project 2 - pantai kerachut (site a)
DESCRIPTION
Project 2 - Site Analysis Pantai Kerachut (SITE A)TRANSCRIPT
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S I T E P L A N
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A
Site A Loca0on : Teluk Bahang. Penang Dimension: 100m x 200m Surrounding Context: Forest / Beach
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0m
5m
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25m 30m 35m 40m 45m 50m
55m
60m
65m
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75m
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S E C T I O N A -‐ A
15m 0m
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S E C T I O N A -‐ B
15m 0m
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S E C T I O N A -‐ C
15m 0m
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S E C T I O N S
15m 0m
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S E C T I O N B -‐ A
A
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C L I M A T E
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Average Land Temperature: 27°C Average Sea Temperature : 29.5°C Average Sand Temperature : 25°C Average Humidity : 80%
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5 principles to understand the wind direc0on and speed: • Velocity
• Direc0on
• Pressure
• Convec0on (density & temperature) • Venturi effect
Convec0on diagram: As shown in the diagram, air (wind) flows from the forested area on the hill site to a meadow will tend to rise. It is due to air in the meadow is exposed to more solar radia0on, hence making the air less warmer and dense.
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Penang is hilly area therefore it has regional varia0on in weather. Dry Season : December to March Wet Season : April to November Wind Direc0on May to September : from southeast, below 15 knots. November to March : from the northeast, around 10-‐20 knots. Monsoon Seasons in Penang April to May September to October. Average Rainfall is 240-‐400mm. During this period, no outdoor ac0vity is allowed. *What is monsoon? It refers to the rainy phase of a seasonal changing pa>ern due to the reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitaBon.
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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Amou
nt of rainw
ater, m
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Month
Average Rainfall
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Low Tide
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High Tide
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V I E W S
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MAJOR VIEWS INTO THE SITE
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A -‐ Major view to site from the sea (Travelling by boat)
MAJOR VIEWS INTO SITE
A
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View to Site from Sea
A
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B – From the Beachside
B
MAJOR VIEWS INTO SITE
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b
View from Beachside
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C -‐ From the Arrival area afer hiking (Sandy + Minimum trees)
C
MAJOR VIEWS INTO SITE
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C
View from Arrival Area
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MAJOR VIEWS FROM THE SITE
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RANGER WATCH TOWER AREA
COASTAL WATCH TOWER AREA
MAJOR VIEWS FROM SITE
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COASTAL WATCH TOWER AREA
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1. View of Beachside (“Ru” trees)
2. Pleasant view of the Ocean
3. View of jejy (under construc0on) & of incoming boats
4. A view of Minimum trees (Towards turtle breeding ground, Presence of Ambung-‐Ambung trees)
1
2 3
4
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE VIEWS
MAJOR VIEWS FROM SITE
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1. View of Beachside (“Ru” trees)
MAJOR VIEWS FROM SITE
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oak TREE
“RU” Trees (Oak Trees)
Oak Tree -‐ Has taproots root type, which grows deep
underground, seeking a dependable supply of moisture.
-‐ Traps and holds the soil in posi0on, preven0ng mudslide or soil erosion of the beach.
-‐ Provides shades for human ac0vi0es below the tree. -‐ Suitable for rough house construc0on.
Propor0on of human scale to oak tree.
MAJOR VIEWS FROM SITE
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1
2 3
4
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE VIEWS
1. View of Beachside (“Ru” trees)
2. Pleasant view of the Ocean
3. View of jejy (under construc0on) & of incoming boats
4. A view of Minimum trees (Towards turtle breeding ground, Presence of Ambung-‐Ambung trees)
MAJOR VIEWS FROM SITE
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2. Pleasant view of the Ocean An overview of the beach from the shelter area, a
pleasant panoramic view without obstruc0on.
MAJOR VIEWS FROM SITE
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1
2 3
4
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE VIEWS
1. View of Beachside (“Ru” trees)
2. Pleasant view of the Ocean
3. View of jejy (under construc0on) & of incoming boats
4. A view of Minimum trees (Towards turtle breeding ground, Presence of Ambung-‐Ambung trees)
MAJOR VIEWS FROM SITE
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3. View of jejy (under construc0on) & incoming boats A not so pleasant view of the beach due to the construc0on
of the jejy, considered an eyesore the visitors. Also the view of many incoming boats to the shore can be
quite an unpleasant view.
