project deliverable - more-nmp · 604068 more d1.1 set of promising resource efficiency indicators...

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Project Deliverable

Project Number: Project Acronym: Project Title:

604068 MORE Real-time Monitoring and Optimization

of Resource Efficiency in Integrated Processing Plants

Instrument: Thematic Priority

COLLABORATIVE PROJECT NMP

Title

D1.1 Set of promising resource efficiency indicators that can be used in daily operations in the process industries for further screening

Due Date: Actual Submission Date:

Month 2 Month 3

Start date of project: Duration:

November 1st , 2013 36 months

Organisation name of lead contractor for this deliverable:

Document version:

VTT V3

Dissemination level ( Project co-funded by the European Commission within the Seventh Framework Programme) PU Public X PP Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission) RE Restricted to a group defined by the consortium (including the Commission)

CO Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission)

604068 MORE D1.1 Set of promising resource efficiency indicators


Abstract

Going for green growth and establishing a resource efficient economy is a major environmental, development and macroeconomic challenge today. Company-specific environmental indicator systems are an important tool in planning, steering and control of environmental strain, performance and costs. Many available indicators make sense on the level of countries or groups of and for long periods of time whereas their application on a plant or site level is questionable. The basic principle should thus be to measure inputs of materials and energy relative to the physical outputs, based on the More from Less – thinking. At the first stage, the ingoing resources should be measured one by one at site level. This can then later be extended to a life cycle analysis by taking into account upstream and downstream effects. The purpose of this report is to introduce and evaluate potential resource specific indicators based on the reviews on international guidance and also introduce sector specific indicators for different industrial sectors.

Keywords : Resource-efficiency indicator, REI, eco-efficiency, resource, energy, development

Disclaimer :

THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITH NO WARRANTIES WHATSOEVER, INCLUDING ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, NONINFRINGEMENT, FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR ANY WARRANTY OTHERWISE ARISING OUT OF ANY PROPOSAL, SPECIFICATION OR SAMPLE. Any liability, including liability for infringement of any proprietary rights, relating to use of information in this document is disclaimed. No license, express or implied, by estoppels or otherwise, to any intellectual property rights are granted herein. The members of the project MORE do not accept any liability for actions or omissions of MORE members or third parties and disclaims any obligation to enforce the use of this document. This document is subject to change without notice.

Authors (organisations) : VTT, TDU, UVA, INEOS in Köln, Petronor, BASF, Lenzing

Reviewed by: INEOS in Köln



Revision History The following table describes the main changes done in the document since it was created.

Revision Date Description Author (Organisation)

V1 02.1.2014 Creation VTT

V2 09.1.2014 Reviewed INEOS in Köln

V3 10.1.2014 Comments received and updated VTT



Table of Content 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 7

2 REVIEW ON RESOURCE EFFICIENCY INDICATORS BASED ON INTERNATIONAL GUIDANCE AND POLICIES . 8

2.1 ISO 14000 series .................................................................................................... 8

2.2 Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) and Organization Environmental Footprint (OEF) Guides ........................................................................................................ 11

2.2.1 Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) Guide ................................................................. 11 2.2.2 Organization Environmental Footprint (OEF) Guide ......................................................... 11

2.3 JRC: Decoupling indicators (Resource efficiency indicators) .................................. 12

2.4 Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe: Assessment of Resource Efficiency indicators ............................................................................................................ 13

2.5 Land Use.............................................................................................................. 16

2.6 Global reporting Initiative (GRI) ........................................................................... 17

2.6.1 Reporting and changes from GRI 3 to GRI 4 generation................................................... 17 2.6.2 Sector guidance of GRI3 and GRI4 .................................................................................... 18 2.6.3 GRI4 indicators for sustainability reporting of organizations ........................................... 18 2.6.4 GRI4 indicators relevant for resource efficiency point of view ........................................ 23

2.7 WBCSD (World Business Council of Sustainable Development) ............................. 24

2.8 OECD indicators – SMM approach and Material Flow indicators ........................... 25

2.8.1 MFA (Material Flow Analyses) .......................................................................................... 26

2.9 EU policies ........................................................................................................... 29

2.9.1 Sustainable Consumption and Production and Sustainable Industry Action Plan ........... 29 2.9.2 Environmental Technologies Action Plan (ETAP) .............................................................. 30 2.9.3 Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC ......................................................................... 30 2.9.4 Water Framework Directive .............................................................................................. 31 2.9.5 Proposal for a Directive amending the WFD and EQSD (COM(2011)876) ....................... 31 2.9.6 European Environmental Agency (EEA) ............................................................................ 31 2.9.6.1 EEA provides indicator sets ............................................................................................... 32

2.9.7 EUROSTAT ......................................................................................................................... 33 2.9.7.1 EUROSTAT statistics provider on Europe .......................................................................... 34

2.9.7.2 EU policy Indicators of EUROSTAT .................................................................................... 34

2.9.8 Best Available Technology reference documents (BREFs)................................................ 34 2.9.8.1 Adopted BREFs .................................................................................................................. 35

2.9.8.2 BREFs relevant for a sector and resource efficiency point of view .................................. 36

2.9.9 Waste Framework Directive ............................................................................................. 36 2.9.9.1 Targets and reporting ....................................................................................................... 36

2.9.10 Lead Market Initiative (LMI) .............................................................................................. 37 2.9.10.1 (LMI) is the European innovation policy ........................................................................... 37



3 FRAMEWORK AND INDICATOR SELECTION CRITERIA FOR REI (TUDO) ..................................... 38

3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 38

3.2 Specification ........................................................................................................ 38

3.3 Evaluation ........................................................................................................... 40

4 SECTOR SPECIFIC REI BASED ON INDUSTRIAL GUIDANCE AND CASES (UVA, BASF PERSONAL CARE

& NUTRITION GMBH, PETRONOR, LENZING, INEOS IN KÖLN) ........................................ 46

4.1 Renewable feedstock (UVA/ BASF PERSONAL CARE & NUTRITION GMBH) ............. 46

4.2 Refinery industry (UVA/Petronor) ........................................................................ 46

4.2.1 Hydrogen network ............................................................................................................ 46 4.2.2 Intensity – Process and Product KPI ................................................................................. 47 4.2.3 Efficiency – Process and Product KPI ................................................................................ 48 4.2.4 Controllability KPI .............................................................................................................. 49

4.3 Cellulose industry (UVA/ Lenzing) ........................................................................ 49

4.4 Petrochemical industry (UVA/INEOS in Köln) ........................................................ 52

4.4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 52 4.4.2 Energy Management KPIs at INEOS in Köln ...................................................................... 52 4.4.3 KPI ideas ............................................................................................................................ 53 4.4.4 Further KPI ideas ............................................................................................................... 54 4.4.5 Graphical clustering of KPIs .............................................................................................. 55

5 EVALUATION OF INDICATORS AND PRELIMINARY SET OR PROMISING REIS ................................ 56

5.1 MFA indicators .................................................................................................... 57

5.2 GRI indicators ...................................................................................................... 58

5.3 ISO 14000 Standards ............................................................................................ 59

5.4 Resource efficiency indicators by the JRC and the Resource Efficiency Roadmap from the Commission ........................................................................................... 60

5.5 Indicators by INEOS in Köln (petrochemical case) ................................................. 62

5.6 Indicators by Petronor (refinery case) .................................................................. 63

5.7 Indicators by UVA (Cellulose industry case) .......................................................... 64

5.8 Indicators by BASF (Renewable feedstock case) ................................................... 64

REFERENCE LIST ....................................................................................................................... 66

ANNEX: GRI4 INDICATOR INFORMATION ....................................................................................... 68


“MORE is supported by the European Commission under the FP7-NMP programme” -

List of Figures Figure 1. Positioning of tools of eco-efficiency (based on WBCSD, 2006). ....................................... 24

Figure 2. RACER radar plot for exemplary REIs .................................................................................. 40

Figure 3. Schematic of an H2 consumer plant with make-up from 2 production lines and from 1 low purity pipeline. ................................................................................................................................... 47

Figure 4. Resource and energy flows in a pulping and papermaking process. .................................. 50

Figure 5. Evaporating process (Lenzing mill). .................................................................................... 51

Figure 6. Generalised illustration of a distillation column. ................................................................ 53

Figure 7. Graphical clustering of KPIs (INEOS in Köln, 2013). ............................................................ 55

List of Tables Table 1. Overview over the suggested basket of indicators. ............................................................. 15

Table 2. Score table for RACER category Relevant. ........................................................................... 41

Table 3. Score table for RACER category Accepted. .......................................................................... 42

Table 4. Score table for RACER category Credible. ............................................................................ 43

Table 5. Score table for RACER category Easy. .................................................................................. 44

Table 6. Score table for RACER category Robust. .............................................................................. 45

Table 7. MFA indicators (OECD) ......................................................................................................... 57

Table 8. GRI indicators relevant for resource efficiency .................................................................... 58



1 Introduction

Going for green growth and establishing a resource efficient economy is a major environmental, development and macroeconomic challenge today. In this context, putting in place policies that ensure sustainable materials management enhancing reduce, reuse and recycle - is crucial (OECD 2008). Sustainable materials management can help both to improve the environment, by reducing the amount of resources as well as diminishing the associated environmental impacts together by improving resource security and competitiveness. Company-specific environmental indicator systems are an important tool in planning, steering and control of environmental strain, performance and costs (Jasch, 2000). Current environmental management systems, such as the EU-EMAS Regulation or the ISO 14001 (the ISO standard on environmental management systems), require an explicit commitment for continuous improvement of environmental performance, but not the use of indicators per se. These are, however, of great importance in the definition of environmental targets and for comprehensive environmental reporting. The Commission recognises that resource productivity only describes the material resource aspects of resource efficiency, and so for now it is a ‘proxy’ indicator. It plans to compensate for these limitations by complementing this lead indicator with a dashboard of macro indicators on water, land and carbon. The indicators should be applicable to different types of industrial sectors and processes and they should compare the situation with a baseline which can be historic data or the best possible situation.

The purpose of this report is to introduce resource specific indicators based on the reviews on international guidance and also introduce sector specific indicators for different industrial sectors. Framework and selection criteria will be discussed followed by the final evaluation and recommendation for suitable indicators/indicator sets.



2 Review on resource efficiency indicators based on international guidance and policies

2.1 ISO 14000 series

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. Technical Committee ISO/TC 207, Environmental management, covers issues related to environmental questions. Some of the standards developed by ISO TC 207 can help organizations to operate in a more resource efficient way. The ISO 14001 environmental management system can be used to give an overall framework to organisation’s resource efficiency management. Some of the other standards in the ISO 14000 series, like 14006 EcoDesign, ISO 14040/44 LCA, ISO 14045 Eco-Efficiency, ISO 14051 MFCA and footprint standards (14067 carbon footprint and 14046 water footprint) can be used as supporting tools in the assessment of resource efficiency of organisations or supply chains. However, none of the standards is developed specifically for measuring or monitoring resource efficiency. The standard ISO 14051 on Material Flow Cost Accounting is the first standard in TC 207 to provide some concrete tools to improve resource efficiency in organizations. MFCA data can be linked to LCI data collected for LCA and footprint calculations and as a consequence both cost and environmental aspects can be considered. Eco-efficiency assessment (ISO 14045) is an assessment of the environmental performance of a product system in relation to its value. The result of the eco-efficiency assessment relates to the product system, not the product per se. A product system includes the production, use, disposal, i.e. the full life cycle. Eco-efficiency is a relative concept and a product system is only more-or-less eco-efficient in relation to another product system.



ISO 14051 MFCA is a management tool that can assist organizations to better understand the potential environmental and financial consequences of their material and energy use practices, and seek opportunities to achieve both environmental and financial improvements via changes in those practices.

Economic Indicator: System Boundary: Data requirements:

Money material cost

Process unit or plant raw materials costs Product / co-product costs material losses

energy cost Process unit or plant input energy cost material loss

water cost Process unit or plant input water cost material loss

system cost Process unit or plant system costs material loss

waste mgmt cost Process unit or plant waste mgmt costs material loss

Total cost Process unit or plant All above

ISO 14040/44

LCA addresses the environmental aspects and potential environmental impacts (e.g. use of resources and environmental consequences of releases) throughout a product's life cycle from raw material acquisition through production, use, end-of life treatment, recycling and final disposal (i.e. cradle-to-grave).

Environmental Indicator: System Boundary: Data requirements:

Mineral resources Mineral resource depletion

cradle to grave All minerals used throughout the life cycle (e.g. aluminium, copper, iron) as tonnes, kg …

fossil fuels Fossil fuel depletion

cradle to grave All fossil fuels used throughout the life cycle (e.g. coal, natural gas, crude oil) as tonnes, kg, MJ, GJ…

air Global warming potential

cradle to grave All GHG-emissions throughout the life cycle (e.g. CO2, N2O, CH4) as tonnes, kg…

water Water depletion cradle to grave m3 water used

(land) (land use change) (ha changed land use)



ISO 14067/69

Carbon footprint quantifies the greenhouse gas emissions and removals in a product system or organization based on LCA using the single impact category of climate change.



cradle to grave All GHG-emissions and removals throughout the life cycle (e.g. CO2, N2O, CH4) as kg, tonnes …

ISO 14045 Eco efficiency relates the environmental performance of a product system (based on LCA) to its product system value.


See environmental indicators in ISO 14040/44 (LCA)


money Market price/ environmental impact

product system Price

Depreciation / environmental impact

product system Trade-in value

Contribution to GDP or contribution to local economy / environmental impact

product system Turnover

Social Employment opportunities / environmental impact

product system Jobs created

ISO 14046 Guidelines and recommendations to calculate Water Footprint. Water Footprint tells about changes in water quality and water availability caused by water use.


Water footprint (non-comprehensive)

water availability cradle to grave volume (e.g m3, litre), kg, local characterization factors


water quality cradle to grave emissions to water e.g. as kg or g, local characterization factors

Water footprint (water profile, comprehensive)

Water availability and water quality

cradle to grave see above



2.2 Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) and Organization Environmental Footprint (OEF) Guides

2.2.1 Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) Guide

The Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) Guide provides a method for modelling the environmental impacts of the flows of material/energy and the emissions and waste streams associated with a product throughout its life cycle. PEF Guide has been developed in the context of one of the building blocks of the Flagship initiative of the Europe 2020 Strategy – “A Resource-Efficient Europe.” The European Commission's “Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe” proposes ways to increase resource productivity and to decouple economic growth from both resource use and environmental impacts, taking a life-cycle perspective. One of its objectives is to: “Establish a common methodological approach to enable Member States and the private sector to assess, display and benchmark the environmental performance of products, services and companies based on a comprehensive assessment of environmental impacts over the life-cycle ('environmental footprint')”. The European Council invited the Commission to develop supporting methodologies. Thus, the Product and Organisation Environmental Footprint (OEF) project was initiated with the aim of developing a harmonised European methodology for Environmental Footprint (EF) studies that can accommodate a broader suite of relevant environmental performance criteria using a life-cycle approach. PEF shares with LCA many important principles such as life cycle perspective, comprehensiveness, functional unit approach, iterative nature etc. and the indicators introduced are practically the same as those currently used in LCA studies. However, some resources are considered in a limited way like mineral and fossil resources.

2.2.2 Organization Environmental Footprint (OEF) Guide

The Organisation Environmental Footprint (OEF) Guide has been developed in the context of one of the building blocks of the Flagship initiative of the Europe 2020 Strategy (see the introduction to PEF above). OEF is a multi-criteria measure of the environmental performance of a goods/services-providing Organisation from a life cycle perspective. OEF studies are produced for the overarching purpose of seeking to reduce the environmental impacts associated with organisational activities, taking into account supply chain activities (from extraction of raw materials, through production and use, to final waste management). OEF Guide provides guidance on how to calculate an OEF, as well as how to create sector-specific methodological requirements for use in Organisation Environmental Footprint Sector Rules (OEFSRs). The indicators used in OEF are the same as those in PEF i.e. the consideration of resources is relatively limited.



