project implementation agency emergency tsunami...
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Project Implementation Agency Emergency Tsunami Reconstruction Project
Government of Puducherry
Environmental Impact Assessment Study for Reconstruction and Modernization of Karaikal Fishing Harbour
April 2011
WAPCOS Limited
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. GENERAL Karaikal fishery harbor was developed by the Department of Fisheries after taking the Environmental clearance in 2004. The harbour is lacking some of the essential facilities required by the fisherman. Hence, the Department of Fisheries, Government of Puducherry proposes the reconstruction and modernization of Karaikal Fishery harbor to full fill the demand of the fisherman. There are 10 fishing villages and around 3300 fishermen families are living in these coastal villages and their main employment is fishing and fishing related activity. Karaikal fishing harbor has 123 Mechanised boats. However, the proposed expansion is designed to accommodate the fleet strength of 320 Nos. The present document outlines the Executive Summary of the EIA study of Reconstruction and Modernization of Karaikal fishing harbor. 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION In the Detailed Project Report prepared by Central Institute of Coastal Engineering for Fishing (CICEF), recommendation was made for additional capacities for providing Ice Plant, slip way and Fish Processing unit and Boat making and repairing yard in Karaikal Fishery Harbour. Reconstruction and Modernization has been approved by the World Bank.The details of the facilities envisaged as part of the expansion are given as below:
� Boat making and repairing yard � Modernisation of slip way � Fish Processing Unit � Ice Plant � Treatment for discharge of effluent sullage
2.1 Boat making and Repair Yard There is no boat making and repair yard in the existing harbor and the fishermen have to go to Nagapattinam for utilising the boat making and repair facilities. To avoid hardship and inconvenience to the fishermen community, the Boat making and Repair Yard is proposed as part of the expansion. 2.2 Modernisation of Slip way It is proposed to provide cantilever retaining wall from -4 m to +2m to retain the earth. The finished level of ramp infront of the Arasalar River is -3 m and at the end, the finished level is +2m and therefore the total vertical height is 5 m. Adopting a slope of 1 in 15, the total length of retaining wall required to be provided is 75 m. Therefore the sloping cradle has been designed as a plate girder to withstand maximum load of 50 tonne. 2.3 Fish Processing Unit Fish catch at Karaikal has been estimated based on the data available with CMFRI for the Karaikal. The total fish catch at Karaikal has been estimated as 15 Tonnes per day. it is proposed to have 6 Tonne capacity fish processing unit at Karaikal to process, freeze and preserve the fishes and to supply the same in the local market at higher cost. 2.4 Ice Plant The total quantity of fish catch at Karaikal Fishing harbour is 15 tonnes/day. Considering 50% of total fish catch require iceing (0.5 x 15) 7.5 tonnes. The total Ice required for fleet and landed fish catch is (32 tonnes +7.5 tonnes) about 40 tonnes. Presently there is an ice plant of 10 tonne capacity. Hence the new ice plant with a capacity of 30 tonne per day is proposed at Karaikal. This will cater the needs of another 200 boats.
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2.5 Treatment for Effluent Sullage It is proposed to have 6 Tonne capacity fish processing unit at Karaikal Fishing harbour. The total quantity of sullage that is expected to be generated from fish processing and fish washing units is estimated as 75,000 litres per day. Hence, a pre-fabricated Sewage treatment plant of 75000 litres capacity is proposed for installation at Karaikal Fishing harbour. 3. ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STATUS The Study Area considered for the EIA study has been considered as the area within radius of 10 km considering the proposed project site at the centre. As a part of the EIA study, the baseline status has been ascertained for various aspects and the same is summarized in the following sections: 3.1 Meteorology Average annual rainfall in the project area is 1260 mm. Majority of rainfall is received under the influence of north-east monsoons during the months from October to December. As the project area is located in the tropical maritime zone summers are hot and humid, and winters are mild. Humidity ranges from 83% to 85% in monsoon and 69% to 76% in rest of the year. The average maximum and minimum temperatures during the summer season are 43oC and 27oC respectively. 3.2 Ambient Air Quality The ambient air quality monitoring was carried out with a frequency of two samples per week at three locations in August / September, 2010. The parameters monitored as a part of the study are listed as below:
• PM 10
• PM 2.5
• Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
• Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx). The PM2.5 concentration varies from 27.32 to 29.66 µg/m3 at various stations. Values of PM10
ranged from 34.65 to 47.24 µg/m3, which is below the prescribed limits of 60 µg/m3 and 100
µg/m3 respectively. The concentration of SO2 at various stations ranged from 1.11 to 9.23
µg/m3, which is below the prescribed limits of 80 µg/m3. Similarly NOX concentration was below detectable limits. 3.3 Noise Environment Baseline noise levels were recorded at 3 locations in the study area and equivalent noise level were calculated. The day time noise level ranged from a minimum of 28 dB(A) to a maximum of 37 dB(A). The night time noise level ranged from a minimum of 26 dB(A) to a maximum of 36 dB(A), which area well below the permissible limit. 3.4 Landuse Pattern The landuse pattern of the study area has also been studied using satellite data. The major portion of study area is occupied by water bodies (46.44%). Area under vegetation and agriculture accounts for about 9.90 % and 23.79 % of the total study area respectively. The Marshy and barren area are about 8.34% and 0.40%, respectively. 3.5 Marine Water Quality The temperature of the water samples ranged from 23°C to 25°C. pH value also did not exhibit insignificant variation and was in the range of 8.0 – 8.1. There is no fresh water influence during the time of collection and thus the salinity of surface water samples varied from 30 to 31 ppt. The DO values recorded at the four stations ranged from 4.00 mg/l to 4.50
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mg/l. Biochemical Oxygen Demand varied from 1.20 to 1.37 mg/l. The phosphorus and nitrates concentrations varied between 0.72 to .84 µmol/l and 1.06 to 1.16 µmol/l respectively. The concentration of cadmium in the water samples varied from 0.27 to 0.51µg/l. The concentration of Zinc in the study areas varied between11.0 to 12.30 µg/l. The estimated concentrations of lead ranged from 7 to 8.1 µg/l. The mercury level varied from 11.2 mg/l to 13.2 mg/l. 3.6 Sediment Quality The pH of sediments at various samples ranged from 8.1 to 8.2. The total phosphorus concentrations varied between 1.24 and 1.74 mg/g. The total nitrogen concentration ranged between 1.97 and 2.74 mg/g. Zinc concentrations was recorded in the range of 15.9 to 17µg/g. The concentrations of Lead varied between 36 and 43 µg/g. The mercury concentration was in the range of 5.9 to 6.1 ng/g. 3.7 Marine Ecology Detailed marine ecological survey was conducted at 5 locations. The parameters covered in marine survey includes primary productivity, Chlorophyll’a, Phaeo-pigment, Phytoplankton, Total Biomass, Zooplanktons, Macrobenthos, Meio-benthos et; The net primary productivity varies from 1.30 to 1.42 mg/m3. Chlorophyll’a content varied between 1.35 to 1.82 mg/m3. Phaeophytin content was analyzed in the range of 1.12 to 1.32 mg/m3. The phytoplankton density varies from 1735 Nos./l to 6675 Nos./l. The zooplankton population ranged from 435 to 3875 Nos./l.
3.8 Socio-economic Aspects There are 10 marine fishing villages in the Karaikal region. Total families in these villages are 3308. There are 1031 full time fishermen, 780 part time fishermen and 718 fishermen are involved in allied activities. There is no proper fish auction hall and the fish is being auctioned in the beach itself. The buyers transport these fishes to Karaikal fish market and nearby areas in Tamil Nadu for sale. 4. ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS Based on the project details and the baseline environmental status, potential impacts that are expected to accrue as a result of the proposed project have been briefly described in the following sections. 4.1 Land Environment Impacts due to construction activities Pre-construction activities generally do not cause significant damage to environment. The levels of construction activities envisaged in the proposed project are unlikely to cause any significant adverse impact. The natural drainage in the area is such that the entire water would outfall in the marine water. This could lead to marginal increase in turbidity levels. However, based on experience in similar projects, this impact is not expected to be significant. Impacts during Operation Phase Apart from the domestic sewage, totally 75,000 litres of sullage is likely to be generated in the Karaikal fishing harbour. The sullage generated from two auction halls, Pre-processing unit, Ice plant and Mechanised workshop will be collected in the manholes at the respective location and finally treated in the Effluent Treatment Plant and shall be reused for the horticulture purposes after treatment.
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Solid waste
The predicted total Municipal Solid Waste (including Fish Waste) is expected to be about 3.0 tonne/day .Solid waste comprises all bulky rubbish, old pieces of rope and netting, broken fish boxes etc. The detailed of solid waste management measures are given in Environmental Management Plan.
4.2 Water Environment Construction Phase The peak labour requirement during construction phase be about 200. The total water requirement for the laborers works out to 30 m3/day and the sewage generated will be about 24 m3/day. It is proposed to treat the sewage from labour camps prior to disposal.
Operation phase
It is proposed to have 6 Tonne capacity fish processing unit in Karaikal Fishing harbour. The total quantity of sullage that is expected to be generated from fish washing and fish processing unit has been estimated as 75,000 litres per day, which shall be treated in a pre-fabricated Sewage Treatment Plant.
4.3 Noise Environment Construction Phase The major sources of noise during construction phase are due to operation of various construction equipment. The noise levels generated by various construction equipments various between 70-90 dB (A). Based on the noise modelling, it has been observed that at a distance of 100 m and 200 m from the construction site, the increase in noise levels will be about 10 dB(A) and 15 dB(A) respectively. The nearest residential areas are more than 500 m away from the proposed fishing harbour. Thus, no adverse impacts are anticipated on noise levels due to the proposed project.
Operation phase
The major sources of noise during operation phase are vehicular movement for the transportation of fish. Increase in the noise levels during the construction phase are not expected to travel beyond 50 m. Hence, it is anticipated that there will not be significant increase in the noise levels in the operation phase of the proposed fishing harbour project. 4.4 Air Environment Construction Phase The combustion of diesel in construction equipment could be one of the possible sources of air pollution during the construction phase. It has been observed from the modeling that the incremental concentration of So2 is quite low and does not require any specific control measure. Thus, the operation of construction equipment is not expected to have any major impact on the ambient air quality. The fugitive emissions generated due to vehicular movement also contributes to Air Pollution. However fugitive emissions are not expected to travel beyond a distance of 200 to 300m. Hence, the impact on air environment during construction phase is not expected to be significant.
Operation phase
The major source of air pollution in the post-project phase is the vehicular movement for transportation of fish catch to different destinations of markets. On an average about 10 to 20 trucks per day will move in the area. The pollution levels due to those are not expected to be significant to cause significant adverse impact on ambient air quality.
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4.5 Ecology The study area has no major forest cover. Hence, no significant impacts are envisaged on terrestrial flora as a result of the proposed project. 4.6 Socio Economic Environment Construction Phase In the construction stage the peak labour force, skilled and unskilled labourers, is estimated at about 200. About 100 labour population are likely to come from nearby sites. The balance, i.e. 100 labour and their family members are likely to stay near construction sites. Thus, it is necessary to develop adequate infrastructure facilities, so that the requirements of the immigrating labour population are met. Operation Phase The facilities being proposed as a part of the expansion of the Karaikal fishing harbour will provide boost to fishing activities in the region. Additional employment from net making, boat repairs and other non conventional labour shall also be created. 4.6 Summary of Impacts The summary of impacts is given in Table-1
TABLE-1 SUMMARY OF PREDICTION
SUMMARY OF PREDICTION OF IMPACTS
Issues considered for prediction
Result of Prediction Impacts Significance
Air Quality Impacts
• Vehicular emission during transportation of construction materials
• The increase in the concentration of NOX, CO and HC at a distance of 500m is negligible and the overall concentration conform to NAAQS
• The impacts are short term, temporary and shall cease to exist after construction is complete.
Low in the long term and with suitable EMP like covering trucks with tarpaulin sheets, regulation of vehicle speeds and regular emission checks
• Vessel emission • Increase in concentration within the fishing harbour, but will return to background levels as the vessels are of low capacity
Low
Shoreline changes
• Construction activities • Negligible littoral drift calculated, thereby resulting in negligible accretion / erosion
• Low
Land / Aesthetics
• Disposal of solid wastes from canteen, fish meal, rotten fish, ship wastes, vessel repair wastes inland inside the fishing harbour
• Increased organic, toxic and heavy metal loads from runoff
• Odour and pests infection
• Low, when appropriate management measures are implemented.
Water Quality / Ecological Impacts
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Issues considered for prediction
Result of Prediction Impacts Significance
• Wharf construction • Increased turbidity from boulder laying
• Smothering of benthic flora/fauna
• The impacts are short-term and cease after construction is complete.
• Provide nurseries and breeding grounds after construction is complete
• Medium during construction phase
• Beneficial in the long term after construction ceases
• Fishing operations, wastewater disposal, boat repairs
• Increased pathogen, organic loads leading to DO depletion, Eutrophication resulting in fish kills, decomposition and infection
• Toxics and hazardous wastes may lead to bioaccumulation and bio magnification especially in juveniles
• High (-ve)
• Low when integrated with Environmental and Fishing harbor management plans and non-fisheries impacts (from municipal sewage) are regulated;
• Discharge of oil sewage and waste water from vessels
• Increased organic loads, oil and grease inside the breakwater with insufficient mixing
• Low when onshore facilities for reception of oily wastes, slop and wastewater are provided. Adherence to EMP items shall be ensured by the Dept. of Fisheries.
Socio Economics
Livelihood and employment • The region is a fishing village with no other means of livelihood. Increased employment opportunities to locals from fisheries associated activities like net mending, boat repairs, markets, exports etc.,
• High (Positive)
Risk
Fuelling Operations • Impacts from Worst Case Scenario are limited to the fishing harbour. However, considering the generally crowded nature of fishing harbour it is required to provide fire hydrants in the vicinity of berthing locations
• Adequate care needs to be taken for protection of the fuel pipelines
• Low significance under normal operating conditions
• Consequences limited to fishing harbour only, during abnormal conditions as low quantities of fuel shall be handled.