Nega0ve View
MAJOR VIEWS FROM SITE
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1
2 3
4
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE VIEWS
1. View of Beachside (“Ru” trees)
2. Pleasant view of the Ocean
3. View of jejy (under construc0on) & of incoming boats
4. A view of Minimum trees (Towards turtle breeding ground, Presence of Ambung-‐Ambung trees)
MAJOR VIEWS FROM SITE
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4. A View of Minimum trees Towards the turtle breeding ground & the presence of
Ambung-‐ambung trees. A shady area with trees as landscape.
MAJOR VIEWS FROM SITE
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RANGER WATCH TOWER AREA
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1. View of Campsite/Campers
Posi0ve Views
1
2
2. View of Forest/Jungle
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE VIEWS
MAJOR VIEWS FROM SITE
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1. View of Campsite / Campers A 180⁰ view of the campsite along with the campers.
An empty ground mainly for the purposes of camping, widely used for human ac0vi0es.
MAJOR VIEWS FROM SITE
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2
Nega0ve Views
1
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE VIEWS
MAJOR VIEWS FROM SITE
1. View of Campsite/Campers
2. View of Forest/Jungle
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A 180⁰ view of the back of the campsite, jungle and part of the hiking trail.
The views are mainly blocked by the tall trees all around, obstruc0ng a clear view of the hiking trail.
2. View of Forest/Jungle
MAJOR VIEWS FROM SITE
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Ascending Order of the Height of the Trees
Campsite Area
MAJOR VIEWS FROM SITE
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A Propor0onal Scale of the Jungle Trees to Average Human Size
Meran0 Jelutong
MAJOR VIEWS FROM SITE
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QUALITY OF VIEWS
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QUALITY OF VIEWS
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POINTS OF INTEREST
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YELLOW -‐ RANGER WATCH TOWER Has a 360⁰ view of the campsite and the jungle. The empty land aids in the view of the ranger,
ensuring the protec0on of the campers.
RED -‐ COASTAL GUARD TOWER The posi0on along the beach ensures a clear
view of the jejy, shelter and the turtle breeding ground, of these are the responsibili0es of the
coastal guard. In case of emergency, it creates easier access to the shelter, jejy and the turtle breeding ground
as well as the lake.
POINT OF INTEREST ON SITE
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E X I S T I N G S T R U C T U R E B U I L D I N G S
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LOCATION OF EXISTING BUILDINGS
CAMP SITE
SHOWER ROOM
RESTROOM
SHELTER
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RESTING AREA (THE HALL) • It is built with an open space with no walls around it to show the scenery and ac0vi0es that take place. • For a large group of one-‐day trip visitors. • A good place to have group ac0vi0es. • Easy to get on and off the beach. • Why is it located there?
– The Northeast area of the beach has lower al0tude so when high 0de, sea water will cover the en0re beach – The Southwest is prohibited to have any human ac0vi0es as it is the breeding ground for the turtles.
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The Hall Shelter
SIZE OF BUILDINGS ACCORDING TO HUMAN SCALE
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CAMP SITE • Public area, no walls, no tall structures, experiencing the sense of nature. • Located near the jejy as these two points are actually the path of the main traffic. • It allows people to get on and off the beach. • Located away from the lake to reduce the air humidity as well as mosquitoes and other bugs. • A big flat ground covered with soil for people to do such ac0vi0es.
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Kitchen Table and Chair
SIZE OF BUILDINGS ACCORDING TO HUMAN SCALE
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WHY IS IT BUILT LIKE THIS?
• It is built with an open space with no walls around it to show the scenery and ac0vi0es that take place.
Example: -‐Sound of the wave and the leaves waving just like they are whispering in the forest. -‐Ac0vi0es that take place around such as animals roaming around the area, tourist having picnic, birds
viewing and many more. -‐Feel the space that the nature can provide. -‐Some of the place along the beach area has a different al0tude compared to the normal ground level.
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WHAT KIND OF COLORS AND MATERIALS DID THEY USED?
• The materials used in this area are cheap and easy to ajain. • The colors used are mainly to suit the surroundings such as the color of the soil
and wood (brown).
The material they used would mostly be found in the forest around it. Example: -‐ Timber, ropes and some steel and concrete for reinforcement. In order for the animals to not see it as an alien object , the materials are all nearly made to be of the same texture (wood texture).