PEF/OEF Methods for modelling the environmental impacts of the flows of material/energy and the emissions and waste streams associated with a Product throughout its life cycle, and the environmental performance of a goods/services-providing Organisation from a life cycle perspective.


Mineral and fossil resources

Mineral and fossil resource depletion

cradle to grave kg antimony (Sb) equivalent

water Water depletion cradle to grave m3 water use related to local scarcity of water

air Global warming potential cradle to grave All GHG-emissions throughout the life cycle (e.g. CO2, N2O, CH4)

Land Transformation

Soil Organic Matter (SOM) model

cradle to grave Kg (deficit)

2.3 JRC: Decoupling indicators (Resource efficiency indicators)

Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Environment and Sustainability, has prepared a document related to the development of life cycle based macro-level monitoring indicators on resources, products and wastes for the EU27. It is developed to support life-cycle based environmental policies, namely the Sustainable Consumption and Production Action Plan and its implementing instruments. These indicators aim at allowing the quantification and monitoring of actual progress towards a more sustainable development of the European Union and comprehensively capturing all relevant environmental impacts in a life-cycle perspective, taking into account imported and exported impacts via traded goods (i.e. the shifting of burdens abroad). The indicators need to be coherent to micro-level measures, such as for example Ecodesign and Green Public Procurement so that policy measures taken in view of these macro-level indicators are effectively translated to concrete measures on micro-level. Macro-level monitoring indicators are required at least in the following policy areas:

Sustainable use of natural resources without environmental burden shifting in a globalised economy as stressed in the Thematic Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources (COM(2005) 670).

Goods and services (products) and their environmental impacts within and outside European Union over their entire life cycle as emphasized in Integrated Product Policy Communication (COM(2003) 302).

End-of-life of products as a leverage for a higher material and energy resource efficiency and reduced environmental pressure of waste management as addressed in the Thematic Strategy on the Prevention and Recycling of Waste (COM(2005) 666).

The framework, methodology, data basis and updating procedure of three indicators were developed: decoupling indicators (resource efficiency indicators), basket-of-product indicators and waste management indicators. The Decoupling Indicators have an economic component (e.g. GDP) and an environmental impact component (resource impact). Resources cover material, energy and land resources as well as air, water and soil as sink for emissions. Moreover, shifting of impacts abroad via traded goods is integrated, i.e. resource extraction and emissions occurring abroad, driven by European demand for imported goods is included. The document proposes three types of resource efficiency indicators:



eco-efficiency indicators (monitor decoupling of the overall environmental impact associated with apparent consumption and related use of natural resources from economic growth)

resource productivity indicators (measures progress in productivity in the use of natural resources)

resource specific impacts indicators (evaluates how negative environmental impacts may (or may not) decouple from resource use).

JRC Resource Efficiency Indicators developed by JRC to support life-cycle based environmental policies. Indicators aim at quantification and monitoring of actual progress comprehensively capturing all relevant environmental impacts in a life-cycle perspective.

Eco-efficiency Indicator: System Boundary: Data requirements:

economic activity / impact category

e.g. GDP/GWP cradle to grave GDP and LCIA result of the impact category (GWP)

economic activity / overall impact

e.g. GDP/overall impact

cradle to grave GDP and Overall weighted LCIA result


overall impact / resource

e.g.

fossil fuel GWP / fossil fuel use cradle to grave LCI results of fossil fuel use and LCIA result of GWP

Acidification / fossil fuel use

cradle to grave LCI results of fossil fuel use and LCIA result of Acidification

etc.

water Acidification / water use cradle to grave LCI results of water use and LCIA result of acidification

etc.

land use

etc.


resource productivity

e.g.

GDP/crude oil consumption cradle to grave GDP and LCI results of crude oil consumption

GDP/CO2 emissions cradle to grave GDP and LCI results of CO2 emissions

etc.

2.4 Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe: Assessment of Resource Efficiency indicators

The Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe builds upon and complements the other initiatives under the flagship on "A Resource Efficient Europe" (COM(2011) 21) in particular the policy achievements towards a low carbon economy, and takes into account progress made on the 2005 Thematic Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources (COM(2005) 670). The Roadmap sets the milestones, which illustrate



what will be needed to put us on a path to resource efficient and sustainable growth and is the route to the vision: By 2050 the EU's economy has grown in a way that respects resource constraints and planetary boundaries, thus contributing to global economic transformation. Our economy is competitive, inclusive and provides a high standard of living with much lower environmental impacts. All resources are sustainably managed, from raw materials to energy, water, air, land and soil. Climate change milestones have been reached, while biodiversity and the ecosystem services it underpins have been protected, valued and substantially restored. In order to launch this process, three levels of indicators are provisionally formulated (COM (2011) 571):

A provisional lead indicator - "Resource Productivity" - to measure the principal objective of this Roadmap, of improving economic performance while reducing pressure on natural resources

A series of complementary indicators on key natural resources land, water and carbon.

Theme specific indicators to measure progress towards specific key thematic objectives and the actions and milestones set out in the Roadmap.

The Commission proposed 'resource productivity' GDP/Domestic Material Consumption (DMC) as a provisional lead indicator. However, the latest considerations discuss Raw Material Consumption (RMC) as another option. The decision is still pending. Furthermore, the proposed Water exploitation index indicator has limitations; e.g. it aggregates different water resources, it does not take into account the nature of the water use after abstraction, the commonly used threshold values are under discussion. The Commission is exploring alternatives, which are however not yet fully available. The proposed thematic indicators include Total waste generation, Municipal waste, Recycling rate (of municipal waste), Landfill rate (of municipal waste), Eco-innovation index (Eco-innovation Observatory 2011), Environmental taxes, Concentrations of particulate matters EEA, EU population in areas with PM concentrations exceeding, Soil erosion by water JRC 2012, Gross nutrient balance (nitrogen and phosphorus) and Fish catches from stocks outside the safe biological limits (ICES). The following Table 1 provides an overview over the suggested basket of indicators.



Table 1. Overview over the suggested basket of indicators.

Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe

Proposed pathway by the Commission to action for a resource efficient Europe and analysis on corresponding resource efficiency indicators.


water Water exploitation index (WEI, %)

Production / territory perspective

restrictions on completeness of data and regional / temporal resolution (river basin / intra-annual variations)

water Water footprint – to be updated and improved or Embodied water – to be developed

Consumption / global supply chain perspective

air GHG emissions Production / territory perspective

GHG emissions

air Carbon footprint


GHG emissions (and removals, if you follow ISO) throughout the life cycle

land use Artificial land or built-up area (km²)


Artificial land or built-up area (km²)



land use Indirect land use / embodied land for agricultural and forestry products (km²) – to be developed



Resource productivity

GDP/DMC (€/ton) cradle-to-gate Gross Domestic Product (GDP), € Total amount of materials directly used by an economy, ton (annual quantity of raw materials extracted from the domestic territory, plus all physical imports minus all physical exports)

2.5 Land Use

Inclusion of land use-related environmental aspects into LCA methodology has been under active development in recent years. Although many indicators have been developed and proposed for different aspects of land use (climate change, biodiversity, resource depletion and soil quality), they are not yet part of LCA practises. Helin et al. tested land use indicators in LCA applications and concluded that even though the indicators are applicable in LCA the interpretation of indicator results is complicated due to the limited understanding of the environmental impact pathways of land use. The majority of the land use impacts occurred in the cultivation phase, but significant impacts were also found far down the supply chain. However, the lack of reliable, regional characterization factors limits the usability of the land use indicators and the reliability of the LCIA results, especially of the SOC indicator. None of the tested indicators describes the full range of environmental impacts caused by land use. It is recommended to present land occupation and transformation LCI results, the ecological footprint and at least one of the biodiversity indicators.

Land Use Scientific literature introduces a number of different land use indicators

Indicator: System Boundary: Data requirements:

Direct ecological footprint = Land use footprint (LUF)

cradle to grave Land area requirement by land use type (e.g. agriculture, mining, urban)

Human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP)

cradle to grave Land area requirement by land use type (e.g. agriculture, mining, urban)

Biotic production potential (BPP) cradle to grave Land area requirement and land use change by land use type (e.g. agriculture, mining, urban)

Freshwater regulation potential (FWRP) cradle to grave Land area requirement and land use change by land use type (e.g. agriculture, mining, urban)

Erosion resistance potential (ERP) cradle to grave Land area requirement and land use change by land use type (e.g. agriculture, mining, urban)



Water purification potential by physiochemical filtration (WPP-PCF) and by mechanical filtration (WPP-MF)

cradle to grave Land area requirement and land use change by land use type (e.g. agriculture, mining, urban)

Global warming potential via impacts on terrestrial C cycle with 100 year timeframe (GWP(bio)-100)

field to use Land area requirement by land use type (i.e. agriculture or forestry)

Climate regulation potential (CRP) indicator

cradle to grave Land area requirement and land use change by land use type (e.g. agriculture, mining, urban)

Biodiversity damage potential (BDP) cradle to grave Land area requirement and land use change by land use type (e.g. agriculture, mining, urban)

2.6 Global reporting Initiative (GRI)

The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) is for sustainability reporting of all kind of organizations. GRI produces a comprehensive Sustainability Reporting Framework (called the Framework) that is widely used around the world. Aim is to enable greater organizational transparency. The Framework of GRI, including the Sustainability Reporting Guidelines (called the Guidelines), sets out the Principles and Standard Disclosures organizations can use to report their economic, environmental, and social performance and impacts. Thus, GRI is covering all the aspects of sustainability. GRI is committed to continuously improving and increasing the use of the Framework, which is freely available to the public. The Framework consists of the Guidelines and sector guidance. Please, see more from the web pages: www.globalreporting.org

2.6.1 Reporting and changes from GRI 3 to GRI 4 generation

Currently, for a company, there are available two generations of GRI: GRI3.0/3.1 and GRI4. G4 is GRI’s fourth generation of Sustainability Reporting Guidelines. New generations of Guidelines are part of GRI’s commitment to the continuous development of its Framework. The transition time in use of GRI 3.0/3.1 is until the end of year 2015. Reports published after 31 December 2015 shoul d be prepared ‘in accordance’ with the G4 Guidelines. [G4 FAQ]

Overview of changes in standard disclosures from G3/3.1 to G4 Guidelines can be found [Overview tables G3 vs G4] and [Overview G3.1 vs. G4]. The changes in G4 compared to G3/3.1 includes such as [G4 FAQ, , Niskala presentation 102013]:

Recognition of essential corporate responsibility issues and determination of Aspect boundary are more specified.

Application levels A/B/C are removed. The reports of organizations, which are ‘in accordance’ with GRI4 can be either core or comprehensive level. The focus of both options is on the process of identifying material Aspects. Material Aspects are those that reflect the organization’s significant economic, environmental and social impacts; or substantively influence the assessments and decisions of stakeholders. The Core and Comprehensive options reflect the idea that it is more important to demonstrate what is material than to prove that you have reported on a certain number of indicators.

The administration part is updated. There are new elements concerning the role of the executive board of an organization/ a corporate as well as rewarding. Also, new part is added concerning business ethics and integrity. Disclosures on Management Approach (DMA) are clarified.

Supply chain related information, parameters and indicators are added. Several indicators are clarified and updated to meet present conditions in global world (e.g. GHG reporting).

https://www.globalreporting.org/reporting/reporting-framework-overview/Pages/default.aspx

https://www.globalreporting.org/reporting/G3andG3-1/Pages/default.aspx

https://www.globalreporting.org/reporting/g4/Pages/default.aspx

https://www.globalreporting.org/resourcelibrary/G4-FAQ.pdf

https://www.globalreporting.org/resourcelibrary/GRI-G4-Overview-Tables-G3-vs-G4.pdf

https://www.globalreporting.org/resourcelibrary/GRI-G4-Overview-Tables-G3-vs-G4.pdf

https://www.globalreporting.org/resourcelibrary/GRI-G4-Overview-Tables-G3.1-vs-G4.pdf

https://www.globalreporting.org/resourcelibrary/G4-FAQ.pdf



2.6.2 Sector guidance of GRI3 and GRI4

Industry and business sectors face unique sustainability issues that should be included in sustainability reports. These issues may not be covered in the Reporting Guidelines. Examples of the issues covered in Sector Guidance include noise measurement for airports, the resettlement of people for mining and metals companies, animal welfare for the food processing industry, and program effectiveness for non-governmental organizations. The decision to develop Sector Guidance is based on three main factors:

The need for sector-specific content in reporting

The potential to improve the sustainability performance of organizations in a sector

The potential for increasing the number and quality of reports in a sector

GR3.0/3.1 Sector Supplements are available for the following sectors:

Airport Operators Food Processing

Construction and Real Estate Media

Electric Utilities Mining and Metals

Event Organizers NGO

Financial Services Oil and Gas

GRI4 has made sector disclosures for the following sectors available:

Financial Services Mining and Metals

2.6.3 GRI4 indicators for sustainability reporting of organizations

The GRI covers thorough and publicly available guidelines and documents on its web pages . In this chapter the main sources have been two documents of GRI4: Reporting Principles and Standard Disclosures AND Implementation Manual

The Guidelines organize Specific Standard Disclosures into three Categories:

Economic ( with abbreviation EC in indicator code name)

Environmental ( with abbreviation EN in indicator code name) and

Social, which is further divided into four sub-Categories. They are Labor Practices and Decent Work, Human Rights, Society and Product Responsibility (with abbreviations LA, HR, SO and PR in indicator code name)

The GRI Aspects are set out within each Category. Aspects of Economic Category are:

Economic Performance Indirect Economic Impacts

Market Presence Procurement Practices

https://www.globalreporting.org/reporting/sector-guidance/Pages/default.aspx

https://www.globalreporting.org/reporting/sector-guidance/sector-guidance/Pages/default.aspx

https://www.globalreporting.org/reporting/sector-guidance/sectorguidanceG4/Pages/default.aspx

https://www.globalreporting.org/resourcelibrary/GRIG4-Part1-Reporting-Principles-and-Standard-Disclosures.pdf


https://www.globalreporting.org/resourcelibrary/GRIG4-Part2-Implementation-Manual.pdf



Aspects of Environmental Category are:

Materials Products and Services

Energy Compliance

Water Transport

Biodiversity Overall

Emissions Supplier Environmental Assessment

Effluents and Waste Environmental Grievance Mechanisms

Aspects of Social Category are according sub categories:

Labor Practices

and Decent Work

Human Rights Society Product

Responsibility

Employment

Labor/Management Relations

Occupational Health and Safety

Training and Education

Diversity and Equal Opportunity

Equal Remuneration for Women and Men

Supplier Assessment for Labor Practices

Labor Practices Grievance Mechanisms

Investment

Non-discrimination

Freedom of Association and Collective Bargaining

Child Labor

Forced or Compulsory Labor

Security Practices

Indigenous Rights

Assessment

Supplier

Human Rights Assessment

Human Rights Grievance Mechanisms

Local Communities

Anti-corruption

Public Policy

Anti-competitive Behavior

Compliance

Supplier Assessment for Impacts on Society

Grievance Mechanisms for Impacts on Society

Customer Health and Safety

Product and Service Labeling

Marketing Communications

Customer Privacy

Compliance

The organization’s sustainability report presents information relating to material Aspects, that is, those Aspects for which impacts are identified as material by the organization. Material Aspects are those that reflect the organization’s significant economic, environmental and social impacts; or that substantively influence the assessments and decisions of stakeholders. The Reporting Principles for Defining Report Content have been designed to assist organizations in identifying material Aspects and their Boundaries and to indicate where their impacts may be identified as material.