• Adequate Fire hydrants and first aid facilities shall be provided within the fishing harbour
• Marine Environment
Construction activities
• Impact on Marine water • Low significance under
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Issues considered for prediction
Result of Prediction Impacts Significance
quality and marine ecology normal operating conditions
• Net Impacts • Low (-ve) significance for short term
• Net Benefits • High (+ve) significance for long term
5. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the proposed fish landing centre is briefly described in the following sections: 5.1 Surface Water Quality The following measures are recommended:
• Spillage of fuel / engine oil and lubricants from the construction site shall be prevented by suitable precautions and also by providing necessary mechanisms to trap the spillage.
• Temporary colonies of the construction workers should be established sufficiently away from the HTL and adequate sanitation facilities shall be provided to prevent degrading the environmental quality of the area.
• The construction activities will be carried out in the confined manner to reduce the impacts on marine environment.
• The construction waste including the debris shall be disposed safely in the designated areas and in no case shall be disposed in the marine environment.
5.2 Ambient Air Quality
• Water sprinkling shall be done at least thrice a day at the construction sites, haul roads and other access roads of the project area.
• Transportation trucks shall be covered to control fugitive dust.
• Idling of delivery trucks or other equipment should be avoided during loading and unloading of construction material.
• All construction vehicles should comply with emission standards of CPCB and be maintained properly.
• Use of Ready-mix concrete wherever possible shall be explored. In the case of use of Concrete Mixer, Concrete Mixer should be mounted on shelter with top and slides closed.
5.3 Noise Quality
• Measures for minimizing noise generated from vehicles and other mechanical devices should be.
• Enclosures and mufflers for the construction equipment shall be provided during construction.
• DG sets shall be installed with acoustic enclosures and silencers so as to reduce noise up to the standard level as far as possible.
• Ear protective devices shall be used by the construction workers where they are exposed to steady noise levels above 85 dB (A).
5.4 Land Environment
• Modernization of fishing harbor should be carried out as per applicable regulations such as local planning requirements, fishery sector guide lines, coastal zone regulations and other environment regulations of Government of India and The World Bank.
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• Hazardous materials like diesel, LPG and paints, etc., should be stored as per the explosives act of GoI.
5.5 Marine Environment
• Construction activities to be scheduled and planned to minimise impacts on fishermen and marine ecology;
• Disposal of sewage from the construction work area in to sea, shall be prevented with suitable wastewater treatment measures
• Strict management of the aquatic environment should be followed during the construction phase through waste control, use of minimum disturbance techniques during construction for ensuring minimal changes to the aquatic environment.
• After completion of the construction activities adequate clean-up and restored to their original contours and the aesthetic quality of the surroundings should be restored.
5.6 Waste Water Management
• Apart from the domestic sewage, totally 75,000 litres of sullage Total 75,000 litres of sullage is likely to be generated in the Karaikal fishing harbour. A pre-fabricated Sewage treatment plant is proposed as a part of modernization of Karaikal Fishing harbor.
5.7 Oil Spill Mitigation during the Operation Phase
• Oil boom is proposed near the complex so that any oil that is spilled can be arrested by using the boom. The trapped oil is sucked out using a hand suction pump and transferred to the Oil collection container.
• Waste oil will be collected in 200-litre oil drums and soled to oil processing companies for reprocessing.
5.8 Solid Waste Management
• The total solid waste to be generated would be of the order of 3 t/day, which will be collected and recyclable waste will be recycled. The balance solid waste will be disposed of at designated landfill site.
5.9 Greenbelt Development
• It is proposed to develop greenbelt around various project appurtenances, which will go a long way to achieve environmental protection and mitigation of pollution levels in the area. About 2 ha of land is proposed to be afforested as a part of Greenbelt Development Plan. . The plantation will be at a spacing of 2.5 x 2.5 m. The width of the greenbelt will be 30 m. About 1,600 trees per hectare will be planted.
5.10 Summary of Environmental Management Plan
The summary of Environmental Management Plan is given in Table – 2
TABLE - 2
Summary of Environmental Management Plan
S. No.
Issues / Impacts Mitigation Measures Responsibility
Pre-construction Stage
1 Clearances and Approvals
(i) Secure regulatory clearances such as CRZ Clearance of CRZ rules , GoI
Fisheries Department
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S. No.
Issues / Impacts Mitigation Measures Responsibility
(ii) Obtain planning permissions from relevant local planning authority and the local administration (iii) Ensure transfer of land from revenue authorities for approach road and dumping site of the project
2 Site clearance Site clearance shall be carried out to in such a way that the clearance and grubbing waste is disposed immediately in the designated dumping site identified for the project. In no case the waste material shall not be disposed in the sea or river or any other sensitive environment components.
Contractor
During Construction Stage
1 Infrastructure provisions at construction camps
The Contractor during the progress of work will provide, erect and maintain necessary living accommodation and ancillary facilities for labour as per the requirements of applicable labour regulations of Government of India. All the work sites and camp sites shall also be provided with basic sanitation and infrastructure as per the requirements of Building and other Construction Workers (regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996.
Contractor
2 Transportation of construction materials
The contractor should bring construction material only from approved quarries. Heavy vehicles shall be covered with Tarpaulin sheets to minimize fugitive dust during transportation
Contractor
3 Ambient Air quality
All the vehicles must have valid PUC certificates at all the time during construction phase of the project, Water sprinkling shall be done to suppress the dust emissions from the site. All the DG sets used for construction shall have valid consents from TNPCB and shall have built-in stacks to reduce the air emission impacts.
Contractor
4 Noise The construction materials shall be properly maintained and barricades shall be provided around the site for reducing the noise levels. All the workers will be provided with personal protective equipment including ear plugs and other necessary provisions by the contractor.
Contractor
5 Water The quality of water (marine, river and Contractor
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S. No.
Issues / Impacts Mitigation Measures Responsibility
wastewater discharged from the camps) shall be analysed once in three months during construction, for its compliance to the disposal standards of pollution control authority.
6 Emergency Management
First aid kits and emergency treatment facilities shall be provided by the contractor at the work sites, camp sites and all other ancillary facilities.
Contractor
7 Greenbelt development
Green belt with adequate number of trees shall be developed and shall be maintained to ensure at 80% survival rate.
Contractor and Fisheries Department
8 Marine Environment
• To assess the impacts on marine environment marine water and benthal samples shall be analysed on a quarterly basis during construction phase and necessary mitigation measures shall be implemented, as directed by the engineer in charge
• Total Suspended Solids (TSS) in sea water to be monitored at various locations in and around the construction work areas in order to assess the sediment transport and the resultant impacts
Contractor
Operation Stage
1 Monitoring Operational Performance
The PIU and Fishing harbour management shall monitor the operational performance of the various mitigation measures implemented in the project. This shall include overall hygiene practices of the Fishing harbour, performance of wastewater treatment plant, impacts due to material dump site, survival rate of trees, quality of river water, marine water and sediment quality
Fisheries Department and Fishing harbour management,
2 Water & Waste water
Surface water, ground water, marine water and treated / untreated wastewater quality shall be analysed by on a quarterly basis
Fisheries Department and Fishing harbour management,
3. Air Environment Ambient air quality and DG stack monitoring shall be done once in a quarter. Water sprinkling for dust suppression and Greenbelt development shall be carried out in the premises. Proper maintenance of boats shall be ensured to reduce the emissions.
Fisheries Department and Fishing harbour management,
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S. No.
Issues / Impacts Mitigation Measures Responsibility
4. Noise DG sets with acoustic enclosures shall be deployed.
Fisheries Department and Fishing harbour management,
5. Solid Waste Solid waste from the site should be source segregated and collected into biodegradable & non-biodegradable waste. The biodegradable waste will be treated in organic waste converter (OWC) and used as manure, whereas the non biodegradable waste shall be sent to authorised recyclers.
Fisheries Department and Fishing harbour management,
6 Emergency Management
First aid kits and emergency treatment facilities shall be maintained by the Fishing harbour operating agency. Adequate fire extinguishers shall be provided in the premises with clear fire exit signals and sign boards are displayed for evacuation.
Fisheries Department and Fishing harbour management,
6. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME The summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme for implementation during project construction and operation phases is given in Tables-3 and 4 respectively
TABLE-3 Summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme (construction phase)
S. No.
Aspects Parameters to be monitored
Frequency of monitoring
Location
1. Marine water
Physico-chemical parameters
pH, Salinity, EC, TDS, Turbidity, Phosphates, Nitrates, Sulphates, Chlorides.
Grab, Once in quarter.
4 sites (site, u/s site, d/s site and waste water from camp site
Biological parameters Light penetration, Chlorophyll, Primary Productivity, Phytoplanktons, Zooplanktons
Grab, Once in quarter.
4 sites (site, u/s site, d/s site) and drinking water from camp site
2. Sediments
Physico-chemical parameters
Texture, pH, Sodium, Potassium, Phosphate, Chlorides, Sulphates
Once in quarter.
3 sites
Biological parameters Benthic Meio-fauna, Benthic Macro-fauna
Once in quarter. 3 sites
3. Ambient air quality SPM, RPM, SO2 and NOx
- Summer, Post-monsoon and Winter seasons.
- Twice a week
Close to construction site(s)
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S. No.
Aspects Parameters to be monitored
Frequency of monitoring
Location
for four consecutive weeks per season.
4. Noise Equivalent Noise Level
During peak construction activities
Construction Site(s)
TABLE-4
Summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme (operation phase)
S. No.
Aspects Parameters to be monitored
Frequency of monitoring
Location
1. Marine water
Physico-chemical parameters
pH, Salinity, EC, TDS, Turbidity, Phosphates, Nitrates, Sulphates, Chlorides.
Once in three months
3 to 4 sites
Biological parameters Light penetration, Chlorophyll, Primary Productivity, Phytoplanktons, Zooplanktons
Once a year
3 to 4 sites
2. Sediments
Physico-chemical parameters
Texture, pH, Sodium, Potassium, Phosphate, Chlorides, Sulphates
Once in three months
3 to 4 sites
Biological parameters Benthic Meio-fauna, Benthic Macro-fauna
Once in a year 3 to 4 sites
3. Ambient air quality SPM, RPM, SO2 & NOx
Summer, Post-monsoon & Winter seasons Twice a week for four consecutive weeks per season.
Villages
4. Noise Equivalent Noise Level
Once per month Project area and sites within 1 km of the project area
5. Greenbelt Development
Rate of survival and growth of various species
Once per month Various plantation sites.
7. COST ESTIMATE The cost estimates for implementing Environmental Management Plan (EMP) shall be Rs.27 million. The details are given in Table-5
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TABLE-5 Summary of cost estimate for implementing EMP
S. No.
Parameter Cost (Rs. million)
1. Solid Waste Management 3.70
2. Waste Water Treatment 20.00
2. Sanitary facilities at labour camps 0.80
3. Treatment of effluent from workshops 0.50
4. Greenbelt development 0.12
5. Purchase of noise meter 0.05
6. Implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programme during construction phase (Refer Table-6.3)
1.60
Total 26.67 say Rs. 27.0 million
The cost required for implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programme during construction phase is Rs.1.60 million. The cost required for implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programme during operation phase is Rs.0.75 million/year.
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CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Karaikal is a coastal town with a total coastline of 20 km. The location of Karaikal
town is shown in Figure-1.1. There are 10 fishing villages and around 3300
fishermen families are living in these coastal villages and their main employment is
fishing and fishing related activity. As per the registration details of Puducherry
fisheries department, 123 Mechanised boats, 400 FRP Boat fitted with OBM have
been registered. Since there is no fishing harbour for berthing their vessels and
handling their catches, the fishermen currently operating their fleet from
Jagathapattinam, Mallipattinam and Nagapattinam. The Karaikal Fishermen
demanded the Government of Puducherry to construct the fishing harbour.
The Department of Fisheries, Government of Puducherry has requested the Central
Institute of Coastal Engineering for Fishery (CICEF) to undertake the necessary
Engineering and Economic investigation and prepare a Project Feasibility Report for
development of Fishing harbour at Karaikal to fulfill the long felt need of fishermen
community. The CICEF Institute has carried out the Techno-Economic Feasibility
Report and prepared two different fishing harbour layouts and forwarded the same to
Government of Puducherry. The fish ing harbour layout on the southern side of river
Arasalar mouth was finalized. The Ministry of Environment and Forest had accorded
Environment clearance in July 2004 for the development of fishing harbour at
Karaikal.
Project Implementation Agency EIA Study for Reconstruction and Modernization (Emergency Tsunami Reconstruction Project) of Karaikal fishing harbour
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The PWD of Puducherry prepared the estimate for various components and total
cost of project is estimated as Rs.34.80 Crores which include construction of
Training wall at North and Southern bank of river.
1.2 REGULATORY AUTHORITIES FOR CRZ REGULATION
National Coastal Management Authority (NCZMA) –The Authority l examines and
accords approval to area specific management plans, based on the
recommendations of the State Coastal Zone Management Authorities and Union
Territory Coastal Zone Management Authorities
State Coastal Management Authority (SCZMA)
Based on the CRZ notification in 1991, the state Government constitutes Coastal
Zone Management Authority (SCZMA). The SCZMA is designated as having the
power to take various measures for protecting and improving the quality of the
coastal environment and preventing, abating and controlling environmental pollution
in areas of the respective State/UT. For the present project, shall review the project
and make recommendations to the National Coastal Zone Management Authority for
according clearance under CRZ notification.
District Coastal Management Authority (DCZMA)
The State/ Union Territory Government constitutes the District Coastal Zone
Management Authorities (DCZMA) with Collector of the District as its Chairman, to
monitor, enforce and implement the provisions of Coastal Regulation Zone at the
district level. Proposals seeking clearance under Coastal Regulation Zone
Notification are first scrutinized by the District Coastal Management Authority and
then submitted to State Coastal Zone Management Authority (SCZMA). The DCZMA
assists the State Coastal Zone Management Authority in discharging the expected
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duties apart from attending to the local issues concerned with the Coastal Regulation
Zones.
1.3 MARINE FISHING VILLAGES IN KARAIKAL REGION
There are 10 marine fishing villages in the Karaikal region. The names of the marine
fishing villages and the number of families in each village are given in Table-1.1.
