project 1 construction & structures 2 construction and structures 2 assignment 1 erin kyne,...

Project 1

CONSTRUCTION & STRUCTURES 2CONSTRUCTION AND STRUCTURES 2

ASSIGNMENT 1

Erin Kyne, Belinda Capper, Natalie Djuric-Schembri, Eva Klaic

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS RESEARCHSTRUCTURAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH

• TIMBER PORTAL FRAMES

TIMBER PORTAL FRAMES

St Andrews Anglican Church, Tasmania http://oak.arch.utas.edu.au/projects/aus/315/churi0.html

Timber portal frame construction is an option for the warehouse. The system involves the use of Plywood Box Beams. Plywood box Beam portal frames have frequently been used for spans up to 30 meters, and it is suggested the span could reach up to 50 meters with specialty knee joints (Yttrup & Evans). The warehouse span is 40 meters, and therefore the timber potal frame is an option to consider. The system is an attractive alternative to the steel portal frame. It is visually appealing, lightweight and easy to erect.

Store Building, Mt Gambia, S.A http://oak.arch.utas.edu.au/projects/aus/207/istos.html


OVERVIEW

St Andrew’s Anglican Churchhttp://oak.arch.utas.edu.au/projects/aus/315/cchur.html

Factory BuildingLegana, Tasmaniahttp://oak.arch.utas.edu.au/projects/aus/440/factory_img6.html


EXAMPLES

The Plywood Box Beam is a rectangular shaped timber box. The flanges and stiffeners are solid wood, and the outer lining is plywood. The lining is attached with either glue or nails. The main characteristic of the Plywood Box Beam is the high strength to weight ratio. They are also easily constructed and the materials are readily available

STEEL PLATE AND DOWEL KNEE JOINT BRACKET

For spans over 20 meters, the box beams must be connected with steel plate and dowel knee joint brackets. When this type of joint is used with box beam depths of 2.4 meters tapering to 1.2 meters, spaced at 12 meters, the spaning cappacity of the portal frame is up to 50 meters. This well covers the 40 meter span required for the warehouse.


PLYWOOD BOX BEAMS

www.oak.arch.utas.edu.au

www.oak.arch.utas.edu.au

The lack of commercial use of the long span

timber portal frame has led us to move away

from this option. While the evidence from

Yttrup and Evans suggests that it can span up

to 50 meters, there are few available examples

of this in comparison to the much more

commonly found steel portal frames


SUMMARY

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH

•STEEL CONSTRUCTION

•Without compromising its structural integrity, steel can achieve many functions. Ranging from its malleability – where structural designs are endless due to the range of parts attainable, its durability – being a medium that is capable of withstanding time and weathering, provided it is treated, and its lustre for purely aesthetic reasons.

•As well as its previously mentioned properties, steel may also be combined with various other chemicals to further enhance its role in construction. Known as alloying, chemicals such as nickel and magnesium are combined with the steel to produce rust resistance and toughness respectively. Additional coatings such as paints and enamels may too be added, in hope of further extending the life of the material. For example, Zinc – Aluminium alloy protects the material against the effects of weathering. Because of this, steel alloying provides construction with the “architectural freedom, economy of design, speed and flexibility…” (http://www.onesteel.com.au) suitable for many types of tenders.

•Hot and cold rolling of steel products is generally undertaken to further increase the strength of the material. As cast steel is originally relatively weak, rolling of the steel ‘re – crystallise’ the grain structure into a much finer state, reinforcing additional strength, shock resistance and toughness. Fitting for this reason, roofing, flooring and cladding systems are ideal.

STEEL CONSTRUCTION

INTRODUCTION

STEEL CONSTRUCTION

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Advantages: Disadvantages:

Excellent strength: weight ratio.Provides the flexibility to modify, without significant strengthening.Provides a wide range of spanning capabilities depending on what type of structure is being used, trusses and rafters are some examples.Open plan layout, providing versatility to a wide market.Completion time of projects, roughly 20% faster than alternatives.

Construction relies heavily on the competency of engineers.Due to over estimation on behalf of ill informed quantity surveyors, construction may be costly.