GRI4 indicators and related Guidance are provided for each Aspect, as presented in above Categories. Indicators have code names such as G4-EN2, which is the second indicator called PERCENTAGE OF MATERIALS USED THAT ARE RECYCLED INPUT MATERIALS of Environmental Category (EN). There is for example on total 34 indicators in the Environmental Category. The number indicates indicators inside one category or sub-category.

In the following is presented GRI4 indicators against the selection criteria that the indicators have to be related to resource efficiency and must reflect changes in performance. Thus, they should be relevant for a company in operational level of its products as well as widely understandable, or even usable on sectorial level. The approach of GRI4 is through Organization point of view. GRI4 presents



the linkages, if applicable to OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and/or United Nations Global Compact ‘Ten Principles’. More GRI indicator examples are presented on Annex 1

GRI 4 GRI4 is for sustainability reporting of all kind of organizations. Below is presented indicators relevant for resource efficiency.

Main web source: GRI4 Reporting Principles and Standard Disclosures AND

GRI4 Implementation Manual

Environmental Indicator: System Boundary:

Data requirements:

G4-EN1

MATERIALS USED BY WEIGHT OR VOLUME

Organization total weight or volume of materials that are used to produce and package the organization’s primary products and services during the reporting period, by: Non-renewable materials used and Renewable materials used

G4-EN2

PERCENTAGE OF MATERIALS USED THAT ARE RECYCLED INPUT MATERIALS

Organization Percentage of recycled input materials used to manufacture the organization’s primary products and services.

G4-EN3

ENERGY CONSUMPTION WITHIN THE ORGANIZATION

Organization total fuel consumption from non-renewable sources in joules or multiples, including fuel types used.

total fuel consumption from renewable fuel sources in joules or multiples, including fuel types used.

in joules, watt-hours or multiples, the total consumption of Electricity, Heating, Cooling, Steam etc.

in joules, watt-hours or multiples, the total sold Electricity, -Heating, -Cooling, -Steam

total energy consumption in joules or multiples.

Report standards, methodologies, and assumptions used.

source of the conversion factors used.

G4-EN4

ENERGY CONSUMPTION OUTSIDE OF THE ORGANIZATION

Organization Energy consumed outside of the organization, in joules or multiples. Etc.

G4-EN5 ENERGY INTENSITY Organization Report the energy intensity ratio, the types of energy included etc.

G4-EN6

REDUCTION OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION

Organization The amount of reductions in energy consumption achieved as a direct result of conservation and efficiency initiatives, in joules or multiples, the types of energy included Etc.

G4-EN7

REDUCTIONS IN ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF PRODUCTS AND

Organization the reductions in the energy requirements of sold products and services achieved during the reporting period, in joules or multiples, the basis for calculating reductions in energy





SERVICES consumption such as base year or baseline etc.

G4-EN8

TOTAL WATER WITHDRAWAL BY SOURCE

Organization the total volume of water withdrawn from the following sources: Surface water, including water from wetlands, rivers, lakes, and oceans, Ground water Rainwater collected directly and stored by the organization, Waste water from another organization, Municipal water supplies or other water utilities, standards, methodologies, and assumptions used. Etc,

G4-EN9

WATER SOURCES SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTED BY WITHDRAWAL OF WATER

Organization the total number of water sources significantly affected by withdrawal by type: Size of water source, Whether or not the source is designated as a protected area (nationally or internationally), Biodiversity value (such as species diversity and endemism, total number of protected species), Value or importance of water source to local communities and indigenous peoples, methodologies, and assumptions etc used.

G4-EN10

PERCENTAGE AND TOTAL VOLUME OF WATER RECYCLED AND REUSED

Organization the total volume of water recycled and reused by the organization, the total volume of water recycled and reused as a percentage of the total water withdrawal reported under Indicator G4-EN8. etc.

G4-EN11

OPERATIONAL SITES OWNED, LEASED, MANAGED IN, OR ADJACENT TO, PROTECTED AREAS AND AREAS OF HIGH BIODIVERSITY VALUE OUTSIDE PROTECTED AREAS

Organization Issues such as Geographic location, Subsurface and underground land, Position in relation to the protected area, Type and size of operation, Biodiversity value

G4-EN12

DESCRIPTION OF SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS OF ACTIVITIES, PRODUCTS, AND SERVICES ON BIODIVERSITY IN PROTECTED AREAS AND AREAS OF HIGH BIODIVERSITY VALUE OUTSIDE PROTECTED AREAS

Organization Report the nature of significant direct and indirect impacts on biodiversity with reference, Report significant direct and indirect positive and negative impacts

G4-EN15

DIRECT GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) EMISSIONS (SCOPE 1)

Organization Report gross direct (Scope 1) GHG emissions in metric tons of CO2 equivalent, independent of any GHG trades, such as purchases, sales, or transfers of offsets or allowances. Report gases included in the calculation (whether CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6, NF3, or all). Report biogenic CO2 emissions in metric tons of CO2 equivalent separately from the gross direct (Scope 1) GHG emissions, the chosen base



year, methods etc.

G4-EN16

ENERGY INDIRECT GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) EMISSIONS (SCOPE 2)

Cradle to grave

Report gross energy indirect (Scope 2) GHG emissions in metric tons of CO2 equivalent, independent of any GHG trades, such as purchases, sales, or transfers of offsets or allowances, Report gases included in the calculation, if available, the chosen base year, etc.

G4-EN17

OTHER INDIRECT GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) EMISSIONS (SCOPE 3)

Cradle to grave

Report gross other indirect (Scope 3) GHG emissions in metric tons of CO2 equivalent, excluding indirect emissions from the generation of purchased or acquired electricity, heating, cooling, and steam consumed by the organization (these indirect emissions are reported in Indicator G4-EN16). Exclude any GHG trades, such as purchases, sales, or transfers of offsets or allowances, Report gases included in the calculation, if available, Report biogenic CO2 emissions in metric tons of CO2 equivalent separately from the gross other indirect (Scope 3) GHG emissions, Report other indirect (Scope 3) emissions categories and activities included in the calculation, the chosen base year, etc.

G4-EN19

REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) EMISSIONS

Organization Report the amount of GHG emissions reductions achieved as a direct result of initiatives to reduce emissions, in metric tons of CO2 equivalent. Report gases included in the calculation (whether CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6, NF3, or all).

G4-EN22

TOTAL WATER DISCHARGE BY QUALITY AND DESTINATION

Organization Report the total volume of planned and unplanned water discharges by: Destination, Quality of the water including treatment method, Whether it was reused by another organization

G4-EN23

TOTAL WEIGHT OF WASTE BY TYPE AND DISPOSAL METHOD

Organization Report the total weight of hazardous and non-hazardous waste, by the following disposal methods: Reuse, Recycling, Composting, Recovery, including energy recovery, Incineration (mass burn), Deep well injection, Landfill, On-site storage, Other etc.

G4-EN24

TOTAL NUMBER AND VOLUME OF SIGNIFICANT SPILLS

Organization Report the total number and total volume of recorded significant spills., For spills that were reported in the organization’s financial statements, report the additional following

information for each such spill:

Location and Volume of spill, Material of spill, categorized by:

–Oil spills, Fuel spills, Spills of waste, Spills of chemicals (mostly soil or water surfaces), Other etc.

G4-EN25

WEIGHT OF TRANSPORTED, IMPORTED, EXPORTED,

Organization Report the total weight for each of the following:

Hazardous waste transported



OR TREATED WASTE DEEMED HAZARDOUS UNDER THE TERMS OF THE BASEL CONVENTION2 AND PERCENTAGE OF TRANSPORTED WASTE SHIPPED INTERNATIONALLY

Hazardous waste imported

Hazardous waste exported

Hazardous waste treated

G4-EN30

SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TRANSPORTING PRODUCTS AND OTHER GOODS AND MATERIALS FOR THE ORGANIZATION’S OPERATIONS, AND TRANSPORTING MEMBERS OF THE WORKFORCE

Organization Significant environmental impacts of transporting products and other goods and materials for the organization’s operations, and transporting members of the workforce. Where quantitative data is not provided, report the reason, how the environmental impacts above are mitigated. Etc.

Social Indicator: System Boundary:

Data requirements:

G4-LA1

TOTAL NUMBER AND RATES OF NEW EMPLOYEE HIRES AND EMPLOYEE TURNOVER BY AGE GROUP, GENDER AND REGION

Organization total number and rate of new employee hires during the reporting period, by age group, gender and region, the total number and rate of employee turnover during the reporting period as above.

2.6.4 GRI4 indicators relevant for resource efficiency point of view

The following includes the resource criteria specific GRI4 indicators that have to be related to resource efficiency and must reflect changes in performance:

Environmental Aspect Indicator

G4-EN1

G4-EN2

Material



G4-EN3

G4-EN4

G4-EN5

G4-EN6

G4-EN7

Energy



ENERGY INTENSITY


REDUCTIONS IN ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

G4-EN8

G4-EN9


WATER SOURCES SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTED BY WITHDRAWAL OF



G4-EN10

Water WATER


G4-EN19

G4-EN15

G4-EN16

G4-EN17

Emissions

REDUCTION OF GHG- EMISSIONS

DIRECT GHG -EMISSIONS (SCOPE 1)

ENERGY INDIRECT GHG- EMISSIONS (SCOPE 2)

OTHER INDIRECT GHG -EMISSIONS (SCOPE 3)

G4-EN22

G4-EN23

G4-EN24

Effluents

And waste




2.7 WBCSD (World Business Council of Sustainable Development)

The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) has developed a common framework for eco-efficiency indicators, with terminology consistent with the ISO 14000 series and the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). They define three levels of organization for eco-efficiency information – categories, aspects and indicators.

Figure 1. Positioning of tools of eco-efficiency (based on WBCSD, 2006).

The WBCSD indicator set(s) aims at improving the eco-efficiency communication of the existing and new innovations for the industry and policy makers. Efficient dissemination is especially important for SMEs since they have limited resources for gathering knowledge on eco-efficiency indicators. According to WBCSD the companies should:

Understand the full life cycle of their products.

Establish eco-efficiency as a prominent target and evaluation screen in the innovation process.

Test the key technologies and markets against changing trends in societal acceptance.

Industrial Ecology

Environmental Supply Chain Management

Pro

duct

/tech

nolo

gy/s

ubst

ance

Faci

lity/O

rganiz

ation

Industry Government/civil society

Ecologicalfootprint

Reporting

Product Stewardship Life Cycle

Management

Design for environment/eco-design Life Cycle

Assessment

PollutionPrevention

EnvironmentalManagement Systems

Eco-efficiencyAnalysis

Risk Assessment

GreenProcurement

Eco-labeling

IntegratedProduct Policy

Extended Producer Responsibility

Precautionaryprinciple

Environmental Impact Assessment

Others

Eco-effectiveness

Factor 4/10



Set eco-efficiency measurements and targets for their current operations and products.

Develop a communication concept including dialogues, partnerships with stakeholders, and others.

Evaluate which business lines would benefit from planned resource-based economic instruments.

A good indicator should be relevant and meaningful with respect to environment, health and welfare. It should inform decision making and recognize the inherent diversity of business. The indicator should support benchmarking and monitoring over time and cover both multiply broad area of environmental influence or business value (e.g. environmental influence in creation of product) and also give general information related to e.g. material consumption or waste output. According to WBCSD, eco-efficiency is not limited simply to making incremental efficiency improvements in existing practices and habits. It should stimulate creativity and innovation in the search for new ways of doing things. Nor is eco-efficiency limited to areas within a company’s boundaries, such as in manufacturing and plant management. It is also valid for activities upstream and downstream of a manufacturer’s plant and involves the supply and product value chains. WBCSD indicators can be regarded to general to use as REI indicators that follow the process on-line. In addition, WBCSD indicators are developed for eco-efficiency in general, not for specific resources although they can apply as such. WBCSD separates the indicator set into input and output indicators that can be clearly defined, measurable, transparent and verifiable.

WBCSD General principles for WBCSD Eco-Efficiency indicators


Water use Organisation kg, tonnes, volume

Energy use Organisation MWh, GJ (kWh, MJ)

Material use Organisation kg, tonnes

Chemical use Organisation ug, g, kg

Waste production

Organisation kg, tonnes


Production Organization tonnes, value

Value added Organisation monetary value

Social Indicator: System Boundary: Data requirements:

environmental

health

Organisation toxicity emissions

2.8 OECD indicators – SMM approach and Material Flow indicators

Sustainable Materials Management (SMM) is increasingly recognised as a policy approach that can make a key contribution to green growth and the challenges that are posed by sustained global economic and demographic growth. One of the key challenges of the SMM approach is to effectively address the environmental impacts that can occur along the life-cycle of materials, which frequently extends across

borders and involves a multitude of different economic actors. The policy principles of SMM are the



preservation of natural capital, the life-cycle perspective, the use of the full range of policy instruments and multi-stakeholder approach. The transition to SMM will also require a new approach to doing business that integrates life cycle thinking in the way that enterprises operate. New business models need to be developed that focus on the establishment of green supply chains, on finding low impact substitutes for high-impact materials, goods and services, as well as on redesigning material and value cycles in more sustainable ways. Industrial entrepreneurs ought to become life cycle managers, who assess the impacts of materials usage and seek to minimise these impacts.

OECD key environmental indicators (2008) are part of the OECD core indicator set. They have been selected according their policy relevance with respect to major challenges, including pollution and natural resources issues for the first decade of the 21 century, their analytical soundness and their measurability. Resource efficiency and resource productivity have been defined as follows by OECD in its publication “Measuring Material Flows and Resource Productivity, Volume I, The OECD Guide”, OECD 2008: Resource efficiency: There is no commonly agreed upon definition of resource efficiency. It is understood to refer to the economic efficiency and the environmental effectiveness with which an economy or a production process is using natural resources. It is also understood to contain both a quantitative dimension (e.g. the quantity of output produced with a given input of natural resources) and a qualitative dimension (e.g. the environmental impacts per unit of output produced with a given natural resource input). Resource Productivity: Resource productivity refers to the effectiveness with which an economy or a production process is using natural resources. It can be defined with respect to:

the economic-physical efficiency, i.e. the money value added of outputs per mass unit of resource inputs used. This is also the focus when the aim is to decouple value added and resource consumption.

the physical or technical efficiency, i.e. the amount of resources input required to produce a unit of output, both expressed in physical terms (e.g. iron ore inputs for crude steel production or raw material inputs for the production of a computer, a car, batteries). The focus is on maximising the output with a given set of inputs and a given technology or on minimising the inputs for a given output.

the economic efficiency, i.e. the money value of outputs relative to the money value of inputs. The focus is on minimising resource input costs.

A case study identifying opportunities for sustainable materials management of wood fibres (i.e., pulp and paper products) has been carried out by OECD, as this is one of the sectors that have substantial opportunities to reduce energy use, greenhouse gas emissions and water use throughout the fibre product life-cycle.