TABLE-1.1
Details of marine fishing villages in Karaikal region
S. No. Name No. of families
1. Karaikalmedu 782
2. Kilinjalmedu 646
3. Keezhakasakudy 254
4. Kottucherrymedu 220
5. Akkampettai 117
6. Kalikuppam 176
7. Mandapathur 113
8. Karikalacherry 345
9. North vanjure 206
10. Pattinacherry 449
Total 3,308 Source: Department of Fisheries & Fishermen Welfare, Puducherry
In Karaikal region, there are 1031 full time fishermen, 780 part time fishermen and
the fishermen involved in allied activities are 718. The number repairing of boats is
33, 112 in processing of fish, 14 in fish and prawn seed collection and 232 in other
related activities.
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE EIA STUDY
The objectives of Environmental Impact Assessment for the reconstruction and
modernization of existing fishing harbour at Karaikal are to assess the likely impacts
on the existing quality of land, marine water, noise, air quality, marine as well as
terrestrial ecology and socio-economic environment. Mitigating measures in the form
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of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) have also been outlined as a part of
the EIA report.
The key components of the EIA study include:
- assessment of the existing status of physico-chemical, ecological (terrestrial and marine) and socio-economic aspects of environment
- identification of potential impacts on various environmental components due
to activities envisaged during construction and operation phases. - prediction of significant impacts on various aspects of environment. - delineation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) outlining measures to
minimize adverse impacts during construction and operation phases of the proposed project.
- formulation of environmental quality monitoring programme for construction
and operation phases. 1.5 METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR THE EIA STUDY
The purpose of this section is to enumerate the steps carried out in an
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study. The same are briefly described in
the following paragraphs.
Environmental Baseline study
Before the start of the project, it is essential to ascertain the baseline levels of
appropriate environmental parameters which could be significantly affected by the
implementation of the project. The planning of baseline survey emanates from short
listing of impacts prepared during identification. The baseline study involved both
field work and review of existing documents, which is necessary for identification of
data which may already have been collected for other purposes.
As per the Ministry of Environment & Forests (MOEF) guidelines, the Study Area for
the EIA study has been considered as the 10 km radius keeping the proposed
project site at the centre. The baseline data on various environmental parameters
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like land use pattern, water quality, noise, meteorology, air quality, demography and
socio-economics, terrestrial ecology and marine ecology was collected through field
studies, literature review and collection of secondary data as available with various
departments and locals.
The methodology adopted for various aspects of data collection is briefly described
in the following paragraphs:
• Marine Ecology
The marine ecological survey was conducted in the month of August, 2009. The
surface as well bottom water samples were collected using mechanized vessels.
Each location was fixed on benchmark and after reaching the site, the vessel was
anchored.
Parameters like temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen were estimated by an
YSI temperature, salinity oxygen meter respectively at the site itself.
Plankton samples were collected by filtering a known volume of water by a plankton
not of <60 µ mesh size bolting silk. Surface water was collected using a clean bucket
without causing any disturbances. Likewise, the bottom water samples were
collected by Nansen bottle. Sediment samples were collected by a grab sampler
operated from the vessel.
The data on various aspects like major aquatic floral and faunal species, rare and
endangered species, fisheries, crabs, prawns, mangroves, etc. was also collected as
a part of primary data collection. Apart from this, the secondary data/information as
available from the reported literature have been appropriately utilized in the EIA
report.
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• Ambient Air quality
Ambient air quality monitoring was conducted at three locations in and around the
project area. The parameters monitored were PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NOx.
• Noise Environment
Noise levels in the study area were recorded with A-weighted noise level meter at
various sampling locations in and around the project area. The readings were taken
during day and night time and equivalent noise levels were estimated and used in
the EIA report.
• Socio-economic Aspects
The data on demography, socio-economics was collected from secondary data
sources like Census handbook, Statistical handbook, and revenue records, etc.
• Landuse pattern
The landuse pattern of the study area has been studied using digital satellite data,
which was procured from National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), Hyderabad in
the form of CD-ROM for IRS-1C, LISS III. Detailed ground truth studies were
conducted for formulation of signature data set. A supervised classification was then
conducted using the GIS & IMAGINE processing software packages available in
house at WAPCOS Centre for Environment. The landuse pattern has been also
studied with use of revenue data (Census handbook).
Assessment of Impacts
With knowledge of the baseline conditions, project characteristics, the intensity of
construction and operation activities and current critical conditions, detailed
projections were made for the influence of the proposed project on physio-chemical,
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biological and social environment in the area. The impacts on environment due to
construction and operation activities of the proposed project were identified.
The various aspects of the environment covered as a part of the Impact Assessment
were:
• Land Environment
• Air Environment
• Noise Environment
• Terrestrial Environment
• Socio-Economic Aspects.
An attempt was made to predict future environmental scenario quantitatively to the
extent possible. However, for non-tangible impacts, qualitative assessment has been
done.
Environmental Management Plan
The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) was delineated to ensure that the
adverse impacts likely to accrue are altogether removed or minimized to the extent
possible. After selection of suitable and feasible environmental mitigation measures,
the cost required for implementation of various environmental management
measures has been estimated to have an idea of their cost-effectiveness.
Environmental Monitoring Programme
A post-project environmental monitoring programme has been suggested to oversee
the environmental safeguards, to ascertain the agreement between prediction and
reality and to suggest the remedial measures not foreseen during the planning stage
but during the operation phase and to generate data for further use. The equipment,
manpower and cost required for the implementation of environmental monitoring
programme were also suggested.
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1.6 OUTLINE OF THE REPORT
The contents of the EIA report are arranged as follows:
Chapter 1: The chapter gives an overview of the need for the project, objectives and
need for EIA study etc.
Chapter 2: A brief write-up on various project appurtenances, construction schedule
and construction material requirement have been covered in this chapter.
Chapter 3: Baseline environmental conditions including physical, biological and
socio-economic parameters, resource base and infrastructure have been described
in this chapter. Before the start of the project, it is essential to ascertain the baseline
conditions of appropriate environmental parameters which could be significantly
affected by the implementation of the project. The planning of baseline survey
emanates from short listing of impacts prepared during identification. The baseline
study involves both field work and review of existing documents, which is necessary
for identification of data which may already have been collected for other purposes.
Chapter 4: Anticipated positive and negative impacts as a result of the construction
and operation of the proposed project were assessed in the Chapter. Prediction is
essentially a process to forecast the future environmental conditions of the project
area that might be expected to occur as a result of the construction and operation of
the proposed project. An attempt has been made to predict future environmental
conditions quantitatively to the extent possible. But for certain parameters, which
cannot be quantified, the general approach is to discuss such intangible impacts in
qualitative terms so that planners and decision-makers are aware of their existence
as well as their possible implications.
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Chapter 5: Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for amelioration of anticipated
adverse impacts likely to accrue as a result of the proposed project. The approach
for formulation of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is to maximize the
positive environmental impacts and minimize the negative ones. After selection of
suitable environmental mitigation measures, cost required for implementation of
various management measures is also estimated.
Chapter 6: Environmental Monitoring Programme for implementation during project
construction and operation phases has been delineated in this Chapter. The
objective is to assess the adequacy of various environmental safeguards and to
compare the predicted and actual scenario during construction and operation phases
to suggest remedial measures not foreseen during the planning stage but arising
during these phases and to generate data for further use. The cost for required for
implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programme has also been summarized
in this chapter.
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CHAPTER-2
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The Central Institute of Coastal Engineering for Fishing (CICEF) involved in Planning
and Design of fishing habour at Karaikal. The fishing harbour was planned and
designed for handling Mechanised vessel comprising 200 Nos. of 11 m and 120 Nos.
of 13 m trawlers. The Feasibility Report was submitted by CICEF during 1997.
The Feasibility Report was reviewed by the Department of Fisheries, Government of
Puducherry. Since considerable time had elapsed in conducting mathematical model
study and getting report from CWPRS, the report was revised in April 2001 by
collecting and updating the field data.
As per the statistics during April 2001, the fleet strength remained unchanged and
various components of fishing harbour were firmed up to accommodate the fleet
strength of 320 Nos.
In the Detailed Project Report of CICEF, a recommendation was made for additional
capacities for providing Ice Plant and Fish Processing Unit and it was also indicated
that these facilities have to be constructed during “O” year (Before commencing of its
commercial activities).Further in the on-going fishing harbour project, a provision to
construct the slip way was made and cost provided in the estimate for this purpose
was Rs.25.00 lakh.
In the estimate of CICEF, 35 m wide ramp with 1 in 10 slope along with metal and
sand layer of 250 mm thick have been suggested.As the fleet being operated in
Karaikal is of steel and wooden mechanised boat and the length of boat is between
11 to 13 m, providing sloping hard is not suitable for hauling and launching. The
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Stake-holders insisted during the pre-stake holder’s meeting to make modern and
mechanised repair arrangement.Considering the efficiency of the slipway, approval
was accorded by the World Bank to provide slipway at Karaikal Fishing Harbour
during the meeting held on 5-3-2010.
2.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.2.1 Boat making and Repair Yard
There is no provision in the estimate for boat making and repair yard facilities under
the centralised sponsored scheme and the fishermen find IT difficulties to build or
repair their boat. The fishermen have to go to Nagapattinam for utilising the boat
making and repair yard facilities. To avoid hardship and inconvenience to the
fishermen community, the Boat making and Repair Yard is proposed on the southern
end of slip way under the ETRP scheme. It comprises of 3 Bays on each shed and
each bay is provided with CR100 Rail arrangements. In this Boat making and Repair
yard, 6 Nos. of Boats can be repaired or build at a time. The general layout of Boat
Making and Repair Yard is shown in Figure-2.1.
2.2.2 Slip way
The location of slip way is on the south west side of Arasalar River and on the
western side of fishing harbour. It is proposed to provide cantilever retaining wall
from -4 m to +2m to retain the earth. The finished level of ramp infront of the Arasalar
River is -3 m and at the end, the finished level is +2m and therefore the total vertical
height is 5 m. Adopting a slope of 1 in 15, the total length of retaining wall required
to be provided is 75 m.
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2.2.3 Design of the Cradle system
The maximum length of the steel boat is 36 feet (12 meter) and the maximum weight
of boat is assessed as 19 T and the wooden boat weight is 9 T. Therefore the
sloping cradle has been designed as a plate girder to withstand maximum load of 50
tonne.
2.2.4 Construction sequence
The construction sequence is given as below:
� Construction of cofferdam in front of the proposed slip way to avoid the
intrusion of water during working.
� Earthwork excavation and dredging
� Construction of cantilever retaining wall
� PCC and RCC Concreting for ramp portion
� Providing CR100 Rail of 2.5m apart in ramp portion, transfer bay for the
movement of transfer cradle and also in the boat making and repair yard.
� Providing winch room with winch of suitable capacity.
� Fabrication of sloping cradle, Boat trolley and Transfer cradle.
2.3 FISH PROCESSING UNIT
A detailed sectoral analysis was carried out as a part of the Feasibility study to
assess the number of boats registered with the department of fisheries and annual
fish catches and variety of fish landings, gear details including marketing avenues
and method of disposal. The data available with department of fisheries have been
collected.
During the presentation made on various occasions it is emphasized to adopt the
catch details published by the CMFRI. In this connection the fisheries statistics from
CMFRI was collected and as per the CMFRI data, the fish catch details upto 2004
was available for entire Union Territory of Puducherry without any breakup. However
the fish catch details from 2005 to 2008 was available for Puducherry, Karaikal,
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Mahe and Yanam separately. The CMFRI data available for Karaikal region between
2005 to 2008 was considered and from this a total fish catch per day is assessed as
15 Tonnes. . The general layout of Fish Processing Unit is shown in Figure-2.2.
2.4 ICE PLANT
Ice has a very large cooling capacity for a given weight or volume. It is used for
preservation of fish since rapid cooling is possible through intimate contact between
fish and ice pieces. Quality at the end product will depend on the supply of adequate
quantity and quality of ice used for its preservation right from the catch through
various stages of processing such as landing, auctioning, transportation, storage,
etc.,
All fishing vessels prior to their sail need to carry block ice in sufficient quantity for
preserving fish. Block ice is cheaper, convenient to carry, requires less space and is
having less melt water when compared to any other form of ice. Therefore, modern
block ice manufacturing units is proposed to supply quality ice to the fishing industry
by using potable water. The area and location of ice plant were reviewed by the
Collector and other Team member during the meeting and the size and location were
approved by the committee after the deliberation. The District Collector informed that
the existing fleet strength in Karaikal may be fixed as 100 nos. and requested the
Consultant to develop infrastructure facilities for 300 mechanised crafts, considering
future growth. The general layout of Ice Plant is shown in Figure-2.3.
Ice required
As per Sectoral Analysis study, the total fleet being operated in Karaikal is 123 nos.
and there is no FRP Boat with Inboard engine in Karaikal. Assuming 65% of fleet
are being operated for fish catch,
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No. of fleet going for fish catch = 123 x 65%= 79.95 nos. Say, 80 Assuming ice required for daily fishing is 400 kg/vessel. Thus, Ice required for daily
fishing (80 x 400) 32000 kg.
The quantity of fish catch as per CMFRI data for Karaikal Fishing harbour is
15 tonnes/day. Considering 50% of total fish catch require iceing (0.5 x 15) 7.5
tonnes. The total Ice required for fleet and landed fish catch is (32 tonnes +7.5
tonnes) about 40 tonnes.
Presently there is an ice plant of 10 tonne capacity constructed by SIFFS located at
Singaravelusalai near Karaikalmedu and is now in operating condition. Hence the
capacity of ice plant proposed at Karaikal is 30 tonne with adequate provision for
expansion to cater the needs of another 200 boats for future expansion when it
becomes operational from the Karaikal fishing harbour. The area earmarked for the
Ice plant is 30 m x 20 m which includes provision for future expansion also. Two
numbers of 50 T of refrigeration capacity compressor is required for 30 tonne ice
production at – 15° evaporation and + 40° condensing temperature. The capacity of
motor required is 188 HP and totally 110 T of refrigeration is required for the ice plant
to produce the 30 T of Ice. The power required of producing 30T of ice is 145 KW.
Water requirement of Ice Plant
It is roughly estimated that for an ice plant, an equal amount of fresh water will be
needed. Therefore for 30 tonne capacity ice plant, the requirement of fresh water by
taking into account 2 to 3 days reserve storage is about 90,000 litres. Since Karaikal
is a small town having a population of about 1.71 lakh, it is proposed to draw water
for ice plant from the locally available sources, as the ground water in the area is
saline.
