programming, planning & practice 1. architectural programming are 4.0 aiascv

PROGRAMMING , PLANNING & PRACTICE

1. Architectural Programming

ARE 4.0

AIASCV

Today’s Agenda Nature of Architectural Design Programming Vs. Design Programming 5 Steps Sample Program

Reference Study Materials HOK Problem Seeking Kaplan – PPP 2012 Ballast 2010 – Chapter 3 Programming for design: From Theory To

Practice

Architecture in Theory

Form

Function

VS.

Pre-Design

What is Architectural Programming?

Architectural programming is the research and decision-making process that defines the problem to be solved by design.

Pre-Design

Purpose?

The architectural programming process provides the designer with a clear definition of the scope of a project and the criteria for a successful solution.

Architecture in PracticeFormat for organizing information is division into:

Form Function

Economy Time

Programming for Design

A design can take a universe of possible forms, but when it is completed it will have only one. The architectural programming process establishes the criteria appropriate to a particular project. This process provides the designer with guidance for selecting the most appropriate form.

Collaborative Process

Good buildings don't just happen. They are planned to look good and perform well. They come about when good architects and good clients join in thoughtful, cooperative effort. Programming the requirements of a proposed building is the architect's first task, often the most important.

Programming Vs. Design

1. Pre-Design Ad. Service2. If programming is problem seeking,

then design is problem solving.

Five Steps of ProgrammingProgramming concerns five steps:

1. Establish Goals.

2. Collect and analyze Facts.

3. Uncover and test Concepts.

4. Determine Needs.

5. State the Problem.

Programming Vs. Design

Interface between Programming & Design

The product of programming is a statement of the problem. it is also the first step in problem solving (design).

Five Steps of Programming1. Goals: What does the client want to achieve, and why ? 2. Facts: What do we know? What is given? 3. Concepts: How does the client want to achieve the

goals? 4. Needs: How much money and space? What level of

quality? 5. Problem: What are the significant conditions affecting

the design of the building? What are the general directions the design should take?

Project goals indicate what the client wants to achieve, and why.

Often provided by owner: program, budget, sustainable design factors, time.

Establish Goals

Collect and Analyze FactsFacts are important only if they are appropriate. Facts are used to describe the existing conditions of the site, including the physical, legal, climatic, and aesthetic aspects. These facts about the site should be documented graphically to be really effective. Other important facts include statistical projections, economic data, and descriptions of the user characteristics. There's no end to facts. Yet programming must be more than fact-finding.

Collect and Analyze Facts

Gathering Information

Collect and Analyze FactsWhen programmers ask questions, what they hear may not be what they want to hear; nevertheless, they must try to avoid a bias so as to collect impartial information. They must avoid preconceptions and face the facts squarely. They must be realistic, neither optimistic nor pessimistic. Programmers must separate fact from fantasy. They must seek what is true, or even what is assumed to be true. Assumptions in this case are things to be lived with. Programmers must tell the difference between established fact and mere opinion. They must evaluate opinions and test their validity.


Managing Information


A. Information index Matrix.

The framework can be extended to serve as an Information Index: a matrix of key words used to seek out appropriate information. These key words are specific enough to cover the scope of major factors, and universal enough to be negotiable for different building types.


B. 2-Phase Programming.Programming is a two-phase process related to the two phases of design: schematic design and design development.

Collect and Analyze FactsC. 2-Phase Programming.Design development is what the words imply: the detailed development of schematic design. Program development provides the specific room details, furniture and equipment requirements, environmental criteria (atmospheric, visual, and acoustic), and service requirements (mechanical and electrical). The second phase of programming may be in progress when the designer is doing schematic design.

Collect and Analyze FactsE. Processing and DiscardingTo quote an old saying, “Any fool can add; it takes a genius to subtract.” It takes a “genius” to discard information as being irrelevant to a design problem or merely too trivial to affect the design one way or another. Although programming is primarily conscious analysis, intuition has its place the sensitivity to know what information will be useful and what should be discarded. The risk in discarding useful information is minimized with experience.

ParticipationUsers are experts in the use of the building. They may assume that they know what they want better than anyone else. They may be right, or they may ask the architect or a consultant to find out what they need. (End) Users must be contributing members of the project team.

Effective Group Action The reconciliation of different ways of thinking

cannot be made with a middle-of-the-road mentality.

People think differently because of background and experience.

Valid information is sometimes elusive. When When in group disagreement, keep cool. Consensus is difficult, yet it is possible.

TeamProgramming requires team effort. The project team should be led by two responsible group leaders, one to represent the client and the other to represent the architect. They must work together toward a successful project. Each leader must be able to:

A. Coordinate the individual efforts of his or her group members. B. Make decisions or cause them to be made. C. Establish and maintain communication within, and between, the two groups.

Participatory Process

Clients have the major responsibility to be creative in programming.

Decision MakingGood programming is characterized by timely and sound decision making by the clients not the programmer. During programming, clients decide what they want to accomplish and how they want to do it. Programmers may have to evaluate the gains and risks in order to stimulate a decision. They must identify for clients those decisions that need to be made prior to design.