2.8.1 MFA (Material Flow Analyses)

Material Flow Analysis (MFA) is the study of physical flows of materials into, through and out of a given system (usually the economy). It is generally based on methodically organised accounts in physical units. It uses the principle of mass balancing to analyse the relationships between material flows (including energy), human activities (including economic and trade developments) and environmental changes. Material flows can be analysed at various scales and with different instruments, depending on the issue of concern and the purpose of the study. The term MFA therefore designates a family of tools encompassing a variety of analytical approaches and measurement tools, including accounts and indicators



OECD MFA (Material Flow Analysis) indicators


materials Domestic extraction used (DEU)

value chain the flows of materials that originate from the environment and that physically enter the economic system for further processing or direct consumption (they are "used" by the economy).

materials Total Material Consumption (TMC)

value chain TMC measures the total material use associated with domestic production and consumption activities, including indirect flows imported (see TMR) but less exports and associated indirect flows of exports.

materials/emissions Total Domestic Output (TDO)

value chain TDO represents the environmental burden of materials use, i.e. the total quantity of material outputs to the environment caused by economic activity.

materials/waste Domestic Processed Output (DPO)

value chain DPO represents the waste and pollution from materials use. DPO measures the total weight of materials extracted from the domestic environment or imported, which after use in the economy flow back to the environment. These flows occur at the processing, manufacturing, use, and final disposal stages of the production-consumption chain. Included are emissions to air, industrial and household wastes deposited in landfills, material loads in wastewater and materials dispersed into the environment as a result of product use (dissipative flows).


materials Total Material Requirement (TMR)

value chain TMR includes, in addition to TMI, the (indirect) material flows that are associated to imports but that take place in other countries. It measures the total ‘material base’ of an economy. Adding indirect flows converts imports into their ‘primary resource extraction equivalent’.




value chain the flows of materials that originate from the environment and that physically enter the economic system for further processing or direct consumption (they are "used" by the economy).

materials/value Direct Material Input (DMI)

value chain It measures the direct input of materials for use into the economy, i.e. all materials that are of economic value and are used in production and consumption activities.

materials Domestic Material Consumption (DMC)

value chain DMC measures the total amount of material directly used in an economy (i.e. the direct apparent consumption of materials, excluding indirect flows). DMC is defined in the same way as other key physical indictors such as gross inland energy consumption.

value Physical Trade Balance (PTB)

value chain The PTB reflects the physical trade surplus or deficit of an economy. It is defined as imports minus exports (excluding or including their hidden flows).

materials/value Net Additions to Stock (NAS)

NAS reflect the physical growth of the economy, i.e. the net expansion of the stock of materials in buildings, infrastructures and durable goods. NAS may be calculated indirectly as the balancing item between the flow of materials entering the economy minus those leaving it, taking into account the appropriate items for balancing. NAS may also be calculated directly as gross additions to material stocks, minus removals (such as construction and demolition wastes and disposed durable goods, excluding materials recycled).

GDP per DMI Direct materials productivity

GDP per DMC Domestic materials productivity

GDP per TMR Total material productivity

Social Indicator: System Boundary: Data requirements:

It is also possible to define resource productivity indicators that can be used in parallel with those describing labour or capital productivity. For instance, total material productivity (GDP/TMR) is defined as the ratio between gross value added and the total material requirements of a country.



MFA can be carried out on macro, meso and micro level. According to OECD (2008) Micro-level MFA provides

detailed information for specific decision processes at business (company, firm, plant) or local level (city, municipality, ecosystem, habitat, river basin) or concerning specific substances or individual products Micro-level MFA will supports the implementation of policies and decision in areas such as product policies, energy efficiency, integrated waste management and sustainable materials management. Particularly useful at micro-level are substance flow accounts and analyses (SFA) that quantify the pathways of specific chemical substances or compounds (e.g. chlorine, mercury, nitrates) within a given system. SFA provides information that supports the management and control of hazardous substances that threaten human health or ecosystems. Another micro-level application is a Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) as a standard step in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), which is a widespread tool in product-related environmental policies. LCA allows the analysis of the problems related to a particular product, comparing improvement variants of a given product, designing new products, and choosing between several comparable products. In the LCI phase all material and energy flows related to the life cycle of a product are systematically taken into account. LCA can also be applied to the macro-level by using a bottom-up approach.

2.9 EU policies

2.9.1 Sustainable Consumption and Production and Sustainable Industry Action Plan

The Action Plan for Sustainable Consumption and Production and Sustainable Industry presents the strategy of the Commission to support an integrated approach in the EU, and internationally, to further sustainable consumption and production and promote its sustainable industrial policy. This strategy complements existing policies on energy use, notably the energy and climate package adopted by the Commission in January 2008. The core of the Action Plan is a dynamic framework to improve the energy and environmental performance of products and foster their uptake by consumers. This includes setting ambitious standards throughout the Internal Market, ensuring that products are improved using a systematic approach to incentives and procurement, and reinforcing. The Action Plan comprises actions to promote the eco design of energy-using products, to set minimum requirements for products with significant environmental impacts and to provide markets with information on best performing products. Also product labelling will be enhanced and a range of other actions will be carried out to undertake smarter consumption and raise the consumers’ knowledge. Resource-efficiency has been recognized as a tool to stabilise the resource use in the growing EU economy by improving efficiency in production and services. Further tools will be developed to monitor, benchmark and promote resource efficiency, taking into account a life-cycle perspective and including trade. Detailed material-based analysis and targets will be addressed at a later stage, based on environmental significance and on access to natural resources. The Action Plan and EMAS regulation: Aim of the Action Plan is to enhance the environmental potential of industry by revising the EMAS Regulation. EMAS operates as a voluntary eco-management and audit scheme and helps companies to optimise their production processes, reducing environmental impacts and making more effective use of resources. In order to fully tap its potential for improving resource efficiency of production processes, the scheme will be significantly revised to increase the participation of companies, and reduce the administrative burden and costs to SMEs. In spite of the special emphasis on resource efficiency and EMAS regulation, the aims of the Action Plan are in general policy level with no specific tools for REI indicators.



2.9.2 Environmental Technologies Action Plan (ETAP)

The EU Environmental Technology Action Plan (ETAP), which was adopted by the European Commission in January 2004, covers a spectrum of actions to promote eco-innovation and the take-up of environmental technologies. It includes priority actions along several lines including:

promoting research and development,

mobilising funds,

helping to drive demand and improving market conditions.

ETAP gives a framework to specify environmental technologies and their development in national level. Case ETAP Roadmap for Ireland serves as an example of this. The objective of the Irish Roadmap is to provide a high level perspective on existing eco-innovation activities in Ireland and to outline future opportunities. It is intended to act as a focal point for stakeholders and interested parties and to provide opportunities for better co-ordination and mutual assistance. With a view to improved competitiveness and economic efficiencies, priority will be given to identifying those projects that have the best potential to make the journey from the research and development stage to the market place and ultimate application. Specific challenges were identified such as:

Eutrophication of surface waters,

Meeting our international commitments on air emissions,

Better management of waste.

2.9.3 Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC

The control of European energy consumption and the increased use of energy from renewable sources, together with energy savings and increased energy efficiency, constitute important parts of the package of measures needed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and comply with the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and with further Community and international greenhouse gas emission reduction commitments beyond 2012. Those factors also have an important part to play in promoting the security of energy supply, promoting technological development and innovation and providing opportunities for employment and regional development, especially in rural and isolated areas. The opportunities for establishing economic growth through innovation and a sustainable competitive energy policy have been recognised. Production of energy from renewable sources often depends on local or regional small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The opportunities for growth and employment that investment in regional and local production of energy from renewable sources brings about in the Member States and their regions are important. The Commission and the Member States should therefore support national and regional development measures in those areas, encourage the exchange of best practices in production of energy from renewable sources between local and regional development initiatives and promote the use of structural funding in this area. When favouring the development of the market for renewable energy sources, it is necessary to take into account the positive impact on regional and local development opportunities, export prospects, social cohesion and employment opportunities, in particular as concerns SMEs and independent energy producers. In order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions within the Community and reduce its dependence on energy imports, the development of energy from renewable sources should be closely linked to increased energy efficiency.



2.9.4 Water Framework Directive

Article 16 of the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) (WFD) sets out "Strategies against pollution of water", outlining the steps to be taken. The first step was to establish by way of Decision 2455/2001/EC a First list of priority substances to become Annex X of the WFD. These substances were selected from amongst those presenting a significant risk to or via the aquatic environment, using the approaches outlined in Article 16 of the WFD. This first list was replaced by Annex II of the Directive on Environmental Quality Standards (Directive 2008/105/EC) (EQSD), also known as the Priority Substances Directive , which set environmental quality standards (EQS) for the substances in surface waters (river, lake, transitional and coastal) and confirmed their designation as priority or priority hazardous substances, the latter being a subset of particular concern. As required by the WFD and EQSD, the Commission subsequently reviewed the list and in 2012 it put forward a proposal for a Directive amending the WFD and the EQSD as regards priority substances.

2.9.5 Proposal for a Directive amending the WFD and EQSD (COM(2011)876)

This proposal (COM(2011)876) includes a revised (second) list of priority substances, and provisions to improve the functioning of the legislation. The main features of the proposal are:

15 additional priority substances, 6 of them designated as priority hazardous substances;

stricter EQS for four existing priority substances and slightly revised EQS for three others;

the designation of two existing priority substances as priority hazardous substances;

the introduction of biota standards for several substances;

provisions to improve the efficiency of monitoring and the clarity of reporting with regard to certain substances behaving as ubiquitous persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) substances;

a provision for a watch-list mechanism designed to allow targeted EU-wide monitoring of substances of possible concern to support the prioritisation process in future reviews of the priority substances list.

The proposal accompanies a report (COM(2011)875) from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the outcome of the review of Annex X to Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on priority substances in the field of water policy. More information and accompanying documents in the priority substances library.

2.9.6 European Environmental Agency (EEA)

The European Environment Agency (EEA) is an agency of the European Union. Its’ aim is to provide sound, independent information on the environment. It is an information source for those involved in developing, implementing and evaluating environmental policy, and also the general public. Currently, the EEA has 33 member countries. Aim of EEA is:

To help the Community and member countries make informed decisions about improving the environment, integrating environmental considerations into economic policies and moving towards sustainability

To coordinate the European environment information and observation network (Eionet)

Main clients of EEA are the European Union institutions — the European Commission, the European Parliament, the Council — and our member countries. In addition to this central group of European policy actors, it also serves other EU. The business community, academia, non-governmental organisations and other parts of civil society are also important users of EAA information.

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/index_en.html

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-dangersub/index.htm

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-dangersub/index.htm

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-dangersub/pri_substances.htm#list

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-dangersub/pri_substances.htm#dir_prior

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-dangersub/pri_substances.htm#dir_prior

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-dangersub/pri_substances.htm#prop_2011

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-dangersub/lib_pri_substances.htm#prop_2011_docs

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-dangersub/pdf/com_2011_876.pdf

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-dangersub/lib_pri_substances.htm#prop_2011_docs

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-dangersub/pdf/com_2011_875.pdf

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-dangersub/lib_pri_substances.htm

http://www.eionet.europa.eu/



2.9.6.1 EEA provides indicator sets

On web page, visited on 1st of December, 2013, the information of indicators and related issues are provided with helpful topics and indicator sets presented below. Indicators and fact sheets about Europe's environment are covering such Topics as:

All (9), Agriculture (3), Air pollution (9), Biodiversity (0), Chemicals (2), Climate change (0), Coasts and seas (0), Energy (1), Environment and health (6), Environmental scenarios (0), Environmental technology (0), Fisheries (0), Green economy (0), Household consumption (0) and Industry (6)

In the following tables are described under all topics the short name of Indicator set (e.g. APE) and what information its’ content covers (indicators and factsheets). In addition related to energy and energy efficiency is presented indicator ENER 037 in more detail.

Indicator set

Content covers indicators and factsheets

APE (9) covers emissions…

CLIM (50) covers issues related to weather such as GHG, temperature, storms, forest growth…

CSI (37) waste, energy, temperature, land take…

ENER (32) covers energy, electricity, energy efficiency, renewable energy, energy consumption by sector .. for example see: Progress on energy efficiency in Europe (ENER 037) – Assessment published Mar 2013, see in more detail an example below.

LSI (2) covers Land take and Progress in management of contaminated sites

MAR (1) covers Hazardous substances in marine organisms

Outlook (17)

covers Population, Global and European temperature, Total fertiliser consumption, Passenger transport demand, GDP – outlook from OECD, Renewable energy consumption…

SCP (2) Household expenditure on consumption categories with differing environmental pressure intensities and Number of organisations with registered environmental management systems according to EMAS and ISO 14001

SEBI (25) covers Nationally designated protected areas, Public awareness, Livestock genetic diversity, Aquaculture: effluent water quality from finfish farms

TERM (34) covers Proportion of vehicle fleet meeting certain emission standards, Transport infrastructure investments, Average age of the vehicle fleet, Expenditure on personal mobility, Accessibility to basic services and markets by transport mode, Accidental and illegal discharges of oil by ships at sea, Land take by transport infrastructure

WASTE (3) Waste electrical and electronic equipment, Municipal waste generation, Generation and recycling of packaging waste.

WEC (2) Classification of coastal waters and Biological quality of lakes

WHS (3) Emissions to water of hazardous substances from urban sources, Loads of hazardous substances to coastal waters, Pesticides in Groundwater, Discharge of oil from refineries and offshore installations.

WEU (2) Nitrate in groundwater, Bathing Water Quality, Urban waste water treatment…

ENER / ENER 037

One in more detail example from above mentioned Indicators from topic

see: Progress on energy efficiency in Europe (ENER 037) – Assessment published Mar 2013

Topics: Energy (Primary topic)

http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/#c5=&c7=all&c0=10&b_start=0

http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/progress-on-energy-efficiency-in-europe/assessment





Indicator codes ENER 037

Tags: household energy consumption | energy consumption | consumption | energy | environment | cooling | energy efficiency | space heating | air conditioning

Typology: Efficiency indicator (Type C – Are we improving?)

Dynamic Generic metadata

Temporal coverage: 1990-2010

Geographical coverage:

Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom

The scope of EEA is to help the Community and EU member countries as well as institutions to make informed decisions about improving the environment, integrating environmental considerations into economic policies and moving towards sustainability. So the scope of EEA is not purely or only for a business company or sector. EEA provides indicator sets i.e. indicator information through years for example including resource efficiency related issues:

2.9.7 EUROSTAT

Eurostat is the statistical office of the European Union and it provides high quality statistics on Europe. Aim is to provide the European Union with statistics at European level that enable comparisons between countries and regions. Democratic societies do not function properly without a solid basis of reliable and objective statistics. On one hand, decision-makers at EU level, in Member States, in local government and in business need statistics to make those decisions. On the other hand, the public and media need statistics for an accurate picture of contemporary society and to evaluate the performance of politicians and others. Eurostat’s key role is to supply statistics to other DGs and supply the Commission and other European Institutions with data so they can define, implement and analyse Community policies. Eurostat offers a whole range of important and interesting data that governments, businesses, the education sector, journalists and the public can use for their work and daily life.

IndicatorSET

Content covers

CLIM Measured information related to weather such as GHG, temperature, storms, forest growth…

CSI waste, energy, temperature, land take…

ENER covers energy, electricity, energy efficiency, renewable energy, energy consumption by sector

.. for example see: Progress on energy efficiency in Europe (ENER 037)

WASTE Waste electrical and electronic equipment, Municipal waste generation, Generation and recycling

of packaging waste.



2.9.7.1 EUROSTAT statistics provider on Europe

Eurostat is the statistical office of the European Union and it provides high quality statistics on Europe. Aim is to provide the European Union with statistics at European level that enable comparisons between countries and regions. On one hand, decision-makers at EU level, in Member States, in local government and in business need statistics to make decisions. On the other hand, the public and media need statistics for an accurate picture of contemporary society and to evaluate the performance of politicians and others. Thus, democratic societies do not function properly without a solid basis of reliable and objective statistics. Eurostat’s key role is to supply statistics to other DGs and supply the Commission and other European Institutions with data so they can define, implement and analyse Community policies. Eurostat offers a whole range of important and interesting data that governments, businesses, the education sector, journalists and the public can use for their work and daily life. So the scope of EUROSTAT is wider than only statistics, indicators and information for a business company or industry sector.

2.9.7.2 EU policy Indicators of EUROSTAT

EUROSTAT offers, in addition to the valuable statistics, also indicators. From the EUROSTAT web page Statistics by theme can be found EU policy Indicators:

Europe 2020 indicators

Euro indicators/ PEEIs

Sustainable Development Indicators

Employment and social policy indicators (including equality and migrant integration)

Sustainable Development indicators cover such topics as:

Socioeconomic development

Sustainable consumption and production

Social inclusion

Demographic changes

Public health

Climate change and energy

Sustainable transport

Natural resources

Global partnership

Good governance

Among above mentioned Sustainable Development indicators, those covering information related to resource efficiency are following:

Climate change and energy, which covers information of EU Greenhouse gas emissions, Primary energy consumption (Eu 28 countries years 1990-2011) etc.

