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Programs on speciality “Pharmacy”

Program on Medical and Biological Physics with bases of Higher Mathematics

Introduction. Purposes, task and structure of medical and biological physics. Their place and role in system of medical education, intersubject communications with other medico biological and clinical disciplines. Mathematical description of medico biological processes and medical data processing. Elements of informatics and computer facilities. Bases of biomechanics. Mechanical oscillatory and wave processes. Acoustics. Physical bases of hemodynamics. Thermodynamics and phenomena of transformation in biological systems. Bioelectric potentials. Electrical and magnetic phenomena in organism, electrical influences and methods of research. Optical research methods and influence by radiation of optical range on biological objects. Elements of physics of atoms and molecules. Ionizing radiations, basis of dosimetry.

Program on Bioorganic Chemistry

Classification of organic compounds. General laws of organic compound systematic nomenclature. Replacing and radical-functional nomenclature. Electronic structure of chemical bonds in organic compounds. and -bonds, types of element atom hybridization – organogens (sp3, sp2 -, sp-hybridization). Covalent

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bond formation. Covalent carbon-carbon bonds (single bonds, double bonds and triple bonds). Inductive and resonance effects. Stereoisomerism. Conformations of the molecule, Newman projection formulas, staggered and aclipsed conformarions of ethane and butane. Their the least stable and the most stable conformations. Torsional barrier. Conformations of cyclohexane. Chair conformation. Axial and equatorial bonds. Stereoisomers: enantiomers and diastereomers. The chiral molecule, the stereocenter.CIS- and trans-isomers. Molecules with one stereocenter. Fischer’s projection formulas. Enantiomers nomenclature: the (R-S) system and the (D-L) system. Мolecules with more than one stereocenter (isoleucine). Enantiomers and diastereomers. Meso compounds. Acidity and basis of organic compounds. The Brehnsted and Lewis theory. The strength of acids and bases; Ka acidity and pKa. Predicting the strength of acids and bases. Relationship between structure and acidity. The hybridization effect. Influence of inductive effects. Homolysis and heterolysis of covalent bonds. Reactive intermediates in organic chemistry. Ionic reactions and radical reactions. Organic reaction terminology. Classification of reagents in organic reactions. Substitution, adding and eliminating reactions. Classification of the hydrocarbons. Reactions of alkanes and cycloalcanes (common cucles). SR reactions. Reactions of alkenes and alkadienes. AE reactions addition of hydrogen halides to alkenes. Markovnikov’s rule. Addition of water to alkenes: acid-catalyzed hydration. Addition reactions of conjugated alkadienes Reactions of aromatic hydrocarbons. SE reactions. Orientation rule in benzene ring. Reactions of alcohols. Factors affecting the rates of SN1 and SN2 reactions. Conversion of alcohols into alkyl halides. Alcohols as acids. Alkyl phosphates. Alcohol oxidation. Alcohol dehydration. Ether synthesis: SN2 reactions. Alcohol nucleophilicity. Mechanism of alcohol dehydration: E1 reaction. Synthesis of alkenes. Phenols. Phenol acidity.

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Formation of quinines by oxidation of phenols. Hydroquinone – quinone oxidation-reduction equilibria. Thiols. Amines. Naming, Basicity and amine reactions. Aldehydes and ketones: nomenclature and reaction centres. Basis of aldehydes and ketones. Nucleophilic addition to the carbon-oxygen double bond of aldehydes and ketones. Addition of water and alcohols: hedrates acetals and hemiacetals, ketals and hemiketals. Cyclic ketals. Thioacetals and thioketals. Additoin of ammonia derivatives. Imines, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones, semicarbazones, oximes. Keto and enol tautomers of akdehydes and ketones. Aldehyde and ketone oxidation. Iodoform test. Carboxylic acids: nomenclature and reaction centers. Carboxylic acid acidity. Carboxylic salts. Dicarboxylic acids. Nucleophilic substitutions at the acyl carbon. Relative reactivity of acyl compounds. Esters. Ester synthesis: esterification. Acid-catalyzed and base-promotes ester hydrolyses. Reactions and mechanisms. Carboxylic acid derivatives: esters, carboxylic anhydrides, acyl chlorides, amides, nitriles. Amide hydrolyses. Acyl transfer reactions of anhydrides, thioesters and esters. acyl transfer reactions in living systems. Dicarboxylic acids. Carboxylic acid decarboxylation. Heterofunctional compounds classification: amino-alcohols and amino-phenols. Hydroxy and aminoacids. Oxo acids. Keto-enol tautimerism of acetoacetic ester. Heterofunctional benzene derivatives as pharmaceutical substances. Para-aminobenzoic, sulphanilic ans salicylic acids and their derivatives. Classification of carbohydrates. Monosaccharides. Aldose. Ketose. Fischer projection formulas. Monosaccharide stereoisomerism. D and L monosaccharide designations. Structural formulas. Naturally occurring monosaccharides. Cyclic forms of monosaccharides. Haworth formulas for the cyclic hemiacetal forms. Pyranose and furanose forms. Examples. Reactions of monosaccharides. Glycoside formation and hydrolysis. Ether and ester formation. Aculation reactions. Keto—enol tautomerizations. Oxidation monosaccharide reactions. Benedict’s or Tollens' reagents: reducing sugars. Oxidation monosaccharide reactions. Bromine

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water: Synthesis of aldonic acids. Nitric acid oxidation: aldaric acids. Monosaccharide reduction: alditols. monosaccharide derivatives: uronis acids, deoxy sugars, glycoselamine, amino sugars. Nonreducing disaccharide. The structure of sucrose. Configuration of glucoside linkage. Hydrolysis and mathylation of sucrose. Disaccharide reduction. The maltose structure. Configuration of glycoside linkage. Maltosr anomers. Glycoside formation. Hydrolysis and methylation of maltose. The structure of cellobiose. Configuration of glycoside linkage. Cellobiose anomers. Glycoside formation. Hydrolysis and cellobiose mathylation.

The structure of lactose. Configuration of glycoside linkage. Lactose anomers. Glycoside formation. Hydrolysis and lactose methylation.

Homopolysaccharides. Starch. Amylose and amylopectin. Glycogen. Configuration of glycoside linkage. Biological role of starch and glycogen.

Heteropolysaccharides. Heparin. Hyaluronic acid. Chondroitin sulphates and their biological role. Alternating untis of heparin, hyaluronic acid. Chondroitin sulfate. Amino acids. Structure and naming. Non polar, polar, negative and positive charged amino acids. Essential amino acids. Amino acids as dipolar ions. Isoelectric point (pI) of an amino acid. Carboxyl reaction and amino group of amino aciss. Deamination and transamination reactions. Aminotransferases and pyridoxal phosphate.

Stages of aminotransferase-catalyzed transamination reactions of amino acids. Structure of peptides and proteins. Peptide bond. Amino acid mixture analysis. Cation-exchange resins, reaction with ninhydrin. Amino acid sequence and covalent structure (or primary structure) of polypeptide). Partial hydrolysis. Methods for determination the N-terminal amino acid residue of peptides and proteins: Sanger method and edman degradation. Polypeptide and protein synthesis. Protecting groups. Activation of carboxyl group. Secondary structures of

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proteins :-pleated sheet and an -helix Tertiary structures of proteins. Nucleic acids, Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Nucleosides and nucleotides that can be obtained from DNA. Nucleosides and nucleotides that can be obtained from RNA. 3',5'-cyclic adenylis acid. Deoxyribonucleic acid: DNA. Primary and secondary structures. Nucleic acids and protein synthesis. Messenger RNA, genetic code. Ribosomes RNA. Transfer RNA. Lipids. Fatty acids and triacylglycerols. Biological functions of triacylglycerols. Hydrogenation and sapinification of triacylglycerols. Synthetic detergents. Reactions of fatty acids carboxyl group. Reactions of saturated fatty acid alkyl chain and unsaturated fatty acid alkenyl chain. Phospholipids and cell membranes . Phosphatides. Sphingosine derivatives. Terpens and terpenoids. Steroids. Structure and sytematic steroid nomenclature. Names of steroid hydrocarbons. Cholesterol. Ergosterol. D vitamins. Sex hormones. Adrenocortical hormones. Bile acids. Cholic acid. Conjugated bile acids.

Program on Biochemistry

Physical-chemical properties of protein. Amino acids. Acids, bases, pH, buffers and ionization of amino acids.

Structure of a protein molecule. Peptide bond. Primary structure. Secondary structure. Tertiary structure. Quaternary structure. Protein folding. Hemoglobin and myoglobin. Methods of protein purification.

Principles of protein purification. Selection of protein source. Homogenization and solubilization. Ammonium sulfate precipitation. Dialysis. Fractionation techniques. Chromatography of proteins: gel filtration chromatography, ion exchange

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chromatography, affinity chromatography. Electrophoresis of proteins: native PAGE, SDS-PAGE, isoelectric focusing. Enzymes. Structure and properties. Kinetics of enzymatic reactions.

Enzymes as catalysts. Active site. Substrate specificity. Enzyme classification. Enzyme assays. Enzyme units. Coenzymes and prosthetic groups. Isoenzymes. Activation energy and transition state. Enzyme kinetics: substrate (Michaelis-Menten model, Lineweaver-Burk plot) and enzyme concentration, temperature, pH. Enzyme inhibition. Regulation of enzyme activity. Inhibitors. Irreversible inhibition. Reversible competitive inhibition. Reversible non-competitive inhibition. Feedback regulation. Allosteric enzymes. Reversible covalent modification. Proteolytic activation. Regulation of enzyme synthesis and breakdown. Medical enzymology.

Plasma proteins. Total protein. Albumin. Specific proteins. Serum enzymes in disease. Isoenzyme determination. Methods of estimation of protein metabolism.

Biological membranes. Introduction in a metabolism. Biochemistry of power supply and digestion.Membranes. Membrane lipids (glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols, fatty acid chains). Lipid bilayer. Membrane fluidity. Fluid mosaic model of membrane structure. Integral membrane proteins. Peripheral membrane proteins. Cytoskeleton. Membrane carbohydrate. Membrane permeability. Passive transport. Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion Active transport. ATP-driven active transport (structure and action of the Na+/K+- ATPase). Ion-driven active transport.

Intermediate metabolism Organisms difference the in sources of energy, reducing power, and starting materials for biosynthesis Pathways show functional coupling. Catabolism, or degrading metabolism. Biosynthesis, or anabolism. Introduction to digestion and absorption. Basic metabolic pathways process the major products of digestion. Bioenergetics.

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Free energy is useful energy in a system. Biologic systems conform to the general laws of thermodynamics. Endergonic processes proceed by coupling to exergonic processes. High - energy phosphates play a central role in energy capture and transfer. The intermediate value for free hydrolysis energy of ATP compared to other organophosphates has important bioenergetic significance. High-energy phosphates act as “energy currency” of the cell. ATP allows the coupling of thermodynamically unfavorable reactions to favorable ones. Biologic oxidation. Organization of the electron transport (respiratory) chain. Oxidative phosphorylation.

Structure of the mitochondrial membranes and organization of the electron transport (respiratory) chain. Oxidative phosphorylation of ADP. Hypotheses of oxidative phosphorylation mechanism. Oxidative systems are not developing with energy production. Common catabolism ways Citric acid cycle (sequences of reactions, energy yield, enzymes, regulation). The oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA (sequences of reactions, enzymes, regulation). Carbohydrate metabolism. Glycolysis under anaerobic and aerobic condition.

The main carbohydrate in tissues of a human, biologic role. Digestion of carbohydrate. Glucose is a major metabolite of carbohydrate metabolism. Glycolysis under anaerobic condition (sequences of reactions, energy yield, enzymes, regulation). Glycolysis under aerobic condition. Fats of pyruvate (entry into the citric acid cycle, conversion to fatty acid or ketone bodies, conversion to lactate, conversion to ethanol. Pentose phosphate pathway. Gluconeogenesis.

Pentose phosphate pathway of conversion of glucose (sequences of reactions, energy yield, enzymes, regulation). Gluconeogenesis (sequences of reactions, energy yield, enzymes, regulation). Cori cycle. Metabolism of glycogen, fructose and galactose.

Roles of glycogen metabolism. Glycogen degradation and synthesis. Control of glycogen metabolism (allosteric control and covalent modification, hormonal control by epinephrine, glucagon

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and insulin, calcium control). Metabolism of fructose and Galactose. Genetic diseases caused by damaging of galactose and fructose metabolism. Methods of carbohydrate metabolism estimation. Lipids metabolism. Digestion of lipids. Transport and oxidation of fatty acids.

Structure and properties of fatty acids. Prostaglandins. Digestion of lipids. Transport of lipids. Structure and function of lipoproteins (chylomicrons, VLDLs, IDLs, LDLs and HDLs). Fatty acid breakdown (activation, transport into mitochondria, β-oxidation pathway, regulation, energy yield). Biosynthesis of lipids.

