project biodiesel
TRANSCRIPT
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Project Summary
Objective- ³Performance of Single Cylinder Diesel Engine using Blends of Jatropha
and Karanja Biodiesel with Diesel & 100% Karanja Biodiesel and Jatropha Biodiesel.´
Scope- 4S Single Cylinder Diesel Engine.
Engine Specifications:
Type- AV1, Single Cylinder Water Cooled Diesel Engine
Bore- 85mm
Stroke- 110mm
Capacity- 624.19cc
Power- 3.75kW
Make- Kirloskar
Output- Project outcomes can be interpreted with the diesel fuel for different blend
ratio with which blending % for which engine performance will be satisfactory can be
judged and these blending % can be recommended for the use under certain conditions.
Also project may be use full for the comparison of different other fuel blends in future and
or certain modifications to the engine can be suggested for obtaining better results withhigher blend ratio.
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Project Team
Student Name Sisode Ganesh U.
R oll No. 43
Exam No. 47933
Student Name Pawar Pradip S.
R oll No. 41
Exam No. 47903
Student Name Thakare Jayesh A.
R oll No. 55
Exam No. 47935
Project R esources R equired
y Engine
y Air Box
y Calorimeter
y Fuel Blends
y Testing Foundation
y Measurement of calorific value for fuels
y Properties of fuels
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Project Goals-
Analyzing the performance of Diesel & IC Engine using Blends of Karanja Biodiesel,
Jatropha Biodiesel & 100% Karanja Biodiesel, Jatropha Biodiesel.
Biodiesel is one such alternate fuel which is a domestically produced, renewable fuel
that can be manufactured from vegetable oils or recycled restaurant greases. Biodiesel is
safe, biodegradable, and reduces serious air pollutants, such as, particulates, carbon
monoxide, hydrocarbons, and air toxics. Blends of 20% biodiesel with 80% petroleum
diesel (B-20) can be used in unmodified diesel engines, or biodiesel can be used in its pure
form (B-100), but may require certain engine modifications to avoid maintenance and
performance problems. Biodiesel has a high flashpoint and low volatility so it does not
ignite as easily as conventional diesel, which increases the margin of safety in fuel handling.Biodiesel degrades four times faster than conventional diesel and is not particularly soluble
in water. It is nontoxic, which makes it safe to handle, transport, and store. When blended
with petrodiesel, the spills petrodiesel portion is still a problem, but less so than with 100%
petrodiesel
The aim of the project is to analyze the engine performance for different blends of
Biodiesel (B20 to B100) and comparing the performance of engine with respect to pure
diesel engine under the same loading considerations (load varies from 10 % to 80%) and
comparing the performance with respect to Break Power, Mean Effective Pressure, Fuel
Consumption, Break Thermal Efficiency, Volumetric Efficiency, Mechanical Efficiency,
A/F ratio, Temperature of exhaust gas.
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ABSTRACT
3.75 kW diesel engine AV1 Single Cylinder water cooled, Kirloskar Make was used
to test blends of diesel with kerosene and Ethanol. Engine test setup was developed to carry
the trials using these blends. This paper presents a study report on the performance of IC
engine using blends of Jatropha & Karanja with diesel with various blending ratio. The
engine performance studies were conducted with rope break dynamometer setup.
Parameters like speed of engine, fuel consumption and torque were measured at different
loads for pure diesel and various combination of dual fuel. Break Power, BSFC, BTE and
heat balance were calculated. Paper represents the test results for blends B20, B40, B60,
B80 & B100.
Keywords: IC Engine, Diesel, Blends, fuel properties, heat balance, engine performance
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CHAPTER 1
INTR ODUCTION
1.1 Overview of Biodiesel
Review of World fuel data
Present scenario of petroleum consumption is as shown in table given bellow
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India Energy
Data Petroleum
(Thousand
Barrels per Day) 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Total Oil Production(Production of crude oil including
lease condensate, natural gas plant
liquids, and other liquids, and
refinery processing gain (loss).