Natural resources which covers e.g Common Bird index (years 1990-2010)

2.9.8 Best Available Technology reference documents (BREFs)

Best Available Technology reference documents (BREFs) can be valuable aid and information for a company, while they are evaluating, developing, improving, comparing etc. their organizational and product related indicators, for example in order to see their performance in relation to the industrial

http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/statistics/themes

http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/sdi/indicators/theme6




http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tsdnr100



sector. For each BREF document the following information can be found: the latest reference document itself. Each document generally gives information on a specific industrial/agricultural sector in the EU, on the techniques and processes used in this sector, current emission and consumption levels, techniques to consider in the determination of the best available techniques (BAT) and emerging techniques etc. BREFs documents can be found from web: EUROPA > European Commission > JRC > IPTS > SPC > EIPPCB.

2.9.8.1 Adopted BREFs

In the below is presented, in alphabetical order, the list of reference documents that have been drawn (or are planned to be drawn) as part of the exchange of information carried out in the framework of Article 13(1) of the Industrial Emissions Directive (IED, 2010/75/EU). The list contains the Best Available Techniques (BAT) reference documents, the so-called BREFs that have been adopted under both the IPPC Directive (2008/1/EC) and the IED. More detailed information can be found from EIPPCB Reference documents web page.

BREFs and Code: BREFs and Code:

From all BREFs available, those BREFs which are relevant for this study Industry sectors and resource efficiency are on BOLD

Production of Cement, Lime and Magnesium Oxide CLM

Ceramic Manufacturing Industry CER Production of Chlor-alkali CAK

Common Waste Water and Waste Gas Treatment/ Management Systems in the Chemical Sector CWW

Production of Polymers POL

Emissions from Storage EFS Pulp and Paper Industry PP

Energy Efficiency ENE Production of Speciality Inorganic Chemicals SIC

Ferrous Metals Processing Industry FMP Refining of Mineral Oil and Gas REF

Food, Drink and Milk Industries FDM Slaughterhouses and Animals By-products Industries SA

Industrial Cooling Systems ICS Smitheries and Foundries Industry SF

Intensive Rearing of Poultry and Pigs IRPP Surface Treatment of Metals and Plastics STM

Iron and Steel Production IS Surface Treatment Using Organic Solvents STS

Large Combustion Plants LCP Tanning of Hides and Skins TAN

Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals – Ammonia, Acids and Fertilisers Industries LVIC-AAF

Textiles Industry TXT

Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals – Solids and Others Industry LVIC-S

Waste Incineration WI

Large Volume Organic Chemical Industry LVOC Waste Treatments Industries WT

Management of Tailings and Waste-rock in Mining Activities MTWR

Wood-based Panels Production WBP

Manufacture of Glass GLS Wood and Wood Products Preservation with Chemicals WPC

Manufacture of Organic Fine Chemicals OFC

Non-ferrous Metals Industries NFM

http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/




2.9.8.2 BREFs relevant for a sector and resource efficiency point of view

There are around 33 BREFs available. Among available ones, those BREFs which are relevant for this study Industry sectors and resource efficiency are:

Refining of Mineral Oil and Gas REF

Pulp and Paper Industry PP

Energy Efficiency ENE

2.9.9 Waste Framework Directive

Directive 2008/98/EC on waste sets the basic concepts and definitions related to waste management, such as definitions of waste, recycling, recovery. It explains when waste ceases to be waste and becomes a secondary raw material (so called end-of-waste criteria), and how to distinguish between waste and by-products. The Directive lays down some basic waste management principles: it requires that waste be managed without endangering human health and harming the environment. Also waste should be managed in particular without risk to water, air, soil, plants or animals, without causing a nuisance through noise or odours, and without adversely affecting the countryside or places of special interest. Waste legislation and policy of the EU Member States shall apply as a priority order the following waste management hierarchy:

• prevention • preparing for reuse • recycling • other recovery, notably energy recovery • disposal

The Directive introduces the "polluter pays principle" and the "extended producer responsibility". It incorporates provisions on hazardous waste and waste oils. The Directive requires that Member States adopt waste management plans and waste prevention programmes.

2.9.9.1 Targets and reporting

In order to comply with the objectives of this Directive, and move towards a European recycling society with a high level of resource efficiency, Member States shall take the necessary measures designed to achieve the following targets [Targets and reporting web page]:

by 2020, the preparing for re-use and the recycling of waste materials such as at least paper, metal, plastic and glass from households and possibly from other origins as far as these waste streams are similar to waste from households, shall be increased to a minimum of overall 50 % by weight;

by 2020, the preparing for re-use, recycling and other material recovery, including backfilling operations using waste to substitute other materials, of non-hazardous construction and demolition waste excluding naturally occurring material defined in category 17 05 04 in the list of waste shall be increased to a minimum of 70 % by weight.

The rules and calculation methods for verifying compliance with the targets set in Article 11(2) are laid down in Commission Decision 2011/753/EU. The revised Waste Framework Directive applies from 12 December 2010. Many questions regarding its interpretation and application have been raised by national authorities and stakeholders. With the help of guidance document is intended to assist both national authorities and economic operators with the aforementioned legislation. Consequently, the Waste Framework Directive and related documents guides the Member States improve their waste management performance. The Directive and related documents

http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/BREF/ref_bref_0203.pdf

http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/BREF/ppm_bref_1201.pdf

http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/BREF/ENE_Adopted_02-2009.pdf

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/framework/targets.htm

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/framework/pdf/guidance_doc.pdf



guides’ member states improve their waste management performance. Also, it should be recognized and utilized by a company, because it provides guidance on waste management with targets and reporting.

2.9.10 Lead Market Initiative (LMI)

2.9.10.1 (LMI) is the European innovation policy

The Lead Market Initiative (LMI) is the European innovation policy for 6 important sectors that are supported by actions to lower barriers to bring new products or services onto the market. The policy instruments deal with regulation, public procurement, standardisation and supporting activities. These “demand-side innovation policy instruments” are public measures to increase the demand for innovations and to improve the conditions for the uptake of innovations. The LMI is targeted to the following markets: eHealth, protective textiles, sustainable construction, recycling, bio-based products and renewable energies. A lead market is the market of a product or service in a given geographical area, where the diffusion process of an internationally successful innovation (technological or non-technological) first took off and is sustained and expanded through a wide range of different services

Examples of actions accomplished through the LMI:

Bio based products:

Mandates for several new European standards in the area of bio based products, such as bioplastics that are used in packaging, have been accomplished. Good industry standards are a decisive tool in international competition, as they will lead to higher use in supply chains, can ease consumers' life, and promote sustainability.

eHealth

The main actions within eHealth has been in supporting greater interoperability through actions such as the establishment of the CALLIOPE network interoperable eHealth services and the epSOS (Smart Open Services for European Patients) project.

Protective textiles

ENPROTEX, the first network of Public Authorities responsible for buying innovative protective textiles through public procurement processes, was established (focuses particularly on the fire and rescue services).

Recycling

Most notable achievement has been the revision of the Waste Framework Directive.

Renewable energy

The action plan included removing barriers to the integration of renewable energy sources in the EU energy system and simplifying authorisation procedures. Many of the action plan's actions have been followed up, however, this has been within other policy frameworks (e.g. SET Plan, RES Directive),

Sustainable construction

The LMI provided added value to the sector by devising a programme of pragmatic, inter-related actions that have been able to act as a focus for achieving important changes (e.g. public procurement networks, skills, SME needs) and engaged new stakeholder groups.

Establishing a Network of Public Authorities which connects public authorities looking to procure innovative and sustainable solutions within their construction projects.

http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/lead-market-initiative/

http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/newsroom/cf/itemdetail.cfm?item_id=5300&lang=en&tpa_id=0&displayType=news



3 Framework and indicator selection criteria for REI (TUDO)

3.1 Introduction

To evaluate already known and prospective Resource Efficiency Indicators (REIs) a framework is proposed here. This framework should be capable of pointing out the strengths and the weaknesses of the considered REI. In doing so, the framework enables the user to choose appropriate indicators from a set of predefined REIs for a given application. One single indicator might not be capable of reflecting resource efficiency in total, but a combination of several REIs should be. As stated in the project description, the RACER-methodology1 as well as DIN EN 16212 provides a basis for the framework. Since these are quite general, a revision and specialization are needed to suit the requirements of MORE—indicators that are real-time capable and informative down to the level of daily operations of a single unit in a process.

3.2 Specification

In the RACER-methodology the main categories are Relevant, Accepted, Credible, Easy and Robust. The meaning of these main categories in the context of MORE is discussed by the declaration and explanation of the sub-criteria in the following sections.

Relevant

Goal related The indicators have to be related to resource efficiency and must reflect changes in performance.

Suitable for time horizon considered The indicator is suitable for real-time monitoring. The time scale considered is from hours to campaigns where one specific raw material is processed. Thus, variations of resource efficiency over time (e.g. day / night, summer / winter) are reflected appropriately.

Influenced by the actions of the operators Decisions and actions applied by the operators have an influence on the REI.

Transferability to other industries Since MORE aims for standardization, the REI should be applicable for as many industry sectors and companies as possible. If possible indicators should be defined in a general way avoiding unit or process specific references.

Accepted The proposed indicator should be accepted by

Stakeholders / higher management

Plant managers

Plant operators

Academia

Public

Credible

Consistency Changes in the value of the REI occur when the actual performance in terms of resource efficiency

1 European Commission, “Impact assessment guidelines” SEC2005 (791), 2005



shifts. The direction of movement is the same for the REI and for the real performance and the relationship ideally is linear.

Unambiguous The information given by an indicator is clear and can be related to decision making without the need of extensive explanations.

Transparency of data collection and treatment It is explicitly stated how data should be collected/measured and which pre-treatments (filtering, averaging) can be applied.

Avoidance of double accounting The REI does not describe the same phenomenon as an already utilized.

Clear documentation of assumptions and limitations Assumptions that are made and limitations of the indicator (e.g. only appropriate in a specific range) are pointed out.

Easy

Data availability Measurements for required data is existent and historical data is available as a reference.

No additional effort needed Hard- and software to measure, calculate and display an REI is available or can easily be installed.

Automatically compiled, displayed and reported It seems feasible to implement an automatic processing of measurement data, such that the indicator is computed and displayed in real-time to give feedback of the current resource efficiency. Furthermore, batch/campaign/monthly reports should be compiled to enable the user to impact assessments of his actions.

Predictive models can be derived Predictive cause-effect models are able to represent the response of the indicators for a plant/ section/unit to the actions of the operator at the required level of detail. These models are either existent or can be derived with moderate effort.

Technical feasibility Data required to compute the chosen REI is measurable or can be computed from available measurements.

Sampling rate Sufficiently frequent measurements are available to indicate changes in performance during the considered period.

Measurement delay Delays in measurement (e.g. due to processing) are short enough so that actions that influence the indicator on the appropriate time-scale can be taken.

Robust

Theoretical background The theory behind the definition of the indicator is valid without gaps and/or assumptions.

Sensitivity The sensitivity of the indicator is high enough to reflect changes in the actual performance of the process.

Data quality The accuracy and reproducibility of the (processed) measurements is good enough so that the indicator does not fluctuate considerably due to measurement errors.

Reliability Measured values are of good precision with little error and a consistency check is possible.



Comparability The computed indicator values can be compared to other plants/sections/units with little normalization effort.

System boundaries Boundaries of the system for which the REI is used are defined precisely.

Energy and mass balances Balances of the system in terms of energy and material can be closed. There is no missing information on important streams.

3.3 Evaluation

The evaluation is done in two ways. First, keywords should be used to annotate all main and sub-criteria presented in this framework. Secondly a grading system is utilized which enables users to perform a rough screening of proposed REIs. The range is between 0 and 2 points, where 0 means “criterion not fulfilled”, 1 point represents “partially fulfilled” and 2 point means “completely fulfilled”2. The table attached should be used to annotate the indicators. Furthermore this spreadsheet elucidates the point-system by giving comments on the sub-criteria. Notes assist to choose an appropriate score for each criterion. Crucial sub-criteria are marked red, an REI is only appropriate if none of these scores zero. The average values per main category are visualized in radar charts.

Figure 2. RACER radar plot for exemplary REIs

2 Lutter and Giljum, ”Development of RACER Evaluation Framework”, ERA-NET SKEP Project EIPOT, 2008



Table 2. Score table for RACER category Relevant.

Relevant

Sub-category Goal related Suitable for time

horizon considered (hours - campaigns)

Influenced by the actions of the operators

Transferability to other industries

Fully achieved (2 Points)

Indicator reflects resource efficiency

directly

Indicator is meaningful for time periods of

interest

Can be influenced directly

General definition easy to transfer

Partially achieved (1 Points)

Indicator reflects resource efficiency

indirectly

Use for short term analysis somewhat

questionable, windowing effects,

holdups not considered

Possible influence but not obvious

Transferable with adaptions

Not achieved

(0 Points) indicator is not related

to resource efficiency Not meaningful on short time scales

No influence Very specific definition,

not transferable

. Comments

.

Points



Table 3. Score table for RACER category Accepted.

Accepted

Sub-category Stakeholder/

Higher management Plant manager Plant operators Academia Public


Widely accepted Widely accepted Widely accepted Widely accepted Widely accepted


Accepted by most experts in the domain




New to public, known only to certain groups

Not achieved (0 Points)

Strongly disputed Strongly disputed Strongly disputed Strongly disputed Not accepted/

understood

. Comments

.

Points



Table 4. Score table for RACER category Credible.

Credible

Sub-category Consistency - Direction of Movement

Consistency - Magnitude of

Movement Unambiguous

Transparency of data collection and

treatment

Avoidance of double accounting

Clear documentation of assumptions and

limitations


Full consistency Full consistency Self-explanatory

Explicitly stated how data should be

collected & which pre-treatments can be

applied

No double accounting of resource efficiency in

other indicators

Clear and consistent definitions available


Consistency for main influences

Consistency for main influences

Explanation necessary

Data collection and pretreatment defined

to some extent but not fully

Minor double accounting of RE in

other indicators

Definitions of most assumptions and

limitations available

Not achieved

(0 Points) No or very low

consistency No or very low

consistency Hard to understand,

several meanings Data collection and

pretreatment left open Multiple indicators for

same effects No documentation

available

. Comments

.

Points



Table 5. Score table for RACER category Easy.

Easy

Sub-category Data availability Additional

effort needed

Automatically compiled, displayed

and reported

Predictive models can be derived

Technical feasibility Sampling rate Measurement

delay


Historical data available,

measurements exist

Low additional effort to exploit

indicator

Automatic processing of measurement data and computation of the indicator seems

feasible

Predictive cause-effect models are

available or can be derived with

moderate effort

Required data is measurable or can be computed from

measurements

Sufficiently frequent measurements are

available compared to the time-scale

considered

No delay due to processing or

analytics, actions can be taken fast


Some data currently not recorded, but measurable

Medium effort

Automatic collection of required data

possible but requires additional effort

Predictive models require

considerable effort

Technical improvements necessary, but

possible with current technology

Sampling rate may not reflect the effect of

operator actions appropriately

Some delay, only slow moves

possible


Unclear how the data can be

obtained

High additional

effort

No automatic collection possible

with reasonable effort

Very difficult to model

No technical solution foreseeable

Too low to observe effects

Inappropriate delay

. Comments

.

Points



Table 6. Score table for RACER category Robust.