Ketogenesis. Biosynthesis of cholesterol. Fatty acid synthesis (mechanism of synthesis and regulation). Formation of double bonds. Synthesis of triacylglycerols. Synthesis of glycerophospholipids. Biochemistry of atherosclerosis.

The exogenous lipid cycle. The endogenous lipid cycle. Clinical disorders of lipid metabolism. Classification (primary and secondary hyperlipoproteinaemia). Atherogenic profiles. Hyperlipidaemia. Dietary management. Drug therapy. Digestion of proteins, transamination and deamination of amino acids.

Digestion and absorption of proteins. Biosynthesis of amino acids. Amino acid degradation. Transamination. Oxidative deamination of amino acids. Oxidative deamination of glutamate. Amino acids metabolism. Urea cycle. Amino acids decarboxylation.

Amino acids decarboxylation. Ammonia intoxication is life-threatening. Formation and secretion of ammonia maintain acid-base balance. Inter-organ exchange maintains circulating levels of amino acids. Ammonia excretion. The urea cycle. Link to the citric acid cycle. Hyperammonemia. Metabolism of amino acids. Transmethylation. Metabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine.

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Transmethylation. S-adenosyl methionine (synthesis of creatine, epinephrine, phosphatidylcholine). Metabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine. Inborn errors of metabolism: phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria. Methods of carbohydrates lipids and protein metabolism estimation.

Structure of nucleic acids. Metabolism of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. Seminar: Nucleic acid metabolism. Replication. DNA repair. Transcription. Translation. Regulation of gene expression. Mutations.

Types of nucleic acids. Nucleotide structure. Primary polymeric DNA structure. Secondary structure. DNA dissociation and reassociation. DNA higher order (tertiary) structure. Chromatin: histones, nucleosomes, fiber. Higher order chromatin structure. RNA (mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, hnRNA, sRNA): structure, functions, location.

Metabolism of purine nucleotides. Synthesis of purine synthesis nucleotides inhibitors. Purine nucleotides synthesis regulation. Salvage pathways for purine nucleotides. degradation of purine nucleotides. Disorders of purine metabolism. Metabolism of pyrimidine nucleotides. Synthesis of pirimidine nucleotides. Regulation of pyrimidine synthesis. Degradation of pyrimidine nucleotides. Disorders of pyrimidine metabolism

DNA replication. Basic requirements for DNA synthesis. Origin of replication. Basic molecular events at replication forks. Eukaryotic replication. Telomeres. The cell cycle. Drugs that affect replication. Damage and DNA repair. Transcription. Post-transcriptional RNA. Reverse transcription.

Genetic code. Amino acids activation. Protein synthesis proper. Post-translational modifications (proteolytic degradation, covalent modification). Chaperones and protein folding. Inhibitors of protein synthesis. Regulation of gene expression.

Mechanism of hormone action. Hormone of hypothalamus and pituitary. Hormonal regulation of carbohydrates, lipids and protein metabolism: insulin, glucagon, catecholamines, glucocorticoids.

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Endocrine, paracrine and autocrine hormones. Neurotransmitters. Pheromones. Classification of hormones based on the chemical nature based on the mechanism of action mechanism of group I hormones action. Action mechanism of group II hormones. Hormone-receptor interaction. cAMP – the second messenger. Phosphatidyl inositol/calcium system as second messenger. cGMP as a messenger. Hypothalamus hormones. Pituitary hormones.

INSULIN: structure, biosynthesis, regulation of secretion, degradation. Metabolic effects of insulin. Mechanism of insulin action. Time course of insulin action. Diabetes. Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Metabolic changes in diabetes. Long term effects of diabetes. Management of diabetes. Biochemical indices of diabetic control. GLUCAGON. Regulation of glucagon secretion. Metabolic effects of glucagons. HORMONES OF ADRENAL MEDULLA: synthesis of catecholamines, storage and release of catecholamine, biochemical functions of catecholamines. Mechanism of action of catecholamines. Metabolism of catecholamines. Abnormalities of catecholamine production. GLUCOCORTICOIDS. Synthesis and transport of corticosteroids. Biochemical functions of glucocorticoid hormones. Mechanism of action of glucocorticoids. Hormonal regulation of anabolic processes, growth and development.

THYROID HORMONES. Biosynthesis of thyroid hormones. Storage and release of thyroid hormones. Transport of T4 and T3. Biochemical functions of thyroid hormones. Regulation of T3 and T4 synthesis. Metabolic fate of T3 and T4. Abnormalities of thyroid function. GROWTH HORMONE. Abnormalities of GH production. HORMONES OF GONADS. ANDROGENS. Biosynthesis of androgens. Metabolism of androgens. Physiological and biochemical functions of androgens. Mechanism of androgens action. ESTROGENS. Synthesis of estrogens. Transport of estrogens. Metabolism of estrogens. Physiological and biochemical functions of estrogens. PROGESTERONE. Metabolism of progesterone. Biochemical functions of progesterone. Mechanism of action of estrogens and progestins.

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Minerals. Metabolism and regulation of calcium and phosphorous metabolism. Regulation of electrolyte and water balance.

Minerals. General functions. Classification. Calcium: biochemical functions, dietary requirements, sources. Phosphorus: biochemical functions, dietary requirements, sources. Regulation of calcium homeostasis: calcitriol, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin. Sodium and potassium: biochemical functions, dietary requirements, sources. Water balance. Regulation of water and electrolyte balance. Vitamins overview. Fat-soluble vitamins.

Structure, metabolism, biological functions, recommended dietary allowance, deficiency.

Water-soluble vitamins: C, P, B1, B2, B6, niacin. Structure, metabolism, biological functions, recommended

dietary allowance, deficiency. Water-soluble vitamins: biotin, folic acid, B12, pantothenic acid.

Structure, metabolism, biological functions, recommended dietary allowance, deficiency. Methods of express-diagnosis.

Metabolism of iron and copper. Blood proteins. Hemoglobin. Biochemistry of kidney and urine.

Iron: biochemical functions. Factors affecting Fe absorption. Transport of Fe in the plasma Storage of iron Disease states. Copper. Biochemical functions. Dietary requirements Sources Absorption. Disease states. Blood. Importance of blood. Albumin: functions. Globulins. Hemoglobin. Structure of hemoglobin. Biosynthesis of heme. Regulation of heme synthesis. Hemoglobin derivatives. Structural diversity of hemoglobin. Sickle cell anemia. Features of erythrocytes metabolism. Degradation of heme to bile pigments. Jaundice.

Cancerogenesis. Oncogenes. Growth factors. Metabolism of xenobiotics. Biochemistry of liver.

Incidence. Etiology. Chemical carcinogens. Mechanism of action. Ames assay. Promoters of carcinogenesis. Radiation energy. Carcinogenic viruses. DNA – the ultimate in carcinogenesis.

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Molecular basis of cancer. Oncogenes. Activation of proto-oncogenes to oncogenes. Mechanism of action of oncogenes. Growth factors. Antioncogenes. Tumor markers. Characteristics of growing tumor cells. Metastasis.

Partial control of practical skills. Extracellular matrix. Muscle. Nerve tissue. Collagen. Posttranslational modification of collagen. Genetic

diseases of collagen synthesis. Elastin. Fibrillin. Fibronectin. Laminin. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans.

Structure of the muscle. Proteins of muscle. Muscle contraction. Contraction cycle. Relaxation. Types of skeletal muscle fibers.

Program on Paramedical First Aid

Care for patients as a medical factor. Deontology, ethics, psychology in relationships of health workers to each other and to patients. Personal hygiene of patient. Position of patient in bed. Nutrition of patient. Body temperature and its measurement, care of feverish patients. Methods of action on blood circulation. Primary physiotherapy. Paramedical first aid rendered to patients having pathology of respiratory system. Paramedical first aid rendered to patients having vascular heart diseases. Paramedical first aid rendered to patients having gullet and stomach diseases. Paramedical first aid rendered to patients having bowels diseases. Paramedical first aid rendered to patients having hepar, pancreatic gland diseases. Paramedical first aid rendered to patients having pathology of kidney and urinary tract. Paramedical first aid rendered to serious and agonal patients. General care of patients at preoperative period and postoperative period. Aseptics. Antiseptics. Wounds. Wound process. Desmurgy. Escape and loss of blood. Ambustion. Burn disease. Freezing injury. Traumas. Imperforate injuries. Abarticulations, fractures. Lancinating and inveterate surgical infection. Paramedical first aid in case of poisoning.

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Program on Pharmacotherapy

Introduction to Pharmacotherapy. General principles of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. Clinical pharmacology of antibacterial preparations. Modern classification of antimicrobial drugs. Clinical-pharmacological characteristics of beta-lactam antibiotics. Clinical-pharmacological characteristics of aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracyclines, glycopeptides, linkosamides. C

linical pharmacology of antibronchoobstructive preparations. Classification of modern antibronchoobstructive preparations. Clinical-pharmacological characteristics of group of agonists. Anticholinergic antibronchoobstructive preparations. Antibronchoobstructive preparations - derivatives form methylxanthine. Expectorant drugs, mucolytics and mucoregulators. Preparations that are used for treatment of gastroenteric tract pathology. Clinical-pharmacological characteristics of preparations that are used in gastroenterology. Clinical-pharmacological characteristics of preparations that are governing secretory and motor functions of digestive tract. Probiotics, enzymatic drugs and cathartics, antimicrobial drugs in gastroenterology.

Clinical pharmacology of preparations that are used for treatment of arterial hypertension and coronary heart disease. Modern classification of antihypertensive preparations. Clinical-pharmacological characteristics of centrally-acting preparations, adrenoceptor blocking agents. Calcium antagonists, ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in treatment of arterial hypertension. Clinical-pharmacological characteristics of antianginal preparations. Clinical-pharmacological characteristics of nitrates.

Preparations that are used for treatment of antiarrhythmics and congestive heart failure. Classification of antiarrhythmic preparations. Clinical-pharmacological characteristics of sodium channel blockers, beta-blockers, potassium channel

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blockers and calcium channel blockers. Basic groups of preparations that are used in treatment of heart failure. Cardioactive preparations. Diuretics.

Clinical pharmacology of basic and meclofenamate sodium preparations. Clinical-pharmacological classification and characteristics of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic preparations. Classification of meclofenamate sodium preparations. Characteristics of basic groups of meclofenamate sodium preparations.

Clinical pharmacology of preparations that are used for correction of hemostasis violations. Basic idea of hemostasis processes. Classification of preparations that are governing hemostasis. Clinical-pharmacological characteristics of antiaggregants, direct anticoagulants and indirect anticoagulants, thrombolytics.

Preparations that are used for treatment of diabetes mellitus and diseases of thyroid gland. Clinical-pharmacological characteristics of insulin preparations and resin-based antihyperglycemic preparations. Clinical-pharmacological characteristics of preparations that are used for correction of superactive and diminished functions of thyroid gland.

Program on Military Education and Extreme Medicine

General military training. The subject Military education. Military men and military formations. Military topography. Ideological and legislative defense support. Ground forces. Basis of modern combined arms operation. Defense of separate power-driven battalion. Jump-off of separate power-driven battalion. Ride. Seating. Special troop action. Administration over commands in battle.

Health Maintenance Organization of troops. Idea of military medicine. Problems and organization of medical service of military force of the Republic of Belarus in time of war. Modern system of treatment-evacuative support. Category of medical service of military command. Organization of action of medical staff of

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military command. Problems, organization and structure, organization of work of military field hospital, sanitary-epidemiological laboratory, sanitation and epidemiological center. Medical support of military command during tactical defense. Medical support of military command during attack battle. Basis of medical service management. General idea of International Humanitarian Law. Rights and duties of medical personnel during armed conflicts.

Toxicology of emergency situations. Subject and problems of Toxicology of emergency situations. Incendiary agents. Multiple damages. Principles of diagnostics and delivery of health care in case of acute poisoning. Poisoning and high-toxic substances that have neurotoxic action. Poisoning and high-toxic substances that have cytotoxic action. Poisoning and high-toxic substances that have general poisoning action. Poisoning and high-toxic substances that have psychotomimetic action. Poisoning and high-toxic substances that have irritant action. Poisons of vegetative and animal origin. Poisoning with production and household toxic agents that are of frequent occurrence. Individual and collective means of protection of respiratory apparatus and skin. Instruments for radiation and chemical reconnaissance. Decontamination.

Critical emergency medicine. General idea of critical emergency situations. Medical-tactical characteristics of natural and anthropogenic (technological) disasters. State system of disaster warning and response. Medical-tactical characteristics of flash-points of nuclear-powered and chemical destruction. Basic principles and methods of defence of population in critical emergency situations. Individual and collective means of defence of population in critical emergency situations. Appraisal of the situation in critical emergency situations. Organization of treatment-evacuative support of injured people in critical emergency situations. General principles of organization of rendering urgent medical aid to injured people in critical emergency situations. Features of organization of rendering medical aid to injured people in different types of critical emergency situations. Organization of sanitary and hygienic and antiepidemic

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actions in emergency zones. Organization of medical supply of foundations rendering urgent medical aid in emergency situations.

