotter()


plmainloop()



















y[i] = float(y[i])

pyplotplot(x y bo)

pyplotshow()







the canvas



properly





Plotter 30 revision






pyplotplot(x y bo)









Plotter 30 revision







x[i] = float(x[i])



y[i] = float(y[i])







Plotter 30 revision


import os



string processing








Plotter 30 revision















pyplotplot(x y bo)

for i j in zip(x y)











Remarks











版權聲明



267


3

10143133


4 13


5 16


6 17



版權聲明


7 18


8 19


9 22


10 23


11 24


122531



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


15 40


16 44


17 48


18 50



Outline

bull Basic concepts



































in cmd

bull We now write





all others omitted







Challenge

bull If we write


bull Why



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to


to










to






else







else







to














Outline

bull Basic concepts









we will



separated values



the user input








def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()





















pl = Plotter()


plmainloop()



















y[i] = float(y[i])

pyplotplot(x y bo)

pyplotshow()







the canvas



properly





Plotter 30 revision






pyplotplot(x y bo)









Plotter 30 revision







x[i] = float(x[i])



y[i] = float(y[i])







Plotter 30 revision


import os



string processing








Plotter 30 revision















pyplotplot(x y bo)

for i j in zip(x y)











Remarks











版權聲明



267


3

10143133


4 13


5 16


6 17



版權聲明


7 18


8 19


9 22


10 23


11 24


122531



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


15 40


16 44


17 48


18 50































in cmd

bull We now write





all others omitted







Challenge

bull If we write


bull Why



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to


to










to






else







else







to














Outline

bull Basic concepts









we will



separated values



the user input








def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()





















pl = Plotter()


plmainloop()



















y[i] = float(y[i])

pyplotplot(x y bo)

pyplotshow()







the canvas



properly





Plotter 30 revision






pyplotplot(x y bo)









Plotter 30 revision







x[i] = float(x[i])



y[i] = float(y[i])







Plotter 30 revision


import os



string processing








Plotter 30 revision















pyplotplot(x y bo)

for i j in zip(x y)











Remarks











版權聲明



267


3

10143133


4 13


5 16


6 17



版權聲明


7 18


8 19


9 22


10 23


11 24


122531



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


15 40


16 44


17 48


18 50



Challenge

bull If we write


bull Why



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to


to










to






else







else







to














Outline

bull Basic concepts









we will



separated values



the user input








def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()





















pl = Plotter()


plmainloop()



















y[i] = float(y[i])

pyplotplot(x y bo)

pyplotshow()







the canvas



properly





Plotter 30 revision






pyplotplot(x y bo)









Plotter 30 revision







x[i] = float(x[i])



y[i] = float(y[i])







Plotter 30 revision


import os



string processing








Plotter 30 revision















pyplotplot(x y bo)

for i j in zip(x y)











Remarks











版權聲明



267


3

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版權聲明


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to


to










to






else







else







to














Outline

bull Basic concepts









we will



separated values



the user input








def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()





















pl = Plotter()


plmainloop()



















y[i] = float(y[i])

pyplotplot(x y bo)

pyplotshow()







the canvas



properly





Plotter 30 revision






pyplotplot(x y bo)









Plotter 30 revision







x[i] = float(x[i])



y[i] = float(y[i])







Plotter 30 revision


import os



string processing








Plotter 30 revision















pyplotplot(x y bo)

for i j in zip(x y)











Remarks











版權聲明



267


3

10143133


4 13


5 16


6 17



版權聲明


7 18


8 19


9 22


10 23


11 24


122531



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


15 40


16 44


17 48


18 50





to






else







else







to














Outline

bull Basic concepts









we will



separated values



the user input








def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()





















pl = Plotter()


plmainloop()



















y[i] = float(y[i])

pyplotplot(x y bo)

pyplotshow()







the canvas



properly





Plotter 30 revision






pyplotplot(x y bo)









Plotter 30 revision







x[i] = float(x[i])



y[i] = float(y[i])







Plotter 30 revision


import os



string processing








Plotter 30 revision















pyplotplot(x y bo)

for i j in zip(x y)











Remarks











版權聲明



267


3

10143133


4 13


5 16


6 17



版權聲明


7 18


8 19


9 22


10 23


11 24


122531



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


15 40


16 44


17 48


18 50





to














Outline

bull Basic concepts









we will



separated values



the user input








def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()





















pl = Plotter()


plmainloop()



















y[i] = float(y[i])

pyplotplot(x y bo)

pyplotshow()







the canvas



properly





Plotter 30 revision






pyplotplot(x y bo)









Plotter 30 revision







x[i] = float(x[i])



y[i] = float(y[i])







Plotter 30 revision


import os



string processing








Plotter 30 revision















pyplotplot(x y bo)

for i j in zip(x y)











Remarks











版權聲明



267


3

10143133


4 13


5 16


6 17



版權聲明


7 18


8 19


9 22


10 23


11 24


122531



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


15 40


16 44


17 48


18 50



Outline

bull Basic concepts









we will



separated values



the user input








def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()





















pl = Plotter()


plmainloop()



















y[i] = float(y[i])

pyplotplot(x y bo)

pyplotshow()







the canvas



properly





Plotter 30 revision






pyplotplot(x y bo)









Plotter 30 revision







x[i] = float(x[i])



y[i] = float(y[i])







Plotter 30 revision


import os



string processing








Plotter 30 revision















pyplotplot(x y bo)

for i j in zip(x y)