WOOD AND CEMENT AS THE BASE
CONCRETE AND STEEL STRUCTURE
WOOD IS WRAPPED WITH ROPE FOR RESISTANT AND
REINFORCEMENT
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STRUCTURE OF THE BUILDING
Ques0ons that should be asked before designing:-‐ Example:-‐
-‐ What harm will they cause towards the environment? -‐ Will the animals feel threatened? -‐ What will the visitors think of the structure?
The joints between each sec0on is carefully calculated and measured so that it will last longer and can withstand everything the nature is able to throw at. Example: -‐ Monsoon season, drought, high salt content, sof earth founda0on.
The building style also allows natural sunlight and wind to penetrate the inner side of the building. Besides, the materials used have been reduced due to the simple columns and roof structure.
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MATERIALS
COLOR SCHEME
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I N F R A S T R U C T U R E
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TRA I L
Stairway trails are another way to ascend higher slopes. The stairs are constructed by making cuts in the dirt, concrete and manufactured wood.
One example is the nature trails, which is used by people learning about the natural world. Many trails are designated day trails, meaning that they are generally used by people out for a short hike, less than a day. Some trails are designated backpacking trails, or long-‐distance trails, and are used by both day hikers and backpackers.
Concrete paving has also been used for what it offers in night-‐ 0me visibility, environmental friendliness, and low maintenance.
Under high flow condi0ons, water runs over the roadway. The slot drain covers is constructed as one of the walkway.
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S IGNAGE
The main purpose of a sign is to communicate, to convey informa0on such that its receiver can make cogni0ve decisions based on the informa0on provided. In general, signs can be classified into the following func0ons: (a) Informa0on: signs giving informa0on about services and facili0es, e.g., maps, directories,
instruc0ons for use, etc.
(b) Direc0on: signs leading to services, facili0es, func0onal spaces and key areas, e.g., sign posts, direc0onal arrows, etc.
(c) Safety and Regulatory :signs giving warning or safety instruc0ons, e.g., warning signs, traffic
signs, rules & regula0ons, etc.
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SAFETY
Major advantages of trail ligh0ng includes: preven0on of accidents and increase in safety.
There is some three-‐strand twisted natural fibre rope along the steep trail, which is designed to stretch under load in an elas0c manner in order to absorb the energy required to arrest a person in free fall without genera0ng forces high enough to injure them.
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WATER
There is an elevated water tank beside the camp site. The water tank provides storage of water for drinking, fire suppression, food prepara0on as well as many other applica0ons.
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C I R C U L A T I O N
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Pedestrian Circulation Pattern
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• Opera0ng hours for registra0on: 8am-‐ 6pm • Peak season: Saturdays, Sundays & School holiday • Family ou0ngs, school & cooperate camps • Average of 300 visitors • Limita0on of 100 visitors at campsite • Night ac0vi0es for campers are allowed with pre-‐registra0on.
Pedestrian Circulation Pattern
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Vehicular Circulation Pattern
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• Boat as the main vehicle • Traffic prohibited beyond the jejy • No specific boat schedule • Booking is required
Vehicular Circulation Pattern
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Animal Circula0on Pajern
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• Turtles are sensi0ve towards light • Ajracted by pokok abung
Animal Circula0on Pajern
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H U M A N & A N I M A L A C T I V I T Y
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Turtle Landing -‐ Happens all year round. -‐ Higher frequency of landings
on south side of jejy, due to unique sand and trees.
-‐ Lower frequency of landings on north side due to high human ac0vity.
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Fishing • A common ac0vity by the
campers and trackers. • A higher frequency of fishing
towards the East side of the lake as it is less swampy and easier to excess for fishing.
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Tracking Trail • Basic means of gewng from
one place to another. • Some trails are less traveled
as the dura0on and difficulty level of the trail.
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Camping Site • A fixed area is cleared for
campers to reside. • Max 100 people are allowed
to camp in the area. • Highest intensity of noise
and light. • Far from beach to avoid
interrup0ng turtle landing. • Situated on high and firm
grounds.
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Beach Ac0vity • Pantai Kerachut has a very
wide beach which allows a wide range of ac0vi0es to be held.