Negative value indicates refinery
processing loss.) 329.4 394.5 485 525 626 645.7 626.8 54.5 723.7 681.8 639.2
Crude Oil Production(Includes lease condensate.) 325 390 480 519 620 630 609 635 700 660 615
Consumption (Consumption
of petroleum products and direct
combustion of crude oil.) 729 737 773 824 895 947 988 084 1150 1168 1190
Net Exports/Imports
(-) (Net Exports = Total Oil
Production-Consumption. Negative
numbers are Net Imports.) -400 -343 -288 -299 -269 302 -361 429 426 -487 -551
Total Oil Exports to U.S.(Total crude oil and petroleum
products. Data through 2007 is
currently available.) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Refinery Capacity (Crude
oil distillation capacity as of January
1. Sources: U.S. data from EIA; Other
countries from Oil & Gas Journal.) 557 557 753 779 705 867 991 059 051 1080 122 Proved Reserves (Billion
Barrels) (As of January 1.
Sources: U.S. data from
EIA; Other countries from
Oil & Gas Journal.) 2.58 2.672 3.41 3.48 3.5 3.73 4.20 4.25 6.354 7.516 7.997
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Reference - Sources: EIA, International Energy Annual, Short Term Energy Outlook, Table 3a, Table 3b
With reference to rate of consumption of petroleum fuels which has been increased from 329.4 (1981
barrel per day) which is now alarming situation to search for alternative fuels since proved reserve
Barrels only.
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 20
750.86 779.62 761.31 764.78 770.05 781.63 812.67 815.03 851.34 835.16 854
651.02 674.62 661.42 652.66 646.34 642.4 664.75 660.03 683.11 664.66 688
1681 1765 1844 2031 2127 2184 2263 2346 2430 2512 26
-930 -986 -1083 -1266 -1357 -1402 -1451 -1531 -1578 -1677 -18
4 5 0 1 6 14 21 20 12 28 1
1086 1086 1086 1142 1858 2113 2135 2135 2135 2255 22
5.814 4.333 4.34 3.972 4.838 4.728 4.84 5.367 5.371 5.417 5.8
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Biodiesel is one such alternate fuel which is a domestically produced, renewable fuel that can
be manufactured from vegetable oils or recycled restaurant greases. Biodiesel is safe,
biodegradable, and reduces serious air pollutants, such as, particulates, carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons, and air toxics. Blends of 20% biodiesel with 80% petroleum diesel (B-20) can be
used in unmodified diesel engines, or biodiesel can be used in its pure form (B-100), but may
require certain engine modifications to avoid maintenance and performance problems. Biodiesel
has a high flashpoint and low volatility so it does not ignite as easily as conventional diesel,
which increases the margin of safety in fuel handling. Biodiesel degrades four times faster than
conventional diesel and is not particularly soluble in water. It is nontoxic, which makes it safe to
handle, transport, and store. When blended with petrodiesel, the spill.s petrodiesel portion is still
a problem, but less so than with 100% petrodiesel
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1.2 Biodiesel
Biodiesel is the name of a clean burning alternative fuel, produced from domestic,
renewable resources.Biodiesel contains no petroleum, but it can be blended at any level with
petroleum diesel to create a biodiesel blend. It can be used in compression-ignition (diesel)
engines with little or no modifications. Biodiesel is simple to use, biodegradable, nontoxic, and
essentially free of sulfur and aromatics. Biodiesel is made through a chemical process called
transeterification whereby the glycerin is separated from the fat or vegetable oil.
Biodiesel generally refers to the mono-alkyl esters of fatty acids, and can be derived from
a variety of vegetable oils and animal fats. Stated simply, it is the product of a chemical reaction
between the basic feedstock (vegetable oil or animal fat) and alcohol (in commercial applicationsusually methanol) in the presence of a catalyst (usually sodium or potassium hydroxide)
(Gerpen). The reaction results in a compound called fatty acid alkyl ester (the biodiesel product)
and a byproduct called glycerol.
In general, the energy yield of the biodiesel process is significantly greater than that of
other bio-fuels (for example, ethanol). Current technology yields about 3.2 units of energy for
every unit of energy consumed in the production process. In comparison, the return from ethanol
production is less than 1.5 units of energy for each unit consumed in the manufacturing process.
