progress in excess power production by laser...
TRANSCRIPT
Progress in Excess Power Production byLaser Triggering
V. Violante1, M. Bertolotti2, E. Castagna2, I. Dardik5, M.McKubre4, S. Moretti 2,S.Lesin5, C. Sibilia2, F.Sarto3, F.Tanzella4, T. Zilov 5
(1) ENEA Frascati Research Center Frascati (Italy )(2) University of Rome La Sapienza Dpt. Energetica Rome (Italy)(3) ENEA Casaccia Research Center Rome (Italy)(4) SRI International Menlo Park CA (USA)(5) Energetics (USA-Israel)
ICCF12 Yokohama 27-11/2-12-05
Index
• Previous results• New cell concept for isoperibolic calorimetry with trigger• Modelling & engineering• Calibration• Results• Conclusions
Evolution of the input and output power, last300 hr under laser irradiation (P-polarization)
312 336 360
Time s
200000 400000 600000
Pin
and
Pou
t-W
-
150000
350000
550000
750000
Excess of Energy and Power in Laser4 Experiment
En
ergy
Inan
dE
nerg
yO
ut-
J-
0.70
1.20
1.70
2.20
2.70
3.20
Input Energy
OutputEnergy
OutputPower
Input Power
E=30 kJ
Laser 4 experiment
Previous Results
Experiments
4-H
eA
tom
s
4-He Mass Spectrometry for Laser Triggered Experiments
1.40E+16
1.00E+16
0.40E+16
Laser-2 Laser-4Laser-3
Expected values
23.5 kJ
3.40 kJ
30.0 kJ1.20E+16
0.80E+16
0.60E+16
0.20E+16
Background
4He Production
Pd anodic erosion
III Esp LiOD, 5-07-2004
2,5
2,6
2,7
2,8
2,9
3
3,1
3,2
3,3
3,4
3,5
93 98 103 108
Time (h)
I cell(A)P in (W)Pres (bar)R\Ro correttaPout
Laser Off
Laser on-off effect
Laser off
P pol.
Improvement of the Cell
Old cell
Sensitivity
296297298299300301302303304
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2
P -w-
T -K-
S calc
S exp
Old Cell Temperature vs Power
Model
Experiment
Average temperature of the electrolyte vs power
Double Structure New Cell for Laser Experiments
zTV
yTV
xTVc
tTcQTgradKdiv zyxpp
)(
ThermalThermal AnalysisAnalysis
Heat transfer equation
Boundary conditions
aTThnTK
Assumptions:
• 3D transient
• isotropic (Kx=Ky=Kz)
• Steady state boundary conditions (thermostatic box) Tamb = cost.(t)
• Radiative heat exchange negligible
(convective heat exchange mechanism)
HydrogenHydrogen BubblesBubbles at theat the CathodeCathode
Gas velocity VH2 is calculated by means of the currentdensity
Gas flow rate forunit area nF
JK
10004,22
Total gas flow rate z
zKLdzKLW0
zK
LW
AW
zgasV
)(Gas velocity
δ
L
dzh
(cm/s)
(cm3/s)
(cm/s)
Pd foil
BzH
AzOH VV
22093,0
One fluid is moved by the otherhaving different density and viscosity
Gas H2
Electrolyte
121
21
0
BA
B
B
BA
A
A
xB
z
Az
VV
093.07
120
BA
B
Bz
Az
VV
Liquid-GasInterface
LiquidLiquid--GasGas InterfaceInterface VelocityVelocity
BzV
AzV0
Vel
oci
tydi
stri
buti
on
The electrolyte interface velocity iscalculated by the average gas velocity
Assumptions
EquationsEquations
density and viscosity are constant
steady state
axial symmetry
negligible effect of pressure and mass
01
rzv
rrr
01
z
v
r
vv
rzr
r
Motion Equation
Continuity equation
Iterative procedure for velocity field calculation
solving the equation of motion with the boundary conditionsvz=V0z r=a ; vz=0 r=R
step1: Equation of motion
Ra
roV
RaoV
Rzvln
ln
lnln
Step 2: Continuity equationby replacing the vz calculated at step 1 and by solving thecontinuity equation with the condition of zero flow rate in theradial direction
Ra
RrrK
rC
rv R
r ln4
1ln2)( 1
2
222
1 lnln
41
aRaRaRaK
C R
Step 3: Continuity equationBy replacing vr calculated at step 2 and by solving thecontinuity equation with the condition of zero flow rate in axialdirection
zz CRr
KzzrVV 12 ln),(
Ra
aRRazKC z
2
22 ln221
21
FEMFEM DomainDomain
X
-7.6
7.6
Y
7. 6
-7.6
Z0.