Remarks











版權聲明



267


3

10143133


4 13


5 16


6 17



版權聲明


7 18


8 19


9 22


10 23


11 24


122531



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


15 40


16 44


17 48


18 50





we will



separated values



the user input








def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()





















pl = Plotter()


plmainloop()



















y[i] = float(y[i])

pyplotplot(x y bo)

pyplotshow()







the canvas



properly





Plotter 30 revision






pyplotplot(x y bo)









Plotter 30 revision







x[i] = float(x[i])



y[i] = float(y[i])







Plotter 30 revision


import os



string processing








Plotter 30 revision















pyplotplot(x y bo)

for i j in zip(x y)











Remarks











版權聲明



267


3

10143133


4 13


5 16


6 17



版權聲明


7 18


8 19


9 22


10 23


11 24


122531



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


15 40


16 44


17 48


18 50







def __init__(self)


selfgrid()

selfcreateWidgets()





















pl = Plotter()


plmainloop()



















y[i] = float(y[i])

pyplotplot(x y bo)

pyplotshow()







the canvas



properly





Plotter 30 revision






pyplotplot(x y bo)









Plotter 30 revision







x[i] = float(x[i])



y[i] = float(y[i])







Plotter 30 revision


import os



string processing








Plotter 30 revision















pyplotplot(x y bo)

for i j in zip(x y)











Remarks











版權聲明



267


3

10143133


4 13


5 16


6 17



版權聲明


7 18


8 19


9 22


10 23


11 24


122531



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


15 40


16 44


17 48


18 50












pl = Plotter()


plmainloop()



















y[i] = float(y[i])

pyplotplot(x y bo)

pyplotshow()







the canvas



properly





Plotter 30 revision






pyplotplot(x y bo)









Plotter 30 revision







x[i] = float(x[i])



y[i] = float(y[i])







Plotter 30 revision


import os



string processing








Plotter 30 revision















pyplotplot(x y bo)

for i j in zip(x y)











Remarks











版權聲明



267


3

10143133


4 13


5 16


6 17



版權聲明


7 18


8 19


9 22


10 23


11 24


122531



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


15 40


16 44


17 48


18 50


















y[i] = float(y[i])

pyplotplot(x y bo)

pyplotshow()







the canvas



properly





Plotter 30 revision






pyplotplot(x y bo)









Plotter 30 revision







x[i] = float(x[i])



y[i] = float(y[i])







Plotter 30 revision


import os



string processing








Plotter 30 revision















pyplotplot(x y bo)

for i j in zip(x y)











Remarks











版權聲明



267


3

10143133


4 13


5 16


6 17



版權聲明


7 18


8 19


9 22


10 23


11 24


122531



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


15 40


16 44


17 48


18 50






the canvas



properly





Plotter 30 revision






pyplotplot(x y bo)









Plotter 30 revision







x[i] = float(x[i])



y[i] = float(y[i])







Plotter 30 revision


import os



string processing








Plotter 30 revision















pyplotplot(x y bo)

for i j in zip(x y)











Remarks











版權聲明



267


3

10143133


4 13


5 16


6 17



版權聲明


7 18


8 19


9 22


10 23


11 24


122531



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


15 40


16 44


17 48


18 50



Plotter 30 revision






pyplotplot(x y bo)









Plotter 30 revision







x[i] = float(x[i])



y[i] = float(y[i])







Plotter 30 revision


import os



string processing








Plotter 30 revision















pyplotplot(x y bo)

for i j in zip(x y)











Remarks











版權聲明



267


3

10143133


4 13


5 16


6 17



版權聲明


7 18


8 19


9 22


10 23


11 24


122531



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


15 40


16 44


17 48


18 50



Plotter 30 revision







x[i] = float(x[i])



y[i] = float(y[i])







Plotter 30 revision


import os



string processing








Plotter 30 revision















pyplotplot(x y bo)

for i j in zip(x y)











Remarks











版權聲明



267


3

10143133


4 13


5 16


6 17



版權聲明


7 18


8 19


9 22


10 23


11 24


122531



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


15 40


16 44


17 48


18 50



Plotter 30 revision


import os



string processing








Plotter 30 revision















pyplotplot(x y bo)

for i j in zip(x y)











Remarks











版權聲明



267


3

10143133


4 13


5 16


6 17



版權聲明


7 18


8 19


9 22


10 23


11 24


122531



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


15 40


16 44


17 48


18 50



Plotter 30 revision















pyplotplot(x y bo)

for i j in zip(x y)











Remarks











版權聲明



267


3

10143133


4 13


5 16


6 17



版權聲明


7 18


8 19


9 22


10 23


11 24


122531



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


15 40


16 44


17 48


18 50













pyplotplot(x y bo)

for i j in zip(x y)











Remarks











版權聲明



267


3

10143133


4 13


5 16


6 17



版權聲明


7 18


8 19


9 22


10 23


11 24


122531



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


15 40


16 44


17 48


18 50








Remarks











版權聲明



267


3

10143133


4 13


5 16


6 17



版權聲明


7 18


8 19


9 22


10 23


11 24


122531



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


15 40


16 44


17 48


18 50



版權聲明



267


3

10143133


4 13


5 16


6 17



版權聲明


7 18


8 19


9 22


10 23


11 24


122531



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


15 40


16 44


17 48


18 50



版權聲明


7 18


8 19


9 22


10 23


11 24


122531



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


15 40


16 44


17 48


18 50



版權聲明


13 32


14 35


15 40


16 44


17 48


18 50


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