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According to the norms of MPEDA, area required for setting up an ice plant of 20
Tonne per day is about 300 m2. Therefore, it is proposed to provide the Ice plant with
size 30 m x 17 m approximate with reference to the quantum of ice arrived based on
CMFRI data. The proposed Ice plant shall have built-up area of 30m x 17m and
shall be of framed structure with shallow foundation and the expected production of
Ice per day is 30 Tonnes.
2.5 TREATMENT FOR DISCHARGE OF EFFLUENT SULLAGE:
The common liquid wastes that pollute the fishing harbour are:
� Sewage from sanitary facilities � Waste water from fish cleaning operations � Outfalls from processing plants � Galley waste from boats � Deck and fish-hold washings and � Laundry discharges.
In addition,
� Effluents from shore-based industries and � Human waste from settlements upstream and to the pollution load in some harbours.
� The harbour should provide reception facilities for large vessels to discharge their sewage.
In Karaikal, the development of fishing harbour is in progress. For some of the items,
the constructions are on-going and constructions for few components are yet to be
commenced. At present, 123 nos. of boats are being operated in Karaikal.
Considering 5 nos. of fishermen per boat, around 625 fishermen will be using the
harbour and around 200 outsider may use the harbour.
Considering 2 litres of water is required for washing 1 kg of fish and 75% of fishes
are being handled at the harbour. (75% of 15 tonne) 11.25 tonne. The total quantity
of water required (2 x 11.25 x 1000) 22500 is about 25000 litres.
In Karaikal Fishing harbour, it is proposed to have 6 Tonne capacity fish processing
unit. Considering 6 litres of water is required per kg of fish. The total quantity of
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sullage that is expected to be generated from fish processing unit is (6 x 1000 x 6)
36000 litres. The total sullage generated from fishing harbour (25000 + 36000)
61000 litres or Say, 75,000 litres.
Hence, a pre-fabricated Sewage treatment plant of 75000 litres capacity is proposed
for installation at Karaikal Fishing harbour. However, this work can be taken up only
after completion of all the components proposed under Centrally Sponsored Scheme
and also ETRP Scheme.
2.6 COST ESTIMATE
The abstract of cost of construction for the additional components proposed under
ETRP Scheme is given in Table-2.1.
TABLE-2.1 Abstract of cost estimate
S. No. Component Total Amount (Rs. lakhs)
1 Boat making & repair yard 33.00
2 Fish processing unit 35.00
3 Ice plant 123.00
4 Treatment for discharge of effluent sullage 25.00
5 Modernisation of slip way 265.00
Total 481.00
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CHAPTER-3
ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STATUS 3.1 GENERAL The assessment of baseline environmental setting is an essential component of
any EIA study. Based on the “Scoping Matrix”, various parameters to be covered
for assessment of baseline environmental setting are identified. Assessment of
environmental impacts due to reconstruction and modernization of the Karaikal
fishing harbour project requires a comprehensive and scientific consideration of
various environmental aspects and their interaction with natural resources,
namely, physico-chemical parameters i.e. meteorology, air quality, noise quality,
land use and water quality, biological parameters i.e. terrestrial flora and fauna,
marine flora and fauna, fish species, etc. and socio-economic parameters i.e.
demography, occupational profile, etc.
As a part of the EIA study, a large quantum of related secondary data as
available with departments like Forest, Fisheries, Revenue, etc. has been
collected. Field surveys were conducted for primary data generation on various
aspects including ambient air quality, water quality, noise, marine ecology,
landuse pattern, etc. The Study Area considered for the EIA study is the area
within radius of 10 km considering the proposed project site at the centre. The
study area map is enclosed as Figure-3.1. The major portion of the study area is
under water. In such settings, impacts likely to accrue as a result of project
reconstruction and modernization are expected to be occurring mainly on water
front i.e. on marine environment. Thus, as a part of the EIA study, appropriate
emphasis has been given to marine environment.
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As a part of the EIA study, the baseline status has been ascertained for the
following aspects:
• Physiography
• Geology
• Soils
• Meteorology
• Water Resources
• Ambient air quality
• Noise environment
• Landuse pattern
• Marine Water Quality
• Sediments
• Marine Ecology
• Socio-economic Aspects
3.2 PHYSIOGRAPHY
Karaikal region is about 30 km south of Chennai and about 135 km from
Puducherry on the east coast. It is surrounded by Nagapattinam district of
Tamilnadu. Karaikal region comprises of five communities viz. Kottucheheri,
Nedungadu, Tirunallar, Niravai and Tirumalarajanpattinam. The region lies at fag
end of the Cauvery Delta and is irrigated by the canals of CMP. Karaikal region
has an area of 161 sq.km. The physiographic map of the Karaikal region
presents more or less flat straight land and there are no hills or forest. It has
gentle slope towards the Bay of Bengal in the east.
3.3 GEOLOGY
Karaikal is an important statigraphic horizon which indicated the prospects of `oil
shows’. This in turn attracted the attention of the Geological Survey of India (GSI)
between 1959-61 and later on the Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC)
carried out detailed studies for determining the possibility of the exploration of oil.
The Karaikal area is completely covered by a thick layer of alluvium.
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The geological succession of the formations are as follows:
� Recent and sub-recent : Blown sands, alluvium � Pliocene : Karaikal beds � Mio-Pliocene : Cuddalore formations.
The other belt is of Miocene-Pliocene age. During the easterly marine
transgressions, the shallow depression along the Cuddalore-Thanjavur belt
would have been filled with water to form lagoons and backwaters. These
depressions filled with water received sediments comprised of sand, clay and
forest vegetation from the adjoining areas.
The other bed formation is of Recent and Sub-Recent ages i.e. coastal sands,
alluvium soil and laterite. Major portion of the terrain is covered by alluvium of
varying thickness.The minerals met in the Karaikal region includes Brick Clays
(Banks of Arsalar) Kankar, sea shells, Ilmenite, and garnet and oil.
3.4 SOILS
In Karaikal area, coastal alluvium red ferruginous soil and black clayey soils are
the main soil types of this district. Coastal alluvium is found in the coastal tract
and it is more sandy over its eastern part and more clayey over its western part.
The red ferruginous soil occurs over the northern part of the district. It is of two
types, namely marshy and other with carbonate efforescence. The nitrogen,
phosphate and potash levels are low. The main sub-order association of the soil
present in the district is Psamments-Tropepts.
Apart from this as a part of TEFR preparation, detailed soil investigations were
carried out. The soil layers at different depths ranges from silt fine sand, silt fine
to medium coarse sand, silty clay with sand pockets and silty fine sand upto
depth of 20 m was observed. Beyond this that is from depth of 21 m to 30 m
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clayey silty fine sand to silty clay type of soil was observed. The colour of soil
ranges from Brownish to Greyish.
3.5 METEOROLOGY
The project area experiences hot and tropical maritime climate. As it located in
the tropical maritime zone summers are hot and humid, and winters are mild.
There are four distinct seasons namely south-west monsoon (June to
September), north-east monsoon (October-December), winter (January &
February) and summer season (March to May).
The average annual rainfall for the project area is estimated as 1260 mm. About
68% (851 mm) of the rainfall is received under the influence of north-east
monsoons during the months from October to December. The intensity of rainfall
during the south-west monsoon period is less and only 20% of the annual rainfall
received under their influence. November is the rainiest month, accounting for
about a third of the annual.
The temperatures in project area are almost same as that of Puducherry.
December and January are the coolest months of the year with maximum at
about 28oC and minimum at about 23oC. The temperature starts increasing from
February. The average maximum and minimum temperatures observed during
summer season are 43oC and 27oC respectively. Sea-breeze and pre-monsoon
thunder showers reduce the temperature and the diurnal range of temperature is
low. The level of humidity and the pattern of cloudiness and surface winds are
the same as Puducherry. It is almost high throughout the year. It ranges from
85% to 83% in monsoon and 69% to 76% in rest of the year. Although slight
variations in the monthwise occurrence of depressions and storms are
noticeable. Thunder-storms generally occur during April to November. Winds are
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generally light to moderate. Winds are mostly from south to west during
southwest monsoon and southwesterly or westerly in the summer season.
3.6 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
The ambient air quality was monitored as a part of the EIA study. The ambient
air quality monitoring has been carried out with a frequency of two samples per
week at three locations in August / September, 2010.
The parameters monitored as a part of the study are listed as below:
• PM 10
• PM 2.5
• Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
• Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx). The ambient air quality monitoring stations covered as a part of EIA study are
given in Table-3.1.
TABLE-3.1
Details of ambient air quality monitoring stations
Stations Location
AQ1 Proposed ice plant
AQ2 Auction yard
AQ3 Project Site: Fishing harbor
The findings of the ambient air quality monitoring survey are given in Table-3.2.
The ambient air quality standards are enclosed as Annexure-I.
The results of ambient air quality monitoring observed is given in Table-3.2.
TABLE-3.2 Ambient air quality status (Unit: µg/m3)
S. No Location PM 2.5 PM 10 SO2 NOX
1 Proposed ice plant 29.47 41.24 2.42 BDL
2 Auction yard 27.32 34.65 1.11 BDL
3 Project Site: Fishing harbor 29. 66 38.29 9.23 BDL
NAAQ Standards (24 hr Concentration)
60 100 80 80
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It is observed from Table-3.2 that the average concentration of PM2.5 at various
stations ranged from 27.32 to 29.66 µg/m3 where as PM10 ranged from 34.65 to
41.24 µg/m3 at various locations. The observed values are well within the
prescribed limits of NAAQ standards.
It is observed from Table-3.2 that, the average concentration of SO2 at various
stations in the study area was much below the prescribed limits of 80 µg/m3
specified for industrial, residential, rural and other areas. The highest SO2
concentration of 9.23 µg/m3 was observed at Project site and minimum of 1.11
µg/m3 was observed at auction yard. All the observation of NOx are below
detectable limit.
3.7 NOISE ENVIRONMENT
Baseline noise data has been measured using A weighted sound pressure level
meter. The survey was carried out in calm surroundings. Sound Pressure Level
(SPL) measurement in the outside environment was made using sound pressure
level meter. The ambient noise levels are given in Table-3.3. The ambient noise
standards are enclosed as Annexure-II.
TABLE-3.3
Equivalent noise levels in the study area (Unit : dB(A))
Location Noise level (day time)
Noise level (night time)
Proposed ice plant 32-35 27-36
Auction yard 28-33 26-31
Project Site: Fishing harbor 31-37 28-32
Noise Standards 55 45
It may be seen from the Table-3.3 that the day time noise level ranged from a
minimum of 28 dB(A) to a maximum of 37 dB(A). The night time noise level
ranged from a minimum of 26 dB(A) to a maximum of 36 dB(A). The day and
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night time noise level at various sites were compared with Ambient Noise
Standards (Refer Annexure-II) and were observed to be well below the
permissible limit.
3.8 LANDUSE PATTERN
The Karaikal Fishing Harbour located on the Southern bank of Arasalar River is
under construction and few components such as Quay have been already been
completed. The landuse pattern of the study area, i.e. the area within 10 km
radius of the project site has been studied based on the satellite data for the
study area. The IRS, P6-LISS III digital satellite data has been procured from
National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), Hyderabad for assessing the landuse
pattern of the study area. The raw satellite imagery has been processed in-
house using ERDAS IMAGINE software. The signals of satellite imagery were
verified by performing ground truthing and then final classification of satellite
imagery was done. Based on this classification the landuse pattern of the study
area was obtained. The FCC and the classified imagery of the study area are
enclosed as Figures 3.2 and 3.3 respectively. The landuse pattern of the study
area based on the satellite data is given in Table-3.4.
TABLE-3.4
Landuse pattern of the study area
Landuse category Area (ha) % of the total study area
Vegetation 3109 9.90
Agriculture 7475 23.79
Bushes 1546 4.92
Barren 1605 5.11
Marshy 2622 8.34
Sand/saltpan 344 1.09
Water Bodies 14591 46.44
Settlement 125 0.40
Total 31416 100.00
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It is observed from Table-3.6, that the major landuse of the study area is water
body accounting for about 46.44% of the total study area. The area under
agriculture accounts for about 23.79% of the total study area. The area under
vegetation comprises about 9.90% of the total study area. Settlements account
for about 0.40% of the total study area.
3.9 MARINE WATER QUALITY
The status of marine ecology in the pre-project stage and the likely impacts on
marine ecology due to the construction and operation activities of the proposed
fishing harbour project are the important aspects of EIA study.
Detailed marine ecological survey was conducted by Centre for Oceanography
and Coastal Area Studies, Algappa University to establish the existing status of
the marine water around the proposed project site. The study includes data
collection and analysis of physico-chemical and biological characteristics of
marine water and sediment samples, collection of mangrove samples for
detailed analysis, enquiry with fisheries department and local fishermen. Keeping
in view the proposed location the navigational channel, shallow and deep
regions, point of inflow, outflow and human activities, water and sediment
sampling were done at five locations.
Floats were anchored for identification of sample locations. The surface samples
were collected using a plastic bucket and polyethylene bottle and glass bottle.
Parameters like temperature, pH, total depth, light penetration, dissolved
oxygen, salinity, conductivity and productivity were recorded at site. Samples for
laboratory analysis were transferred to well rinsed and labeled containers. The
bottles were tightly capped and transported in iceboxes. Flow meter was used to
measure the velocity and the quantity of water sampled through plankton net.
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The flow meter was attached with plankton net to know the actual amount of
water passed through the net.
The status of marine ecology before the project and the impacts on marine
ecology due to the construction and operation of the proposed project are the
important aspects of this project. The baseline data on marine ecology has been
collected through a marine ecological survey conducted in the month of August
2009.
The details of the sampling sites are given in Table 3.5.
TABLE-3.5 Details of the sampling locations
Site No. Site Name Coordinates of the site
1 Harbour Construction area Lat N 11 54’38.3’ Long E 079 50’49.7”
2 Backwater Lat N 11 54’29.3” Long E 079 50’50.3”
3 Old Harbour Lat N 54’41.1” Long E 079 50’53.8”
4 Between the Harbour & Open sea
Lat N 11 54’42.9” Long E 079 50’58.1”
5 Open sea Lat N 11 54’49.1” Long E 079 50’18.1”
The sediments (sea bed) samples were also collected from the above referred
sampling stations. The collected samples were analysed for physico-chemical
and biological parameters. The analysis results of various physico-chemical
parameters in water samples are listed in Tables-3.6.