• Water sports are banned to avoid hur0ng marine life
• High frequency of human ac0vity and noise on the north side of the beach as the south side is out of bounds due to turtle ac0vity.
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Boat Ac0vity • Boat ac0vi0es are
minimalized to reduce sound and water pollu0on as it will effect the frequency of turtles landing.
• Boats are not allowed to access south sec0on of the beach, does not interrupt turtle landing.
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Noise Pollu0on • Occurs at places with high
human frequency and at places with ac0vi0es.
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L A N D S C A P E
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A M B U N G -‐ A M B U N G Beach Naupaka | Scaevola Frutescens
He i g h t : U p t o 5 m
S h a d e C o v e r a g e :
H e a v y
-‐ N a 0 v e t r e e f o u n d m o s t l y o n t h e s o u t h w e s t o f t h e b e a c h
-‐ B u s h y s h r u b -‐ F o r m s h em i s p h e r i c a l m o u n d -‐ H a b i t a t f o r n e s 0 n g s e a
t u r t l e s -‐ P r e v e n t s b e a c h e r o s i o n -‐ R e q u i r e s f u l l s u n l i g h t -‐ C a n n o t b e c u t d o w n
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RU CASUARINA EQUISETIFOLIA
He i g h t : U p t o 2 0 m – 3 0 m
T r u n k D i ame t e r :
U p t o 1 m
S h a d e C o v e r a g e : L i g h t t o m o d e r a t e
-‐ N a 0 v e t r e e f o u n d
t h r o u g h o u t t h e b e a c h -‐ B a r k i s l i g h t g r e y -‐ b r o w n -‐ R o u g h t e x t u r e -‐ S e e d e n c l o s e d i n c o n e (5mm)
-‐ C o n t r o l s s o i l e r o s i o n -‐ R o u g h h o u s e c o n s t r u c 0 o n
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S C R E W P I N E Pandanus Tectorius
He i g h t : U p t o 6 m
S h a d e C o v e r a g e : U p t o 5 m d i a m e t e r
-‐ N a 0 v e t r e e f o u n d m o s t l y b y
t h e b e a c h s i d e -‐ S t o u t t r u n k s -‐ B r a n c h e s g r o w a t w i d e
a n g l e s
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K E T A P A N G Tropical Almond | Terminalia Catappa
He i g h t : U p t o 2 0 m – 4 0 m
T r u n k D i ame t e r :
U p t o 1 – 1 . 5 m
S h a d e C o v e r a g e : U p t o 4 m i n d i a m e t e r
-‐ N a 0 v e t r e e o f A s i a -‐ R o o t s a r e d e e p i n t o t h e
s a n d -‐ S o i l s t a b i l i z a 0 o n -‐ C o a s t a l p r o t e c 0 o n
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A C A C I A Acacia Magnium Wild
He i g h t : U p t o 7 m – 1 5 m
T r u n k D i ame t e r :
U p t o 0 . 9 m
S h a d e C o v e r a g e : U p t o 4 m d i a m e t e r
-‐ N o n -‐ n a 0 v e t r e e -‐ H a r d w o o d -‐ F i r e r e s i s t a n c e d u e t o i t ’ s
h e i g h t -‐ E a s i l y r e g e n e r a t e d f r o m
s e e d s -‐ C a n s u r v i v e i n c o m p a c t
s o i l s
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N I B O N G P A L M Oncosperma Tigillaria
He i g h t : U p t o 1 2 m – 2 5 m
T r u n k D i ame t e r :
U p t o 1 m
S h a d e C o v e r a g e : M o d e r a t e
-‐ N a 0 v e t r e e l o c a t e d a t t h e
l o w e r h i l l s i d e -‐ T h o r n y e x t e r i o r -‐ H a r d o u t e r w o o d c a n b e
u s e d a s w a l l p a n e l s -‐ S t e m s c a n b e u s e d a s fi s h
t r a p s a n d f e n c i n g
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M E R A N T I Shorea
He i g h t : U p t o 2 0 m – 5 0 m
T r u n k D i ame t e r :
U p t o 1 m – 4 . 5 m
S h a d e C o v e r a g e : M o d e r a t e
-‐ N a 0 v e t r e e l o c a t e d o n t h e
u p p e r h i l l s i d e -‐ H a r d w o o d -‐ C omm e r c i a l 0 m b e r -‐ S u r v i v e o n c om p a c t s o i l -‐ L e a v e s g l o w s a t n i g h t
( n a t u r a l l i g h 0 n g )
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J E L U T O N G Dyera Costulata
He i g h t : U p t o 2 0 m – 6 0 m
T r u n k D i ame t e r :
U p t o 2 m – 3 m
S h a d e C o v e r a g e : M o d e r a t e
-‐ N a 0 v e t r e e l o c a t e d a t t h e
u p p e r h i l l s i d e -‐ C omm e r c i a l 0 m b e r -‐ S 0 l l c o n s i d e r e d a s a
p r o t e c t e d s p e c i e s
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RENGAS Gluta Spp.