The general conversion of feedstock to biodiesel is:
100 lbs. of feedstock + 10 lbs. of methanol 100 lbs. of biodiesel + 10 lbs. of glycerol
However, there is some variation depending on the specific feedstock used. The most
common feedstock in the US is soybean oil, with other feedstocks being corn oil, canola oil,
cottonseed oil, recycled restaurant oils (fry oil, etc), tallow and lard, grease recovered from
restaurants, and float grease from waste water treatment plants. Most biodiesel in Europe is made
from rapeseed oil. Alternative diesel fuel consisting of fatty acid esters produced by esterification
of triglycerides which make up vegetable oils or animal fats.
Bio diesel is the most efficient and valuable alternative sourceof diesel engine fuel.
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It is eco-friendly and its performance is exactly similar to the petro-diesel.
It can be produced from renewable biological sources like edibleand non-edible oils.
Fuels derive from renewable biological resources for use in diesel engines are known as
Biodiesel Fuels.
Animal fats, virgin and recycled vegetable oils derived from crops such as soybeans, canola,
corn, sunflower, and some 30 others can also be used in the production of biodieselfuel. Tall oil
produced from wood pulp wastes is yet another possible feedstock source.
Biodiesel is a pure 100% fuel conforming to ASTM Specifications D 6751.
It is referred to as B100 or ³neat´ biodiesel. A biodiesel blend is pure biodiesel blended with
petrodiesel. Biodiesel blends are referred to as BXX. The ³XX´ indicates the amount of biodiesel
in the blend.
In India, Jetropha, Karanja and Mahua trees has great potential for production of bio-
fuels like bio-ethanol and biodiesel. The annual estimated potential is about 20 million tones per
annum. In India, out of cultivated area,about 175 million hectares are classified as waste and
degraded land, We can cultivate these crops very easily on this land. Biomass can be converted
directly into liquid fuels. I.e.transportation needs (cars, trucks, buses, airplanes, and trains).The
two most common types of biofuels are ethanol and biodiesel.
The petroleum products play on important role in our modern life. The costs of these
products depend on international markets and petroleum reserves are limited to nearly 30 years.
India is projected to become the third largest consumer of transportation fuel in 2020, after the
USA and China, with consumption growing at an annual rate of 6.8% from 1999 to 2020. India¶s
economy has often been unsettled by its need to import about 70% of its petroleum demand from
the highly unstable and volatile world oil market (India, 2004). The acid rain, global warming
and health hazards are the results of ill effects of increased polluted gases like Sox, CO and
particulate matter in atmosphere. Rising petroleum prices, increasing threat to the environment
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from exhaust emissions and global warming have generated an intense international interest in
developing alternative non-petroleum fuels for engines.
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1.3 Production
Biodiesel is commonly produced by the transesterification of the vegetable oil or animal
fat feedstock. There are several methods for carrying out this transesterification reaction
including the common batch process, supercritical processes, ultrasonic methods, and even
microwave methods.Chemically, transesterified biodiesel comprises a mix of mono-alkyl esters
of long chain fatty acids. The most common form uses methanol (converted to sodium
methoxide) to produce methyl esters as it is the cheapest alcohol available, though ethanol can
be used to produce an ethyl ester biodiesel and higher alcohols such as isopropanol and butanol
have also been used. Using alcohols of higher molecular weights improves the cold flow
properties of the resulting ester, at the cost of a less efficient transesterification reaction.A lipid
transesterification production process is used to convert the base oil to the desired esters. Any
Free fatty acids (FFAs) in the base oil are either converted to soap and removed from the
process, or they are esterified (yielding more biodiesel) using an acidic catalyst.After this
processing, unlike straight vegetable oil, biodiesel has combustion properties very similar
to those of petroleum diesel, and can replace it in most current uses.A by-product of the
transesterification process is the production of glycerol. For every 1 tonne of biodiesel that is
manufactured, 100 kg of glycerol are produced. Originally, there was a valuable market for the
glycerol, which assisted the economics of the process as a whole. However, with the increase
in global biodiesel production, the market price for this crude glycerol (containing 20% water
and catalyst residues) has crashed. Research is being conducted globally to use this glycerol as a
chemical building block. One initiative in the UK is The Glycerol Challenge.Usually this crude
glycerol has to be purified, typically by performing vacuum distillation. This is rather
energy intensive. The refined glycerol (98%+ purity) can then be utilised directly, or converted
into other products. The following announcements were made in 2007: A joint venture of
Ashland Inc. and Cargill announced plans to make propylene glycol in Europe from glycerol
and Dow Chemical announced similar plans for North America. Dow also plans to build a plant
in China to make epichlorhydrin from glycerol. Epichlorhydrin is a raw material for epoxy
resins.