TABLE-3.6
Marine water quality in marine water samples
S. No. Parameters S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
1 Temperature(ºC) 24 23 24 25 25
2 Salinity(ppt) 30 32 30 31 31
3 pH 8.1 8.0 8.0 8.1 8.1
4 Depth(m) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.0
5 Electrical Conductivity(S/cm)
56.3 54.2 54.3 55.3 54.6
6 DO(mg/l) 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.0 4.2
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S. No. Parameters S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
7 BOD(mg/l) 1.24 1.35 1.37 1.13 1.20
8 Total Phosphorus(µmol/l)
0.78 0.81 0.84 0.80 0.72
9 Nitrates((µmol/l) 1.134 1.085 1.073 1.064 0.160 Source : Primary Data Temperature
The temperature of water samples varies from 23 to 25oC and 24 to 25oC. There
was not much variation in the water temperature. The temperatures are
generally within the accepted optimum range for aquatic organisms.
pH
pH is interdependent with other water quality parameters, such as carbon
dioxide, alkalinity, and hardness. It can be toxic in itself at a certain level, and
also known to influence the toxicity as well of hydrogen sulfide, cyanides, heavy
metals, and ammonia (Klontz, 1993). pH can also affect fish. For most
freshwater species, a pH range between 6.5 - 9.0 is ideal, but most marine
species typically cannot tolerate as wide range pH as freshwater species, thus
the optimum pH is usually between pH 7.5 and 8.5 (Boyd, 1998). Below pH 6.5,
some species experience slow growth (Lloyd, 1992). At lower pH value, the
organism’s ability to maintain its salt balance is affected (Lloyd, 1992) and
reproduction ceases. At approximately pH 4.0 or below and pH 11 or above,
most species die (Lawson, 1995).
The pH value remained alkaline, i.e. 8-8.1 at various stations. pH value also did
not exhibit insignificant variation and was within range prescribed by CPCB (pH
6.5 -9.0) and optimal range for marine fisheries.
Salinity
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The variation in salinity in surface water samples ranged from 30 to32 ppt. The
salinity levels are observed to be within average range reported in marine
waters.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Dissolved oxygen is a measure of the ability of surface waters to support aquatic
life. Dissolved oxygen values observed in the area are an indicator of good
coastal water. DO is needed by fish to respire and perform metabolic activities.
Thus, low levels of DO are often linked to fish kill incidents. On the other hand,
optimum levels can result to good growth. Oxygen is also needed by other
organisms such as bacteria, phytoplankton, and zooplankton. They consume
large amounts of dissolved oxygen as well. Decomposition of organic materials
is the greatest consumer of oxygen in the system. However, most of the
countries have set >5.0 mg/l as the ideal concentration both for marine and
freshwater.
The DO level in water samples ranged from 4.0 to 4.4 mg/l, 4.1 to 4.1 mg/l
respectively. The DO levels indicate the absence of pollution sources in the area.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
BOD refers to the quantity of Oxygen required by bacteria and other
microorganisms in the biochemical degradation and transformation of organic
matter under aerobic conditions.
The BOD values in water samples ranged from 1.13 to 1.37 and 1.20 to 1.35
mg/l respectively. The BOD values are also again suggesting that the water is
fairly clean.
Total Phosphorus
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Phosphorus (P) is found in the form of inorganic and organic phosphates (PO4)
in natural waters. Inorganic phosphates include orthophosphate and
polyphosphate while organic forms are those organically-bound phosphates.
Phosphorous is a limiting nutrient needed for the growth of all plants- aquatic
plants and algae alike. However, excess concentrations especially in rivers and
lakes can result to algal blooms. However in marine waters, such possibilities do
not exist. Phosphates are not toxic to people or animals, unless they are present
in very high levels. Digestive problems could occur when phosphates levels are
very high.
The total phosphate in water samples ranged from 0.72 to 0.84 µmol/l. The value
of total phosphorus in various samples was observed to be in the range normally
observed in marine water samples. The value of Total phosphorus shows that
the coastal water is unpolluted, thus, no major adverse impacts on fisheries is
anticipated due to phosphate level observed in marine water in the project areas.
Nitrates
The nitrate concentration also shows wide variation in the samples. It behaves
conservatively. The primary source of nitrogen in seawater is nitrate and it is
thermodynamically most stable form of nitrogen and limiting factor for primary
productivity. The concentration of nitrites in water samples ranged from 0.160 to
1.134 µmol/l and 0.08 to 1.165 µmol/l.
HEAVY METALS IN WATER
The analysis results of heavy metals in marine waters are given in Table-3.7.
TABLE 3.7
Analysis results of Heavy metals in marine water
PARAMETERS S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
Zinc (µg/l) 10.2 11.4 12.3 12.0 11.9
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Cadmium(µg/l) 0.34 0.51 0.29 0.27 0.32
Lead (µg/l) 7.1 8.1 7.6 7.3 7.0
Mercury (ng/l) 11.2 11.3 13.2 12.5 12.2
Zinc
The concentration of Zn in the study areas varied between 10.2 and 12.3µg/l.
The maximum value recorded at Old harbor site and minimum value was
recorded near Harbour construction area. Zinc is not reported to adversely affect
marine organisms, until observed in high concentration, which is not the case in
the present project. Thus, no adverse impacts are anticipated on marine
organisms due to zinc concentration observed in marine waters in the project
area.
Cadmium
Cadmium is one of the most mobile and toxic heavy metals in the marine
environment. Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic metal. The most common sources
are electroplating, nickel plating, smelting, engraving, batteries, sewage sludge,
fertilizers and zinc mines. In fishes, acute toxic exposure results to damage of
the central nervous system and parenchymatous organs. Chronic exposure have
adverse effects on the reproductive organs, maturation, hatchability and larval
development as well as mortality (Svobodova et al., 1993; Lloyd, 1992). Toxic
level is reduced by high concentrations of calcium and carbon dioxide, since
these two elements compete with cadmium for binding sites. Thus, cadmium is
less toxic in hard or marine water. Due to its binding properties, most cadmium
ends up in sediments where its biological availability is limited and thus there is
less toxic. As per USEPA, the permissible limit for marine water fisheries is 9.3
µg/l. The results of cadmium concentration varied from 0.27 to 0.51 µg/l. Thus,
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no adverse impacts are anticipated on marine organisms due to cadmium
concentration observed in marine waters in the project area.
Lead
Lead (Pb) comes from deposition of exhaust from vehicles in the atmosphere,
batteries, waste from lead ore mines, lead smelters and sewage discharge. Its
toxicity is dependent on pH level, hardness and alkalinity of the water. The toxic
effects on fish is increased at lower pH level, low alkalinity and low solubility in
hard water. Chronic lead toxicity in fish leads to nervous damage which can be
determined by the blackening of the fins (Dojlido and Best, 1993). Acute toxicity,
on the other hand causes gill damage and suffocation (Svobodova et al., 1993).
As per USEPA, the permissible limit for marine water fisheries is 8 µg/l. The
estimated concentrations of lead for surface waters ranged from 7 to 8.1 µg/l.
Thus, no adverse impacts are anticipated on marine organisms due to low lead
concentration observed in marine waters in the project area.
Mercury
Mercury is one of the most toxic heavy metals in the marine environment.
Mercury (Hg) is toxic to both aquatic life and humans. Inorganic form occurs
naturally in rocks and soils. It is being transported to the surface water through
erosion and weathering. However, higher concentrations can be found in areas
near the industries and agriculture. The most common sources are caustic soda,
fossil fuel combustion, paint, pulp and paper, batteries, dental amalgam and
bactericides.
There are many cases of death and diseases which were directly related to
mercury contamination. The most popular is the Minimata disease which
happened in Japan wherein hundreds of people died due to the mercury
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effluents coming from a vinyl processing plant. Mercury remains in its inorganic
form (which is less toxic) until the environment becomes favorable, i.e. low pH,
low dissolved oxygen, and high organic matter where some of them are
converted into methylmercury (the more toxic organic form). Methylmercury
tends to accumulate in the fish tissue, thus making the fishes unsafe to eat. The
lethal levels on fish range from 1 mg/l for tilapia, to 30 mg/l for guppies and 2
mg/l for crustacean (Cyclops abyssorum) (Mance, 1987).
The results of Hg concentrations varied widely from 11.2 to 13.2 ng/l with mean
concentrations of 12.2 ng/l. The maximum concentration (13.2 ng/l) was
recorded at old harbor area and minimum concentration (11.2 ng/l) was recorded
at Harbour construction area, which are much lower than toxic levels for
fisheries. Also the project site does not have any source of mercury pollution,
hence, adverse impacts due to mercury are not expected.
Observations on marine water characteristics
Redox potential (eH ) and pH are two variables that control the characteristics of
chemicals and heavy metals in water and sediment. As long as the pH remains
around 8 and eH < 150 mV , most of the chemicals and metals will remain
bound to the solid phase without being released into the surrounding water. Only
anoxic conditions reduce the eH below this level and hence if dissolved oxygen
level is normal no leaching of chemicals and heavy metals will occur.
In the present survey sites for marine water pH was 8.0 to 8.1 and dissolved
oxygen was 4.0 – 4.5 mg/l which is ideal for a marine ecosystem. Dissolved
oxygen levels are not reduced to anoxic conditions. Under these circumstances,
there is no possibility of any of the chemicals or metals being leached into the
water. Moreover, sediment samples collected from all the sites were
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uncontaminated. As such no adverse impact due to dredging or dumping on the
chemical characteristics of water or sediment is expected.
3.10 SEDIMENT CHARACTERSTICS
The various physico-chemical characteristics of sediments is given in Tables-3.8
and 3.9.
TABLE – 3.8 Physico-chemical characteristics of sediment
S. No. Parameters S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
1 pH 8.2 8.1 8.2 8.2 8.1
2 Total Phosphorus (mg/g)
1.63 1.74 1.53 1.24 1.36
3 Total Nitrogen (mg/g)
2.52 1.97 2.08 2.74 2.13
Source : Primary Data
TABLE – 3.9 Texture of Sediment
S. No. Sediment Texture
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
1 Sand (%) 75 80 75 70 70
2 Silt (%) 10 10 15 10 10
3 Clay (%) 15 10 10 20 20 Source : Primary Data
pH
The pH in sediments ranged from 8.1 to 8.2, which is the optimal range for
sustenance of marine organisms. Thus, no adverse impact of pH level is
anticipated.
Total Phosphorus
The total phosphorus concentrations were varied between 1.24 and 1.74 mg/g.
The maximum concentration of phosphorus was recorded at back water and
minimum value recorded between harbor and open sea. Phosphorus is not toxic
to organisms, unless they are present in very high levels. The phosphorus level
are quite low, hence, adverse impacts on marine ecology is not anticipated.
Total Nitrogen
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The total nitrogen concentration ranged between 1.97 and 2.74 mg/g. The
maximum concentration of nitrate was recorded at old harbor area and open sea
and minimum value recorded at harbor construction area. Increase in total
nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and total organic carbon (TOC) in the
clayey substratum and decreases with increasing grain size of the sediment.
Since, sediments are mainly sandy in texture, as sand content ranges from 70 to
80% in various locations, concentration of total nitrogen (TN) and total
phosphorus (TP). Thus, no major adverse impacts are anticipated on this
account.
HEAVY METALS IN SEDIMENT
The concentration of heavy metals in sediments is given in Table-3.10.
TABLE – 3.10
Heavy metals in Sediment samples
PARAMETERS S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
Zinc (µg/g) 16.8 16.9 17.0 16.5 15.9
Cadmium(µg/g) 5.6 5.6 6.0 5.9 5.3
Lead (µg/g) 43 40 39 38 36
Mercury(ng/g) 6.1 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.9
Zinc
Zinc occurs as trace constituent in number of silicate minerals, but it is a major
component in a few economic sulphide mineral deposits. Among the
environmentally important trace metals analyzed, zinc recorded at high
concentrations in the range from 15.9 to 17.0 µg/g with a mean concentration of
16.4 µg/g in the sediments. The maximum concentration was recoded at old
harbour and minimum at open sea.
Zinc is not reported to adversely affect marine fisheries, until observed in high
concentration, which is not the case in the present project. Thus, no adverse
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impacts are anticipated on marine organisms due to zinc concentration observed
in marine waters in the project area.
Cadmium
Cadmium ranged from 5.3 to 6.0 µg/g with a mean concentration of 5.6 µg/g in
the sediments. The minimum concentration was recorded at open sea and it was
maximum at old harbour. The cadmium level in sediments is not expected to
lead to adverse impacts on marine organisms.
Lead
Lead is a heavy metal that occurs in nature mainly as lead sulphide. The
concentrations of lead varied between 36 and 43 µg/g with a mean concentration
of 39 µg/g is observed in the sediment. The lead level in sediments is not
expected to lead to adverse impacts on marine organisms.
Mercury
Mercury is one of the most toxic heavy metals in the marine environment. The
Hg concentrations in the sediment varied widely from 5.8 ng/g to 6.1 ng/g with
mean concentrations of 5.9 ng/g. The maximum concentration (6.1 ng/g) was
recorded at harbor construction area and minimum concentration (5.8 ng/g) was
recorded between harbor and open sea. The mercury level in sediments is not
expected to lead to adverse impacts on marine organisms.
Observations on sediment characteristics
Physico-chemical characteristics of sediments are mainly dependent on the
characteristics of the overlying water. The interphase between water and
sediment surface provides provision for exchange of these chemical constituents
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between the two. Another important factor is the possibility of certain heavy
metals or pollutants getting deposited in the sediment surface. These chemicals
may become suspended in water during the dredging process and lead to
temporary contamination of the water column. However, in the present study
sites no such contaminants were noticed at significantly higher levels. The
biomass of macro and meio benthos has got great importance since they
constitute an important source of food for bottom feeding fishes. In the present
study sites, the project impacted area will be very small compared to the open
sea and the effect of any change in the ecological characteristics will be
negligible.