Robust

Sub-category Theoretical background

Sensitivity Data quality Reliability Comparability System boundaries Energy and mass

balances


No gaps and/or critical

assumptions in the definition of the

indicator

High sensitivity to changes in actual

performance

Good accuracy and reproducibility of

measurements

High reliability, with consistency check possible

Easily applicable/ comparable to similar plants/sections/units

System boundaries are defined

precisely

Closed energy and mass balances inside system

boundaries


No gaps but some critical

assumptions in the definition of the

indicator

Medium sensitivity to changes in

actual performance

Medium accuracy and reproducibility, fluctuations of the

indicator due to noise

High/medium reliability,

no consistency check possible

Comparable after data treatment or normalization

Somewhat vaguely defined system

boundaries

Closed balances for main process

and utility streams


Gaps in the definition of the

indicator

Low sensitivity to changes in actual

performance

Considerably fluctuations of the

indicator due to noise or low

accuracy of the measurement

Low reliability Very specific, not

comparable System boundaries not defined clearly

Balances not closed

. Comments

.

Points



4 Sector specific REI based on industrial guidance and cases (UVA, BASF PERSONAL CARE & NUTRITION GMBH, Petronor, Lenzing, INEOS in Köln)

4.1 Renewable feedstock (UVA/ BASF PERSONAL CARE & NUTRITION GMBH)

The production site of BASF Personal Care & Nutrition GmbH in Düsseldorf (further named as ‘BASF’) consists of different unit operations which operate in a continuous manner or batch-wise mode.

A combination of continuous and batch process steps will be reflected in a selected case study.

There are already online REIs in use in BASF Personal Care & Nutrition GmbH, such as:

Material efficiency:

o consumption current year vs. previous year

o specific consumption per ton target product or per process order

Energy efficiency:

o specific consumption per facility per ton target product

Waste, emissions (among others):

o TOC (total organic carbon) in wastewater

o VOC (volatile organic compounds) in gaseous emissions

Plant efficiency:

o run time of batches; benchmark with the Reference Batch and with Reference Phases

o capacity utilization

o ratios run time / downtime

Also off-line indicators are in use, as:

Percentage of renewable raw materials

Furthermore, life cycle assessment indicators (impact assessment of products and processes on several impact categories) are used, such as:

acidification potential (kg SO2-eq)

climate change / corresponding to CO2-footprint (kg CO2-eq)

eutrophication potential (kg NOx-Eq)

human toxicity (kg 1,4-DCB-eq)

4.2 Refinery industry (UVA/Petronor)

4.2.1 Hydrogen network

Hydrogen H2 is a common resource used in many processes in a refinery. Hydrogen purity of gas streams used as make-up for the different consumer plants can vary from 0.65 to 1 mol fraction. The H2 purity of



the make-up stream can vary depending on the ratio of flow rates coming from the different producer plants or production lines which are combined into the total make-up gas stream. The higher the H2 purity, the lower the gas flow rate needed as make-up. However, the higher the H2 purity, in general the higher the production cost. Therefore, a trade-off arises regarding efficiency: it increases with high H2 purity make-up when cost is not considered, although when H2 production costs are considered, the relation can be non-monotonous. Cost can be a good way of taking into account and integrate the different H2 purity make-up streams from the different production lines available; otherwise the KPI proposed can be directionally inconsistent with the change in actual economic performance criterion.

Figure 3. Schematic of an H2 consumer plant with make-up from 2 production lines and from 1 low purity pipeline.

Two sets of economic indicators are proposed regarding raw materials

4.2.2 Intensity – Process and Product KPI

Raw material make-up / End product produced

(Raw material make-up / End product produced)’ = (Raw material make-up) / (End product produced)

Total H2 refers to pure hydrogen plus impurities present in the stream



This index is an intensity index which provides information about which are the plants more important regarding H2 consumption, indicating where it would be more worthy to pay attention for operating problems and opportunities for major cost reduction.

4.2.3 Efficiency – Process and Product KPI

A straightforward index could be formulated, accounting for the ratio of H2 needed for the chemical reactions with respect to the total H2 make-up.

It is simple, although it does not provide insight into the efficiency in the use of H2 at each consumer plant by itself, because the generation of light ends gases in the reactor also influences the H2 make-up needed to assure minimum H2 excess at the reactor outlet. This generation of light ends gases depends on the particular consumer plant, and also on the severity of the treatment according to the desired grade and on the grade of the hydrocarbon processed. However, valuable information can be gained when KPIs for similar plants in similar operating modes are compared, especially when comparing results with a set of different H2 purity make-up streams. Two REIs can be proposed to account better for efficiency in H2 use, in order to make the index independent of a particular consumer plant or a particular operating mode. The first one refers to a process or H2 consumer plant (process REI), the second one refers to the whole H2 distribution network (H2 product REI). This REI is representative of efficiency. A ratio is proposed to ensure directional consistency, where Standard Material Cost is computed by optimization with a model and it is assigned as the minimum make-up cost to fulfill the H2 demand and constraints, using a fixed quality (H2 purity) make-up at the same actual price. This fixed H2 purity can be 1.00 molar fraction. To solve the dependency on the H2 prices for production plants, the same prices for H2 according to the producer plants are considered in Actual and Standard costs; otherwise trends due to changes in prices could be misunderstood. The price considered can be the same as one of the producer plants, or a combination of them.

Efficiency in the use of a common resource (hydrogen) in different consumer plants can be useful for establishing rules to aid in operations optimization, that is, to assign H2 produced among multiple consumer plants on the basis of economic criteria. The REI enables to: i) compare in which consumer plant the use of the available H2 is more efficient; ii) monitor the efficiency and sensitivity with respect to the purity of the make-up H2, which can vary depending on the ratio of flow rates coming from different producer plants or production lines and which are combined in the make-up gas stream.



The target at the network level is to achieve a high global efficiency; this can be done at the expense of lower efficiencies than expected considering isolated H2 consumer plants. These two sets of KPIs (intensity 1 and efficiency 2) needs for an accurate estimation of the H2 make-up that on-line analyzers and flow rate measurements are both available and reliable enough. The main drawback of the efficiency KPIs formulated is the difficulty or time consuming effort to compute the Standard Material Cost proposed; an optimization problem or at least a simulation needs to be solved with a material balance model of the H2 network or consumer plant.

4.2.4 Controllability KPI

Another REI can be proposed regarding manipulated variables at an upper economic optimization layer, not at a basic regulatory control layer. It could be interesting to know the number of bottlenecks operating at a limit. When a manipulated variable (degree of freedom) is not active constraint, it can be used to improve performance or efficiency.

4.3 Cellulose industry (UVA/ Lenzing)

The pulp and paper making industry is a very water intensive industry and ranks third in the world in terms of fresh water consumption. In addition this industry has been considered to be a major consumer of natural resources (wood, water) and energy (fossil fuels, electricity) and a significant contributor of pollutant discharges to the environment.



Figure 4. Resource and energy flows in a pulping and papermaking process.

Environmental indicators in the pulping and papermaking process should describe e.g emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, greenhouse gas emissions and raw material consumptions calculated per ton of paper produced. Also the following flows should be considered:

Recycled fiber use. Ratio of recycled fiber to production

Energy consumption. Electricity in kWh and fuel use for all fuel types

Water consumption. Ratio between the total amount of water/paper (m3/tonnes)

Water withdrawal

Chemicals use and discharges. Pulping and bleaching process in paper production. Chemical effluents (e.g. chlorine)

Quantity of residual products from forest and paper industries

Chlorine / bleached paper (reduce chlorine)

• Process outputs. Wastewater streams produced in each unit operation

The indicators must express wastewater generation rates and pollution loads for selected water quality parameters. Typically, these parameters are pH, BOD5 (mg/L or kg/ton), COD (mg/L or kg/ton) and TSS (mg/L or kg/ton). The main target in the Lenzing mill case is to define the right pairing of flow and temperature to achieve minimum overall energy cost. This will be done by identifying a data based, mathematical model for the



specific steam consumption of a defined model evaporator and furthermore by determining a quality function, which defines the optimization task under consideration of the efficiency decay. In the cellulose case of Lenzing, the main KPIs for viscose process have been identified as:

Consumption of natural gas for steam production

In spinbath recovery cycle, evaporators are used to recover water from spinning solution. Optimizing evaporators allow getting lower steam consumption and saving energy. This energy comes to 100% from natural gas

Electrical energy used

Savings in electrical energy imply reduce the cost of purchasing energy

Figure 5. Evaporating process (Lenzing mill).

The work in defining the suitable REIs should be focused on process intensity (material or energy/ product), process efficiency (actual / standard), operation (margin for moving SP, active constraints) and compromises (time of operation, costs and how to add all them together). Efficiency will be defined at process unit or plant level. The potentially useful indicators for REIs in the viscose process have been listed as follows:

Capacity ( kg vaporized / time).

Economy (kg vaporized / kg steam input)

Steam consumption (kg / h)

Fouling

Separator efficiency (Kg vaporized / Kg loaded)

Optimum pressure profile (excess pressure inhibits evaporation by raising the boiling point)

Water recovery or concentration outlet liquid fluid

Heat transfer coefficient

Heat transfer area

Temperature distribution in the evaporator

Electricity usage

Absorbed power

Concentration of volatile compounds in the feed

Duration cleaning cycle

Startup and shutdown times

Pressure drop. Since increasing the pressure drop would increase the compressor power.

Boiling point elevation, (Tsteam - Tboiling)



4.4 Petrochemical industry (UVA/INEOS in Köln)

4.4.1 Introduction

INEOS in Köln considers two general points of REIs very important. It needs to be checked if they are covered in the proposed RACER methodology.

1. Should be automated for online display and reporting. 2. It is important that Goals and KPIs do not produce wrong incentives, e.g. high throughput by high

external recycling or low energy usage by turning off the plant.

4.4.2 Energy Management KPIs at INEOS in Köln

EnPI Plants – Central indicators (as required by ISO 50001):

For all plants all types of energy have been collected both positive and negative.

A positive energy stream is e.g. a plant producing steam and feeding it into the network, a negative stream is a plant using steam.

All these values are converted to GJ and summed up. Some plants turn out to be net energy users, other turn out to be net energy producers. The acquired value is then the total energy consumed (which can be negative).

All plants selected some or all of their product streams as high value chemical streams (HVC). These are also added up.

The used (or produced) energy is divided by the amount of HVC to provide an EnPI in the units GJ/t.

Baseline for reporting are the average integrated values from 2009 to 2011 and the values can be calculated on a granularity of up to one day. Aggregated values are possible.

EnPIs (Energy Performance Indicators) for the site (as required by ISO 50001):

For the site, the “site fence” is considered as the EnPI boundary. The total site EnPI is calculated by converting primary energy that enters the site divided by the sum of high value chemicals produced on site. The EnPI can be adjusted if products can be sold or used calorifically to make steam.

Baseline for reporting are the average integrated values from 2009 to 2011 and the value can be calculated on a granularity of up to one day. Aggregated values are possible.

Resource distribution:

Resource distribution is a further long term KPI. This KPI looks at the part of the raw material that ends up in high value chemicals which can be given as a percentage. It can be enhanced by evaluating the stream with value added. That way, a tool emerges that shows where project efforts towards better resources efficiency or better profit should be concentrated.

For a single plant, the result is the yield or the value added, for a selection of plants it resembles a yield map or a value adding map.



4.4.3 KPI ideas

Distillation columns Energy PIs: Steam (or better energy) usage in relation to value product. The distillation column in 7 would then use the following EnPI: Distillate (p) is product stream:

D

QQQKPI

FDS

If the energy used was produced in an inefficient manner or if a cooling fluid is needed for the distillate condensation factors for energy value can be added:

D

QaQaQaKPI

FFDDSs

Figure 6. Generalised illustration of a distillation column.

If pumping and other required energies are available, they should be added. Cooling towers: The cooling towers supply the sites with cooling water at specified temperature and pressure levels. Therefore heated water streams from the plants are cooled down by evaporation of a small percentage of the incoming water. For the balance of water loss, fresh water is provided. Thus, the cooling water loop is an open system with interaction with the ambient air. Several pumps generate the demanded pressure level, whereas ventilators regulate the air stream through the cooling towers, thereby controlling the mass and heat transfer from water to air. While the power consumption of the pumps is a function of the tower’s load and the demanded pressure, the required air flow, provided by the ventilators is a function of the load and of the ambient temperature and humidity. KPIs for cooling towers are thus far more dependent on weather conditions than other KPIs. They are calculated as follows: As evaluation criterion for the efficiency of the cooling tower the ratio of electric power consumption and supplied cooling energy is chosen, represented as an EnPI. Long term and short term observations for the EnPI are available. While long term observations are used for rating the process daily, weekly or monthly, the short term observations can be used for real time process optimization.

F, TF, xi

D, xD,iR

S, xD,i

A

QF

QS

QD

PK, TK

PS, TS

V



The fan power requirement can be corrected using a correction factor based on the weather. This factor considers the minimum air flow deviation from predefined standard conditions (50 % rel. humidity and 10°C). This factor is quite nonlinear und will – for real time monitoring – be approximated by either a polynomial or an exponential function. The correct usage of this correction factor requires separate measurements of fan and pump electricity. These two KPIs should be visualised separately as there are times when it is sensible to see the weather influence and others for which the influence of the weather should be removed, e.g. if we only want to compare operation. The real time KPI should remove the weather influence.

4.4.4 Further KPI ideas

Criticism of the above KPIs:

The described KPIs do not cover the point that chemical plants “generate” energy through reaction, burning by-products, etc. As such, from a product or an energy viewpoint KPIs can generate completely wrong ideas or directions for action. Consequently, resource efficiency indicators need to take this into account. Initial ideas for REIs: Energy based Mass flows can also be expressed as energy and vice versa. It seems a good idea to express feed streams as their standard enthalpy of formation plus their convective enthalpy versus normal conditions (Htotal). Additionally, if work is to be gained, exergy (Xtotal) could be considered. An REI would thus be

iitotal

iitotal

iitotal

iitotal

X

X

REI

H

H

REI

,

usable,

2

,

usable,

1

The same could be expressed for mass only or even financial value of the streams. The financial value would be close to calculating the gross added value. Energy of stream production based: As a further idea, all streams coming in and out are valued with the amount of primary energy required to produce them plus the internal energy (heat, pressure). All exiting streams are valued the same way. An overall ratio of valued ouput streams over inputs would produce an REI based on primary energy equivalents rather then money. Cumulative energy demand: Divide the cumulative energy demand in the process through the energy content of the valuable output streams. Comments: Enthalpy or exergy might not be the correct representation of the value of a stream, however neither might be prices as they are a combination of internal and external prices. For running a plant or a site smoothly, long term average prices might be a good idea but this is unclear.



4.4.5 Graphical clustering of KPIs

As a first idea, a map of indicators mentioned in this document based on whether they are financial or physical and whether they consider energy and mass combined or separate is shown. This map can be further developed and similar maps can be derived for REIs.

Figure 7. Graphical clustering of KPIs (INEOS in Köln, 2013).