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Differents methodologies used for production of Biodiesel are:
1.Direct use/Blending,
2.Micro-emulsion,
3.Pyrolysis,
4.Transesterfication.
Transesterfication was carried out in a system,as shown in Figure 1.Reactor consisted of
spherical flask, which was put inside the heat jacket. Oil was used as medium of heat
transfer from heat jacket to the reactor. Thermostat was a part of heat jacket, which
maintained the temperature of oil and in turn the temperature of the reactants at a desired
value. The reaction was carried out at around 65- 70(c). Spherical flask consisted of four
openings. The center one was used for putting stirrer in the reactor. The motor propelled the
stirrer. Thermometer was put inside the second opening to continuously monitor the temperature
of the reaction. Alcohol being volatile vaporized during the reaction so the condenser was
put in the third opening to reflux the vapors back to the reactor to prevent any reactant
loss.Fourth opening was used for filling reactants to the reactor .
Figure 1
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Although the species concerned are well known, there is a need to domesticate them for
cultivation under different production systems on degraded lands & community wastelands.
Determining the specific agro-climatic requirement,identifying superior seeds, proper space
management,critical moisture regime for flower induction,enhancing the seeds yield &
calculation of cost benefit analysis are essential before the farmers accept them as a production
option.
The Indian Railways has taken the initiative to promote jatropha cultivation along the
railways tracks and use biodiesel as engine fuel.They have successfully tested the biodiesel by
running a Jana Shatabdi Express from Delhi to Chandigarh. Mahindra &Mahindra have trials for
operting tractors on biodiesel. Daimaler Chrysler is sponsoring Jatropha production with a
communication to run their cars on biodiesel.Use of biodiesel at the village level for operating oil
engines that pump water,run small machinery & generate electricity is another possibility.
Jatropha oil was collected from a private firm Rural Community Action Centre, Erode
and filtered for solid impurities. The curcas oil was transesterified using methanol in the
presence of sodium hydroxide in the pilot biodiesel plant. Free Fatty Acid of jatropha oil used in
the pilot biodiesel plant was less than 5 per cent. The molar ratio and sodium hydroxide amount
used for biodiesel production were 1:6 and 0.8 (w/w), respectively. The fuel properties of
Jatropha biodiesel and its blends and diesel fuel are shown in Table 3.
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1.4 Manufacturing in India
State-wise area for biodiesel plantation
Sr.No. State Area(ha)
1. Andhra Pradesh 44
2. Chhatisgarh 190
3. Gujarat 240
4. Haryana 140
5. Karnataka 80
6. Madhya Pradesh 260
7. Maharastra 150
8. Mizoram 20
9. Rajasthan 275
10. Tamil Nadu 60
11.
Uttaranchal 50
12. Uttar Pradesh 200
13. Bihar 10
Table No. 1
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1.5 Importance
Advantage of Biodiesel
1. National security- Since biodiesel is made domestically; biodiesel reduces our
dependence on foreign oil. That's good.
2. National economy- Using biodiesel keeps our fuel buying dollars at home instead of
sending it to foreign countries. This reduces our trade deficit and creates jobs.
3. It's sustainable & non-toxic.- Face it, we¶re going to run out of oil eventually.
Biodiesel is 100% renewable... we'll never run out of biodiesel. And if biodiesel gets into
your water supply, there's no problem - it's just modified veggie oil! Heck, you can drink
biodiesel if you so desire, but it tastes nasty.
4. Emissions- Biodiesel is nearly carbon-neutral, meaning it contributes almost zero
emissions to global warming! Biodiesel also dramatically reduces other emissions fairly
dramatically.