Physico chemical characteristics of the sediment did not show the presence of
any pollutants or high levels of heavy metals harmful to the aquatic fauna.
Nutrient content of the sediment was slightly higher than that of the water.
3.11 MARINE ECOLOGY The primary productivity as observed at various sampling stations for marine
water is given in Table-3.11.
TABLE – 3.11 Primary productivity in marine water
S.NO PRAMETERS SURFACE(mg/m3)
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
1 Respiratory action 1.321 1.514 1.71 1.612 1.568
2 Gross Production 1.016 1.008 1.11 1.101 1.061
3 Net Production 1.415 1.312 1.31 1.313 1.300
4 Chlorophylla (mg/m3) 1.35 1.74 1.82 1.76 1.69
5 Phaeophytin (mg/m3) 1.12 1.14 1.14 1.32 1.31
6 Biomass (mg/1) 0.321 0.345 0.40 0.398 0.390
Primary productivity
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The primary productivity of all the five stations was studied. The maximum net
production 1.415 mg/m3 was recorded at Harbour construction site and minimum
1.300 mg/m3 was at open sea. The values indicate moderate productivity in the
area.
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll’a content of all the five stations was analyzed and it varied between
1.35 and 1.82 mg/m3. The maximum was recorded (1.82 mg/m3) at old harbor
area and minimum (1.35 mg/m3) at harbor construction area respectively. The
values indicate moderate productivity in the area.
Phaeo-phytin
Phaeo-phytin content also analyzed and it was recorded as minimum (1.12
mg/m3) at harbor construction area and maximum (1.32 mg/m3) at harbor and
open sea. The values indicate moderate productivity in the area.
Total Biomass
The minimum total biomass 0.321 mg/l was recorded at harbour construction
area and maximum total biomass of 0.40 mg/l at old harbor area. The values
indicate moderate productivity in the area.
Phytoplanktons
The phytoplankton population at all the five stations were analyzed and the
results are enclosed as Annexure-III. The total phytoplankton populations of the
five stations were identified. The phytoplankton density varied from 1735 Nos./l
to 6675 Nos./l. The minimum was recorded at back water and maximum was at
harbor construction area. The presence of various phytoplankton species
indicate that the site is free of pollution.
Zooplanktons
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The zooplankton population was analyzed at five stations and two results are
enclosed as Annexure-IV. The zooplankton populations of all the five stations
were analyzed. The minimum population 435 Nos./l was recorded at harbor
construction site. The maximum zooplankton population 3875 Nos./l was
recorded at open sea. Of these, Tellins crass sp were predominantly observed
at all the stations, except station 3 (old harbor site).
Macrobenthos
The numerical abundance of macrobenthos in all the five sampling sites were
studied and the results are summarized in Annexure-V. The minimum of 3
no/m2 was recorded at open sea and maximum of 53 no/m2 was recorded at
harbor construction site. The Crassostrea madrasensis and Cerithiacea
cingulata sp. were most dominant macrobenthos in the region of harbour
construction site.
Meio-benthos
The abundance of meiobenthos in all the five sampling sites studied and the
results are summarized in Annexure-VI. The minimum meiofauna (16 no/10cm2)
was identified between harbour and open sea and maximum(69 no/10cm2) at
open sea. Meiobenthos community of the five sampling sites were most
dominated by Nematodes, Textularia sagittula, Turbellarians sp.
Observations on marine ecology
Marine ecological parameters mentioned above will have a profound influence
on the productivity of the area. Concentration of nutrients and trace metals in
water determine the primary productivity, chlorophyll content , zooplankton
diversity and fish production in the sea. Any drastic variation in these factors may
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directly and indirectly result in fluctuations in fish production. These fluctuations
are dependent on the extent of variations and area covered. In the present
context the area which will be affected is very small and hence fluctuations
expected are also expected to be minor.
The high chlorophyll content, increased primary productivity, high plankton
biomass and ideal environmental conditions of the surrounding areas have
resulted in the high diversity of fish fauna. Since diversity and abundance of
phytoplankton and zooplankton in all the study sites are comparatively high, the
presence and abundance plankton feeding fishes (both phytoplankton feeders
and zooplankton) are also high. Similarly demersal fishes and other bottom
feeding pelagic species are also found in the areas.
3.12 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS
There are 10 marine fishing villages in the Karaikal region. The names of the
marine fishing villages and the number of families in each village are given in
Table-3.12.
TABLE-3.12 Details of marine fishing villages in Karaikal region
S. No. Name No. of families
1. Karaikalmedu 782
2. Kilinjalmedu 646
3. Keezhakasakudy 254
4. Kottucherrymedu 220
5. Akkampettai 117
6. Kalikuppam 176
7. Mandapathur 113
8. Karikalacherry 345
9. North vanjure 206
10. Pattinacherry 449
Total 3,308 Source: Department of Fisheries & Fishermen Welfare, Puducherry
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In Karaikal region, there are 1031 full time fishermen, 780 part time fishermen
and the fishermen involved in allied activities are 718. The number of repairing
boats is 33, 112 in processing of fish, 14 in fish and prawn seed collection and
232 in other related activities.
Mandapathur
In this village, there is no proper fish auctioning hall to auction the fish catch and
the fish is being auctioned in the beach itself. The buyers transport these fishes
to Karaikal fish market and nearby areas in Tamil Nadu for sale. M/s. Nila
Seafood and M/s.King Fisheries procure fish from this village whenever there is
good landings. The number of families and various types of fishing fleets
operated in Mandapathur Village is given in Table-3.13.
TABLE- 3.13 Fishing details of Mandapathur village
S. No.
Description
As per the Marine
Fishermen Census 2000
As per the Registration Data
of Dept. of Fisheries, Govt. of Puducherry 2009
1. No. of families 73 113 Crafts
a. Mech. Boat 15 1 b. Traditional Boat
29 (Wooden = 25 FRP = 04)
12 (Wooden =0
FRP = 12) Total 44 13
Kalikuppam
In this village, there is no proper fish auctioning hall to auction the fish catch and
the fish is being auctioned in the beach itself. There is one fish drying platform in
the village. The number of families and the fishing fleets in Kalikuppam Village is
given in Table-3.14.
TABLE-3.14 Fishing details of Kalikuppam village
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S. No.
Description
As per the Marine
Fishermen Census 2000
As per the Registration Data
of Dept. of Fisheries, Govt. of Puducherry 2009
1. No. of families 165 176
Crafts
a. Mech. Boat - 3
b. Traditional Boat
47 (Wooden = 47 FRP = 0)
39 (Wooden =0
FRP = 39)
Total 47 42
Akkampettai
In this village, there is no proper fish auctioning hall to auction the fish catch and
the fish is being auctioned in the beach itself. The buyer includes local vendors
and cycle vendors. Sometime the catches are taken to Kilinjalmedu and
Karaikalmedu for sale. The number of families and the fishing fleets in
Akkampettai Village is given in Table-3.15.
TABLE-3.15 Fishing details of Akkampettai village
Sl. No.
Description
As per the Marine
Fishermen Census 2000
As per the Registration Data
of Dept. of Fisheries, Govt. of Puducherry 2009
1. No. of families 86 117 Crafts
a. Mech. Boat - - b. Traditional Boat
47 (Wooden = 47 FRP = 0)
25 (Wooden =0
FRP = 25) Total 47 25
Kottucherrymedu
In this village also there is no proper fish auctioning hall to auction the fish catch
and the fish is being auctioned in the beach itself. The number of families and
the fishing fleets in Kottucherrymedu Village is given in Table-3.16. The village
has one fish dying platform.
TABLE-3.16 Fishing details of village Kottucherrymedu
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S. No.
Description
As per the Marine
Fishermen Census 2000
As per the Registration Data
of Dept. of Fisheries, Govt. of Puducherry 2009
1. No. of families 195 220 Crafts
a. Mech. Boat 130 13 b. Traditional Boat
62 (Wooden = 62 FRP = 0)
21 (Wooden =0
FRP = 21) Total 192 34
Keezhakasakudymedu
The fishermen in this village carry ice boxes in their crafts for preserving the fish
in the ice. The fish catches are auctioned in the beach. The number of families
and the fishing fleets in Keezhakasakudymedu village is given in Table-3.17. The
village has one fish drying platform.
TABLE-3.17 Fishing details of village Keezhakasakudymedu
S. No.
Description
As per the Marine
Fishermen Census 2000
As per the Registration Data
of Dept. of Fisheries, Govt. of Puducherry 2009
1. No. of families 208 254 Crafts
a. Mech. Boat 100 06 b. Traditional Boat
168 (Wooden = 156 FRP = 12)
55 (Wooden =21
FRP = 34)
Total 268 61
Kilinjalmedu
In Kilinjalmedu fishing village, there are 646 families. As per the data on
registration of fishing craft in Kilinjalmedu (as on 11.06.2009 of the Department
of Fisheries) there are 53 wooden mechanized boats and 8 steel mechanized
boats. This village has the maximum number of mechanized boats, out of 104
wooden mechanized boats in Karaikal region in 10 fishing villages, in
Kilinjalmedu alone there are 53 wooden mechanized fishing boats. Similarly, out
of 19 steel mechanized boats in the entire Karaikal region, in Kilinjalmedu alone
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there are 8 steel mechanized boats. Since there is no berthing facilities near this
village majority of the boats migrate to the Pudukottai district in Tamil Nadu and
carryout fishing operation. Some of the mechanized boats are anchored in the
sea and catches are brought to the shore in FRP catamarams fitted with
outboard motors. There are 50 FRP catamarams and 14 wooden catamarams
fitted with outboard engine.
In Kilinjalmedu in the morning hours, there is heavy crowd of people in the
landing centre where the catches from the mechanized boats are brought to this
shore. The fish are handled in the most unhygienic manner and this landing
centre lacks all the basic facilities, which are required in a fish landings centre.
The trawl by catch are sun dried and sold to fish meal plants in Namakkal of
Tamil Nadu for preparation of poultry feed. The number of families and the
fishing fleets in Kilinjalmedu Village is given in Table-3.18.
TABLE-3.18 Fishing details of village Kilinjalmedu
S. No.
Description
As per the Marine
Fishermen Census 2000
As per the Registration Data
of Dept. of Fisheries, Govt. of Puducherry 2009
1. No. of families 486 646 Crafts
a. Mech. Boat 95 61 b. Traditional Boat
280 (Wooden = 266 FRP = 14)
64 (Wooden =14
FRP = 50) Total 375 125
Karaikalmedu
In Karaikalmedu, some of the facilities have been created by South Indian
Federation of Fishermen Societies (SIFFS). A centre for boat building and
servicing of OBM has been constructed at Singaravelar Salai. Adjacent to this
an ice plant of 10 ton capacity has also being constructed by SIFFS. In the
fishing village, a model fish auction hall has been constructed. This village is
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known for landings of tuna and billfishes. To handle the landings of tuna the
auction hall has been constructed in the landing centre itself. The facilities,
which are present in this auction hall, consist of a material receiving hall with
three numbers of tanks and cement table with marble top for receiving tuna and
cleaning the fish in the tanks and then there is an auction hall with four tables to
display the tuna for auction. The tuna is weighed and packed and loaded in
trucks for transport. This model auction hall has facilities such as motor for
pumping water, overhead tank, hose pipes, three rooms in the auction hall that
are utilized for cleaning and storing the crates. There is also a large insulated
box to preserve tuna in ice in 500 litre capacity. SIFFS have done a good job
and unfortunately, the maintenance is poor. The number of families and the
fishing fleets in Karaikalmedu Village is given in Table-3.19.
TABLE-3.19
Fishing details of village Karaikalmedu
S. No.
Description
As per the Marine
Fishermen Census 2000
As per the Registration Data
of Dept. of Fisheries, Govt. of Puducherry 2009
1. No. of families 540 782
Crafts
a. Mech. Boat 70 22
b. Traditional Boat
289 (Wooden = 274 FRP = 15)
175 (Wooden =23
FRP = 152)
Total 359 197
Karukalacherry
The number of families and the fishing fleets in Karukalcherry Village is given in
Table-3.20.
TABLE-3.20 Fishing details of village Karukalacherry
S. No.
Description As per the
Marine Fishermen
As per the Registration Data
of Dept. of Fisheries,
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Census 2000 Govt. of Puducherry 2009
1. No. of families 265 345
Crafts
a. Mech. Boat 2 -
b. Traditional Boat
103
(Wooden = 95
FRP = 08)
27
(Wooden =03
FRP = 24)
Total 105 27
Pattinacherry /T. R. pattinam
Pattinachcherry is a procurement centre with facilities for holding live lobsters
live crabs and this centre procures shrimps and cephalopods for export. The
number of families and the fishing fleets in Pattinacherry/T. R. pattinam Village is
given in Table-3.21.
TABLE-3.21
Fishing details of village Pattinacherry/T.R.Pattinam
Sl. No.
Description
As per the Marine
Fishermen Census 2000
As per the Registration Data
of Dept. of Fisheries, Govt. of Puducherry 2009
1. No. of families 310 449
Crafts
a. Mech. Boat
94 159
b. Traditional Boat
187 (Wooden =183 FRP = 04)
143 (Wooden =42
FRP = 101)
Total 281 302
North Vanjure
The number of families and the fishing fleets in North vanjure Village is given in
Table-3.22.
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TABLE-3.22 Fishing details of village North Vanjure
S. No.
Description
As per the Marine
Fishermen Census 2000
As per the Registration Data
of Dept. of Fisheries, Govt. of Puducherry 2009
1. No. of families 175 206
Crafts
a. Mech. Boat 04 01
b. Traditional Boat
71 (Wooden =62 FRP = 09)
12 (Wooden =0
FRP = 12)
Total 75 13
3.13 SUMMARY OF BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS
The Baseline Environmental Status of the proposed project area reveals the
following;
• The ambient air quality and noise levels are well within the
prescribed National standards in and around project area.
• The marine water quality and sediment analysis indicates that
there is no coastal pollution in the project area
• No rare, endangered or threatened species of terrestrial or aquatic
Flora or Fauna is reported in and around project area
• The marine ecological survey of the project area indicates that the
area has moderate productivity.
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CHAPTER-4
ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Based on the project details and the baseline environmental status, potential impacts
that are expected to accrue as a result of the proposed project have been identified.