EnPI Map

Total Financial Efficiency

Yield Map

Total Exergy EfficiencyTotal Energy Efficiency

Site EnPI

Plant EnPI

Cooling Tower EnPIColumn EnPI

Value added Map

Financial

Physical

Mass Energy

suitable formass and energy can be

considered separate

mass and energy are (partly)

interchangable

mass and energy can be

considered separate



5 Evaluation of indicators and preliminary set or promising REIs

The following first recommendations for the potential indicators that can be used as basis for the resource efficiency indicators (REI) for monitoring and optimization integrated processing plants are based on the list of indicators presented earlier in this report (Chapters 2 and 4). Furthermore, the Framework presented in Chapter 3 and the RACER method to assess the potential REIs are recommended to apply when evaluating these indicators further. The primary guidance to follow is the “More from Less” principle, focusing on material and energy flow analysis. MFA indicators (Chapter 5.1) were found to be the most promising indicators and can be extended to suitable cradle-to-grave environmental indicators (e.g carbon footprint). ISO standards will give guidance for the supporting environmental indicators. The benefit of GRI indicators is that they are measurable and used for benchmarking at the moment. There is a list of potential GRI indicators in Chapter 5.2. There are many policy and organization level indicators and recommendations by the Commission and WBCSD. The COM(2011) 21, ‘A Resource Efficient Europe’ by JRC and the the COM(2011) 571, 'Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe’ by the Commission will be considered in the next phase of MORE when developing the resource efficiency indicators further. In addition, there are plenty of environmental, economic and social statistics available that should be kept in mind in data collection but they are not potential indicators as such for this project. The development in BREF indicators will be followed. Many available indicators make sense on the level of countries or groups of and for long periods of time whereas their application on a plant or site level is questionable. E.g., all indicators that connect economic value with resource consumption depend on the evolution of the prices of the goods produced or consumed which can vary significantly without any relationship to ecologic impacts and resource efficiency. While within an economy, the variations of the prices for individual goods are not so important and for the exchange with other countries the variations may compensate each other to some extent, on the level of a company this would introduce a source of unwanted fluctuations caused by factors beyond the technical efficiency of the plants. The basic principle should thus be to measure inputs of materials and energy relative to the physical outputs, i.e. the products. It has to be kept in mind that some raw materials can be used as sources of material and of energy at the same time, e.g. naphtha in a petrochemical plant. At the first stage, the ingoing resources should be measured one by one (e.g. natural gas, naphtha, electrical energy) and, according to the mass and energy balances, be distributed among the outgoing (product) streams. This can then later be extended to a life cycle analysis by taking into account upstream and downstream effects, e.g. the carbon footprint of the resources used and of the distribution or consumption of the products. This however is less relevant for the daily operation of a plant than for the choice of the raw materials or sources of energy and for documentation of the carbon footprint of products. In addition, indicators for the production of waste and the pollution of water, soil and air should be included. The trade-off between resource efficiency and economic performance must be considered, but in the first step, the two aspects should be kept separate and not be summarized by monetary equivalents to preserve a clear view on how resources are used and how resource utilization is improved. The indicators should be applicable to different types of industrial sectors and processes. In our project they will be used on plant and site levels. The indicators should compare the situation with a baseline which can be historic data or the best possible situation.



The recommended indicators are summarized as follows:

5.1 MFA indicators

MFA (Material Flow Analysis) indicators represent the more from less – thinking and they are the core of the OECD indicators. Material Flow Analysis is the study of physical flows of materials into, through and out of a given system (usually the economy). It is generally based on methodically organised accounts in physical units. It uses the principle of mass balancing to analyse the relationships between material flows (including energy), human activities (including economic and trade developments) and environmental changes. Material flows can be analysed at various scales and with different instruments, depending on the issue of concern and the purpose of the study. The list below describes the OECD indicators that have been developed for the country level. However, the aim is to go through the existing MFA studies and indicators. Based on these findings, the indicators should be re-defined for process/company level in order to use them as on-line resource efficiency indicators.

Table 7. MFA indicators (OECD)



value chain input material flows

materials Total Material Consumption (TMC)

value chain total material use associated with domestic production and consumption activities, including indirect flows imported (see TMR) but less exports and associated indirect flows of exports.

materials/emissions Total Domestic Output (TDO)

value chain the total quantity of material outputs to the environment caused by economic activity.

materials/waste Domestic Processed Output (DPO)

value chain waste and all emission flows from materials use. domestic and imported materials along the whole value chain. Including product use.


materials Total Material Requirement (TMR)

value chain TMR includes, in addition to TMI, the (indirect) material flows that are associated to imports but that take place in other countries. It measures the total ‘material base’ of an economy. Adding indirect flows converts imports into their ‘primary resource extraction equivalent’.


value chain input material flows

materials/value Direct Material Input (DMI)

value chain It measures the direct input of materials for use into the economy, i.e. all materials that are of economic value and are used in production and consumption activities.



materials Domestic Material Consumption (DMC)

value chain DMC measures the total amount of material directly used in an economy (i.e. the direct apparent consumption of materials, excluding indirect flows). DMC is defined in the same way as other key physical indictors such as gross inland energy consumption.

value Physical Trade Balance (PTB)

value chain The PTB reflects the physical trade surplus or deficit of an economy. It is defined as imports minus exports (excluding or including their hidden flows).

materials/value Net Additions to Stock (NAS)

NAS reflect the physical growth of the economy, i.e. the net expansion of the stock of materials in buildings, infrastructures and durable goods.

GDP per DMI Direct materials productivity

GDP per DMC Domestic materials productivity

GDP per TMR Total material productivity

5.2 GRI indicators

Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) is developed for the sustainability reporting of all kind of organizations. GRI, which is continuously improved and freely available, covers all the aspects of sustainability. Currently there are two GRI generations available: GRI3.0/3.1 and GRI4. The reports after 31 December 2015 should be ‘in accordance’ with the G4 Guidelines. GRI provides Sustainability Reporting Guidelines (general guidance) and Sector guidance (sector specific). The benefits of GRI indicators are that they are well known and used within different type of the organizations and they are measurable and comparable. The Reporting Principles for Content are designed to assist organizations to identify material Aspects, Boundaries and to indicate where their impacts may be identified as material. Sustainability Reporting Guidelines are organized into Categories with names: Economic, Environmental and Social. Indicators that are relevant for resource efficiency, are in Environmental Category among Aspects of material, energy, water, emissions, effluents and waste:

Table 8. GRI indicators relevant for resource efficiency

Environmental Aspect Indicator

G4-EN1

G4-EN2 Material



G4-EN3

G4-EN4

G4-EN5

G4-EN6

G4-EN7

Energy



ENERGY INTENSITY



https://www.globalreporting.org/reporting/reporting-framework-overview/Pages/default.aspx



G4-EN8

G4-EN9

G4-EN10

Water


WATER SOURCES SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTED BY WITHDRAWAL OF WATER


G4-EN19

G4-EN15

G4-EN16

G4-EN17

Emissions

REDUCTION OF GHG- EMISSIONS

DIRECT GHG -EMISSIONS (SCOPE 1)

ENERGY INDIRECT GHG- EMISSIONS (SCOPE 2)

OTHER INDIRECT GHG -EMISSIONS (SCOPE 3)

G4-EN22

G4-EN23

G4-EN24

Effluents

And waste




5.3 ISO 14000 Standards

ISO 14000 Standards should be considered as relevant supportive material for the REIs. Especially carbon footprint ISO 14067, water footprint ISO 14046 and MFCA ISO 14051 (Material Flow and Cost Accounting) combined with LCA are seen relevant.

ISO 14051 MFCA is a management tool that can assist organizations to better understand the potential environmental and financial consequences of their material and energy use practices, and seek opportunities to achieve both environmental and financial improvements via changes in those practices.


Money material cost

Process unit or plant raw materials costs Product / co-product costs material losses

energy cost Process unit or plant input energy cost material loss

water cost Process unit or plant input water cost material loss

system cost Process unit or plant system costs material loss

waste mgmt cost Process unit or plant waste mgmt costs material loss

Total cost Process unit or plant All above

ISO 14067/69

Carbon footprint quantifies the greenhouse gas emissions and removals in a product system or organization based on LCA using the single impact category of climate change.



cradle to grave All GHG-emissions and removals throughout the



life cycle (e.g. CO2, N2O, CH4) as kg, tonnes …

ISO 14046 Guidelines and recommendations to calculate Water Footprint. Water Footprint tells about changes in water quality and water availability caused by water use.



water availability cradle to grave volume (e.g m3, litre), kg, local characterization factors


water quality cradle to grave emissions to water e.g. as kg or g, local characterization factors

Water footprint (water profile, comprehensive)

Water availability and water quality

cradle to grave see above

5.4 Resource efficiency indicators by the JRC and the Resource Efficiency Roadmap from the Commission

Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Environment and Sustainability, has prepared a document related to the development of life cycle based macro-level monitoring indicators on resources, products and wastes for the EU27. The document proposes three types of resource efficiency indicators:

eco-efficiency indicators (monitor decoupling of the overall environmental impact associated with apparent consumption and related use of natural resources from economic growth)

resource productivity indicators (measures progress in productivity in the use of natural resources)

resource specific impacts indicators (evaluates how negative environmental impacts may (or may not) decouple from resource use).

JRC Resource Efficiency Indicators developed by JRC to support life-cycle based environmental policies. Indicators aim at quantification and monitoring of actual progress comprehensively capturing all relevant environmental impacts in a life-cycle perspective.

Eco-efficiency Indicator: System Boundary: Data requirements:

economic activity / impact category

e.g. GDP/GWP cradle to grave GDP and LCIA result of the impact category (GWP)

economic activity / overall impact

e.g. GDP/overall impact

cradle to grave GDP and Overall weighted LCIA result


overall impact / resource

e.g.

fossil fuel GWP / fossil fuel use cradle to grave LCI results of fossil fuel use and LCIA result of GWP

Acidification / fossil fuel use

cradle to grave LCI results of fossil fuel use and LCIA result of



Acidification

etc.

water Acidification / water use cradle to grave LCI results of water use and LCIA result of acidification

etc.

land use

etc.


resource productivity

e.g.

GDP/crude oil consumption cradle to grave GDP and LCI results of crude oil consumption

GDP/CO2 emissions cradle to grave GDP and LCI results of CO2 emissions

etc.

In order to launch the process of the ‘Roadmap of Resource Efficient Europe’, three levels of indicators were provisionally formulated (COM (2011) 571) by the EU Commission:

A provisional lead indicator – "Resource Productivity" – to measure the principal objective of this Roadmap, of improving economic performance while reducing pressure on natural resources

A series of complementary indicators on key natural resources land, water and carbon.

Theme specific indicators to measure progress towards specific key thematic objectives and the actions and milestones set out in the Roadmap.

The Commission proposed 'resource productivity' GDP/Domestic Material Consumption (DMC) as a provisional lead indicator. However, the latest considerations discuss Raw Material Consumption (RMC) as another option. The proposed thematic indicators include Total waste generation, Municipal waste, Recycling rate (of municipal waste), Landfill rate (of municipal waste), Eco-innovation index (Eco-innovation Observatory 2011), Environmental taxes, Concentrations of particulate matters EEA, EU population in areas with PM concentrations exceeding, Soil erosion by water JRC 2012, Gross nutrient balance (nitrogen and phosphorus) and Fish catches from stocks outside the safe biological limits (ICES). The proposed Water exploitation index indicator has limitations; e.g. it aggregates different water resources, it does not take into account the nature of the water use after abstraction, the commonly used threshold values are under discussion. The Commission is exploring alternatives, which are however not yet fully available.

Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe

Proposed pathway by the Commission to action for a resource efficient Europe and analysis on corresponding resource efficiency indicators.


water Water exploitation index (WEI, %)


restrictions on completeness of data and regional / temporal resolution (river basin / intra-annual variations)

water Water footprint – to be updated and

Consumption / global supply chain



improved or Embodied water – to be developed

perspective

air GHG emissions Production / territory perspective

GHG emissions

air Carbon footprint Consumption / global supply chain perspective

GHG emissions (and removals, if you follow ISO) throughout the life cycle

land use Artificial land or built-up area (km²)


Artificial land or built-up area (km²)

land use Indirect land use / embodied land for agricultural and forestry products (km²) – to be developed



Resource productivity

GDP/DMC (€/ton) cradle-to-gate Gross Domestic Product (GDP), € Total amount of materials directly used by an economy, ton (annual quantity of raw materials extracted from the domestic territory, plus all physical imports minus all physical exports)

5.5 Indicators by INEOS in Köln (petrochemical case)

INEOS Köln has studied specific process phases, e.g power plant boiler, selective catalytic reactions and complex multiproduct plants, and how the energy efficiency could be followed and defined by using REI type indicators. The findings will serve as basis for the further work in developing the ideas for applicable process industry REIs. INEOS emphasises two general points:

The indicators should be automated for online display and reporting

The goals and KPIs should not produce wrong incentives, e.g. high throughput by high external recycling or low energy usage by turning off the plant.

Based on INEOS Köln experiences from different process phases (cooling towers, distillation column) many KPIs do not cover the point that chemical plants “generate” energy through reaction, burning by-products, etc. As such, from a product or an energy viewpoint KPIs can generate completely wrong ideas or directions for action. All streams coming in and out with the amount of primary energy required to produce them plus the internal energy (heat, pressure) should thus be defined. All existing streams are valued the same way. An overall ratio would produce an indicator for resource efficiency that is based on primary energy equivalents rather than money. The suggestion is that the developed REIs should be:

energy based (mass flows can also be expressed as energy)

energy of stream production based

cumulative energy demand



5.6 Indicators by Petronor (refinery case)

The following REIs by Petronor were considered as most promising out of those presented for the refinery case:

APC Profit Indexes (REI no. 18)

Functional Scope: Advanced Control Performance.

Description: It gives information about the profit the APC is providing in a period of time. A baseline is defined to determine the previous situation without optimization, using historical data. This data will provide the maximum potential profit. A Cost Function is developed for calculating the Actual Obtained Profit (AOP), and the Lost Opportunity Profit (LOP) for not having the APC in service.

Calculation formula: Depends on the Cost Function that has to be developed for each APC.

Calculation Period: At user demand (usually 1 month).

Time Scope: Medium term REI.

Current Usage: Medium.

User Confidence: High.

Source: Internal.

This type of indicators will have to be reformulated to include resource efficiency in the cost function.

Reprocessing Indicator (REI no. 26)

Functional Scope: Finished Products Efficiency Performance.

Description: Indicates the number of needed reprocesses, due to deviations from the desired product specs.

Calculation formula: (Accumulated reprocessed product/Total processed product)*100

Calculation Period: Monthly.


Current Usage: Medium.

User Confidence: Medium.

Source: Internal

Energy Intensity Index (EII) (REI no. 28)

Functional Scope: Energy Performance Analysis.

Description: Solomon Benchmarking index. It tells in terms of energy consumption how efficient is a refinery compared with its pairs.

Calculation formula: Solomon calculation method. Actual / referenced consumed energy.

Calculation Period: Solomon Analysis period.

Time Scope: Long term REI.

Current Usage: High.


Source: Solomon.



CO2 Emission Reduction Index (IRCO2) (REI no. 29)

Functional Scope: Energy Performance Analysis.

Description: It tells how efficcient is a refinery in reference with a standard. This standard is given by the Concawe CWT methodolgy.

Calculation formula: CO2 emissions (t)/Refinery Activity.

The emissions are verified by a external company (LLOYDS).

Calculation Period: Monthly.


Current Usage: High.


Source: Internal.

Some indicators about the hydrogen networks can also be added such as

Intensity: H2 supplied/hydrocarbon load

Efficiency in the use of H2: H2 consumed in the reactors/make up H2

Relative efficiency: actual makeup H2/standard makeup H2

These indexes can be formulated at plant and at network levels, taking into account that what one looks for is global efficiency.

5.7 Indicators by UVA (Cellulose industry case)

Environmental indicators have been already used to evaluate man-made cellulose fibres compared to cotton and synthetic fibres including raw materials, chemicals and water consumption, wastewater streams and GHG emissions (Li Shen and Patel, 2010). Nevertheless, the integrated pulp and viscose fibre process is very complex. The LCA study by Shen and Patel considered the process as it is. Energy use is one of the major parameters for an efficient process. Therefore the cellulose industry case will concentrate within the MORE project on the single process step with high energy consumption and preferably isolated units – the spin bath recovery. The focus will be first on one unit (evaporator) in the recovery plant. Later on, the whole group of evaporator units (~30) will be evaluated. This process step within the recovery plant is high energy intensive and a prerequisite for a good performance of the whole plant. The main KPIs for spin bath evaporation within the viscose process (Lenzing) are

consumption of natural gas for steam production related to the specific steam consumption in the evaporators

electrical energy used

Efficiency should be defined both at actual and standard level, furthermore it should be defined at process unit or plant level. The idea could be to benchmark the relative impacts against best practice or standard practice.