Organization of medical equipment supply of troops. Subject and contents of the course of medical supply. Medical equipment, its classification and characteristics. Sets of medical equipment. Mobile medical and sanitary technique. Doctor tools, sets, apparatus for equipment of stages of casualty evacuation. Regulations of storage, packing, moving and defense of medical equipment in the field. Determining demands in medical equipment and order of its requisitioning. Financial accounting and reporting in medical equipment. Organization of support of separate power-driven brigade with medical equipment. Organization of work of medical depot complexes and depot activities. Auditing work concerning medical equipment. Establishing and organization of work of chemists shop, medical depot activities, medical equipment section, medical company of brigade in the field. Order of handling with narcotic drugs, mind-altering drugs and medicines of the list “A” in the military force of the Republic of Belarus.

Program on Pharmaceutical Technology

Technology of medicines of pharmaceutical production. Pharmaceutical Technology as an applied science. The object and the purpose of the course. Basic terms. Aims of Pharmaceutical Technology. State rating of pharmaceutic production. Classification of medicines according to aggregate state of matter, insertion ways, classification of medicines as disperse systems, according to duration and direction of action. Batching by weight and size. Biopharmaceutics – theoretic trend in technology of medicines. Terms. Ways of absorption of medicines in organism. Bioavailability and methods of its measurement. Influence of pharmaceutical factors on therapeutic effectiveness of medicines. Powders. The definition. Characteristics. Requirements to powders. Classification. Stages of technology. General rules and special cases of preparation of

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powders. Evaluation of quality. Labor saving tools. Directions of perfection of powders. Liquid pharmaceutical forms. Requirements. Classification. Solvents for liquid pharmaceutical forms. Cleaned water. Apparatus. Quality inspection. Storage. Non-aqueous solvents. Requirements to them. Ethyl hydroxide, its attenuating according to the tables of National pharmacopeia XI. Glycerin, mineral and fatty oils, polyethylene oxides, silicone fluids, dimethylsulfoxide and others. Solutions as pharmaceutical form. Designation of solution concentration in refill prescriptions. Classification according to nature of solvent, assignment, insertion ways. Methods of solutions production. Technological schemas. Special cases of preparation of solutions. Technology of mixtures. Usage of dropping glass installations for liquid pharmaceutical forms production. Concentrated solutions. Thinning of conventional pharmacopoeial liquids. Non-aqueous solutions. Solutions of high-molecular compounds. Influence of molecular structure of high-molecular compounds on solubility. Production of solutions of high-molecular compounds. Microheterogeneous systems as dosage forms. Characteristics. Solutions of covered colloids of collargol, protargol, ichthyol. Suspensions. Characteristics. Methods of preparation of suspensions: dispersing and condensational methods. Technology of emulsions. Insertion of medicinal matters into emulsions. Infusions and decoctions - water extracts from medicinal plant raw material or solutions of specially prepared extracts. Process of extraction from plant raw material. Forces influencing the quality of water extracts. Private technology of preparation of water extracts out of raw material containing volatile oils, blenna, hardening agents and others. Usage of liquid and dry extracts-concentrates. Liniments. Technology of homogeneous, emulsive, suspended and combined liniments. Unguentums as pharmaceutical form. Bases for unguentums, classification: lipophilic, absorbing and emulsive unguentums. Characteristics of bases for unguentums. Influence of bases on bioavailability of medicinal matters out of unguentums. General rules of insertion of medicinal matters in unguentums. Technology of homogeneous, heterogeneous and combined unguentums. Small-scale mechanization. Suppositories. Classification of suppositories

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according to their function. Bases for suppositories, their influence on bioavailability of medicinal matters in suppositories. Classification of bases for suppositories: hydrophilous, hydrophobic, diphilic bases, their characteristics.

Technology of medicines of pharmaceutic production. Methods of suppositories preparation: hand molding, outpouring. Calculation connected to suppositories production depending on the method of production. Pills. Additives used for pills production. Principles of selection of additives depending on chemical nature of drugs. Technology of pills. Sterile and made with aseptic method pharmaceutical forms. Nomenclature. Creation of aseptic conditions. Requirements. Normative documents. Sterilizing. Methods of sterilizing. Pyrogenic agents. Water for injections, production of it in chemists shops. Drugs for injectable preparation. Requirements to them. Sterilizing and decontamination of drugs. Requirements to packing and sealing material for injectable solutions, sterilizing of it. Technological scheme of production of injectable solutions. Features of technology of injectable solutions out of thermolabile drugs. Stabilization of injectable solutions. Isotonic solutions. Calculation of isotonic concentrations. Technology of isotonic and infuse solutions. Pharmaceutical forms for eyes. Gouttes, applications, unguentums. Requirements to eye gouttes and technology of eye gouttes in conditions of chemists shops. Regulation of pH solutions, isotonic processes, preserving, sterilizing. Problems of prolongation. Kinds of packing of eye gouttes. Features of technology of eye unguentums. Bases, sterilizing of them. Storage of eye pharmaceutical forms in chemist shops. Nomenclature. Shelf-life. Pharmaceutical forms for newborn babies and babies under 1 year. Pharmaceutical forms containing antibiotics. Powders, solutions, unguentums, suppositories. Selection of additives. Features of technology. Pharmaceutical inconsistency in pharmaceutical forms. Types of inconsistency: physical, chemical and pharmacological inconsistency. Ways of negotiation of inconsistency in pharmaceutical forms. Homeopathic drugs. Characteristics. Nomenclature. Technology of homeopathic drugs.

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Technology of medicines of industrial production. Development of industrial production of medicines in the Republic of Belarus. General principles of production of medicines at pharmaceutical works and factories. General idea of engines and instruments. Accident prevention and labour protection. Energy in production processes. Thermal processes. Vapour as thermal medium. Powders and gatherings. Breakage and classification of powders. Technological schemes of production of compound powders and gatherings. Apparatus. Tablets. Characteristics. Kinds of tablets. Requirements of National pharmacopeia XI. Qualitative assessment. Apparatus. Theoretical foundations of tabletting. Characteristics of tablet machines. Additives that are used in tablets production. Technological schemes of tablets production. Direct compression. Covering tablets with overpouch. Pellet. Spansule. Pill. Pharmaceutical forms that are made using aseptic water and sterile pharmaceutical forms. Requirements to pharmaceutical forms for injections. Industrial production conditions. Characteristics of solvents for injectable preparations: water, nonwater, compound solvents. Ampule glass. Production of ampules and glass-tubings. Cleaning ampules. Production of ampule solutions. Filling, sealing and sterilizing. Labeling. Qualitative assessment of solutions in ampules. Comprehensive mechanization and automatization of ampule production. Features of private technology of solutions for injections in ampules. Infusion solutions. Pharmaceutical forms for eyes. Eye skins. Sterile suspensions, emulsions, powders and tablets. Features of industrial production of suspensions and emulsions, unguentums and pastes. Apparatus. Standardization. Private technology. Emplastrums. Classification. Production of emplastrums and medical pencils. Technology of medicines of industrial production. Galena preparations. Characteristics. History. Classification. Medical solutions. Solvents. Intensification of the process of solution. Methods of solutions scraping (assertion, filtering, centrifugation). Standardization. Private technology. Medical gelcaps. Additives. Technological process of reception. Qualitative assessment. Microencapsulation of drugs. Production of

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suppositories. Production of gas dispersoids. Regularities of exhaustion of capillary-cellular raw material having cellular construction. Production of aromatic waters and surups. Tinctures. Characteristics of tinctures. Methods of tinctures reception. Qualitative assessment. Alcohol recuperating and purification. Fluid extracts 1:1 and 1:2. Methods of reception. Standardization. Thermal processes. Usage of vapour as thermal medium. Boiling-down. Boiling-down under suction. Adverse effects during boiling-down and methods of deliquefaction of them. Drying. Statics and kinetics of drying. Characteristics of drying apparatus. Sublimate and spray drying. Consistent and dry extracts. Technological scheme of production. Methods of reception of primary drawing out. Cleaning out from ballast substances. Private technology of consistent and dry extracts. Production of liquid and dry extracts-concentrates. Oily extracts. Drugs that are made out of fresh herbal raw material. Preparations of biogenic stimulator. Methods of reception and cleaning of primary drawing out. Standardization. Private technology. Organic preparations. Features of raw animal material. Classification and methods of reception of organic preparations for internal and injection administration. Standardization. Private technology. Drugs having prolonged and directed action. Therapeutic systems, matrical, membranous, osmolar systems, systems of goal-directed delivery of drugs. Children and geriatric drugs. Production of enzymatic, hormonal and other preparations with microbiological synthesis. General processes and apparatus of biotechnology.

Program on Pharmaceutical Chemistry

The subject and contents of pharmaceutical chemistry. General problems of pharmaceutical chemistry. Methodological bases and principles of classification of medicines. Sources and methods of recipience of medicines. State regulations that are regulating medicines quality. Standardization of medicines and organization of quality control. Normative documents that are

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regulating medicines quality. Inorganic pharmaceutical substances. The medicines – derivates from elements of group VI of periodic system: water, oxygen, peroxide and its compounds. The medicines – derivates from elements of group V and VII of periodic system: iodine, potassium iodide, sodium iodide. Kalium bromide and natrium bromide. Hydrochloric acid, potassium chloride, sodium chloride. Hypochlorite. Sodium nitrite. Sodium thiosulfate. Sodium fluoride. Inorganic medicines: barium sulphate for roentgenoscopy, calcium chloride, calcium sulphate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium oxide, boric acid, sodium tetraborate. Aluminum compounds. Inorganic pharmaceutical substances. Compounds of zink, argentum, ferrum, platinic. Zinc sulphate, argentic nitrate, compex compounds of ferrum: ferroceron , ferramid. Compounds of gadolinium: gadopentetat gadolinium + meglumine, gadodiamide. Organic medicines. Kinds of alcohol and ether: ethyl alcohol, ethyl oxide, glonoin. Aldehydes and derivates from them: formaldehyde solution, aminoform, chloral hydrate. Carbohydrates: monosaccharides and polysaccharides. Glucose, saccharose, lactose, galactose, amylum. Carboxylic acids and derivatives from them. Diuretic salt, calcium lactate, calcium gluconate, sodium citrate, Depakine Enteric. Ascorbic asid. Amino acids and derivates from them. Glutamic acid, gammalone, cysteine, methionine. Amino acids and derivates from them. Penicillamine, natric salt and calcium salt of ethylene-diamine-tetracidic acid. Derivates from proline: captopril, enalapril. Derivates from phenylalanine - melphalan. Beta laktamids. Penicillins. Benzylpenicillin, its sodium salt, potassium salt, Benzylpenicillinum novocainum, Benzylpenicillinum benzathinum, phenoxymethylpenicillin. Semisynthetic penicillins. Sodium salt of oxacillin, ampicillin, Amoxycillin, disodium salt of Carbenecillin, ureidopenicillins (piperacillin). Cephalosporins: sodium salt of cefazolin, Cephalexin, cefalotin, cefoperazone, cefotaxime, cefuroxime. Monobactams. Carbapenems. Stoppers of beta-lactamases. Aminoglycosides. Streptomycin sulphate, kanamycin sulphate, gentamicin sulphate. Semisynthetic derivates: amikacin. Macrolides and azalides. Erythromycin, clarithromycin, Roxithromycin, Azithromycin. Tetracyclines: tetracycline,

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oxytetracycline, metacycline, doxycycline. Nitrofenilalkilamins: chloramphenicol and ethers of it. Terpenes. Sources and methods of preparation, chemical structure, general methods of analyses. Menthol, validol, terpinhydrate, camphor and derivatives from it. Acetate of retinol. Statins: lovastatin, simvastatin. Prostaglandins: alprostadil, misoprostol, Latanoprost. Steroid compounds. Classification, sources and methods of recipience, features of chemical structure, general methods of analyses. Caciferols: recipience, analyses, forms of presentation, stability, storage. Oksidevit, dioksidevit. Derivant of indan – Fenilin. Cardenolides. Natural occurrence, preparation, features of chemical structure and biological activity. Standardization of drugs: (chemical, physical-chemical and biological methods). Digitoxin, acetyldigitoxin, digoxin, strophanthin, corglyconum. Steroid hormones. C-19 steroids: androgens (testosteron propionate, methyltestosterone); muscle pills (Anabo-lex, methylandrostendiolum, Phenobolinum). C-21 steroids: gestagens (progesterone, Praegninum), mineralocorticosteroids and glucocorticosteroids (desoxyeortieosterone, cortisol, hydrocortisone, prednisone, prednisolone). Fluoro-substituted derivates: (dexamethasone, Fluocinolone acetonide) and others. Steroid hormones. Sources and methods of preparation, classification, features of chemical structure (space chemistry and biological activity), general methods of analyses. C-18 steroids (estrogens): folliculin, estradiol, ethinylestradiol, Mestranol. Phenols, quinones and derivates from them. Phenol, thymol, resorcin, tamoxifen, propofol. Derivates from naphthoquinones (vitamins of group K) - phylloquinone. Synthetical water-soluble analogue according to the action -Vicasol. Derivates from paraaminophenol: paracetamol. Derivates from metaaminophenol: methyl sulphate of neostigmine. Aromatic acids and derivates from them. General characteristics, representatives: benzoic asid, salycilic acid and their sodium salts, Osalmid, acetosalic acid. Derivates from phenylpropionic acid: ibuprofen, ketoprofen. Derivates from phenylacetic acid: diclofenac and its salts. Derivates from Butyrophenone: haloperidol, droperidol. Para-, ortho- and metaaminobenzoic acids and derivates from them. Ethers of п-