5. Engine life- Studies have shown biodiesel reduces engine wear by as much as one half,
primarily because biodiesel provides excellent lubricity. Even a 2% biodiesel/98% diesel
blend will help.
6. Drivability- We have yet to meet anyone who doesn't notice an immediate smoothing of
the engine with biodiesel. Biodiesel just runs quieter, and produces less smoke.
y Biodiesel produces approximately 80% less carbon dioxide, almost 100% less
Sulphurdioxide.
y Combustion of biodiesel alone produces over a 90% reduction in total unburned
hydrocarbons, and a 75-90% reduction in aromatic hydrocarbons.
y Neat biodiesel fuel is non-toxic and biodegradable.
y Lubricity is improved over that of conventional diesel fuel.
y Bio-diesel is safe to handle and transport.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATUR E R EVIEW
D. Ramesh et.al. Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu
Agricultural University, Coimbatore ± 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India, had reported a studies on,
³Investigations on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine with
Jatropha Biodiesel and Its Blends´
A 5.2 kW diesel engine with alternator was used to test jatropha biodiesel and its blends.
A pilot plant was developed for biodiesel production from different vegetable oils and used
for this study. In the case of jatropha biodiesel alone, the fuel consumption in the diesel
engine was about 14 per cent higher than that of diesel. The percent increase in specific fuel
consumption ranged from 3 to 14 for B20 to B100 fuels. The brake thermal efficiency for
biodiesel and its blends was found to be slightly higher than that of diesel fuel at tested load
conditions and there was no difference between the biodiesel and its blended fuels
efficiencies. For jatropha biodiesel and its blended fuels, the exhaust gas temperature
increased with increase in load and amount of biodiesel. The highest exhaust gas temperature
was observed as 463ºC for biodiesel among the three load conditions. The diesel mode
exhaust gas temperature was observed as 375ºC. The CO2 emission from the biodieselfuelled
engine was slightly higher than diesel fuel as compared with diesel. The carbon monoxide
reduction by biodiesel was 16, 14 and 14 per cent at 2, 2.5 and 3.5 kW load conditions. The
NOx emissions from biodiesel was increased by 15, 18 and 19 per cent higher than that of the
diesel at 2, 2.5 and 3.5 kW load conditions respectively.
India is home to over a billion people, about one-sixth of the world¶s population. The
population continues to grow at 1.93% per annum, which is well above the global average
(India, 2001). The population of India has nearly tripled in the last 50 years, from 361 million
in 1951 to 1.027 billion in 2001. The country¶s economy has also been growing rapidly in the
last decade, with real GDP growth rates remaining consistently over 5% (India, 2004). The
petroleum products play on important role in our modern life. The costs of these products
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depend on international markets and petroleum reserves are limited to nearly 30 years. India
is projected to become the third largest consumer of transportation fuel in 2020, after the
USA and China, with consumption growing at an annual rate of 6.8% from 1999 to 2020.
India¶s economy has often been unsettled by its need to import about 70% of its petroleum
demand from the highly unstable and volatile world oil market (India, 2004). The acid rain,
global warming and health hazards are the results of ill effects of increased polluted gases
like SOx, CO and particulate matter in atmosphere. Rising petroleum prices, increasing threat
to the environment from exhaust emissions and global warming have generated an intense
international interest in developing alternative non-petroleum fuels for engines (Ajav and
Akingbehin, 2002). In recent years, research has been directed to explore plant-based fuels
and plant oils and fats as fuels (Martini and Shell, 1998). Biodiesel is described as a fuel
comprised of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or
animal fats. It is oxygenated, essentially sulfur-free and biodegradable (Yuan et al., 2004).
The use of non-edible oils compared to edible oils is very significant because of the increase
in demand for edible oils as food and they are too expensive as compared with diesel fuel.
Among the various non-edible oil sources, Jatropha curcas oil has added advantages like
pleasant smell, odorless and can easily mix with diesel fuel. Jatropha oil cannot be used for
food or feed because of its strong purgative effect (Corner and Watanabe, 1979). The
Jatropha plant having advantages namely; effectively yielding oilseeds from the 3rd year
onwards, rapid growth, easy propagation, life span of 40 years and suitable for tropical and
subtropical countries like India (Patil et al., 1991). Henning and Kone (no date) reported
activities involving the use of physic nut oil in engines in Segou, Mali during World War II.