Programmatic Concepts

It is critical to understand the difference between programmatic concepts and design concepts, which is very difficult for some people to grasp.

(1) the space requirements, (2) the quality of construction, (3) the money budget, and (4) time.

**At least one of these four elements must be negotiable.

Project Needs

Spatial Requirements

Qualitative : Relationships , Adjacencies , Hierarchy , Circulation , Privacy , Activities Sequence & Flow.

Quantitative : Area, Height, Volume,Headcounts

Qualitative Spatial Requirements

During programming, general concepts are developed as a response to the goals and needs of the client. These programmatic concepts are statements about functional solutions to the client's performance requirements.

Quantitative Spatial RequirementsAreas:

Gross Area

Net (Assignable) Area

Efficiency = (Net Area / Goss Area)

Example : Client asked you calculate the Gross area for an office space, the program requiring 13,000 SQFT of usable Space and the optimum efficiency ratio is 80%.

Gross Area = 13,000/0.80 = 16,260 SQFT

Quantitative Spatial Requirements

Methods Area Calculation:

1. Those in which people determine the amount of space required, such as living and working environments

2. Those in which an object determines the amount of space occupied, such as a car in a parking garage.

3. governed by certain practices or rules, such as the game of handball and its required court.


Example 1:

In order to program the number and size of instructional classrooms, it is necessary to know:

1. curriculum uses, to determine size;

2. instructor-student ratios;

3. number of students;

4. number of weekly class-hours of use; and

5. area per student.

Quantitative Spatial Requirements The area per weekly student-hour is derived from three sources:

1 The area required for each student

2. The number of hours per week classrooms are in use

3. The percentage of time each student-station is occupied when the classroom is in use


The method of computing an index, using these factors, which indicates the number of square feet per weekly student-hour is as follows:

Square feet per student-station= 15

Hours per week classroom used = 30

Percent of time each student-station is occupied, when the classroom is in use = 60%

Index = 15 / (30 x .60) = .833


Example 2: Retail Sales Space

The space needs of retail sales area are directly related to the potential sales expressed in dollars per square foot of leasable area.

The revenue generated by retail sales is directly related to the number of customers. The greater the number of shoppers, the greater the sales volume will be

Quantitative Spatial RequirementsExample 2: Retail Sales Space

Three types of shopping centers will be considered:

1. The Neighborhood Center

2. The Community Center

3. The Regional Center

Each type of shopping center depends for its support and existence on the population located within a specific radius of the center. This is referred to by several terms: the market area, the trade area, the tributary area, or the catchment area. Each term refers to the population of shoppers who can be expected to use the shopping center


Example 2:

Q/ The catchment area for a proposed shopping center comprises a densely populated urban area of 1,440 acres with a population density of 50 persons per acre. The volume of sales required to produce a profit is determined to be $72 per square foot of leasable area. Assuming that the personal consumption expenditures within the catchment area averages $288 per person, what is the maximum gross leasable area the catchment area can support?


1. Total population = 1,440 acres x 50

persons/acre = 72,000 persons.

2. Total sales volume = 72,000 persons x

$288/person = $20,736,000.

3. Maximum gross leasable area=$20,736,000/72 $/SF = 288,000 SQFT.

Cost & BudgetBudgets may be set in several ways. For speculative or for profit projects, the owner or developer works out a pro forma statement listing the expected income of the project and the expected costs to build it. An estimated selling price of the developed project or rent per square foot is calculated and balanced against all the various costs, one of which is the construction price. In order to make the project economically feasible, there will be a limit on the building costs. This becomes the budget within which the architect must work.

Cost & BudgetMethods of Budgeting (During Programming)1. estimated cost per square foot multiplied by

the number of gross square feet needed.2. The square footage cost may be derived from

similar buildings in the area.3. or from commercially available cost books. .

(Indexes).

Cost & Budget

Methods of Budgeting (During Design/Cons.)1. estimated cost per square foot multiplied

by the number of gross square feet needed.

2. Subsystems Based Cost3. Detailed Estimation based on unit cost.

Cost & Budget

Example:Q/The cost index in your city is 1257 and the cost index for another city in which you are designing a building is 1308. If the expected construction cost is $1,250,000 based on prices for your city, what will be the expected cost in the other region?

Cost & Budget

Example:Solution/Ratio 1308/1257=1.041Multiply by base cost = (1.250,000)X(1.041)=1,300,716

Time & Scheduling There are two major parts of a project

schedule: design time and construction time.

After pondering information derived from previous steps, designer and programmer must write down the most salient statements regarding the problem, the kind of statements that will shape the building. These, if skillfully composed, can serve as remises for design, and later as design criteria to evaluate the design solution.

Statement of the Problem

Case Studies

Sample Programs

Example Project: A building for a College ofLaw in a State University:

Study Outline: A study prepared by an authority in the field of legal

education recommends establishing a law school at a major state university that would serve 300 full-time students. The study recommends a building designed for discussion-type (seminar) teaching with both large and intermediate size spaces. Also included will be a number of small rooms for seminars.