He i g h t : U p t o 2 0 m – 5 0 m
T r u n k D i ame t e r : U p t o 0 . 5 m – 1 . 2 m
S h a d e C o v e r a g e :
M o d e r a t e
-‐ N a 0 v e t r e e l o c a t e d a t t h e u p p e r h i l l s i d e
-‐ B a r k a n d w o o d a r e p o i s o n o u s c a u s e s i t c h i n e s s a n d r a s h e s
-‐ D a r k b l a c k s t a i n s o n t h e t r u n k
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B A L A U K U M U S H I T A M Shorea Maxwelliana King
He i g h t : U p t o 1 8 m – 3 0 m
T r u n k D i ame t e r :
U p t o 1 m – 2 m
S h a d e C o v e r a g e : M o d e r a t e
-‐ N a 0 v e t r e e l o c a t e d a t t h e
u p p e r h i l l s i d e -‐ T i m b e r i s v e r y d u r a b l e -‐ Mo s t l y u s e d f o r
c o n s t r u c 0 o n a n d f u r n i t u r e -‐ L i s t e d a s a n e n d a n g e r e d
s p e c i e s d u e t o d e f o r e s t a 0 o n
-‐ C a n n o t b e c u t d o w n
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L I A N A CASUARINA EQUISETIFOLIA
L e n g t h : U p t o 1 0 0 m
V i n e D i ame t e r :
U p t o 0 . 6 m
-‐ N a 0 v e v i n e s w h i c h g r o w s f r om s o i l t o t h e t o p o f t h e c a n o p y
-‐ Wo o d y v i n e s -‐ C om p e t e d i n t e n s e l y f o r
s u n l i g h t -‐ S p r e a d s t o o t h e r t r e e s -‐ N e t w o r k o f v i n e s f o r
a n i m a l s -‐ G i v e s s u p p o r t t o s h a l l o w
r o o t e d a n d t o p h e a v y t r e e s a g a i n s t s t r o n g w i n d s
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A N I M A L S B i r d s :
B u l b u l
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A N I M A L S B i r d s :
H u mm i n g b i r d
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A N I M A L S B i r d s :
P i g e o n
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A N I M A L S B i r d s :
M a g p i e
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A N I M A L S Mon k e y s :
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A N I M A L S F l y i n g L emu r s :
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A N I M A L S Mon i t o r L i z a r d s
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A N I M A L S Se a T u r t l e s :
G r e e n S e a T u r t l e s
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A N I M A L S Se a T u r t l e s :
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A N I M A L S Oc e a n :
J e l l y fi s h e s
S e a N e j l e s
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A N I M A L S Oc e a n :
J e l l y fi s h e s
C a s s i o p e a
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A N I M A L S Oc e a n : D o l p h i n
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H A R D S C A P E
Ro p e R a i l i n g s -‐ A i d s t r e k k e r s t o h i k e
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S O I L C O N D I T I O N C r y s t a l S a n d
-‐ M i x t u r e o f s a l t a n d b r o k e n s h e l l s
-‐ N o t m u c h s t r e n g t h -‐ N o t s u i t a b l e t o
b u i l d s t r u c t u r e s
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S O I L C O N D I T I O N C r y s t a l S a n d + L a t e r i t e S a n d
-‐ B e j e r s o i l q u a l i t y f o r c o n s t r u c 0 o n
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M A T E R I A L I T Y T E L U K K A M P I
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L O C A T I O N T e l u k K a m p i
Fast Facts : 1. Steep slope of about
45-‐50 degrees. 2. South bound from
the jejy. 3. Surrounded by small
to medium plants.