•Steel roofing and walling provides thermal efficiency if adequate insulation is provided, durability in most situations, are suitable for curving and come in a range of profiles to suit most, if not all, architectural requirements. It should also be said that such roofing systems are economical as they require minimal sub – framing.

Custom Blue Orb Custom Orb

Integrity 820 Spandek

STEEL CONSTRUCTION

ROOFING

Source: http://www.bluescopesteel.com.au

Steel Sheet Roofing Examples:

Steel Cladding Examples:

Easyclad Klip-lock 700Hi-strength

Mini Orb Multiline

STEEL CONSTRUCTION

WALLING


•We have decided to use Bondek, a steel flooring system for the first floor in our showroom and office building as it has excellent spanning capabilities which creates greater strength and eliminates the possibility for deflection to occur. The use of Bondek also means time saving, as the use of temporary formwork is eliminated with permanent. This in turn creates a safe working platform for employees.

STEEL CONSTRUCTION

FLOORING



Slip resistant, provided a non-slip resistant finish isn’t placed over top. Termite resistant.Comes equipped with a durable galvanized coatingAllows for freedom of design with the majority of steel members on the market.Eliminates annoying bounce and squeak when installed correctly.

It is very heavy, and therefore extra structural support underneath the flooring is required.Auxiliary requirements such as stairs can be difficult to accommodate.Additional electrical and pipe work is difficult once flooring has been cemented.

STEEL CONSTRUCTION

FLOORING - BONDEK

•Being “a continuous rigid frame with a restrained joint between the column and the beam”, portal frame construction is the most effective and efficient solution to long span construction. Because the frame acts as one structural entity, the stresses induced may be distributed throughout the frame and down into the foundations, whereby further rigid connections to the plate are prepared.

STEEL CONSTRUCTION

PORTAL FRAMES

Note: above information sourced from ‘Portal Frame.ppt’ located in the resources folder of SRT 251, found on DSO. (http://www.deakin.edu.au/dso/)

•With reference to base plate connection of the portal frame, 3 methods may be adopted:Rigid Base Connection.2 Pin Portal Connection.3 Pin Portal Connection.

•The placement of ‘pins’ as a method of securing the structure together and to the base plate is purely a method of construction. Unlike the rigid base connections that transfer the bending moments of the frame to the footings, via the strategic placement of bolts, pin connections do not.

•The use of a rigid base system in constructing the portal frame is advantageous in that it transfers all the bending moments to the rigid connections of the frame, the apex, knee and base. This in turn creates a sturdier system, as well as achieving a lighter frame.

•This method of fixing is our preferred method, as it is highly effective in opposing these bending moments that can be detrimental to the system if not dealt with accordingly.

STEEL CONSTRUCTION

PORTAL FRAMES – CONNECTIONS

Footing prepared with plate connection, allowing for materials to consolidate into1 rigid connection.

Structural steel member attached to set pad connection.

Note: above information sourced from ‘Portal Frame.ppt’ located in the resources folder of SRT 251, found on DSO. (http://www.deakin.edu.au/dso/)

STEEL CONSTRUCTION

PORTAL FRAMES – CONNECTIONS

STEEL CONSTRUCTION

PORTAL FRAMES – ADVANTAGES


•Economical.•Allows for greater spanning of members without the use of columns (15 – 45m)•Custom frames may also be designed to cater for a variety of aesthetic or equipment requirements.•Steel framework comes prefabricated and delivered to site by truck•It is designed at the manufacturers to be quickly and easily assembled by bolting members together.

•If welding is required to join to steel portal frame members together, construction becomes slow, dangerous and costly.•Cranes and cherry pickers are required to lift the prefabricated steel members into position. If the site is severely sloped or there are lots of power lines, this can become difficult.•Some streets have restrictions against large trucks which also causes problems as the members need to be delivered to site by truck.