The Environmental Impact Assessments for quite a few disciplines are subjective in
nature and cannot be quantified. Wherever possible, the impacts have been
quantified. However, for intangible impacts, a qualitative assessment has been done.
This Chapter deals with anticipated positive as well as negative impacts due to the
construction and operation of the proposed reconstruction and modernization of
Karaikal fishing harbour.
4.2 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
The evaluation of the impact characteristics and its parameters are more significant
in a project. The impacts are subdivided into two phases viz construction phase and
operation phase.
4.2.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Land Environment
Impacts due to construction activities
Pre-construction activities generally do not cause significant damage to environment.
Preparatory activities like the use of existing access road, construction of storage
sheds, etc. being spread over a large area, would have no further significant impact
once the land is acquired and its existing use changes. Clearing, stripping and
leveling of sites, construction of bunds for protection from flooding, earth filling and
excavation for foundations, will lead to some disturbance to the habitat. The level of
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construction activities in the proposed project is not of such level and nature, to
cause any significant adverse impact on this account.
The natural drainage in the area is such that the entire water would outfall in the
marine water. This could lead to marginal increase in turbidity levels. However,
based on experience in similar projects, this impact is not expected to be significant.
Water Environment
Impacts due to effluents from labour camps The average and peak labour strength likely to be deployed at the proposed fishing
harbour will be about 100 and 200 respectively. Most of the labour force will come
from other nearby villages. The labour force engaged by the contractor could come
from outside areas. A part of the labour population would stay in area. The balance
are likely to stay in labour camps close to the project site during construction phase.
It is assumed that about 50% i.e. 100 labourers will stay at the site. About 100 labour
would stay at the construction site, only during working hours. The water requirement
for such labour shall be 4.5 m3/day @ 45 lpcd. Thus, total water requirement works
out to (25.6 + 4.5) about 30 m3/day.
The sewage generated is normally taken as 80% of the total water requirement i.e.
(0.8 x 30) 24 m3/day. The domestic water normally contains high BOD, which needs
proper treatment and disposal, otherwise, it can have an adverse impact on the DO
levels of the receiving body.
BOD is the major pollutant in untreated sewage. Normally untreated sewage would
find its way to natural drainage system which ultimately confluences into the sea.
However, these natural drains are seasonal in nature and are likely to remain dry in
the non-monsoon months. During this period, the flow of untreated sewage from the
labour colonies in these drains can lead to development of anaerobic conditions, with
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associated water quality problems. However, in the present case it must be
mentioned that the total quantity of sewage (24 m3/day or 0.28 cumecs) generated
by the labour during construction phase is quite small and is not expected to cause
any adverse impact on the marine water quality. However, it is proposed to treat the
sewage from labour camps before disposal. The details are outlined as a part of
Environmental Management Plan (EMP) in Chapter-5 of this report.
Noise Environment
The major sources of noise during construction phase are due to operation of
various construction equipment. The noise levels generated by various construction
equipments various between 70-90 dB (A). Based on the noise modelling, it has
been observed that at a distance of 100 m and 200 m from the construction site, the
increase in noise levels will be about 10 dB(A) and 15 dB(A) respectively. The
nearest residential areas are more than 500 m away from the proposed fishing
harbour. Thus, no adverse impacts are anticipated on noise levels due to the
proposed project.
Air Environment
Impacts due to fugitive emissions
The major pollutant in the construction phase is SPM being air-borne due to various
construction activities. The vehicular movement generates pollutants such as NOx,
CO and HC. But, the vehicular pollution is not expected to lead to any major impacts.
The soils in the project area are sandy in texture, and are likely to generate dust as a
result of vehicular movement. However, the fugitive emissions generated due to
vehicular movement are not expected to travel beyond a distance of 200 to 300 m.
The impact on air environment during construction phase is not expected to be
significant, since, there are habitation in the vicinity of the site.
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Impacts due to construction equipment
The combustion of diesel in various construction equipment could be one of the
possible sources of incremental air pollution during the construction phase.
The major pollutant likely to be emitted due to construction of diesel in various
construction equipment shall be SO2. The short-term increase in SO2 concentration
has been predicted using Gaussian plume dispersion model. It has been observed
from the modeling that the maximum short-term increase in SO2 is observed as
0.00119 µg/m3, which is at a distance of 200 m from the emission source. The
incremental concentration is quite low and does not require any specific control
measure. Thus, the operation of construction equipment is not expected to have any
major impact on the ambient air quality as a result of the project.
Impacts on ambient air quality due to transport of construction material
The transporting of construction material will lead to increase in vehicular traffic.
Gaseous emissions from vehicles in addition to fugitive dust generation during
construction phase impact the air quality. The increase in vehicular traffic is expected
to be 10 trucks per day. Guassian line source model was used to predict the ground
level concentrations at different distances for the vehicular emission during
transportation of the construction materials.
The Guassian line source model equation is as follows:
C(x) = 2Q/L / ((2π)1/2uσZ)
where, • C is the concentration of the pollutant in g / m3
• Q is the emission rate of pollutant in g/s
• σZ is the vertical Gaussian dispersion coefficient in m. σZ = 22.8 X0.678- 1.3 where X is the distance downwind in metres.
• u is the wind velocity in the downwind direction in m/s
• L is the length of the line source in m
• Z is the vertical distance above ground.
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The automobile emissions were estimated as follows
• HC – 500 g/day/heavy vehicle
• CO - 3000 g/day/heavy vehicle
• SO2 / NOx - 300 g/day/heavy vehicle
The wind speed was taken as 1m/s to represent the most conservative condition.
Based on the results of ambient air quality modeling, increase in concentrations of
CO, SO2/NOx and HC are expected to be negligible. Thus, no adverse impacts are
anticipated on this account.
Ecology
Impacts on terrestrial flora
The direct impact of construction activity for any project is generally limited in the
vicinity of the construction sites only. The construction sites include berthing, storage
and infrastructure facilities.
There is no forest with tree cover in the vicinity of the project site. The study area has
no major forest cover. Hence, no significant impacts are envisaged on terrestrial flora
as a result of the proposed project.
Socio Economic Environment
In the construction stage the peak labour force, skilled and unskilled labourers, is
estimated at about 200. About 100 labour population are likely to come from nearby
sites. The balance, i.e. 100 labour and their family members are likely to stay near
construction sites. Thus, it is necessary to develop adequate infrastructure facilities,
so that the requirements of the immigrating labour population are met.
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4.2.2 OPERATION PHASE
Generation of solid waste
The predicted total Municipal Solid Waste (including Fish Waste) is expected to be
about 3.0 tons/day. Solid waste comprises all bulky rubbish, old pieces of rope and
netting, broken fish boxes etc. A typical collection point made of locally available
stone and concrete (the size of the waste centre depends on local requirements)
shall be constructed.
Metal items shall be collected and sold to scrap dealers. Tyres can be turned into
fenders and timber fish boxes can be sold as fuel wood. Styrofoam boxes should be
avoided because they break up easily and cannot be recycled safely .
Fish should be cleaned and gutted on the journey back to the landing centre. Offal
should never be dumped inside the fishing harbour basin or discarded in corners
within the fishing harbour area because, besides giving off offensive smells, it also
poses a health hazard by attracting pests. Plastic 100-litre drums with airtight lids
should be bought and used to collect offal from fish markets or moored boats. The
details of solid waste management is given in Environmental Management Plan in
chapter -5 of this report.
Water Environment
In Karaikal, the development of fishing harbour is in progress. For some of the items,
the constructions are on-going and constructions for few components are yet to be
commenced. At present, 123 nos. of boats are being operated in Karaikal.
Considering 5 nos. of fishermen per boat, around 625 fishermen will be using the
harbour and around 200 outsider may use the harbour.
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Considering 2 litres of water is required for washing 1 kg of fish and 75% of fishes
are being handled at the harbour. (75% of 15 tonne) 11.25 tonne. The total quantity
of water required (2 x 11.25 x 1000) 22500 is about 25000 litres.
In Karaikal Fishing harbour, it is proposed to have 6 Tonne capacity fish processing
unit. Considering 6 litres of water is required per kg of fish. The total quantity of
sullage that is expected to be generated from fish processing unit is (6 x 1000 x 6)
36000 litres. The total sullage generated from fishing harbour (25000 + 36000)
61000 litres or Say, 75,000 litres. The sewage from in the fisheries harbour shall be
treated in a pre-fabricated Sewage Treatment Plant.The details are given in Chapter
-5 Environmental Management Plan of the report.
Noise Environment
The major source of noise in the operation phase in the fishing harbour area could
be the increased vehicular movement to transfer fish from the landing centre to fish
market, etc. Within a distance of 50 m some adverse impact on ambient noise level
is anticipated leading to adverse impacts on the population residing in the affected
stretch. Beyond the distance of 50 m the increase in ambient noise level will be too
insignificant to create any adverse impact. Hence, it is anticipated that there will not
be significant increase in the noise levels in the operation phase of the proposed
fishing harbour project.
Air Environment
During operation stage apart from emissions generated due to vehicular movement,
no other sources of air pollution are anticipated. The major source of air pollution in
the post-project phase is the vehicular movement for transportation of fish catch to
different destinations of markets. On an average about 10 to 20 trucks per day will
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move in the area. The pollution levels due to those are not expected to be significant
to cause significant adverse impact on ambient air quality.
Socio Economic Environment
The following components are proposed under the reconstruction and modernization
of Karaikal Fishing Harbour:
� Boat making and Repair Yard � Slip way � Cradle system � Fish Processing Unit � Ice Plant
Thus, the project would have a significant positive impact on the overall economy of
the area.
Due to the proposed fishing harbour and preservation of fish due to early processing
facilities will increase the fisheries of the region. Additional employment from net
making, boat repairs and other non conventional labour shall result in livelihood to
the community.
In the proposed project, wastewater treatment and solid waste collection and
disposal systems to acceptable environmental standards shall be maintained with
adequate measures for maintenance and operation throughout the project period.
Hence this project will result in net benefits to the region.
4.3 SUMMARY OF PREDICTION OF IMPACTS
The summary of impacts is given in Table-4.1.
TABLE-4.1
SUMMARY OF PREDICTION OF IMPACTS
Issues considered for
prediction
Result of Prediction Impacts Significance
Air Quality Impacts
• Vehicular emission during • The increase in the Low in the long term and with
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Issues considered for
prediction
Result of Prediction Impacts Significance
transportation of
construction materials
concentration of NOX, CO and
HC at a distance of 500m is
negligible and the overall
concentration conform to
NAAQS
• The impacts are short term,
temporary and shall cease to
exist after construction is
complete.
suitable EMP like covering trucks
with tarpaulin sheets, regulation
of vehicle speeds and regular
emission checks
• Vessel emission • Increase in concentration within
the fishing harbour, but will
return to background levels as
the vessels are of low capacity
Low
Shoreline changes
• Construction activities • Negligible littoral drift calculated,
thereby resulting in negligible
accretion / erosion
• Low
Land / Aesthetics
• Disposal of solid wastes
from canteen, fish meal,
rotten fish, ship wastes,
vessel repair wastes inland
inside the fishing harbour
• Increased organic, toxic and
heavy metal loads from runoff
• Odour and pests infection
• Low, when appropriate
management measures are
implemented.
Water Quality / Ecological Impacts
• Wharf construction • Increased turbidity from boulder
laying
• Smothering of benthic
flora/fauna
• The impacts are short-term and
cease after construction is
complete.
• Provide nurseries and breeding
grounds after construction is
complete
• Medium during construction
phase
• Beneficial in the long term
after construction ceases
• Fishing operations,
wastewater disposal, boat
repairs
• Increased pathogen, organic
loads leading to DO depletion,
Eutrophication resulting in fish
• High (-ve)
• Low when integrated with
Environmental and Fishing
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Issues considered for
prediction
Result of Prediction Impacts Significance
kills, decomposition and
infection
• Toxics and hazardous wastes
may lead to bioaccumulation
and bio magnification especially
in juveniles
harbor management plans
and non-fisheries impacts
(from municipal sewage) are
regulated;
• Discharge of oil sewage
and waste water from
vessels
• Increased organic loads, oil and
grease inside the breakwater
with insufficient mixing
• Low when onshore facilities
for reception of oily wastes,
slop and wastewater are
provided. Adherence to EMP
items shall be ensured by the
Dept. of Fisheries.
Socio Economics
Livelihood and employment • The region is a fishing village
with no other means of
livelihood. Increased
employment opportunities to
locals from fisheries associated
activities like net mending, boat
repairs, markets, exports etc.,
• High (Positive)
Risk
Fuelling Operations • Impacts from Worst Case
Scenario are limited to the
fishing harbour. However,
considering the generally
crowded nature of fishing
harbour it is required to provide
fire hydrants in the vicinity of
berthing locations
• Adequate care needs to be
taken for protection of the fuel
pipelines
• Low significance under
normal operating conditions
• Consequences limited to
fishing harbour only, during
abnormal conditions as low
quantities of fuel shall be
handled.
• Adequate Fire hydrants and
first aid facilities shall be
provided within the fishing
harbour
• Marine Environment
Construction activities
• Impact on Marine water quality
and marine ecology
• Low significance under
normal operating conditions
• Net Impacts • Low (-ve) significance for
short term
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Issues considered for
prediction
Result of Prediction Impacts Significance
• Net Benefits • High (+ve) significance for
long term
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CHAPTER-5
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
5.1 GENERAL
The Environmental Management Plan proposes to integrate the baseline conditions,
impacts likely to occur, and the supportive and assimilative capacity of the system. The
most reliable way to achieve the above objective is to incorporate the management plan
into the overall planning and implementation of the project. The Environmental
Management Plan (EMP) for the proposed fisheries harbour is classified into the
following categories:
• Land Environment
• Water Environment
• Air Environment
• Control of Noise
• Greenbelt Development
• Socio-Economic Environment 5.2 SUGGESTIVE MEASURES (EMP) DURING PRE CONSTRUCTION
PHASE
5.2.1 Site Clearance
The Project site comes under the Government’s land and the government sanctioned
for the proposed development to Fisheries Department. The proposed site does not
involve any demolition or clearance activities and it does not involve in any
displacement of general public.