Example Project: A building for a College ofLaw in a State University:

GOALS AND OBJECTIVESForm:

♦ The building should adhere to the principles of the university master plan.

♦ The building should be an attractive addition to the campus, reflecting the regional style.

♦ Provide a distinct/unique identity for the College of Law.

Case Study: A UNIVERSITY CLASSROOM/LABORATORY/OFFICE BUILDING:

GOALS AND OBJECTIVESFUNCTION

♦ Provide as many basic needs as possible within the budget.

♦ Provide for present and projected needs of affected colleges and departments to the extent possible.

♦ Unite departments of each college

♦ Provide equitable department facilities

♦ Provide the capability for new and innovative programs

• Provide additional general classrooms for the university.

♦ Provide for 21st-century technologies. Plan for state-of-the-art classroom technologies.

Example Project: A building for a College ofLaw in a State University


Spatial Requirements:



Spatial Relationships: Spatial Relationships: Easy access from faculty offices,

classrooms, and building entrance. Adjacent and with direct access to preparation, storage, and circulation.



Spatial Relationships:


GOALS AND OBJECTIVESBudget

♦ Determine the preliminary total project costs with a target of approximately $12 million (c. $9.5 million maximum allowable construction cost).

♦ Identify a base bid package that represents approximately 85 percent of the total project budget (to anticipate the contingency of not receiving full funding) and the remainder as additive alternates.

♦ Plan a building that minimizes long-range operating expenses.

Time

♦ Plan for occupancy between 1998 and 2000. • Provide for flexibility to accommodate change.

♦ growth

♦ adaptability

Q & A

Session - 01

Sessions Q&A Based On Kaplan

1. Which one of the following is NOT part of a methodical approach to design?A. Seeking physical solutionB. Problem examinationC. Examination of processD. Selection of the stylistic approach


2. Which one of the following is a function of architecture?

A. Facilitates human activitiesB. Exhibits a hierarchy of partsC. Establishes relationships between interior and exterior spacesD. Expresses the purpose it servesE. Utilizes available technologies ingeniously


2. Which one of the following is a function of architecture (Design)?

A. Facilitates human activitiesB. Exhibits a hierarchy of partsC. Establishes relationships between interior and exterior spacesD. Expresses the purpose it servesE. Utilizes available technologies ingeniously


3. The process of architectural design isA. a synthesis of parts that form a unified interdependent composition.B. Giving form to an idea.C. coordination of a team of specialists.D. setting objectives, analyzing data, planning space, and form conception.E. A and D onlyF. All of the above


3. The process of architectural design isA. a synthesis of parts that form a unified interdependent composition.B. Giving form to an idea.C. Coordination of a team of specialists.D. Setting objectives, analyzing data, planning space, and form conception.E. A and D onlyF. All of the above


1. The principal purpose of architectural programming is toA. identify the problem.B. gather information.C. establish project goals.D. solve the problem.


2. Which of the following are programmatic factors common to all buildings?I. CirculationII. FenestrationIII. Site accessIV. Structural systemV. Efficiency ratio

A. I and IV C. I, III, and VB. I, II, and III D. II, IV, and V


3. If the program summary of spaces indicates that a project will exceed the proposed budget by about 10 percent, the architect should

A. request that the owner obtain additional funds.B. maintain the programmed spaces, but reduce the area of each by 10 percent.C. maintain the programmed spaces, but reduce the unit building cost by 10 percent.D. review the program with the owner and revise it to meet the proposed budget


4. In an office building, which of the following would be included in the calculations for net square footage?A. Vestibule and foyerB. Mail roomC. Electrical closetD. Elevator service room


5. During the programming process, goals should be establishedA. after the facts are collected.B. after the priorities are established.C. after the relationships are formulated.D. before the data is analyzed.


6. The final step in the programming process is toA. state the problem.B. establish objectives.C. establish priorities.D. solve the problem.


7. If the efficiency ratio for museums is normally 70 percent, and the net square footage for a new art museum is programmed to be 100,000 square feet, the gross square footage of the building would be ______________________


7. If the efficiency ratio for museums is normally 70 percent, and the net square footage for a new art museum is programmed to be 100,000 square feet, the gross square footage of the building would be _142,857 SQFT ____


8. In which of the following university departments would the greatest amount of space per student-station probably be required?A. ArchitectureB. Computer ScienceC. MusicD. Sociology


9. Functional square foot areas can be determined approximately by considering a variety of criteria, including the:

I. number of people involved.II. size of specific objects involved.III. proposed project budget.IV. established safety standards.V. client's arbitrary preferences.

A. I, III, and IV C. II, III, and IVB. I, II, and IV D. II, III, and V


10. Which of the following would normally receive primary consideration during the programming phase?A. Form C. FunctionB. Fashion D. Financing

programming, planning & practice 1. architectural programming are 4.0 aiascv

Documents

programming design

product of programming

design interface

practice slide

aiascv slide

formfunctioneconomytime

predesign purpose

sustainable design factors