14.
3
Domain estrusionCAD 2D
X
-3. -2. -1. 0. 1. 2. 3.
Z
4.5
5.
5.5
6.
6.5
7.
7.5
8.
8.5
9. VVon y=0zoom(-3,4.8,6,4)
8.007.507.006.506.005.505.004.504.003.503.002.502.001.501.000.500.00
Scale =E-3
MeshMesh andand VelocityVelocity FieldField
Mesh 3D
1212
X
-6. -3. 0. 3. 6.
Z
0.
3.
6.
9.
12.
15.
x,zon y=0
Velocity field due to bubbles
Thermal Analysis
Y
-6. -3. 0. 3. 6.
Z
0.
3.
6.
9.
12.
15.
a
bc d
ef
g
h
i
j
l
n
o
p
q
o
x
314.9314.0313.0312.0311.0310.0309.0308.0307.0306.0305.0304.0303.0302.0301.0300.0299.0298.0297.7
TemponX=0
maxq :p :o :n :m:l :k:j :i :h :g :f :e :d :c :b :a :min
Isotherms axial plane
Distance
0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Tem
p
300.
303.
306.
309.
312.
315.
a
a
aa
a
a
^ ^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^ ^
a
a
a
a
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
a
a
^ ^̂ ^^̂^ ^ ^ ^1 2
1
2
Temperature profile along 1-2
T e4
0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Tem
p
298.
299.
300.
301.
302.
303.
304.
a
HISTORY
1: Temp
Temperature evolution
100 mW inputincreasing
CellCell
Electricconnections
Pt100Thermometers
ExperimentalExperimental System Set upSystem Set up
Thermostatic bathMeasurementinstruments
Thermostaticbox
Computer
Thermostatic bath
Power supply
Thermostatic System
Comparison between Experimental Data and Model
Curva di calibrazione
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 1 2 3 4 5
Potenza (Watt)
Tem
pe
ratu
ra(°
C)
Curva sperimentale
Simulazione
Calibration and Model
Power - W
Model
Experiment
Tem
pera
ture
-°C
-
Comparison between calibration data and model
ExperimentModel
Curve di calibrazione
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
P (W)
T(°
C)
T simulazione CON convezioneT SperimentaleT1 SENZA convezione
Experiment
ModelModel withoutfluid-dynamics
Comparison between experimental data and model,with and without fluid-dynamics
Model with fluiddynamicsExperimentModel no fluiddynamics
Models and experiment
Laser 5 Experiment: Calorimetric Results
Excess power during laser triggering (HeNe laser)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
P in (W)Pout(W)
Current inversion
Time hr
49 kJ Excess energy
R/R0≤1.74
Laser on
Excess Power Life hr
0
50 100 150 200
En
ergy
Exc
-J-
0
10
20
30
40
50Excess Energy vs Excess Power Life
Laser-5
Laser-2
Laser-4
Excess energy vs excess power life time
Excess energy vs experiment elapsed time
Elapsed Time hr
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Ene
rgy
Exc
-J-
0
10
20
30
40
50Energy Excess vs Total Elapsed Time
Laser-5
Laser-2Laser-4
ConclusionsConclusions
The improvement of the calorimeter design allowed toThe improvement of the calorimeter design allowed toobtain a satisfactory agreement between model andobtain a satisfactory agreement between model andexperiment.experiment.
Laser trigger gave significant reproducibility:Laser trigger gave significant reproducibility:excess power in 4 out of 5 experimentsexcess power in 4 out of 5 experiments
The amplitude of the effect is not yet under controlThe amplitude of the effect is not yet under controleven though high loading is almost always achieved.even though high loading is almost always achieved.
MaterialMaterial studiesstudies are in progressare in progress toto identifyidentify and controland controlthe status of the systemthe status of the system producingproducing enhancedenhanced valuesvalues ofofthethe signalsignal..