Research on this oil was first initiated during World War II to study the use of curcas oil as a
liquid, renewable fuel source to substitute for diesel oil (Jones and Miller, 1992). The use of
physic nut seed oil in diesel engines is reported in the literature (Mensier and Loury 1950;
Cabral 1964; Takeda 1982; Ishil and Takeuchi 1987; Forson et al. 2004; Pramanik 2003;
Senthil Kumar et al. 2003). Mori (1983) using refined curcas oil blends in precombustion
chamber engine, and reported fair results for thermal efficiency and emission compared with
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diesel No.2 diesel. He also pointed out the problems of filter blockage, carbon deposits and
oil incompatibility with fuel line materials. Pramanik (2003) found the jatropha oil blending
up to 40 to 50 per cent with diesel fuel could be used in engine without modifications. In
general, it has been reported by most researchers that if raw vegetable oils are used as diesel
engine fuel, engine performance decreases, CO and HC emissions increase and Nox
emissions also decrease accordingly (Sinha and Misra, 1997; Goering, et al., 1992; Altõn,
1998 and Shay 1993). However, Acrolein is high toxic substance released from the engine
due to thermal decomposition of glycerol present in the oils (Schwab et al., 1987). The
problems encountered in raw oils are solved by forming biodiesel, which is non toxic, eco-
friendly fuel, and have similar properties of diesel fuel (Krawczyk, 1996). Biodiesel consists
of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAMEs) of seed oils and fats and have already been found
suitable for use as fuel in diesel engine (Harrington, 1986). CO2 emission by use of biodiesel
in diesel engines will be recycled by the crop plant resulting in no new addition in to
atmosphere (Peterson and Hustrulid, 1998). It is estimated that petrodiesel demand in India
by the end of 10th Plan (in 2006-07) shall be 52.33 million MT. In order to achieve 5%
replacement of petrodiesel by bio-diesel by the year 2006-07, there is need to bring minimum
2.29 million ha area under Jatropha curcas plantation (India, 2004). A study was taken for
performance evaluation and and assesses the emissions from jatropha biodiesel fuelled
engine.
Surendra R. Kalbande et.al. College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology,
Marathwada Agriculture University, Parbhani (M.S.), India, had reported studies on,
³Jatropha and Karanja Biofuel: An Alternate fuel for Diesel Engine.´
The bio-diesel was produced from non-edible oils by using bio-diesel processor and the
diesel engine performance for water lifting was tested on bio-diesel and bio-diesel blended
with diesel. The newly developed bio-diesel processor was capable of preparing the oil esters
sufficient in quantity for running the commonly used farm engines. The fuel properties of
bio-diesel such as kinematic viscosity and specific gravity were found within limited of BIS
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standard. Operational efficiency of diesel pump set for various blends of bio-diesel were
found nearer to the expected efficiency of 20 percent. Bio-diesel can be used as an alternate
and non-conventional fuel to run all type of C.I. engine.
Fast depletion of the fossil fuels and some times shortage during crisis period directs us
to search for some alternative fuel which can reduce our dependence on fossil fuels. The
agriculture sector of the country is completely dependant on diesel for its motive power and
to some extent for stationary power application. Increased farm mechanization in agriculture
thus, further increase requirement of this depleting fuel source. Many alternative fuels like
biogas, methanol, ethanol and vegetable oils have been evaluated as a partial or complete
substitute to diesel fuel. The vegetable oil directly can be used in diesel engine as a fuel,
because their calorific value is almost 90-95 percent of the diesel. The technology of
production, the collection, extraction of vegetable oil from oil seed crop and oil seed bearing
trees is well known and very simple. The development in this respect also provides much
ecological balance. Due to pressure on edible oils like groundnut, rapeseed, musterd and
soyabean etc. non-edible oil of Jatropha curcas and Karanja (Pongamia Pinnata) are
evaluated as diesel fuel extender (Racheman et al., 2003). The oil is extracted from the seeds
and converted into methyl esters by the transesterification process. The methyl ester obtained
from this process is known as bio diesel. Bio diesel is renewable source of energy which can
be produced locally by our farmers by growing oil seed producing plants on their waste
lands, barren land which is eco friendly also. In order to propagate and promote the use of
bio-diesel as an alternate source of energy in rural sector, the bio-diesel was produced from
non-edible oils by using bio-diesel processor and the diesel engine performance for water
lifting was tested on bio-diesel and bio-diesel blended with diesel.