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aminobenzoic acid: benzocaine, procaine hydrochloride, tetracaine hydrochloride. Diethylaminoantifebrins: trimecaine hydrochloride, lidocaine hydrochloride. Local anesthetics that are close according to their structure: bupivacaine, articaine hydrochloride. Derivates from amide of п-aminobenzoic acid - procainamide hydrochloride, metoclopramide hydrochloride. Derivates from м-aminobenzoic acid: amidotrizoic acid and its sodium and N- Methylglucamineic salts. Derivates from п-aminosalicylic acid (antituberculous remedy): sodium п-aminosalicylate. Iodinated derivates from aromatic amino acids: liothyronine, levothyroxine. Thyreoidin. Arylalkylamines, hydroxyphenylalkylamines. Biochemical background of preparation of medical substanses of the phenylalkylamines row. Dopamine. Ephedrine hydrochloride. Epinephrin (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), their salts. Isoprenaline hydrochloride (isadrine), fenoterol (Berotec, partusisten), salbutamol, verapamil. Derivates from displaced hydroxypropanolamine (beta-blocking agents): propranalol hydrochloride (Anaprilinum), atenolol, timolol. Fluoxetine (prozac). Hydroxyphenylalaliphatic amino acids: levodopa and methyldopa. Aminodibrominephenylalkylamines: bromhexine hydrochloride, ambroxol hydrochloride. Benzolsulfanilamides and Derivates from them. Streptocide. Sulfanilamides that are displaced in amide group, derivates of fatty and heterocyclic series: sulfacetamide sodium (Sulfacyl-sodium), sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim (co-trimoxazole, Biseptol), sulfadimethoxine, sulfalene. Sulfanilamides that are displaced in amide and aromatic amine group: ftalilsulfametizol (phtalazol), Salazopyridazinum. Derivates from amide of benzenesulfonic acid: furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide (dichlothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide), bumetanide (Bufenoxum). Displaced Sulfonylurea as antidiabetic medicines: carbutamide (Bucarba АТХ), glibenclamid, glipizide, Minidiab, Gliquidone (Glurenorm), gliclazide (Predian). Non-aromatic antidiabetic agents – biguanides: metformin. Derivates from benzolsulfochloramide: chloramine Б, galazop (pantothenatecide). Heterocyclic compounds. Derivates from furfurane. Amiodarone, griseofulvin. Medicines of nitrofuran row: nitrofural (Furacilin), furasolidone, nitrofurantoin (Furadonin),

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Furaginum. Derivates from benzopyran. Cumarins and derivates from them: Ethyl biscoumacetate (neodikumarin), Phepromaronum, acenocoumarol (syncumar). Derivates from benzo-gamma-pyrone. Sodium cromoglicate (Cromolyn-sodium, Intal). Chromane compounds: tocopherols (vitamins of group E) as medicines: tocopherol acetate. Phenylchromane compounds: flavonoids (vitamins of group P): rutoside (rutin), quercetin, dihydroquercetin. Derivates from indan: phenyndion (Рhenylinum). Derivates from pyrrol (vitamins of group B12): cyanocobalamine, hydroxocobalamin (oksikobalamin), Cobamamid. Derivates from tetrahydropyrrole. Lincomycins: Lincomycin hydrochloride, clindamycin. Derivates from pyrazole. Analgesine, Metamizole sodium (analgin), phenylbutazone (butadiene), propifenazon. Derivates from imidazole. Pilocarpine hydrochloride, bendazol hydrochloride (Dibazolum), clonidine hydrochloride (Clophelin), metronidazole, clotrimazole, ketoconazole, naphazoline nitrate (Naphthyzin), omeprazole, domperidone (motilium), xylometazoline (Halazolin). Histamine dihydrochloride. Derivates from histamine and close compounds according to structure: diphenhydramine hydrochloride (Dimedroli), chloropyramine (Suprastin), ranitidine, famotidine. Derivates from piridinmetanol: pyridoxin hydrochloride (vitamins of group Вб), pyridoxalphosphate, pyricarbate (Parmidinum), Emoxipinum. Derivates from dihydropyridine: nifedipine, amlodipine, nicardipine. Derivates from pyridine-3-carboxylic acid: nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, nicetamid (diethylamide of nicotinic acid); Picamilonum. Derivates from pyridine-4-carboxylic acid. Antituberculous remedies and antidepressants on the bases of isonicotinic acid: isoniazid, ftivazide, protionamide, ethionamide, nialamide. Derivates from tropane: atropine sulphate, scopolamine hydrobromide and their synthetical analogues as compound ethers of amino alcohols and displaced carboxylic acids: homatropine hydrobromide, Tropacinum, Apropheniun and others. Derivates from ecgonine: cocaine hydrochloride. Derivates from chinoline and quinuclidin. Derivates from 4-displaced chinoline. Quinia, quinidine and their salts. Chloroquine phosphate (chingamin), hydroxychloroquine sulphate (Plaquenil). Derivates from 8-displaced

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chinoline as antibacterial medicines: quinosol, chlorquinaldol, nitroxoline (5-NOK). Derivates from chinoline-4-one (fluroquinolones): lomefloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin, norfloxacin. Derivates from isoquinoline. Derivates from benzilizohinolin: papaverine hydrochloride and its synthetical analogue – drotaverine hydrochloride (NO-SPA). Derivates from fenantrenizohinolin. Morphine, codeine and their salts, semisynthetic derivates from morphine: apomorphine hydrochloride, ethylmorphine hydrochloride. Trimeperidin hydrochloride (promedol), fentanyl, alfentanil, tramadol hydrochloride, loperamide hydrochloride, naloxone hydrochloride. Derivates from pyrimidin. Derivates from pyrimidin-2,4-dione. Methyluracil, fluorouracil. Nucleosides: tegafur (phthorafurum), zidovudine (azidothymidine), stavudine. Derivates from 4-aminopyrimidine-2-one. Lamivudine. Derivates from pyrimidin-2,4-dione: primidone (hexamidine). Derivates from pyrimidin-2,4-trione: (barbituric acid): barbital, phenobarbital, thiopental-sodium, Benzobarbital (benzonal), hexobarbital-sodium (Hexenalum). Derivates from 1,2-benzotiazin. Piroxicam. Derivates from hydantoin. Phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin). Derivates from pirimidinotiazol (vitamins of group В1) as medicines: thiamine chloride and thiamine bromide, co-carboxylase, Phosphothiamini, Benfotiamine. Derivates from purine as medicines of different pharmacological groups. Meaning of metabolic antagonists in preparation of new medicines. Derivates from xanthine: caffeine, theophylline, theobromine, aminophylline (Euphyllin), Diprophyllinum, (Xantinol nicotinate, pentoxifylline. Derivates from guanine: acyclovir (zovirax), ganciclovir (Cymevene). Other derivates from purine: inosine (Riboxinum), allopurinol, mercaptopurine, azathioprine. Derivates from pteridine. Acid folic and its analogues. Methothrexate. Derivates from izoalloksazin (vitamins of group В2) as medicines: riboflavin, riboflavin mononucleotide. Derivates from phenothiazines. Alkylaminederivates: chlorpromazine hydrochloride (aminazin), promazine hydrochloride (propazine), levomepromazine, trifluoperazine dihydrochloride (triftazine), fluphenazine decanoate (phthorphenazin-decanoate) and others. Atsilic derivates: etacisin,

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moracizin hydrochloride (etmozin). Derivates from Benzotiazepin: Chlordiazepoxide (Chlozepidum), medazepam, diazepam (seduxen), oxazepam, nitrazepam, phenazepam, alprazolam and others. Derivates from dibenzodiazepin. Clozapinum (Azaleptinum). Derivates from 1,5-benzotiazepin. Diltiazem. Derivates from iminostilben. Carbamazepine. Derivates from 10,11-dihydrodibenzotsiklogepten. Amitriptyline. Juridical and theoretical foundations of quality control of medicines in chemist shop. Qualitative express-analysis. Methodology of changing variants of multi-component medicines. Qualitative analysis. Quantitative analysis in quality control in chemist shop. Tool methods in express-analysis in chemist shops and laboratories. Analysis of injectable solutions out of thermolabile drugs. Stabilization of injectable solutions. Isotonic solutions and eye gouttes in chemist shop conditions. Analysis of chemist shop storage, concentrated products, half-finished products. Analysis of powders that are prepared in chemist shop. Stability and shelf-life of medicines (methods of definition and influencing factors). Dependence of chemical structure and biological activity of medical substances. Analysis of medical substances and metabolites in biological liquids. Standardization as system of formation of requirements to medicines quality. Condition and perspectives of standardization. State system of establishments that are providing medicines quality control. System of perfection of normative documents. Provision of quality in production, distribution, storing and use of medicines. International requirements to medicines production. Inspection. Proper laboratory practice. Accreditation of experimental laboratories. Certification of medicines. Registration of medicines. Clinical trials of medicines. Research of equivalence of generic medicines.

Program on Toxicological Chemistry

Subject, tasks and basic sections of toxicological chemistry. Organization of forensic medical expertise. Chemical-toxicological analysis of matters that are isolated from biomatherial with

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mineralization method. Methods of removal of oxidizers. Methods of discovering and quantitative definition of "metal" poisons. Group of matters that are isolated with distillation. Scheme of chemical-toxicological analysis of "flying" poisons. Chemical method of analysis of distillate. Toxicological meaning, discovering and quantitative definition of "flying" poisons. Definition of “flying” substances with gaschromatographic method. Expertise of alcoholic poisoning. Qualitative diagnostics of drunkenness. Poisoning with carbon monoxide. Methods of discovering and quantitative definition of carboxyhemoglobin in blood. Analyses of substances that are isolated with extraction with water. Biotransformation of foreign compounds in organism. General ways of biotransformation. Metabolites and toxicity. Chemical-toxicological analysis of matters that are isolated by polar solvents. Methods of isolation of medical and narcotic matters. Characteristics, toxicological meaning, discovering and quantitative definition of substances that are extracted with organic solvents from acidic medium. Characteristics, chemical-toxicological analysis of matters that are extracted with organic solvents from alkaline medium. Chemical-toxicological analysis of narcotic drugs. Toxicological screening of medical matters. Pesticides, general characteristics, classification. Methods of discovering and quantitative definition of definite specimens. Modern physical-chemical methods that are used in chemical-toxicological analysis.

Program on Organization and Economy of Pharmacy

State policy in public health protection and pharmacy. Normative-legal provision of public health protection and pharmaceutical service. Organisation and economy of pharmacy as academic subject and scientific speciality. Structure of administration of the Ministry of Public Health Protection in the Republic of Belarus and of pharmaceutical service in the Republic of Belarus.

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Organizing-legal forms of enterprise management. Standardization of activity of pharmaceutical organization.

System of medicines quality control. Controlling and allowing system of medicines of the Ministry of Public Health Protection in the Republic of Belarus. Pharmacopoeial committee and Pharmaceutical committee of the Ministry of Public Health Protection in the Republic of Belarus. Republic unitary enterprise “The center of examinations and trials in public health protection”.

System of organisation of rendering medicinal help to the people and public health protection establishments. Organisation of work of self-financing chemist shop. Organisation of work of chemist shop of ready medicines. Organisation of work of central regional chemist shop. Chemist shop of public health protection establishment. Control-analytical laboratory. Medicines quality control in chemist shops.

Wholesale group in the system of pharmaceutical enterprises. Chemist shop storehouse.

Book-keeping calculation and accounts of pharmaceutical enterprises. General characteristics of accounting policies of pharmaceutical enterprise. Recording of entry and sales of commodity stocks and supplies. Recording of basic means and other property. Recording of cash resources. Recording of labor and labor cost. Accounting balance-sheet. Accounting control of pharmaceutical enterprises. Taking inventory of commodity stocks and supplies.