•PRECAST AND TILT-UP CONCRETE

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

TILT-UP AND PRECAST CONCRETE

Tilt-up and precast concrete panels are a quick, cheap and easy form of construction, which means the main structure of the warehouse can be erected quickly and therefore be occupied sooner. Below is a comparison between the two:

TILT-UP PRECAST

•Site leveled and the concrete floor slab is poured. The strip footings the panels are going to be connected to are also cast into the foundations. If there is going to be a frame and the panels are going to be connected to it and are therefore not load bearing, then only pad footings are required.•Reinforced concrete wall panels are cast on site, on the floor slab. •Door and window positions are blocked out and inserts are cast in to allow them to be lifted into place by cranes. http://www.tierraconcretehomes.com/Precast.htm

•Bond Breakers are used to separate the panels from the floor slab. They are a chemical coating which prevents a bond forming between the panel and the casting surface.

•Site leveled and strip footings are cast into the foundations. If there is going to be a frame and the panels are going to be connected to it and are therefore not load bearing, then only pad footings are required.•Reinforced concrete wall panels are cast at the manufacturers and then delivered to site by truck.•When the panels are fabricated at the manufacturers, the positions of doors and windows are blocked out, and inserts are cast into them to allow them to be lifted by cranes into place.•The panels are propped up on temporary supports to aid them in resisting wind and construction loads during construction. They are removed once the roof is erected.

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS


TILT-UP PRECAST

•Cranes are then used to lift the panels into their upright positions.•Like precast panels, they are propped up on temporary supports to aid them in resisting wind and construction loads during construction. They are removed once the roof is erected. •The joints between the panels need to be filled with a sealant. The sealant helps to prevent noise escaping, which is an important factor in our warehouse design as we don’t want any noise traveling into our offices or showroom. A flexible sealant also allows for any slight movement that may occur. •Once the panels are raised, the concrete slab closure can be poured.

•The joints between the panels need to be filled with a sealant. The sealant helps to prevent noise escaping, which is an important factor in our warehouse design as we don’t want any noise traveling into our offices or showroom. A flexible sealant also allows for any slight movement that may occur. •The slab is often poured once the roof is up as this allows for weather protection while it is setting. It also means most of the construction is done and therefore reduces the chance of damage to the floor.

•The following slide shows four of the main stages of tilt-up concrete construction:

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS


Panel position

Panel position

Panel lifted by crane

1.2.

3.

4.

Panel cast on floor

foundations

foundations

foundations

foundations

supports

Concrete slab closure poured

Strip footings

Strip footings

Strip footingspanel

panel

slab

slab

slab

slab

(Diagrams by Erin)

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS


Tilt-up Precast

Advantages:•No transport costs•Solves the difficulty of transporting wall panels of impractical size, shape or thickness to site.•Cheaper

Advantages:•Reduces site labor costs as the warehouse can be erected quicker, as the panels arrive already made to the site by truck. •They allow for more efficient construction as whilst the panels are being made at the manufacturers, other work can take place on site.•There is greater accuracy when the panels are fabricated at the manufacturers, and special finishes can be added.

Disadvantages:•The floor slab needs to be cast before the panels can be. This can then result in imperfections in the floor of the warehouse.•Construction is held up whilst panels are being cast as other building work can’t take place while panels are being cast on site.•There needs to be room at the site for cranes to lift the panels into place. Power lines can often cause problems with this. Sloping sites can also cause problems.

Disadvantages:•Costly transport is required to get the panels to the site. This can also raise issues as some streets have restrictions against large trucks.•There needs to be room at the site for cranes to lift the panels into place. Power lines can often cause problems with this. Sloping sites can also cause problems.•Panels can be damaged during travel.


• SUPAZED

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

SUPAZED

•SUPAZEDSupazed is a structural steel product also manufactured by Lysaght.It is a cold rolled steel sheet that forms a long, strong, light weight purlin.

Pictures from the Lysaght web-site:http://www.bluescopesteel.com.au/index.cfm/objectID.C7ED3726-32D4-11D5-98CE00508BA5461F

We selected Supazed for horizontal wall members and roof purlins. The Purlins are spaced at 2000mm on the warehouse and office rooves. The horizontal members on the walls of the warehouse and parapet façade of the office building are spaced at 700mm.

ENVELOPE SYSTEMS RESEARCH

•SPANDEK

ENVELOPE SYSTEMS

SPANDEK

•SPANDEK Spandek is a one of the engineered steel sheet cladding products manufactured by Bluescope Steel, other wise known as Lysaght. The deep perforations in the Spandek sheets increase their spanning capacity. The long spanning properties of Spandek make it well suited to our portal frames as members of a portal frame are quite widely spaced. Spandek sheets are custom made so the length tailored to the application within reason. Spandek sheets have a set width of 700mm.