5.8 Indicators by BASF (Renewable feedstock case)

Material efficiency, energy efficiency, waste/emissions and some other specific parameters have been defined and used by BASF Personal Care & Nutrition GmbH as on-line REIs and can be used as basis for the MORE indicator development.



For the selected case study with batch and continuous steps the REIs should be applicable for both types of process as well as for the whole plant.

In order to steer the process on the plant level, specific process and quality parameters that are related to resource consumption could be defined for the individual case study. This can be e.g. an online quality measurement. The control of this parameter influences the resource consumption expressed in the defined REI.



Reference list

Assessment of Resource Efficiency indicators and targets, BIO IS (2012). Boulay, A-M., Bulle, C., Bayart, J-B., Deschênes, L. & Margini, M. 2011. Regional Characterization of Freshwater use in LCA: Modelling Direct Impacts on Human Health. Journal of Environmental Science &Technology. Vol. 5, No. 20, pp 8948–8957. BREFs documents web page 1st of December, 2013.: http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/ COM (2011) 21. ‘A Resource Efficient Europe’. COM (2011) 571. 'Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe’. EEA indicators web page visited 1st of December, 2013. http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/#c5=&c7=all&c0=10&b_start=0 EU Commission, 2013. Resource Efficiency Indicators, Science for Environmental Policy, In-Depth Report, EU Commission 2013. EUROSTAT statistics indicators web page 1st of December, 2013. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/statistics/themes GRI3 reporting web page visited 1st of December, 2013. https://www.globalreporting.org/reporting/G3andG3-1/Pages/default.aspx GRI4 reporting web page visited 1st of December, 2013. https://www.globalreporting.org/reporting/g4/Pages/default.aspx Helin, T., Holma, A. & Soimakallio, S. 2014. Is land-use impact assessment in LCA applicable for forest biomass value chains? Findings from comparison of use of Scandinavian wood, agro-biomass and peat for energy. International Journal of LCA (accepted). ISO 14040:2006. “Environmental Management – Life Cycle Assessment – Principles and framework”. ISO 14044:2006. “Environmental management – Life Cycle Assessment – Requirements and guidelines. ISO 14051:2011. “Environmental management - Material flow cost accounting - General framework”. ISO/TS 14067:2013. “Greenhouse gases — Carbon footprint of products — Requirements and guidelines for quantification and communication”. ISO 14045:2012. “Environmental management — Eco efficiency assessment of product systems — Principles, requirements and guidelines”. ISO DIS 14046:2013. “Life cycle assessment - Water footprint - Requirements and guidelines”. JRC 2010. Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) Guide. JRC 2010. Organization Environmental Footprint (OEF) Guide.




http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/statistics/themes

https://www.globalreporting.org/reporting/G3andG3-1/Pages/default.aspx

https://www.globalreporting.org/reporting/g4/Pages/default.aspx



Koellner, T. and Geyer, R. (Eds.). 2013 Special issue on Global land use impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services in LCA. Int J Life Cycle Assess, Vol. 18, No. 6, July 2013. Lead Market Initiative (LMI) web page visited 1st of December, 2013. http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/lead-market-initiative/ Li Shen and Patel, M. K. 2010, Life cycle assessment of man-made cellulose fibres, Lenzinger Berichte 88 1-59 ‘Life cycle indicators for resources, products and waste’, JRC Technical Reports (2012).

Jasch, C. 2000, Environmental performance evaluation and indicators. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 8, pp. 79–88. Niskala, M., Pajunen, T. & Tarna-Mani, K. 2009. Yhteiskuntavastuu raportointi, raportointi ja laskentaperiaatteet – book related to GRI3. 295 p. Niskala, M. 2013, Yritysvastuuraportointi GRI G4-ohjeiston muutokset – PPT presentation, MEMA alumni on 16th of October, 2013, at StoraEnso, Helsinki. OECD 2008. Measuring material flows and resource productivity, OECD Synthesis Report 2008. OECD 2012. Sustainable Management – OECD Green Growth Policy Brief 2012. WBCSD Vision Report, Vision 2050: The new agenda for business.

http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/lead-market-initiative/



Annex : GRI4 indicator information

GRI 4 GRI4 is for sustainability reporting of all kind of organizations. Below is presented indicators relevant for resource efficiency.

Main web source: GRI4 Reporting Principles and Standard Disclosures AND

GRI4 Implementation Manual

Economic Indicator: System Boundary:

Data requirements:

G4-EC1 DIRECT ECONOMIC VALUE GENERATED AND DISTRIBUTED

Organization The direct economic value generated and distributed (EVG&D) on an accruals basis. To better assess local economic impacts, report EVG&D separately at country, regional, or market levels, where significant.

G4-EC2 FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS AND OTHER RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE ORGANIZATION’S ACTIVITIES DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE

Organization Risks and opportunities posed by climate change that have the potential to generate substantive changes in operations, revenue or expenditure

G4-EC7 DEVELOPMENT AND IMPACT OF INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS AND SERVICES SUPPORTED

Organization The extent of development of significant infrastructure investments and services supported, the current or expected impacts, type of investments

G4-EC8 SIGNIFICANT INDIRECT ECONOMIC IMPACTS, INCLUDING THE EXTENT OF IMPACTS

Organization Report examples of the significant identified positive and negative indirect economic impacts the organization has etc.

G4-EC9 PROPORTION OF SPENDING ON LOCAL SUPPLIERS AT SIGNIFICANT LOCATIONS OF OPERATION

Organization Report the percentage of the procurement budget used for significant locations of operation spent on

suppliers local to that operation (such as percentage of products and services purchased locally). Report the organization’s geographical definition of ‘local’. Etc.

Environmental Indicator: System Boundary:

Data requirements:

G4-EN1


Organization total weight or volume of materials that are used to produce and package the organization’s primary products and services during the reporting period, by: Non-renewable materials used and Renewable materials used

G4-EN2 PERCENTAGE OF MATERIALS USED THAT

Organization Percentage of recycled input materials used to manufacture the organization’s





ARE RECYCLED INPUT MATERIALS

primary products and services.

G4-EN3


Organization total fuel consumption from non-renewable sources in joules or multiples, including fuel types used.

total fuel consumption from renewable fuel sources in joules or multiples, including fuel types used.

in joules, watt-hours or multiples, the total: Ÿ consumption of Electricity, Heating, Cooling, Steam ..

in joules, watt-hours or multiples, the total sold Electricity, -Heating, -Cooling, -Steam

total energy consumption in joules or multiples.

Report standards, methodologies, and assumptions used.

source of the conversion factors used.

G4-EN4


Organization Energy consumed outside of the organization, in joules or multiples. Etc.

G4-EN5 ENERGY INTENSITY Organization Report the energy intensity ratio, the types of energy included etc.

G4-EN6


Organization The amount of reductions in energy consumption achieved as a direct result of conservation and efficiency initiatives, in joules or multiples, the types of energy included Etc.

G4-EN7


Organization the reductions in the energy requirements of sold products and services achieved during the reporting period, in joules or multiples, the basis for calculating reductions in energy consumption such as base year or baseline etc.

G4-EN8


Organization the total volume of water withdrawn from the following sources: Surface water, including water from wetlands, rivers, lakes, and oceans, Ground water Rainwater collected directly and stored by the organization, Waste water from another organization, Municipal water supplies or other water utilities, standards, methodologies, and assumptions used. Etc,

G4-EN9 WATER SOURCES SIGNIFICANTLY

Organization the total number of water sources significantly affected by withdrawal by



AFFECTED BY WITHDRAWAL OF WATER

type: Size of water source, Whether or not the source is designated as a protected area (nationally or internationally), Biodiversity value (such as species diversity and endemism, total number of protected species), Value or importance of water source to local communities and indigenous peoples, methodologies, and assumptions etc used.

G4-EN10


Organization the total volume of water recycled and reused by the organization, the total volume of water recycled and reused as a percentage of the total water withdrawal reported under Indicator G4-EN8. etc.

G4-EN11

OPERATIONAL SITES OWNED, LEASED, MANAGED IN, OR ADJACENT TO, PROTECTED AREAS AND AREAS OF HIGH BIODIVERSITY VALUE OUTSIDE PROTECTED AREAS

Organization Issues such as Geographic location, Subsurface and underground land, Position in relation to the protected area, Type and size of operation, Biodiversity value

G4-EN12

DESCRIPTION OF SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS OF ACTIVITIES, PRODUCTS, AND SERVICES ON BIODIVERSITY IN PROTECTED AREAS AND AREAS OF HIGH BIODIVERSITY VALUE OUTSIDE PROTECTED AREAS

Organization Report the nature of significant direct and indirect impacts on biodiversity with reference, Report significant direct and indirect positive and negative impacts

G4-EN15

DIRECT GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) EMISSIONS (SCOPE 1)

Organization Report gross direct (Scope 1) GHG emissions in metric tons of CO2 equivalent, independent of any GHG trades, such as purchases, sales, or transfers of offsets or allowances. Report gases included in the calculation (whether CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6, NF3, or all). Report biogenic CO2 emissions in metric tons of CO2 equivalent separately from the gross direct (Scope 1) GHG emissions, the chosen base year, methods etc.

G4-EN16

ENERGY INDIRECT GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) EMISSIONS

Organization Report gross energy indirect (Scope 2) GHG emissions in metric tons of CO2 equivalent, independent of any GHG



(SCOPE 2) trades, such as purchases, sales, or transfers of offsets or allowances, Report gases included in the calculation, if available, the chosen base year, etc.

G4-EN17

OTHER INDIRECT GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) EMISSIONS (SCOPE 3)

Organization see above.

G4-EN19

REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) EMISSIONS

Organization Report the amount of GHG emissions reductions achieved as a direct result of initiatives to reduce emissions, in metric tons of CO2 equivalent. Report gases included in the calculation (whether CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6, NF3, or all).

G4-EN20

EMISSIONS OF OZONE-DEPLETING SUBSTANCES (ODS)

Organization Report production, imports, and exports of ODS in metric tons of CFC-11 equivalent.

G4-EN21

NOX, SOX, AND OTHER SIGNIFICANT AIR EMISSIONS

Organization Report the amount of significant air emissions, in kilograms or multiples for each of the following: NOX, SOX, Persistent organic pollutants (POP), Volatile organic compounds (VOC), Hazardous air pollutants (HAP), Particulate matter (PM), Other standard categories of air emissions identified in relevant regulations etc.

G4-EN22


Organization Report the total volume of planned and unplanned water discharges by: Destination, Quality of the water including treatment method, Whether it was reused by another organization

G4-EN23


Organization Report the total weight of hazardous and non-hazardous waste, by the following disposal methods: Reuse, Recycling, Composting, Recovery, including energy recovery, Incineration (mass burn), Deep well injection, Landfill, On-site storage, Other etc.

G4-EN24


Organization Report the total number and total volume of recorded significant spills., For spills that were reported in the organization’s financial statements, report the additional following

information for each such spill:

Location and Volume of spill, Material of spill, categorized by:

––Oil spills, Fuel spills, Spills of waste, Spills of chemicals (mostly soil or water



surfaces), Other etc.

G4-EN25

WEIGHT OF TRANSPORTED, IMPORTED, EXPORTED, OR TREATED WASTE DEEMED HAZARDOUS UNDER THE TERMS OF THE BASEL CONVENTION2 AND PERCENTAGE OF TRANSPORTED WASTE SHIPPED INTERNATIONALLY

Organization Report the total weight for each of the following:

ŸŸHazardous waste transported

ŸŸHazardous waste imported

ŸŸHazardous waste exported

ŸŸHazardous waste treated

G4-EN27

EXTENT OF IMPACT MITIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

Organization and product

Report quantitatively the extent to which environmental impacts of products and services have been mitigated during the reporting period.

G4-EN28

PERCENTAGE OF PRODUCTS SOLD AND THEIR PACKAGING MATERIALS THAT ARE RECLAIMED BY CATEGORY

Organization Report the percentage of reclaimed products and their packaging materials for each product category, how the data for this Indicator has been collected.

G4-EN30

SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TRANSPORTING PRODUCTS AND OTHER GOODS AND MATERIALS FOR THE ORGANIZATION’S OPERATIONS, AND TRANSPORTING MEMBERS OF THE WORKFORCE

Organization Significant environmental impacts of transporting products and other goods and materials for the organization’s operations, and transporting members of the workforce. Where quantitative data is not provided, report the reason, how the environmental impacts above are mitigated. Etc.

Social Indicator: System Boundary:

Data requirements:

G4-LA1

TOTAL NUMBER AND RATES OF NEW EMPLOYEE HIRES AND EMPLOYEE TURNOVER BY AGE GROUP, GENDER AND REGION

Organization total number and rate of new employee hires during the reporting period, by age group, gender and region, the total number and rate of employee turnover during the reporting period as above.

G4-LA6

TYPE OF INJURY AND RATES OF INJURY, OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES, LOST DAYS, AND ABSENTEEISM, AND TOTAL NUMBER

Organization types of injury, injury rate (IR), occupational diseases rate (ODR), lost day rate (LDR), absentee rate (AR) and work-related fatalities, for the total workforce (that is, total employees plus supervised workers), by: Region, Gender,



OF WORK-RELATED FATALITIES, BY REGION AND BY GENDER

types of injury, injury rate (IR), occupational diseases rate (ODR), lost day rate (LDR), absentee rate (AR) and work-related fatalities for independent contractors working on-site to whom the organization is liable for the general safety of the working environment, system of rules applied in recording and reporting accident statistics. Etc.

G4-LA7

WORKERS WITH HIGH INCIDENCE OR HIGH RISK OF DISEASES RELATED TO THEIR OCCUPATION

Organization are there workers who are involved in occupational activities who have a high incidence or high risk of specific diseases.

G4-LA9

AVERAGE HOURS OF TRAINING PER YEAR PER EMPLOYEE BY GENDER, AND BY EMPLOYEE CATEGORY

Organization the average hours of training that the organization’s employees have undertaken during the reporting period, by:

Gender, Employee category

G4-LA14

PERCENTAGE OF NEW SUPPLIERS THAT WERE SCREENED USING LABOR PRACTICES CRITERIA

Organization the percentage of new suppliers that were screened using labor practices criteria.

G4-HR5

OPERATIONS AND SUPPLIERS IDENTIFIED AS HAVING SIGNIFICANT RISK FOR INCIDENTS OF CHILD

LABOR, AND MEASURES TAKEN TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE EFFECTIVE ABOLITION OF CHILD LABOR

Organization a. Report operations and suppliers considered to have significant risk for incidents of:

ŸŸChild labor

ŸŸYoung workers exposed to hazardous work

operations and suppliers considered to have significant risk for incidents of child labor either in terms of: Type of operation (such as manufacturing plant) and supplier, Countries or geographical areas with operations and suppliers considered at risk

G4-HR10

PERCENTAGE OF NEW SUPPLIERS THAT WERE SCREENED USING HUMAN RIGHTS CRITERIA

Organization Report the percentage of new suppliers that were screened using human rights criteria.

G4-PR3

TYPE OF PRODUCT AND SERVICE INFORMATION REQUIRED BY THE ORGANIZATION’S PROCEDURES FOR PRODUCT AND SERVICE INFORMATION AND LABELING, AND

Organization and product

Report whether the following product and service information is required by the organization’s procedures for product and service information and labeling: e.g.

Content, particularly with regard to substances that might produce an



PERCENTAGE OF SIGNIFICANT PRODUCT AND SERVICE CATEGORIES SUBJECT TO SUCH INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS

environmental or social impact

Safe use of the product or service

Disposal of the product and environmental/social impacts

Other (explain)

project deliverable - more-nmp · 604068 more d1.1 set of promising resource efficiency indicators...

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