Financial management and imposition of taxes in pharmacy. Financial management. Fiscal system in the Republic of Belarus (pharmaceutical branch). Control and examination of activity of pharmaceutical enterprises.

Planning of activity of pharmaceutical enterprises. System of planning in pharmacy. Forecasting basic index of activity of pharmaceutical organization. Strategic and tactical planning.

Economic analysis of activity of pharmaceutical enterprise. Content economic analysis. Economic data that are characterizing business function of pharmaceutical enterprise. Methods of analysis of economic data.

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Bases of pharmaceutical marketing. Executive summary of pharmaceutical marketing. Managing pharmaceutical marketing. Medicines market exploration. Product portfolio policy of pharmaceutical enterprise. Pricing policy of pharmaceutical enterprise. Fundamental principles of determination of requirements. Strategy of marketing communications, shopping and merchandising policy of pharmaceutical enterprise.

Informative-advertising activity in pharmacy. Executive summary of pharmaceutical information. Advertisement of pharmaceutical commodity. Informative-advertising work with the community.

Bases of management. Theoretical bases of management. Organizations of pharmaceutical system as object of administration. System of administration of pharmaceutical personnel. Essence of management activity. Management of conflicts and stresses. Binding processes in communication management. Records management on enterprises of pharmaceutical profile. Labor, civil and economic law.

Program on Medical and Pharmaceutical Commodity Research

Introduction to commodity research analysis. Normative-

organizational system of medical supply. Structure of medical and pharmaceutical supply of the systems “Pharmacy” and “Medical technique”, centralized and decentralized supplies. Classification and coding of methodical (pharmaceutical) commodity. Bar coding. Contracts in the system of medical supply, procedural and institutional base of contract relations in procurement activities of medical and pharmaceutical organizations. Commercial examination of medical and pharmaceutical commodities in the system of distribution. Commodity research analysis of the tools, apparatus and

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materials that are used for tissues joining: stitching materials, suture needles. Commodity research analysis of tools and apparatus for parenal method of insertion of medicines. Commodity research analysis of surgical tools. Commodity research analysis of special tools. Commodity research analysis of tools, apparatus and equipment for stomatology. Optical system of eye. Equipment for diagnostics and correction of eyesight: commodity research analysis. Commodity research analysis of breathing equipment. Commodity research aspects of technical methods diagnostics. Commodity research analysis of physiotherapeutic equipment. Commodity research analysis and examination of tissue and non-tissue materials that are used for preparation of medical device. Commodity research analysis of chemist shop equipment. Analysis of assortment of medical and pharmaceutical commodity according to its basic indices. Analysis of rationality of the assortment structure and its innovation. Usage of applied market research in the system of commercial commodity research in public health protection. Business game. Analysis of competitive power of medical and pharmaceutical commodity. Market positioning of medical and pharmaceutical commodity. Business game. Commercial examination of commodity-falsification on pharmaceutical market. Quality of commodity: administration, certification, control, statistical methods of analysis. Business game. Commodity research analysis with application of applied marketing examination of medicines. Business game. Commodity research analysis of dressing material and medical plaster. Commodity research analysis of tare, packing, and means of closing of pharmaceutical commodity. Commodity research analysis of rubber articles and druggist rubber sundries. Commodity research analysis of parapharmaceuticals, dietary supplement, perfumery and commodity of renewal of assortment. Business game: formation of optimal price and communication tactics of medical and pharmaceutical organization in the system of commodity distribution.

Program on Pathology

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Student should know: medical terms of pathology; terms of

general nosology; role of causes, conditions and reactive properties of organism in origin, development and end of disease; causes and mechanisms of the most typical pathological processes and the most wide-spread typical disorders of organs and organism systems, their general display and meaning for organism in course of development of different diseases; general appropriateness of origin, development, end of the most wide-spread human diseases and general display of these diseases; general principles of etiotropic and pathogenetic preventive measures and therapy, principle abilities and ways of pharmacological correction of typical pathological processes and typical forms of pathology of separate organs and organism systems; meaning of experimental method in studying pathological processes, abilities, limitations and perspectives of this method; meaning of pathology for future development of preventive trend of modern public health protection.

Student should be able: to use the attained knowledge when studying the subjects “Pharmacology”, “Clinical pharmacology and bases of pharmacotherapy” and other pharmaceutical subjects; to use general terms of pathology and the most wide-spread medical terms during work with pharmaceutical and medical science literature and dialogue with medical specialists; to orient oneself in different forms of pathology (knowing that medical specialists have prescribes definite medical therapy for treatment of these forms of pathology); to use pathological knowledge in cases of applying of people for advices – both for possible recommendations and for explaining of harm of self-treatment; to formulate conclusion about presence and kind of typical form of pathology of hemic system according to the results of blood picture; to determine the pattern of fever according to temperature curve; to differentiate pathological types of breath; to define renal compromise according to the results of urine analysis and biochemical blood count; to determine general kinds of arrhythmia and signs of myocardial ischemia according to electrocardiogram.

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Program on Pharmacognosy

Definition of pharmacognosy as a science and an academic subject. General stages of pharmacognosy development. Methodology of the subject, basic terms and methods of examination. Problems of pharmacognosy in modern times. Integrative contacts to basic and specialized subjects, role in the practical activity of pharmacist. General idea of biochemical processes in plant organism. Mobility of chemical composition of medical plants in the process of ontogenesis and under the influence of ecological factors. Types of classification of medical plants and medical plant raw material.

General historical stages of usage and study of medical plants in the world medicine. Influence of Arabic (Avizenna, Berunii and others), European (Galen, Hippocrates, Dioscorides and others) and other medical systems on pharmacognosy development. Origin and development of pharmacognosy as a science. Role of eminent scientists in pharmacognosy development (S.P. Krasheninnikov, I.I. Lepehin, P.S. Pallas, P.M. Maksimovich-Ambodik, A.T. Bolotov, I.D. Dvigubski, A.P. Nelyubin, G. Dragendorf, A. Chirh, V.A. Tihomirov, Yu.K. Trapp, A.F. Gammerman, D.M. Shcherbachev, A.P. Orehov, S.Yu. Yunusov, G.K. Kryeier, V.S. Sokolov, M.M. Molodozhnikov and others).

Raw materials base of medical plants. Modern condition ofgathering of wild and cultivated medical plants. Imports and exports of medical plant raw material, perspectives of development of raw materials base in the Republic of Belarus. Constitution of the Republic of Belarus about environment protection. Protection and rational use of natural resources of medical plants, resources investigations (revelation of underbrush, stock accounting, mapping operation). Reproduction of wild medical plants.

Bases of procuring process. Rational means of gathering medical plant raw material of different morphologic groups. Primary operation, drying, putting raw material in standard state, packing, marking, transportation and storage.

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Methods of pharmacognosy analysis of medical plant raw material. Sample taking and analysis of raw material on authenticity and adequate quality as consisted with acting normative and technical documentation. System of standardization of medical plant raw material. The order of development, endorsement and approval of medical plant raw material as consisted with acting normative and technical documentation. Categories and structure of acting normative and technical documentation on medical plant raw material. Requirements to the quality of medical plant raw material. Medical plants and raw material containing polysaccharides. Medical plants and raw material containing vitamins. Medical plants and raw material containing terpenoids. Medical plants and raw material containing bitter principles. Medical plants and raw material containing kardiosteroids (cardiac glycosides). Medical plants and raw material containing steroid and triterpene saponosides. Medical plants and raw material containing simple phenolic glycosides and lignans. Medical plants and raw material containing amtratsen-derivates. Medical plants and raw material containing coumarins and chromones. Medical plants and raw material containing flavonoids. Medical plants and raw material containing tannins. Medical plants and raw material containing alkaloids. Medical plants and raw material containing different groups of biologically active substances.

Organization of provision of medical plant raw material. Measures aimed to increasing volume of provision of medical plant raw material. Chief procurement organizations and their functions. System of procurement organizations and their role in securing of the country with medical plant raw material. Influence of different factors on accumulation of biologically active substances in a plant. Commodity research analysis of medical plants and raw material and gatherings. General trends of scientific research in the field of medical plants study. Main scientific centers. Perspectives of usage of medical plants in the country.

Program on Labour Protection

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Judiciary and organizational policies of labour protection. Production sanitary. Accident prevention. Fire prevention.

Program on Сlinical Laboratory Diagnostic

Introduction to clinical laboratory diagnostic. Laboratory service organization. Theoretical and analytical discipline bases. Laboratory investigations quality control. General clinical, microbiological and cytological laboratory investigations: general idea, methodical approaches, technological principles, analytical evaluation and authenticity of analysis results. Bases of hematological and immuological laboratory diagnostics Manual and automatic methodological approaches of hematologic research, advantages and disadvantages of theses approaches. Cellular and humoral laboratory indices. Influence of medicobiologic, methodic and technology factors on the results of hematologic and immunologic laboratory research. Medical biochemistry: methodological approaches, technologic principles and analytical evaluation of laboratory analysis of protein, carbohydrate and lipid exchange. Medical biochemistry: methodological approaches, technologic principles and analytical evaluation of laboratory analysis of enzymes, presecretions, pigmental and water-mineral metabolism, acid-base balance. Laboratory research of system of hemostasis.

Program on Clinical Pharmacology Clinical pharmacology, subject and tasks. State regulation and clinical evaluation of drugs. Clinical pharmacokinetics. Drug dosing regimens. Clinical pharmacodynamics.

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Drugs interaction. Side effects of drugs. Physiological and age aspects of clinical pharmacology. Drugs acting on central nervous system: neuroleptics, antidepressants, neuro-metabolic stimulants, tranqualizers, hypnotics, sedatives, psychostimulators, anticonvulsants, antiparkinsonic drugs. Drugs for general and local anesthesia: general anesthetics, local anesthetics, analgetics of central action, opioid analgetics, non-opioid analgetics. Drugs acting on respiratory system: expectorants, anti-cough preparations, broncholytics, mast-cell stabilizers, H1-histamine blockers, Glucocorticoids, drugs facilitating surfactant production, respiratory analeptics.

Clinical pharmacology of anti-allergic and immunotropic drugs. Drug allergy: drugs affecting immunological stage of allergy, drugs affecting pathochemical stage of allergy, drugs affecting patophysiological stage of allergy, drug-induced anaphylactic shock. Clinical pharmacology of cardiotonic drugs: cardiac glycosides, non-glycoside cardiotonic drugs. Clinical pharmacology of drugs affecting tone of blood vessels: antihypertensive drugs, antianginal drugs, drugs used in hypotonic conditions.

Anti-arrhythmic preparations: drugs used in tachyarrhythmias (classes 1-4 preparations), drugs used in bradyarrhythmias, potassium and magnesium preparations. Drugs affecting function of digestive system: drugs affecting appetite, emetic and anti-emetic preparations, drugs regulating gastric secretion, gastrocytoprotectors, drugs regulating gastrointestinal motorics, drugs used in pancreatic diseases, choleretics, hepatoprotectors, cathartic drugs, anti-diarrhea preparations, drugs restoring gastro-intestinal microflora. Clinical pharmacology of drugs affecting renal function: classification of diuretics, uricosuric drugs. Clinical pharmacology of drugs affecting metabolism: vitamins, stimulators of metabolism of non-vitaminic nature, drugs affecting lipid exchange, microelements, antihypoxants.

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Drugs affecting endocrine system: preparations of hypothalamic hormones, preparations of hormones of hypophysis, preparations of thyroid hormones and anti-thyroid drugs, preparations of parathyroid hormones and drugs affecting calcium exchange, hypoglycemic drugs, preparations of adrenal hormones and drugs affecting their production, preparations of sex hormones and drugs affecting their production, hormonal contraceptives, drugs for correction of climacteric syndrome. Drugs used for correction of homeostasis: volume expanders, preparations for parenteral nutrition. Drugs affecting uterus tone. Drugs regulating hemostasis: anti-hemorrhagic preparations, anti-thrombotic drugs. Drugs used for treatment of anemia. Antimicrobial drugs: antibiotics, sulphonamides, quinolones, nitrofurans, antiseptics. Antifungal drugs. Clinical pharamacology of anti-viral drugs. Clinical pharamacology of anti-protozoal and anti-helmintic preparations: anti-protozoal agents, anti-malaria drugs, anti-helmintic drugs. Clinical pharamacology of drugs for treatment of cancer: chemotherapeutic anticancer drugs, hormonally active preparations, anticancer antibiotics.

Program on Pharmaceutical Hygiene

Influence of environmental factors on health of person and public health. Influence of employment terms on health, working capacity and productivity of labor. Scientific basis of planning, facility, accomplishment and upkeep of pharmacy organizations and organizations of pharmaceutical industry. Hygienic requirements to manufacturing processes of production of drugs and to employment terms in pharmacy organizations and organizations of pharmaceutical industry. Methods of assessment of impact of environmental factors

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and employment terms on health. Main legislative and normative documents.