Pictures from the Lysaght web-page:http://www.bluescopesteel.com.au/index.cfm/objectID.B0CBE18F-FF78-11D3-89EC00C04FCF6B8F

The Spandek was also very suitable because the sheet may be joined at the point where it is fastened to the structure. This allowed the placement of horizontal members as wide apart as 700mmand at lengths of up to 3000mm.

Pictures from the Lysaght web-page:http://www.bluescopesteel.com.au/index.cfm/objectID.999D1FCF-14EA-11D4-89F600C04FCF6B8F

RETAINING WALL RESEARCH

RETAINING WALL

Retaining walls:

• Retain the soil

• Protect against possible erosion

Requirements of retaining walls:

• Durability against exposed environment • Structural stability • Provision of drainage

A retaining wall will be necessary behind the warehouse. The site will be cut and levelled, and a retaining wall, approximately 3m high, will be needed to hold back the soil.

Concrete retaining walls are a durable solution. Concrete can withstand the constant wetting and drying of the soil, and will not rot or be affected by termites. There are two types of concrete retaining walls, piled retaining walls and gravity retaining walls.

GRAVITY RETAINING WALL PILED RETAINING WALL

Gravity retaining walls use their own weight to resist the lateral loads from the soil.

Piled retaining walls use the depth and strength of posts, which are embedded vertically in the ground, to resist lateral soil loads

SOURCE: Retaining Walls document from www.concrete.net.au

RETAINING WALL

For the retaining wall behind the warehouse, a type of gravity retaining wall, the reinforced masonary wall, will be used. This is a very effective retaining wall for wall heights up to 3.4m. Hollow, core-filled, reinforced concrete blocks are placed on reinforced concrete footings. This creates a cantilevered wall. Gravel and agricultural pipes are used behind the wall to aid drainage.

Footings

Reinforced and grouted blockwork cores

Gravel drainage with agricultural pipes

SOURCE: Retaining Walls document from www.concrete.net.au

FIRE PROTECTIONRESEARCH

•Fire protection products are available that can provide external fire resistance for approximately 60, 90 or 120 minutes.

FIRE RESISTANCE RESEARCH

•The criteria for compliance of fire walls as per the Building Code of Australia, 2004 edition, states:All materials used within the wall must comply with fire rating indexes.There must be no cracking, penetration or permanent surface deformation to a depth of more than 0.5mm, or any other non – elastic deformation or fastener failure.Under static pressure: The deflection must not be more than 1/240th of the height between supportsThe impact under instantaneous deflection must not be more than 1/120th the height of the wall between supportsSarking must have a flammability index of 5.The surface of the wall must be covered on all faces by concrete or masonry not less than 50mm thick.

•If the wall is able to comply with all of these selected points of information, it is deemed to satisfy a fire protection rating.

FIRE RESISTANCE RESEARCH

•FIRE PROOF SECURITY DOORThe west side of the building requires a fire proof door on the emergency exit the brand we felt offered the best solution for this member was Austral Monsoon a Sydney based American company. Their fire door is concrete in a steel shell. The shell is comprised of two steel sheets that overlap at the sides. The door is recessed in the frame to prevent flames from passing in between the door and frame. Austral Monsoon claims their product can contain fire for up to four hours.

A replication of a detail found on the Austral monsoon web site: www.austalmonsoon.com

ROLLER DOOR RESEARCH

ROLLER DOOR RESEARCH

•TRUCK-FRIENDLY ROLLER DOORSWe also chose Austral Monsoon as suppliers for the two roller doors on the front of the warehouse. Their website contained lots of useful information including the various door heights and widths as well as the according dimensions of the barrel and mechanism. I have copied the relevant part of a table posted on the Austral Monsoon website (previously sited) that describes the diagram below.

OPENING HEIGHT SIDE ROOM HEAD ROOM

4000 225 500

4500 225 515

The door opening width is 5200mm the spacing of the columns either side of the roller door are spaced at 5400mm to allow for the door’s axel and mechanism.

CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES FOR INDUSTRIAL AND

COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS

•STEEL PORTAL FRAME CONSTRUCTION

•All photos in the following section were taken by Erin

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

STEEL PORTAL FRAMES

•Before the construction of the warehouse can begin, the site needs to be leveled and any retaining walls that are required need to be made. The site then needs to be marked out with the position of the warehouse and the footings or slab. In this instance, footings were used, and the slab was poured later once the roof was up to allow for weather protection while the slab was setting.


STEEL PORTAL FRAMES

•The steelwork frame members are delivered to the site by truck, and stored on the ground until they are needed for construction.


STEEL PORTAL FRAMES

•The steelwork frame members are then raised into place by cranes and cherry pickers.


STEEL PORTAL FRAMES

•The vertical steelwork is bolted and cemented to footings in the foundations.


STEEL PORTAL FRAMES

•Once the steelwork frame members have been raised and positioned in place, steel members are quickly and easily connected to one another by bolts. When the steel framework is made in factories, they are designed to be able to be erected easily as this reduces labor costs. Welding is avoided in on site construction as it is slow, costly and dangerous.


STEEL PORTAL FRAMES

•Cross bracing is used on the walls and roof to provide lateral support and resist wind loads.


STEEL PORTAL FRAMES

•Steel purlins are fastened perpendicular to the rafters, and then mesh is placed over that before sarking and insulation is laid down. Roofing material is then fastened over the top. This warehouse used a combination of spandek and fibreglass for the skylight strips.


STEEL PORTAL FRAMES

•An alternative roofing structure to the rafters in the previous slide is a steel truss.(This photo was taken of a different warehouse to the one in the previous slides to show a different roof structure.) Trusses can range from very small ones to ones that are even 1.5m deep. The advantage of a deep truss is it allows for an enormous span, where as if a smaller one or a portal frame was to span the same distance, they would need stanchions to support them.


STEEL PORTAL FRAMES

•Precast concrete panelss for the walls are delivered to site by truck and bolted to the steel framework. When the walls are cast at the manufacturers, window and door blockouts are imbedded, as well as inserts that are used to lift the walls with the cranes.


STEEL PORTAL FRAMES

•Once the walls and roof are up, the slab is set out and then any services that are required are installed. The reinforcement mesh is laid down and then the slab is poured.


STEEL PORTAL FRAMES

•Where the slab is poured at the beginning of construction, the slab is set out, services installed, reinforcement mesh is laid down and the slab is poured along with the footings that the steel portal frame is bolted to.


STEEL PORTAL FRAMES

CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES FOR INDUSTRIAL AND

COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS

•PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION

All photos and diagrams in the following section were taken by Erin


PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION

•Like the steel portal frame construction, the site needs to be leveled and set out before construction begins. The strip footings then need to be poured. As the precast concrete panels are load bearing, strip footing are required to transfer the loads to the foundations. The precast concrete slabs are delivered to site by truck after being made at the manufacturers.



•The pre-cast reinforced concrete walls are erected quickly and easily. (The amount of construction shown in the photos was completed in one week.) Whilst under construction, the concrete slab walls are propped up by supports. When planning the layout of the building, the spacing and positioning of the supports also needs to be considered.



support

Support footing

panel

Strip footing

foundation



•Cross-section showing precast concrete panel with support

•The supports assist the panels in withstanding wind and construction loads during construction. They are removed once the roof is erected as that then supports them.

(The previous slide shows the stage of construction the warehouse got to. There is a detailed outline of precast concrete construction under structural systems research.)


CONCLUSION

From researching construction processes through visits to job sites, it can be concluded that the main factors influencing the decision of which structural and envelope systems are going to be used are:

•Location of site•Slope of site•Size of the building•Aesthetic requirements•Whether or not a column free space is required•Costs

CASE STUDIES

All unreferenced photos and diagrams were taken by Belinda

CASE STUDIES

• Steel Portal Frame Construction Mitre 10, North Geelong

• Tilt-up Concrete Warehouse and Showroom

Arndell Park, NSW

• 1st Floor Concrete Slabs Mitre 10, South Geelong

• 1st Level Timber Floor Mitre 10, South Geelong

Fagg’s Mitre 10, 222 Anakie Rd.