They Conclude that,
y The fuel properties of bio-diesel such as kinematic viscosity and specific gravity were
found within limited of BIS standard.
y Operational efficiency of diesel pump set for various blends of bio-diesel were found
nearer to the expected efficiency of 20 percent.
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y Bio-diesel can be used as an alternate and non-conventional fuel to run all types of C.I.
engines.
N. Stalin et. al. Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology,
Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India, Had reported studies on
³Performance test of IC Engine using Karanja Biodiesel Blending with Diesel´
Biodiesel production is a modern and technological area for researchers due to constant
increase in the prices of petroleum diesel and environmental advantages. This paper presents
a review of the alternative technological methods that could be used to produce this fuel.
Biodiesel from Karanja oil was produced by alkali catalyzed Transesterification process.
Performance of IC engine using Karanja biodiesel blending with diesel and with various
blending ratios has been evaluated. The engine performance studies were conducted with a
Prony brake-diesel engine set up. Parameters like speed of engine, fuel consumption and
torque were measured at different loads for pure diesel and various combinations of dual
fuel. Brake power, brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency were
calculated. The test results indicate that the dual fuel combination of B40 can be used in the
diesel engines without making any engine modifications. Also the cost of dual fuel (B40)
can be considerably reduced than pure diesel.
Biodiesel is the name of a clean burning alternative fuel, produced from domestic,
renewable resources. Biodiesel contains no petroleum, but it can be blended at any level
with petroleum diesel to create a biodiesel blend. It can be used in compression-ignition
(diesel) engines with little or no modifications. Biodiesel is simple to use, biodegradable,
nontoxic, and essentially free of sulfur and aromatics.
Biodiesel is made through a chemical process called transeterification whereby the
glycerin is separated from the fat or vegetable oil. The process leaves behind two products-
methyl esters (the chemical name for biodiesel) and glycerin (a valuable byproduct usually
sold to be used in soaps and other products.
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Biodiesel is better for the environment because it is made from renewable resources and
has lower emission compared to petroleum diesel. The transesterification is achieved with
monohydric alcohols like methanol and ethanol in the presence of an alkali catalyst.
Biodiesel and its blends with petroleum-based diesel fuel can be used in diesel engines
without any significant modifications to the engines. The advantages of biodiesel are that it
displaces petroleum thereby reducing global warming gas emissions, tail pipe particulate
matter, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and other air toxics. Biodiesel improves lubricity
and reduces premature wearing of fuel pumps.
They Conclude that
y For all the fuel samples tested, torque, brake power and brake thermal efficiency
reach maximum values at 70% load.
y The dual fuel combination of B40 can be recommended for use in the diesel
engines without making any engine modifications. Also the cost of dual fuel
(B40) can be considerably reduced than pure diesel.
y The cost of dual fuel (B40) can be considerably reduced than pure diesel.
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CHAPTER 3
ENGINE SETUP DESIGN AND DETAIL
3.1 ENGI
NE SPECIFI
CA
TI
ON-
Description Unit Type
1. Name of the Engine -- Kirloskar oil engine AV1
2. Type of engine -- Vertical,4S, High speed, CI engine
3. No. of cylinders -- 1
4. IS rating at 1500 rpm KW 3.7
5. Cubic capacity -- 0.533
6. Compression ratio -- 16.5 : 1
7. Injection pump & type -- Single cylinder, Flange
mounted without Camshaft
8. Governor type -- Mechanical centrifugal type
9. Lubricating oil specification -- HD type 3 as per IS :496-1982
10. Maximum permissible back Pressure KPa 2.5
11. Method of cooling -- Cooling water
Table No.2