Program on Physiology and Bases of General Human Morphology

Introduction. General Physiology and bases of General

Human Morphology. General principles of functions regulation. Conduction of excitation, synaptic transmission, motion. Introduction. The subject and the problems of anatomy, histology, physiology. Biological bases of human vital activity. General characteristics of tissues, types of tissues. Structure of tissues. Human skeleton. Basic muscles of human body. General physiology of excitable tissues. Receptors. Structure and functions of peripheric nerves. Excitation conduction. Synapse. Synaptic transmission. Secretion. Physiological features of muscles. Mechanism of muscular contraction. Motion.

Physiology and Morphology. System mechanisms of homeostasis maintenance. Fluid mediums of organism and barrier functions. Structure and functions of blood. Lympha. Erythrocytes. Blood groups. Leukocytes. Hemopoesis. Hemostasis. Blood circulation. Structure of heart. Heart cycle. Phase analysis of ventricular systole and ventricular diastole. Automatism of heart. Physiological features of heart muscle. Regulation of heart. Structure and functional classification of blood vessels. Hemodynamics. Regulation of blood pressure. Respiration. Structure and functions of respiratory organs. Gas-transport system in lungs and tissues. Transport of gases. Regulation of gas structure of blood. Digestion. Structure and functions of digestive tract. Digestion in oral cavity and in stomach. Digestion in bowels. Role of pancreatic gland and hepar in digestion. Absorption. Regulation of level of nutrient matters in blood. Metabolism. Heat regulation. Secretion. Structure and functions of kidneys. Regulation of functions of kidneys. Structure and functions of endocrine glands.

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Central nervous system: structure, functions, interactive activity. Autonomous (vegetative) nervous system. Structure of central nervous system. Reflex theory. Physiological features of nervous centers. Mechanisms of coordination and integration of reflexes. Physiology of central nervous system: spinal medulla, rachidian bulb, mesencephalon. Reticular formation. Little brain. Autonomous nervous system: structure and functions. Neurophysiological mechanisms of motivations and emotions. Human higher nervous activity. Physiological foundations of mentality. Types of higher nervous activity. System organization of goal behavior. Sleep, remembrance and their neurophysiological mechanisms.

Program on Pharmaceutical Botany

Introduction. Botany as biological science. Biological bases and principles of classification of plants. General characteristics of water plants.

Division mushrooms. Division lichens. Higher plants. Division bryophytes. Division

Lycopodiophyta. Division Equisetophyta. Division filicoid. Division Gymnospermae.

Division Magnoliophyta. Advanced characters of Magnoliophyta. Morphology of vegetative organs of plants. Morphology of generative organs of plants.

Biology of fertilization: micro- and megasporogenesis, double fertilization. Formation and types of seeds. Formation and classification of fruits. Modes of transmission of seeds.

Mainstreams of evolution and genealogy of bilobed. Patterned sampling of subclass Magnoliidae. Patterned sampling of subclass Ranunculidae. Patterned sampling of subclass Caryophyllidae. Patterned sampling of subclass Hamamelididae.

Patterned sampling of bilobed plants. Patterned sampling of subclass Dilleniidae. Patterned sampling of subclass Rosidae.

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Patterned sampling of subclass Lamiidae. Patterned sampling of subclass Asteridae.

Patterned sampling of monocotyledonous plants. Patterned sampling of subclass Alismatidae. Patterned sampling of subclass Liliidae. Patterned sampling of subclass Arecidae.

Bases of plant geography. Formation of plant cell. Chemicals, their sorts, forms, places of localisation and usage in pharmacy.

Plant tissues. Meristems. Ground tissues. Conductive tissues. Strengthening tissues. Parenchyma tissues. Eliminative tissues.

Anatomy of vegetative organs of plants. Anatomical organization of root. Structure features of roots of monocotyledonous and bilobed plants.

Anatomy of caulis. Gemma, structure and arrangement. Growing-point and its role in formation of organs and tissues of bine. Anatomical organisation of caulis of bilobed gramineous.

Structure features of caulis of bilobed plants. Anatomical organisation of roots.

Anatomical organisation of caulis of woody plant. Anatomical organisation of various types of leaves. Growth, development and propagation of plants

Program on Physical and Colloidal Chemistry

Introduction. Physical chemistry and its significance in pharmacy. Thermodynamics and regularity of chemical phenomena passing. General problems and laws of chemical thermodynamics. Thermodynamics of chemical balance. Thermodynamics of phase equilibrium. Thermodynamics of solutions of non-electrolytes. Thermodynamics of solutions of electrolytes. Thermodynamics of electrode processes. Electrochemical methods of

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analysis in pharmacy. Potentiometry. Kinetics of chemical reactions and catalysis. Thermodynamics of surface phenomena.

Colloidal chemistry. Classification of disperse system. Methods of preparation and scraping of colloidal solutions. Molecular-kinetic and optical properties of colloid systems. Structure and electric charge of colloidal particles. Electrokinetic effects. Resistance and coagulation of colloid systems. Different grain sizes of colloid systems. Aerosols, powders, suspension, emulsions, their properties. High-molecular compounds and their solutions.

Program on Analytical Chemistry

General problems of analytical chemistry. Chemical methods of finding out inorganic matters. Chemical balance in analytical chemistry. Protolytic balances. Major theories of acids and bases. Principal properties of solvent that are influencing on acid-basic properties of a matter. pH estimation of water solutions, where protolytic balances take place. Acid-basic buffer solutions.

Balances of complex formation. Concept of complex compounds. Classification of complex compounds. Balance in solutions of complex compounds. Influence of various factors on the process of complex formation in solutions. Usage of organic reagents in analytical chemistry.

Balances “sediment-solution”. Oxidation-reduction balances. Selection and preparation of samples. Division and concentration methods. Analytical chemistry and сhemometrics. Approximate calculations and significant numbers, concept of analytical signal. Methods of calculation of a matter concentration using size of analytical signal. Uncertainty and errors of measurements. Conceptual issues of mathematical statistics that are used in analytical chemistry. Statistical processing of analysis results.

Gravimetric method of analysis. General characteristics of titrimetric method of analysis. Acid-base titration. Contents of the method. Acid-basic test devices. Basic types of profiles of acid-base

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titration. Errors of titration. Titration of polyatomic acids and polyacidic bases, concoctions of acids or concoctions of bases. Definition of nitrogen in organic compounds using Kjeldahl method. Usage of acid-base titration in water media. Usage of acid-base titration in non-water media.

Komplexometric titration. General characteristic and classification of methods of komplexometric titration. Mercurymetric titration. Methods of detection of final point of titration. Metallo test devices.

Oxidation titration. Methods of oxidation-reduction titration. General characteristic of methods of oxidation-reduction titration. Iodatometric titration. Chloridometric titration. Permanganometric titration. Nitritometric titration. Bromatometric titration. Dichromatometric titration. Cerimetric titration.

General characteristic of instrumental method of analysis. Basic constitution of electromagnetic absorption. Absorptive spectroscopic methods of analysis. Atomic absorptive spectroscopy. Molecular absorptive spectroscopy in ultraviolet and visual area (spectrophotometery, photometry). Infrared spectroscopy.

Emissive spectroscopic methods of analysis. General characteristics and theoretical bases of chromatographic methods of analysis. Gas chromatography. Liquid chroniatography. Horizontal chromatography. Ion-selective chromatography. Exclusive chromatography. High-efficiency liquid chroniatography.

General characteristics and classification of electrochemical methods of analysis. Conductometry. Potentiometric and coulometric methods of analysis. Radiometric methods of analysis.

Program on General and Inorganic Chemistry Student should know: subject and problems of general and

inorganic chemistry, its significance for the development of

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pharmacy and for practical work of pharmacist, rules of safety measures during work in chemical laboratory, variants of solutions concentration, general natural phenomena of proceeding of chemical reactions (energy, direction of chemical reactions; chemical balance, speed of chemical reactions), general idea of solutions, solubility of different matters, colligative properties and peculiarities of solutions of electrolytes and inelectrolytes, usage of solutions of different concentration in pharmacy and medicine, theory of acid and base, ionic production of water, pH solutions, conditions of precipitation and dissolution of sediments, general idea of reactions with electron transfer, principles of preparing them and conditions of their proceeding, modern idea of matters structure (electron tunics of atoms, periodical law of D.S. Mendeleev, nature of chemical bond and structure of chemical compounds), complex compounds: general idea, structure, nomenclature, properties, stability, biological function, usage in pharmacy and medicine, chemistry of s-, p-, d-elements and their compounds, biological function, usage in pharmacy and medicine.

Student should be able: to work self-dependently with reference and educational literature on general and inorganic chemistry; to use properly nomenclature rules when naming inorganic compounds; to work with chemical reagents, devices, chemical tableware according to the rules of safety measures; to calculate energy characteristics of chemical processes, to forecast direction of their proceeding, to calculate balance concentration of matters according to given concentrations in constant of chemical balance; to calculate quantity of components of solutions of given concentrations and to prepare solutions of definite concentration; to give quantitative and qualitative characteristics of colligative properties of solutions of electrolytes and inelectrolytes; to forecast influence of solvent (environment) on proceeding of physical and chemical processes, to forecast precipitation of sediment in case of pouring together solutions of known concentration; to use law of mass action to ionic balances in solutions for solving professional problems; to forecast probable products of oxidation-reduction interactions and transformations of matters, to use numeral sense of

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standard oxidation-reduction potentials for valuation of oxidation-reduction ability of matters, to make equations of oxidation-reduction reactions in molecular and ionic forms and to make qualitative calculations in the equations; to forecast properties of atoms of chemical elements, of their structure and properties of their compounds on the bases of periodical law of D.S. Mendeleev and electron tunics of atoms and to solve qualitative problems on these transformations; to make formulas of complex compounds, to forecast properties of atoms of elements to make complexes, to describe reactions of formation and dissociation of complex compounds in solutions, to use constant of stability and unstability of complexes for estimation of their solidity, to have idea of biological function and chemical bases of usage of complex compounds in pharmacy and medicine; to make qualitative calculations on transformations of inorganic matters; to conduct self-dependent experiment on studying properties of definite chemical matters and to design the results of this work; to use properties of chemical elements and of their compounds for solving academic and professional problems of usage in pharmacy and medicine, taking into account properties and reactionary compatibility of compounds for estimation of chemical compatibility of medicines.

Program on Biology

Introduction. Molecular-genetic level of living beings organization. Biology as natural science about life, natural phenomena and mechanisms of vital functions and development of organisms. Nucleic acids – keepers of hereditary information.

Cellular level of living beings organisation. Cell – an elementary genetic and structural-functional biological unit. Cell’s living cycle.

Ontogenetic level of living beings organisation. Multiplication – universal property of living beings that provides material continuity in the line of generations. Genetics, its subject,

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problems and methods. Changeableness and its types. Ontogenesis, its types and kinds.

Population-typical level of living being organization. Biospheric-biogeocenotic level of living being organization. Ecology as science of relationship of organisms and their surroundings. Biological and social aspects of adaptation of people to conditions of vital functions. Parasitism as form of ecological relations in nature. Toxicity is a universal and spread phenomenon in nature.

Program on Bases of Ecology and Nature Protection

Ecology and nature protection. Introduction. Education in the sphere of environment in the Republic of Belarus. Ecology as scientific bases of nature protection. General regularities of action of ecological factors on organisms.

The most important abiotic factors. Temperature, humidity, light. Morphoecological adaptations of organisms. Influence of ecological factors on enrichment of biologically active substances in medicines.

Biotic factors. Types of interaction of organisms. Conception of ecological niche. Basal mediums of life.

Dynamics of ecosystems. Population as a self-balancing system. Principles of exploitation of populations of medical plants. Ecogenetic successions of plants. Biorhythms.

Environmental safety and sustainable development. Model of sustainable development. Conception of ecological safety in the Republic of Belarus. International cooperation of the Republic of Belarus in the sphere of environment. Public participation in decision of ecological problems of regions.

Influence of industrial pollution on environment. Chemical and biological contaminants of different manufactures. Ecological safety of usage of biotechnologies in the Republic of Belarus. Ecology of pharmaceutical and biotechnical companies.

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Existing environmental conditions in the Republic of Belarus. Environmental resources in the Republic of Belarus. Biological and landscape variety. Plant resources.

Medico-ecological problems in the Republic of Belarus. Ecological conditions in Belarus cities. Consequences of Chernobyl catastrophe for the population of Belarus. Influence of different types of pollution on health of the population of Belarus.

Nature protection in the Republic of Belarus. Government institution of nature protection in the Republic of Belarus. National plan of actions on rational use of natural resources and environment protection. Problems of conservation of landscapes and biodiversity.