North Geelong

CASE STUDIES

STEEL PORTAL FRAME CONSTRUCTION – MITRE 10

CONSTRUCTION OF NEW TIMBER, HARDWARE AND GARDEN CENTRE

This case study looks at the design of a new timber, hardware and garden center for Fagg’s Mitre 10 in North Geelong. The construction process has just begun, with preliminary site work currently being undertaken. The proposed design is a steel portal frame, 39m x 46.5m. It will be a rigid base portal base frame, based upon a concrete slab with strip and pad footings. This design is of particular interest as it is similar size to the warehouse in this project. The information used for this study was obtained from One Steel in Geelong, who provided the documentation for this project

CASE STUDIES


RIGID BASE STEEL

PORTAL FRAME

A portal frame is a continuous rigid frame with a restrained joint between the column and beam. A rigid base portal frame means that the vertical loads placed upon the structure induce bending at the apex, knee and base. The bending moment will be at a maximum at these points. The staunchion is connected to the base with 4 bolts.

Advantages of this framing system are:

• economical

• large spaning ability

• ease and speed of erection

• simple construction

CASE STUDIES


4.5m

PLAN OF THE STRUCTURE

46.5m

39m

MEMBER SIZE SPACING

Load bearingcolumns

610 U.B.

101kg

6.2m

End

columns

100 U.B.

15kg

6m

Beams 410 U.B

54kg

6.2m

Purlins steel

beam

.7m

Load bearing ColumnsEnd

Columns

CASE STUDIES


6.2m

6m

FOOTINGSThe base for this design is a concrete slab with strip footings around the perimeter, and pad footings under the loadbearing columns.

SIZE AND DETAILS

SLAB150mm concrete slab with .2mm polythene moisture barrier. 50mm deep sand levelling bed.

PAD

FOOTINGS

1200 x 1200 x 600 mm deep. Located under all 610 U.B. To be founded 675mm (min) below ground level, 50mm (min) into natural undisturbed weathered basalt.

STRIP FOOTINGS

300 x 600 mm deep. Located around perimeter with 450 x 450 thickening under all 100 U.B. To be founded 675mm (min) below ground level, 50mm (min) into natural undisturbed weathered basalt.

CASE STUDIES


TILT-UP CONCRETE PANELS

Location – Arndell Park, NSWArchitect – Allen Jack and Cottier Architects

Structural Engineer – WoolacotsBuilder – St Hilliers Pty Ltd

Source – www.concrete.net.au

CASE STUDIES

WAREHOUSE AND SHOWROOMS

TILT – UP CONCRETE USED FOR WAREHOUSE AND SHOWROOM AT

ARNDELL PARK, NSW

Project SpecificationsWarehouse size – 2000m²

Showroom/Office size – 350m²

Faming System – Steel portal frame

Envelope System – Tilt-up concrete panels

Concrete panel size for warehouse- 7.5m x 7.5m

Method of Construction

Tilt-up concrete panels were constructed following the erection of

the steel portal frame. The panels were cast face down, adjacent

to the portal frame. Ferrules at the bottom of the panels were

fitted with dowel, and then connected to the strip footings. The

upper level panels were connected to cleats plate welded onto

the steel structure.

Source – www.concrete.net.au

CASE STUDIES

WAREHOUSE AND SHOWROOMS

CASE STUDIES

1st FLOOR CONCRETE SLABS – MITRE 10

1st Floor Concrete Slabs

Mitre 10, South Geelong

Size Spacing Span

Columns 300 x 300 x 3000mm

5350mm

Beams 250 x 460mm

4000mm 5320mm

Column

Beam

Bondek

CASE STUDIES

1st FLOOR CONCRETE SLABS – MITRE 10

The hardware section of Mitre 10, South Geelong, is a two

story structure. The first floor has a concrete slab,

supported by a concrete column and beam system. Bondek

sheeting has been used as a base for the first floor concrete

slab. The beams have been bolted the columns, and the

Bondek is placed directly above. Concrete has been

poured directly onto to Bondek, the Bondek acting as

reinforcement. The columns are 3m high, and together form

a grid spanning 5.35m x 4m. The concrete columns are

large, 300mm x 300mm. This is necessary to support the

heavy concrete loads above. A preferred alternative to the

concrete columns for the office/showrooms in this project

would be steel columns. This would enhance the spanning

capabilities.