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Longitudinal sec0on
Towards the beach Forest trail, towards Teluk Kampi
site covered
L O C A T I O N T e l u k K a m p i
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Laterite soil Mud
1. Ground is made up of combina0on of laterite soil and mud. 2. Higher ground is mainly of compact materials like rocks and stones. 3. Surface covered by dead leaves as natural protein/fer0lizer.
Dead leaves
M A T E R I A L I T Y T e l u k K a m p i
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LATERITE SOIL 1. Reddish, also known as red soil. 2. Loose material. 3. Harden on exposure to air. 4. Large por0on of iron and aluminium oxides. 5. Darker color indica0ng more resistance to water. 6. Overall strength based on moisture content.
S O I L C O N D I T I O N T e l u k K a m p i
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MUD 1. Fluid material that can dry up. 2. Resistance to water based on compactness. 3. Presence of moisture causes :-‐ § Structure may sink if moisture content is high
causing walls and founda0on to crack. § Compression/packing of the ground from weight
above. § Water retainment.
S O I L C O N D I T I O N T e l u k K a m p i
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Consider : 1. Slab with load-‐bearing sec0ons
trenched to reach heavier soil beneath.
2. Pile founda0on. 3. Perimeter founda0on. 4. Mat founda0on. 5. Deep founda0on. 6. Shallow founda0on. 7. Bedrock. 8. Proper drainage system. 9. French drain. 10. Landscaping. 11. Soil improvement.
S O L U T I O N T e l u k K a m p i
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C A S E S T U D Y
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• A structure that is more ver0cal than horizontal. • Freestanding. • Elevated plazorm for life guards to keep an eye on the beach. • Has a 360-‐degree visibility.
• Roofed, and may be flat. • Entry via an angled staircase/plazorm or ladder.
I N T R O D U C T I O N
Past architecture
Present architecture
C O A S T G U A R D T O W E R
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S E L J O R D W A T C H T O W E R R I N T A L A E G G E R T S S O N A R C H I T E C T S
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PROPOSED NCI LOOKOUT TOWER T E I G N M O U T H , D E V O N D C F P L A N N I N G A N D D E S I G N
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F U N C T I O N O F S P A C E S
plan at lower level
plan at upper level
entrance
stairs
observa0on deck
coast watch opera0ons room
storage
View overlooking
the lake
View overlooking the crown of trees
View overlooking
the bird nes0ng area
s e l j o r d w a t c h t o w e r n c i l o o k o u t t o w e r
sec0on
Exis0ng building
Exis0ng building
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C I R C U L A T I O N s e l j o r d w a t c h t o w e r n c i l o o k o u t t o w e r
sec0on
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H I E R A R C H Y O F S P A C E The focus of the buildings are the observa0on deck and coast watch room on top that provides panoramic view of the sea. This is where the main ac0vity of the building takes place. The lower observa0on decks and storage are the minor parts of the building.
The spaces highlighted in light green are the spaces where circula0on takes place. This is the space with the least human ac0vity.
s e l j o r d w a t c h t o w e r n c i l o o k o u t t o w e r
sec0on
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S Y M M E T R Y & B A L A N C E
R E P E T I T I O N & R H Y T H M
The Seljord Watch Tower’s façade is made out of repe00ve ver0cal wooden louvers which creates a constant rhythm all around the building. The rectangular observa0on decks are repeated at different levels to provide different views.
n o n e
s e l j o r d w a t c h t o w e r n c i l o o k o u t t o w e r
s e l j o r d w a t c h t o w e r n c i l o o k o u t t o w e r
eleva0on
eleva0on sec0on
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E X T R A R E F E R E N C E S
m a t s u d a i s m a l l t o w e r
h j p : / / w w w . p e r i p h e r i q u e s -‐architectes.com/matsudai-‐small-‐tower
hjp://mimoa.eu/projects/Japan/Tokamachi-‐shi/Matsudai+Small+Tower
rossall point coastwatch tower
hjp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJbxv18CcBg hjp://www.ncirossallpoinzleetwood.co.uk/The-‐Tower.php
c o a s t g u a r d t o w e r h o u s e
hjp://llasyblog.blogspot.com/2011/03/coast-‐guard-‐tower.html hjp://www.themodernhouse.net/lewngs-‐list/former-‐coastguard-‐lookout/descrip0on-‐817/
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C O N C L U S I O N