Program on Medical Microbiology

General microbiology. Introduction. Microbiology as a science. Principles of classification of micro-organisms. Morphology and structure of prokaryotes and eucaryotes. Physiology and biochemistry of microbes. Microbial ecology. Microbiology of medicinal plant raw material and ready medicinal norms. Microbiologic and molecular-biological bases of chemotherapy.

Bases of immunology. Immunity. Types and systems of immunity. Immunocompetent cells. Cytokines. Antigens. Antibodies. Mechanisms of development of immune response. Immunodiagnosis, immunologic assessment. Immunopathology, immunoprophylaxis, immunotherapy.

Theory of infection. Microbial genetics. Medical microbiology. Laboratory diagnostics of wound fevers and pyoinflammatory processes precipitated by staphylococcus, streptococcus, pseudomonade, Proteus, bacteroid, clostridium of tetanus and of gangrenous emphysema. Laboratory diagnostics of bacterial respiratory and respiratory infection precipitated by meningococcus, Bordetella, corynebacteria, nosogenic mycobacteria, legionella. Laboratory diagnostics of bacterial enteric infections precipitated by Escherichia, Shigella, Salmonella, Klebsiella, cholera

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vibrio, Yersinia, Clostridia of botulism. Laboratory diagnostics of bacterial zoogenous infections precipitated by etiologic agents of Francis disease, brucella, Yersinia of lues, bacilli of malignant anthrax, Leptospira. Laboratory diagnostics of arthropod-borne infection precipitated by Borrelia, Rickettsia. Laboratory diagnostics of infections that are transmitted mainly through venerean pathway and are precipitated by gonococcus, treponema, chlamydia, mycoplasma.

General virology. Bacteriophagia. Medical virology. Laboratory diagnostics of virus respiratory infections precipitated by orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviridae, adenoviruses, herpesviruses, coronaviruses. Laboratory diagnostics of digestive, vector-borne and contact virus infections precipitated by picornavirus, reoviruses, Rhabdoviruses, flavivirus, Arenaviruses, filoviridae, bunyavirus. Laboratory diagnostics of virus infections precipitated by hepadnavirus, retroviruses. Oncogenic viruses. Prions and prion diseases.

Medical mycology. Medical protozoology.

Program on Foreign Language Student should know: peculiarities of the foreign language

system in phonetic, lexical and grammatical aspects (in comparison with mother tongue), social and cultural norms of everyday and business communication and rules of speech etiquette that give opportunity to use foreign language as means of communication in modern poly-cultural world, history and culture of the countries where the language that the students learn is native.

Student should be able: to carry out communication of social-cultural and professional character, to read and translate professional literature in foreign language (searching, fact-finding, review reading), to express his/her thoughts in written form in daily, political and professional spheres, to draw up documents using

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patterns of compiling business documents, to fill in blanks for participation, etc., to understand foreign speech in program volume.

Program on Latin

Anatomo-histological section: Introduction in subject. Latin alphabet. Noun, its grammatical categories. Suffixes in anatomic terminology. Dictionary form of adjectives of all declinations in positive degree. Semantics and use of adjectives suffixes. major pretexts used in anatomic terminology. Major Latin attachments. Major Greek attachments.

Pharmaceutical section: Introduction in Latin pharmaceutical terminology. Verbs in pharmaceutical terminology. Prepositional designs in pharmaceutical terminology. Prescription and rules of veneering its Latin parts. Latin chemical terminology. Major frequency pieces with complex spelling.

Clinical section: Introduction in Latin clinical terminology. Concept about terminoelements. Names of pathological processes, formations and diseases. Drawing up of clinical diagnoses.

Program on History of Pharmacy History of medical university. History of pharmacy as the science and the subject of teaching. Pharmaceutical symbols and emblems. Doctoring and pharmacy in primitive society. Folk

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medicine. Medicine and pharmacy of Ancient Times: Babylon, Egypt, China, India, Greece, Rome. Medicine and pharmacy in Early and Developed Middle Ages Periods (V-XIV centuries). Medicine and pharmacy during Renaissance and Reformation Period (XV-XVII centuries). Medicine and pharmacy in Moscow state, Great Lithuanian Principality and Rech Pospolitaya. Medicine and pharmacy in the New Time period (1640-1918). Medicine and pharmacy in the Newest Time period (XX - beginning of XXI century). History of medical and pharmaceutical and biomedical ethics.

Program on Ethics (including pharmaceutical)

History and modern condition of ethics (including pharmaceutical). Subject of ethics. Pharmaceutical ethics as a part of general ethics. History of ethical doctrines. Moral - ethical preconditions of a professional etiquette of the pharmaceutist in eposes of Ancient India and China, in works Hippocratis, Galen, Avicenna. Ethical doctrines of the Ancient East. The first Russian Pharmaceutical Charter and his ethical importance. The "Soviet" period of development of pharmaceutical ethics. A stage of formation of New pharmaceutical ethics. The concept of "responsible self-treatment». Self-treatment in the Republic of Belarus, Russia and countries of West. Pharmaceutical bioethics - section of bioethics.

Theoretical problems of ethics (including pharmaceutical) and the main moral values. Origin of moral. Tendencies of development of moral in XX century. Moral values of the person in the basic categories of ethics. Freedom and responsibility. Good and evil. Suffering and compassion. Duty and conscience. Honour and advantage. Meaning of the life and happiness. Love as the maximum value. Pharmacy and the maximum moral values.

Bases of professional ethics in pharmacy: functions, principles, norms. Concept "professional etiquette". Pharmaceutical deontology. Principles of autonomy, not causing any harm, blessing

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and validity in professional work of pharmaceutist. The code of marketing practice AIPM (Association of the international pharmaceutical manufacturers) - ethical standard of marketing of medical products (including medicines that are sold without doctor prescription). Ethical aspects of advertising medicines that are sold without doctor prescription. Ethical code of pharmacist. Principle of preference of patient interests to enterprises commercial interests. Competence and confidentiality of pharmaceutist work. Clinical pharmaceutist-consultant.

Person of pharmaceutist as a factor of successful interactions with client. Psychological demands to person of pharmaceutist. Structure of person. The I-concept of person. Paradigm of integrity of person. Psychological features of person of successful pharmaceutist. Character as algorithm of person behaviour. Abilities and pharmaceutical activity. Locus of control. Control over emotions. Autonomy of person. Account of age and individual features of client in professional work of pharmaceutist. Self-presentation. Resume - a professional portrait of applicant for a post.

Psychology of client. Holistical approach to sick person. Modern comprehension of health. Etical and psychological aspect of disease and formation of personal reactions to illness. Stages of personal reaction of client on his/her own psychosomatic condition. «Internal picture of illness». Types of attitude to illness: normosomatonosognosy, hypersomatonosognosy, hyposomatonosognosy. The factors influencing on formation of different types of attitude to illness: individual - psychological features of person, age. Pathological types of reaction to illness: depressive, phobial, hysterical and hypochiondrial reactions. Anosognosia - denying of illness.

Ethics of communicative relationships with client. Respect to person of client, his/her freedom and independence, honour and advantage as a basis of dialogue "pharmaceutist - client". Principles of cooperation of pharmaceutist with client: achievement of mutual consent, mutual trust and the mutual responsibility. Psychotherapeutic influence of person of pharmaceutist on client.

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Principle of dominance and principle of partnership in mutual relations of pharmaceutist and client. Features of dialogue of pharmaceutist with "difficult" client ("sluggish", garrulous, whimsical, aggressive, "boring"). Psychology of sick pharmaceutist.

Ethic-deontological aspects of relations of pharmaceutist to medicine. Humanistic orientation of activity of pharmaceutist (safety, efficiency and quality of produced medicines). Reasonable usage of medicines by pharmaceutist. Deontological aspect of activity of pharmaceutist as consultant. Pharmacophilia. Pharmacophagy. Placebo-effect. «Toxic placebo». Pharmacophobia. Impossibility of pharmaceutical mistake. Types of pharmaceutical mistakes. Situational and mental factors promoting occurrence of mistakes. Constant updating of knowledge - factor of successful activity of pharmaceutist.

Mutual relations in pharmaceutical collective. Dialogue and its structure. Communicative, interactive and perceptual parties of dialogue. Types of communicative barriers. Basic strategies of behavior during interaction: cooperation, counteraction, compromise, compliance, avoiding. Functions of social perception: knowledge of oneself, knowledge of the communicative partner, the organization of mutual activity on the basis of mutual understanding and making emotional relationships. Mechanisms of interpersonal perception: empathy, identification, attraction, reflection, causal аtribution. Person of pharmaceutist and dialogue. Communicative competence of the chief pharmaceutist as a factor of successful work of collective. Rules of optimization of the process of dialogue with colleagues in pharmaceutical institution.

Conflicts in professional work of pharmaceutist. Phenomenology and concept of conflict. Elements of conflict. Types of conflicts. Causes of conflicts. Stages of development of conflicts. Strategy of behavior in a disputed situation. Types of person of participants of the conflict. Disputed person is a chief. Collective and disputed person: tactics of behavior. Correction and management of conflict. Overcoming of stressful situations and development of emotional fastness - the important condition of successful activity of the pharmaceutist.

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Ethics of interaction of the pharmaceutist and the doctor in modern conditions. Harmonicity of interaction of pharmaceutist and doctor. Pharmaceutist as assistant of doctor in medical - diagnostic process. Role of pharmaceutist in informing doctor about medicines. Mutual aims of pharmaceutist and doctor. Mutual obligations of pharmaceutist and doctor to each other. The new concept of role of pharmacists in public health service system (VAZ, Tokyo, 1993). Appropriate pharmaceutical (chemist's) practice in conditions of retail and hospital drugstore (GPP) concerning relationship of pharmaceutist and doctor.

Program on Bases of Psychology and Pedagogics

The purpose of the course: expansion of humanitarian preparation of doctors, pharmacists in the field of fundamental sciences about the person, formation of their psychological competence that is one of the most urgent psychological, and social problems of present time. Psychological knowledge in activity of the doctor. Psychology and medicine.

Change of world outlook paradigms and problems of interaction of psychology and medicine. Social - psychological sense of illness.

Development of mentality and consciousness. Concept about consciousness. Frame of consciousness. A self-

consciousness. Parameters of safety of consciousness. Unconsciousness in mentality of the person.

Condition of consciousness. An active wakefulness. The changed conditions of consciousness: dream, meditation, a hypnotic condition. Sensory isolation. Taking of narcotics and pathological conditions.

The person of the doctor as the factor of health of the patient.

The Person.

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Conception about the person in psychology. Frame of the person. A self-consciousness of the person. The I-conception of the person: cognitive, estimating and behavioral parts. Methods of measuring personal characteristics.

The person of participants of medical - diagnostic process. Individual - psychological features of the person. The general concept ion of a temperament. Types of temperaments (the sanguine person, the phlegmatic person, the choleric person, the melancholic). Extroverts and introverts. Professional demands in medicine and temperament.

Conception about character. Frame of character, signs - complexes of its properties. Character as “the program of behavior of the person”. Accentuation of character’s features (traits). Character and temperament. Natural and social causes of character. Character and appearance of the person. Diagnostics of temperament, character and abilities.

Personal body height. Conception of personal body height. A locus of the control. The

control over emotions. Development of a self-consciousness. A reflection. Expansion of consciousness. Autonomy of the person. Congruence. Authenticity. Activity.

Concept of activity. Frame of activity. Needs, motives, purposes, actions. A rough basis of activity. The person in medical activity. Needs and motives.

Concepts "need", "motive", "motivation". Motivation and the person. Personal sense and sense- creating motives.

Classification of needs and their hierarchy. Physiological needs. Need for safety (physical and psychological). Need for attachments, love, for participation in group. Need for respect. Cognitive and aesthetic needs. Need for self-realization.

Individualization of ways of satisfaction of needs. A role of motives in professional work of a physician. Direction of a personality of a doctor as a set of motives.

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Cognitive sphere of the person and professional work of the doctor, the pharmacist Perception of the world.

Perception in medical - diagnostic process. Perception of a pain. An internal picture of illness. Adequacy of perception in activity of the doctor. Medical influence due to selection of objects of perception.

Cognitive mental processes (attention, memory, thinking). Properties of attention, specific features of attention. Attention

of the doctor: the analysis of a problem. Kinds, processes, individual differences of memory.

Infringements of memory: an agnosia, an amnesia, an apraxia, an aphasia. A role of memory in activity of the doctor.

Specific features of thinking. Professional medical way of thinking. Psychology of emotions.

Forms of emotional conditions. An affect. Actually emotions. Feelings. An emotional stress. Mood. Frastration. Passion.

Classification of emotions on quality. Pleasure. Surprise. Suffering. Anger. Disgust. Shame. Dynamics{changes} of emotions. Psychology burning.

Mechanisms of psychological protection. Concept of psychological protection. Functions of mechanisms

of psychological protection: conservation of personal integrity, the mental health, certain "I-image", a regulation of interpersonal relationships.