CASE STUDIES

1st LEVEL TIMBER FLOORS – MITRE 10

1st Level Timber Floors

Mitre 10, South Geelong

Column

CASE STUDIES

1st LEVEL TIMBER FLOORS – MITRE 10

Universal Beam

Joists

Size Spacing Span

Column 90 x 90 x 3000mm

UB 3700mm 6500mm

Joists 350 x 50mm 400mm 3695mm

The timber shed at Mitre 10 in South

Geelong has a first level with a timber floor.

The system supporting the floor combines steel

columns and universal beams with timber floor

joists. The columns, 90 x 90mm, are bolted to

the universal beam. A timber member is bolted

either side of the bottom of the universal beam,

and run the length of the beams. Above this

member rests the timber floor joists. The joists

are slotted in between the timer member and

the top of the universal beam. The joists have

blocking for extra support against bending.

The framing system for this type of floor is

much lighter weight than the concrete

alternative. However, concrete has higher

spanning capabilities when combined with a

steel structural system. This makes the

concrete alternative a better choice for the

showroom and offices in this project, as a

relatively column free ground floor is preferred.

SCHEMATIC PLANS

SCHEMATIC PLANS

WAREHOUSE AND SHOWROOM/OFFICES

SCHEMATIC SITE PLAN

First Floor

Ground Floor

40m

20m

6m

30m

SCHEMATIC PLANS

SHOWROOM/OFFICES

SCHEMATIC PLANS

WAREHOUSE

2400

3000

3000

3000

2700

2700

3000

3000

2700

2700

3000

3000

3000

2400

2400 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 2400

Roller door

Fire escape

Fire proof safety door

SCHEMATIC PLANS

WAREHOUSE

DECIDING THE SPACINGS

•We calculated the spacing for our portal frame according to the potential span of the Spandek, the position of other building elements and the spanning capabilities of the portal frame. The Spandek was to be fitted onto the walls of the factory with the perforation running horizontally in relation to the ground. It will be fixed to the portal frame by Supazed at 700 spacing internally and 500 spacing where the Spandek abuts with the roof and concrete cladding on the lower half of the wall.

•The Portal frame to which the Supazed columns are attached are space at intervals of 3000mm for the internal spans and 2400mm for the end spans.

•At the front and back of the building lighter stanchions are erected at 3000mm internal spacing and part from the end span and roller door span which are spaced at 2700 and 2100mms.

SCHEMATIC PLANS

WAREHOUSE AND SHOWROOM/OFFICES

WAREHOUSE SHOWROOM/OFFICES

FOOTINGS Strip footings and concrete slab Strip footings and concrete slab

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM Steel Portal Frame Pre-cast concrete panels

ENVELOPE SYSTEM Pre-cast concrete panels Pre-cast concrete panels

FLOORING Concrete slab Ground floor – concrete slab

First floor – concrete slab on bondek

ROOFING Spandek Spandek

CONCLUSIONAfter researching various solutions for the warehouse design we discovered that there are many very plausible design schemes. We employed a basic set of criteria to assist our choice of building products, structural layout and schematics. We broke the criteria for our optimum design solution into the following dot points; constructability, availability, aesthetic and cost. We found that once we chose the portal frame, (in the case of the ware house) and the load bearing concrete walls (of the office) the most effective way to choose the remaining products was on a basis of their compatibility with the portal frame/Load bearing concrete walls. Although the steel portal frame is not a standard (off the shelf) product there are many products have been designed specifically to operate with portal frames, like Supazed. Our finally design product is one we believe for fills all of our criteria and provides the aesthetic character we are aiming for.

project 1 construction & structures 2 construction and structures 2 assignment 1 erin kyne,...

Documents

timber portal frames

plywood box beam portal

long span timber portal

timber potal frame

rectangular shaped timber

use of plywood box beams

box beam depths

available steel plate