Classification of protective mechanisms of mentality. A sublimation. Replacement. A projection. Denying. Formation of reaction. Moving. A somatization. Suppression. Identification. Ascetism. Intellectualization. Regress.

Social - psychological aspects of medical interaction. Psychology of dialogue.

Concept about dialogue. Frame of dialogue. The communications. Interaction. Perception.

Features of dialogue in medical activity. Dialogue in the dyad " the doctor - the patient ", "the doctor - relatives of the patient ".

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Features of dialogue in medical collective. Communicative competence of the doctor, the pharmacist.

Psychology of groups. Small and big social groups: concept, attributes, the basic

characteristics. A stage of the introduction into dialogue, interpersonal relations. Types of installations on perception of other person. Formation of the attitude relation of a group to each of its members. Sociometrical status. A lead in group. The psychological characteristic of the leader. Phenomena of group influence.

Pedagogical aspects of medical interaction. Personally - guided Pedagogics in activity of the doctor. Humanistic Pedagogics and medicine. The person as value and

the subject of medical interaction. Medical interaction and its principles. The patient as the accomplice of medical interaction. Support - a basis of formation of confidence of at patients. Strategy and tactics of construction of dialogue with the patient, proceeding from rules of humanistic Pedagogics.

Pedagogics of family relations. Modern family, functions of family. Frame and dynamics of

family. Infringement of functioning of modern family. Types of infringements of functioning the families causing mental traumas of a person. Family therapy.

Program on Economical Theory

General problems of economic theory. Economic theory: subject, method, functions. Economic system of society. Public manufacture, its contents. Forms of organization.

Forms and features of public industry. Commodity, its characteristics. Value and price, law of value.

Money: history of origin, functions, ways of measuring. Development of commodity exchange, origin of money. Essence and function of money. Money circulation, law of money circulation.

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Market. Supply and demand. Infrastructure of the market. Elasticity of supply and demand.. Market balance. Balanced price.

Microeconomy. Manufacture. Features, factors, results. The process of

creating the value of commodity. Capital. Moving of capital. The main and circulating capital. Physical and moral wear of the main capital. Amortization.

Production costs and income of the firm. Contests. Structure of prime cost and price. Profit of manufacture, its formation. Profitableness.

Price formation. Market of labour and wages. Price as the element of industry structure. Its functions. System of prices, the main elements. Structure of retail prices. Market of labour. Wages: contents, functions, forms. System of wages. Normal and real wages.

A firm and its production functions. Undertaking: definition, contents, forms. Classification of undertaking firms. Joint-stock companies, holding companies, companies with restrictive responsibility. Undertaking structures in health care system, peculiarities if their function.

Macroeconomy. National economy: measurement of the results of economic

activities. Macroeconomy, methods of measuring of the main macroeconomic results: public product, gross output (national, internal). Peculiarities of industry structure and economic dynamic in Byelarus.

Joint supply and demand. Macroeconomic balance. Characteristics, influenced factors, contents.

Macroeconomic instability: inflation, unemployment, cyclic development. Cycle of economic development. Economic cycle, its structure. Inflation: contents, reasons, socioeconomic consequences. Unemployment. Interconnection of inflation and unemployment. Phillips curve. Social protection from inflation and unemployment in Belarus.

The role of the state in market economy. Economic functions of the state. Antimonopoly policy of the state. Social policy.

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Financial system and financial policy. Finances, their functions. Financial system, its structure. Formation of State budget. Budget deficit and state debt. System of taxation, its functions, forms of taxes.

Monetary policy. Banks. Structure of money- credit system. National bank, its functions. System of commercial banks, their functions. Money demand. Money supply. Balance on money market. Rapprochement of money-credit systems of BY and Russia, problem of formation of united money system.

World economy. World market and international trade. Structure of solvent balance. Currency market. Currency rate, influenced factors.

Program on Philosophy Philosophy in historical dynamics of culture. Philosophy as phenomenon of culture. Definition “world outlook”, its structure, the main functions. Outlook and ideology. Historical types of outlook. Peculiarities of mythology and religion. The main problem of philosophy: principles of classification of philosophy trends. Philosophy in the system of culture. Its functions. Interconnections of philosophy and medicine. Origin of philosophy. Philosophy of Ancient East. Cultural and historical prerequisites of philosophy origin in Ancient East and West. Philosophy trends in Ancient China, India (characteristics, schools). Antique philosophy. Cosmocentrism of antique way of thinking. Antique naturephilosophy. Sofism (Sokrat, problem of method, Sokrat schools). Philosophy doctrines of Platon, Aristotel.The main problems and schools of Ellinistic philisiphy. Philosophy problems in Middle Ages. Origin of Christian philosophy, apologetics, patristics. Scholarstic philosophy, the main problems and trends. Foma Aquinsky. Peculiarities of Arabic philosophy.

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The main philosophic ideas in the culture of Renaissance. Characteristic features, their manifestation in philosophic thought of the period (anthropocentrism, humanism). Naturephilosophy and medicine. European philosophy XVII-XIX cent.. Sociocultural prerequisites of origin. English materialism and idealism in philosophy of empirism. Philosophy of Enlightenment Age. Interconnection of philosophy and medicine in New Ages. The main features of German Enlightenment XVIII-XIX cent .German classical philosophy and its influence upon medical thought. Classics and modernity two epochs in philosophy development. Classical philosophy crisis and the origin of the main trends of neoclassical thought. Contemporary philosophy. Positivism. Philosophy of existentialism. Contemporary religious philosophy. The main ideas of phenomenology, structuralism. Postmodernism. Contemporary philosophy and medicine. Russian and Byelorussian philosophy. Social, religious ipeculiarities. Philosophy conceptions of being. Metaphysics and onthology. Definitions, structures. Dialectics as philosophical conception of den\velopment. Philosophy of nature. Nature as subject of philosophy and scientific research. Nature as place to live for a person: biosphere, noosphere, ethnosphere. Ecological problems, reasons of origin, possible ways of solving. The main criterions of ecological problems, its importance for medicine. Philosophic anthropology. Consciousness in the frame of life. Being of spiritual: specific of existence, difficulties, possible methods of studying. Problem of consciousness in various philosophic traditions. Various forms of spiritual experience of mankind. The problem of man in philosophy and science. Man as the subject of philosophic analyses. Natural, social, spiritual in a man. Personal in a man. Man, individual, personality. Man and his health. Philosophy and medicine in studying a personality.

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Theory of knowledge and philosophy of science. Cognition as the subject of philosophic analyses . The problem of knowability of the surrounding world. Cognition as action. Subject and object of cognition. Problem of truth, the main conceptions. Science, its sociocultual status. Specific and structure of scientific cognition. Forms of scientific knowledge: fact, problem, hypothesis, theory. Method and methodology, their classification and general characteristics. Social philosophy. The main problems and definitions of social; philosophy. Society as the object of philosophic analyses. Evolution of philosophic thought about society. Peculiarities of social being. Society as developing system. Specifications of social being. Structure of society (social, economic, politic structure). Problem of sociodynamics. Byelorussian model of development: the main aspects of state policy. Political and juridical philosophy. Politics, law as the subjects of philosophy. Role of ideology in the live of society. The main components of ideology of Byelorussian state. Philosophy of culture and techniques. Conceptions of culture in modern philosophy. Culture and civilization. Dialog of cultures in the contemporary world. Techniques as the subject of philosophic research. Place and role of medicine in modern culture. Philosophic priorities in the beginning of the III century. Global problems. Freedom and sense of life of a person.

Program on Sociology

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Sociology as the branch of science. Object, subject of cognition. Concept “social”. Structure of sociologic knowledge. Methods of social analyses. The main aspects of social and political thought development. Origin of social and politic knowledge. History of social and political thought since antiquity up to XIX cent. Origin and development of classical sociology in XIX – beginning XX cent. Modern sociology: variety of schools and conceptions. Sociology: Byelorussian school. Society as the subject of social research. The main prerequisites of social life. Concept “society”, types of societies. Social connection: subject, regulation, social influence, social attitude. Social institutions of society. Concept, origin, contests, types on social and functional role. Concept “institualization”. Family as the most important social institute. Development of social institutions, society in Belarus. Social structure of society. Concept. Reasons of social inequality. Theories of social stratification. Social stratification of Byelorussian society. Social conflict. Definition. The main aspects of research in modern conflictology. Dynamics of social conflicts, their main types. Personality in social surrounding. Social activity. Socialization. Types of personality. Social theories of personality. Social role and status of personality. Social activity and behavior of personality. Socialization of a person. Factors of socialization. Up-brining in the process of socialization. Social surrounding and problems of up-brining. Modern problems of education. Social research. Sociology of Health care system. Social research and practice. Types and methods of sociological research. Social policy and health.

Program on Politology

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Politics as the subject of Politology. Methods and functions of Politology. Subject, aims of the discipline. Structure, functions of politics. Concepts, categories of Politology. Increasing of role of political knowledge in the contemporary world. The main aspects of origin and development of politic thought. Myth origin of ancient politics. Christian-theological conception of politics. Civil conception of politics (Renaissance period). Scientists of New Age about the essence of state. Development of political thought of Belarus Political power. Power as the main category of Politology. Essence of political power, its origin and resources. Conceptions of power (variations).System of political power in Belarus. Political elite. Essence, structure, functions. Elite types. Elite theory. Political elite of Belarus. Political system of society. General concept , essence, structure, components. Typology of political system. Political system in BY. State in the political system. State as the main institution. Conceptions of origin. Essence of state, its types. Social state and civil society. The main characteristics of state organization in Belarus. Political regimes. Concept, classification. Totalitarism: features in political, economic, spiritual spheres. Autoritarism: features. Democratic political regime; essence, peculiar features. Political parties and social unions. Concept. Classification: systems of parties. Social unions and movement. Aims, purposes of social unions. Peculiarities of system of parties in Belarus. Political leadership. Its nature, types. The role of modern leader in contemporary society. Representation and elections. Election groups in political system of society. Laws of elections, its main principles. Concept and types of election systems. Election system of Belarus. Political development. Ways of modernization of society and political system. Political modification and transformation.

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Political culture; political socialization and behavior. Political consciousness as reflection of social political existence. Political culture: structure, essence, functions. Political socialization. Psychological and sociocultural factors of political conduct

Program on Culturology and Religion Studies

Introduction. Culturology and Religion Studies – system of science knowledge about culture, religion and academic subject. Origins of culturological thought. Development of culture. Essence of religion. Historical forms of religious beliefs. Morphology of culture. Religion as social-cultural phenomenon. System and structure of culture. Forms and subjects of culture. Religion as social-cultural phenomenon. Historic dynamics of culture. Religion and free-thinking in culture. Culture of primitive society. Culture of Ancient civilizations (Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China). Antique culture: ancient Greece and ancient Rome. Formation and peculiarities of Christianity. General trends of Christianity. Culture of European Middle Ages and culture of Revival epoch. Culture of New and Newest Age. Actual problems of modern culture. Problems of cultures dialogue. Cultures of modern East. Problems of cultures dialogue. Modern culture and crisis of anthropogenic civilization. Byelorussian culture in the context of world culture. Conclusion. Axiological priorities in culture of XXI century. Contours of planetary civilization. Perspectives of sustainable development and modern strategies of social and cultural dynamics.

Program on Bases of Law and Human Rights

Bases of legal and state building in the Republic of Belarus. Constitution of the Republic of Belarus as legal basis of

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public health protection. Constitutional rights and liberty of the person and of the citizen, guarantees of realization of them. Right of the citizen on health protection in the system of constitutional rights and liberty of the person and of the citizen. Constitutional guarantees of realization of right of the citizen on health protection.

Legal base of public health protection in the Republic of Belarus. Legislation about public health protection, its structure and sources. Legal guarantees of material and technical bases of public health protection. Financial-legal provision of activity of public health protection organizations. Legal regulation of medicines provision. Issuing licenses of pharmaceutical activity.

Labour law in the Republic of Belarus. Labour contract. General thesis of labour law in the Republic of Belarus. Legal conditions of young specialists. Labour contract with public health protection workers. Features of contract form of hire.

Labour rights and duties of public health protection workers. Routine of working time and time of rest in public health protection. Job payment in public health protection organizations. Rights, duties and responsibility of public health protection workers. Labour arguments in public health protection. Pensionary provision of public health protection workers.

International humanitarian law. Principle of respect to the person and his/her dignity. Protection from war consequences. Special protection of staff and equipment of the Red Cross. Protection of wounded and ill people during armed conflicts. Regulation of international armed conflicts.

Criminal responsibility for crimes against life and health of the person. Infringement of public health protection law. Crimes against life and health of the person. Official and economic crimes. Measures of crimes prevention in public health protection.

Public health protection organizations as subjects of civil legal relationships. Regulation of civil relationships. Civil-legal status of public health protection bodies. Right for property. Legal protection of mother and child.