5.2.2 Tree cutting:
The site is a vacant land and free from trees, however as a part of greenbelt
development, adequate numbers of trees shall be planted within the site. An area of
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about 2 ha is proposed to covered under greenbelt development. About 1000 Nos. of
trees @ 500 trees per ha shall be planted by the contractor in the designated areas.
5.2.3 Joint Field Verification
Detailed Environmental Management Plan has been prepared for mitigating the impacts
caused by the development. This shall be implemented by the contractor. The
monitoring and verification of the same shall be done by the dedicated environmental
supervisor/engineer of the Fisheries Department.
5.3 SUGGESTIVE MEASURES (EMP) DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE
The environmental impacts of the construction phase would basically be transient in
nature and are expected to wear out gradually on completion of the construction
programme. After completion of the construction programme, impacts of the operation
stage would overlap the impacts generated during the construction phase. The impacts
during construction phase would not be severe as no large scale construction activities
would take place. To restrict the assessed impacts within tolerable limits the following
mitigation measures are suggested.
5.3.1 Surface Water Quality
The following measures are recommended:
• The impact on coastal environment during construction phase would be
mainly from the activities in the inter-tidal phase due to construction of
fishing harbour. The impact on coastal marine ecology during the
construction phase would be largely confined within the construction period
itself. An important factor in minimizing adverse impacts would be optimizing
the construction period and avoidance of activities beyond the specified
area of implementation. Hence, as a part of the management strategy
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various activities should be well coordinated and optimized to avoid time
and cost over-run.
• Spillage of fuel / engine oil and lubricants from the construction site are a
source of organic pollution which impacts marine life, particularly benthos.
This shall be prevented by suitable precautions and also by providing
necessary mechanisms to trap the spillage.
• Temporary colonies of the construction workers should be established
sufficiently away from the HTL and adequate sanitation facilities shall be
provided to prevent degrading the environmental quality of the area.
• The construction activities will be carried out in the confined manner to
reduce the impacts on marine environment.
• The construction waste including the debris shall be disposed safely in the
designated areas and in no case shall be disposed in the marine
environment.
5.3.2 Ambient Air Quality
• Dust will be generated with the movement of vehicles and handling of
construction materials. Water sprinkling shall be done at least thrice a day
at the construction sites, haul roads and other access roads of the project
area. Measures such as covering the trucks while transporting the
construction material shall be initiated to control fugitive dust as also to
control the re-suspension of particulate matters from the excavated
materials.
• Smoke emission from vehicles and other mechanical devices like D.G set,
etc, which may be used during construction, should be controlled with
suitable mitigation measures and all vehicles/ equipment deployed in the
project shall have valid emission control certification from respective
authorities..
• All the staff involved in construction shall be provided with suitable
Personnel Protective Equipment (PPEs) such as dust masks, ear plugs,
gum boots, gloves, etc.
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• Idling of delivery trucks or other equipment should be avoided during loading
and unloading of construction material.
• All construction vehicles should comply with emission standards of CPCB
and be maintained properly.
• Use of Ready-mix concrete wherever possible shall be explored. In
the case of use of Concrete Mixer, Concrete Mixer should be mounted on
shelter with top and slides closed.
5.3.3 Noise Quality
• Measures for minimizing noise generated from vehicles and other
mechanical devices should be adopted which may include damping,
absorption, dissipation and deflection methods. Depending on the noise
levels, measures such as construction of sound enclosures, deployment of
mufflers, mounting noise sources on isolators and use of materials with
damping properties, shall be deployed during construction.
• DG sets should be installed with acoustic enclosures and silencers so as to
reduce noise up to the standard level as far as possible.
• Ear protective devices should be used by the construction workers where
they are exposed to steady noise levels above 85 dB (A).
5.3.4 Land Environment
• Construction of fishing harbour should be carried out as per applicable
regulations such as local planning requirements, fishery sector guide lines,
coastal zone regulations and other environment regulations of Government
of India and The World Bank.
• Planning and design should be as per earthquake resistant design and
construction guidelines / practices laid down by the Bureau of Indian
Standards [IS:1893 (Part –1) : 2002] and approved by the competent
authorities. No deviation from the approved implementation plan, layout and
design specifications should be made.
• Hazardous materials like diesel, LPG and paints, etc., required during
various stages of construction should be stored as per the explosives act of
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GoI and necessary permissions / authorizations shall be secured prior to the
deployment of such material.
• To minimize soil erosion land clearing activities should be kept to as
minimum as possible.
5.3.5 Marine Environment
• Sea water quality is indicative of impacts on marine ecology and should be
assessed.
• Suitable fence shall be erected for near water construction areas to
minimise rock fall into the marine environment;
• Construction activities to be scheduled and planned to minimise impacts on
fishermen and marine ecology;
• Total Suspended Solids (TSS) in sea water to be monitored at various
locations in and around the construction work areas in order to assess the
sediment transport and the resultant impacts;
• Disposal of sewage from the construction work area in to sea, shall be
prevented with suitable wastewater treatment measures
• Strict management of the aquatic environment should be followed during the
construction phase through waste control, use of minimum disturbance
techniques during construction for ensuring minimal changes to the aquatic
environment.
• After completion of the construction activities adequate clean-up of the area
including the inter-tidal area should be undertaken and all discharged
materials should be removed from the site. The sub-tidal, inter-tidal, and
supra-tidal areas should be restored to their original contours and the
aesthetic quality of the surroundings should be restored.
• Green belt shall be developed in the fishing harbour by planting of trees
along the entrance gate, road side, net mending shed etc.
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5.3.6 Waste Water Management
The total sullage generated from the Karaikal Fishing harbour shall be about 75,000
litres/day.A pre-fabricated Sewage treatment plant is planned for installation at Karaikal
Fishing harbour. The details of Sullage generated from Karaikal Fishing Harbour are
given in Table-5.1
TABLE-5.1
DETAILS OF SULLAGE GENERATED FROM KARAIKAL FISHING HARBOUR
S. No.
Component Quantity (lpd)
1 Auction Hall (Under Construction) 240
2 Boat making and repair yard 2400
3 Modernization of slipway 800
4 Fish processing unit 36000
5 Ice Plant/Washing of fish 25000 Total waste water generated in the
fishing harbour from the proposed components.
64,440 lpd Say, 75000 lpd
The characteristics of raw sullage is given in Table –5.2
TABLE-5.2 LIKELY PARAMETERS OF RAW SULLAGE (BEFORE TREATMENT)
S. No. Parameter Unit Value
1 Fluoride mg/l 1.5
2 BOD mg/l 200-250
3 COD mg/l 400
4 Suspended Solids mg/l 200-250
5 TKN (Total Kjendhal Nitrogen)
mg/l 30
6 PH - 7.5-8
7 TDS mg/l 500
8 Oil and Grease mg/l 20
The sullage generated from the existing two auction halls (under construction), Fish
processing unit, Ice plant and Boat making and repair yard will be collected in the
manholes at the respective location and finally let into the Effluent Treatment Plant for
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treatment. After treatment, the final treated water will be used for gardening, agriculture
and toilet-flushing purposes.
DESIGN BASIS
The Effluent Treatment Plant shall be designed to treat the raw effluent in a single stage
fully automatic C-Tech Plant based on Cyclic Activated Sludge Technology.
A. RAW EFFLUENT CHARACTERISTICS
S. No.
PARAMETER UNIT VALUE
1 Average Flow MLD
m 3/day m3/hr
1 1000 41.67
2 Peak Factor 3.0
3 Peak Flow m 3/hr 125.00
4 BOD mg/l 200 - 250
5 COD mg/l 400
6 Total Suspended Solids mg/l 200 - 250
7 TKN mg/l 30
8 TDS mg/l 500
9 Oil and Grease mg/l 20
10 pH - 7.5 - 8.0
B. TREATED EFFLUENT CHARACTERISTICS The plant shall be designed to produce the following outputs for which a performance
guarantee shall be provided. During commissioning trail for the plant these parameters
will be checked and validated.
S. No.
PARAMETER UNIT VALUE
1 pH 7.5 – 8.0
2 BOD mg/l < 10
3 COD mg/l < 100
4 Total Suspended Solids mg/l < 10
C. FULLY DIGESTED SLUDGE GENERATED FROM ETP:
Quantity (Dry Weight Basis) : 145 Kg/day
Consistency: 20 %
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ADVANTAGES OF C TECH PROCESS
C Tech is the most advanced Cyclic Effluent Treatment Technology in the World.
The technology is based on Activated Sludge Process adapted to Sequential Batch
Reactor Technology.
This technology was developed in the USA in the 80’s and has been adopted worldwide
since 1990’s. There are more than 200 installations worldwide based on this
technology.
Salient Features of this technology are described in the following paragraphs.
Excellent Quality of Treated Effluent
The outlet characteristics obtained out of C Tech as compared to other technologies
are:
PARAMETER C TECH CONVENTIONAL
BOD < 10 < 30
COD < 100 < 250
TSS < 10 < 30
The treated Effluent out of C Tech is several times better than any conventional
treatment. The C Tech plant has an inbuilt mechanism for Nitrification, De-nitrification
and Biological Phosphorous Removal to degrade nutrients like Total Nitrogen (TN) and
Phosphorous (TP). In case the treated Effluent is discharged into a lake body, it is
critical to have TN < 5 ppm and TP < 1 ppm, as otherwise these nutrients lead to
massive algae / other aquatic plants growth which leads to depletion of the dissolved
oxygen in the lake and subsequent cause extensive damage to the marine ecology.
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The C Tech process ensures removal of all nutrients to acceptable levels in the single
stage biological process.
50% reduction in Power Consumption
C Tech uses 50% less power to get 6 times better outlet characteristics. Hence the
plant has a payback period.
50% reduction in Land Requirements
The main problem in Cities is the availability of Land. C Tech uses 50% less land area
compared with other conventional technologies, thus saving huge amounts on purchase
of land
Variable Design
The complete system is capable to handle variable flow and load conditions. The
system is self-adjusting in nature and automatically adjusts to the new feed conditions
by changing cycle times, aeration intensity etc. Each batch of Effluent is analyzed wrt
bio degradability and optimum treatment is automatically given to ensure minimum
utilization of power and energy.
Fully Automatic, Computerized, Internet Controlled
C Tech is fully automatic, computer controlled. This does not require any operator
attention. The plant can be operated from anywhere in the world through Internet. This
results in huge savings on manpower and operating costs.
Excellent Material of Construction
C Tech uses all underwater metal parts in SS and non-metallic parts in imported PVC.
The diffusers are in EPDM and all Pumps, Instruments etc. are from the best
manufacturers worldwide. This result in a plant life 6 times better than conventional
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plants and very little maintenance costs.
Proved World Wide
C Tech has installations in almost all countries in the world, Including, USA, UK,
Germany, France, Austria, China, Russia, Australia, Thailand, Malaysia and most
importantly India.
Capital and Operating Cost
C Tech requires the lowest investment and operating costs as compared to any other
technology, when compared on a like to like basis, with respect to outlet parameters,
MOC, Land required and Power consumed.
PROCESS CHEMISTRY
The following steps indicate the process chemistry within the C TECH Basin,
1. Nitrification (aerobic)
NH3-N + O2 + Nitrosomonas = NO2 + O2 + Nitrobacter = NO3
2. De nitrification (anoxic)
NO3 + organic substrate + Heterotrophic = N2 + CO2 + H2O + New cells
3. Phosphorous removal (anoxic/anaerobic/aerobic)
VFA (organics) +Acinetobactor = release O-P
O-P + Bacteria + O2= new cells + cell maintenance
Co-Nitrification/ Denitrification
In the C Tech basin, excess oxygen is provided to oxidise ammonical nitrogen into
nitrates. This is an aerobic process. The biological process is regulated in such a way
that the biofloc profile allows for nitrification at the peripheral sections and denitrification
at the inner parts of the flocs.
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Ammonical nitrogen (NH4-N) is converted into nitrates (NO3-N) during the aeration
process. Aeration is then stopped to allow for settling of the biomass. During this time,
anoxic conditions set in which allow for denitrifnication of the nitrates (NO3N) into
nitrogen (N2) and carbondioxide (CO2) gas. Also at the start of each cycle, part of the
settled biomass is recycled into the selector zone using the RAS pumps, where in raw
effluent is also fed. The raw effluent acts as a substrate for the denitrification bacteria
and under the influence of, anoxic conditions denitrification occurs. Elemental oxygen is
released during this phase. This process of co Nitrification and Denitrifictaion result in
complete removal of Nitrogen from the effluent.
Phosphorous (P) Removal The key to Phosphorous removal is exposure of microorganisms to alternating aerobic
and anaerobic conditions. The alternating condition stresses the microorganism to
uptake higher concentration of dissolved phosphorous, from the effluent thereby
reducing the Phosphorous level in the effluent. Phosphorous is used by the
microorganism for cell maintenance, synthesis, energy transport and is also stored for
future requirements. The treated sewage/effluent from C TECH is fit for low end recycle
purpose like gardening, toilet flushing, cooling tower makeup water etc. In case similar
quality is to be achieved through conventional process, extra tertiary treatment units like
Denitrification tanks, clarifloculators and sand filters are required, which add to the land
requirement, capital as well as operating cost.
TREATMENT METHOD
RECEIVING OF EFFLUENT
Deep gravity outfall sewer shall discharge the raw Effluent into a Receiving Chamber
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from where it shall be taken into downstream Coarse Screens. The function of the
Receiving Chamber is to reduce the incoming velocity.
COARSE SCREENING
Adequate Nos. of Mechanical (working) along with Manual (standby) Coarse Screens
shall be provided upstream of Wet Well for removal of floating and oversized material
coming with the Effluent. The Coarse Screens shall screen out most of the medium &
large floating and oversized material such as plastic rags, debris, weeds, paper, cloth,
rags etc which could clog the waste water pump impellers. The Coarse Screens shall be
inclined Bar Screen of stainless steel flats and shall be of sturdy design to take care of
all sorts of materials envisaged in the gravity sewer. The screenings shall be dropped
on a Conveyor provided above the top of the Screen Channels. The screening material
as collected will drop automatically into a wheelbarrow for its disposal.
RAW EFFLUENT PUMPING STATION
Screened Effluent after Coarse Screening shall enter into Wet Well of the Pumping
Station. The capacity of the Wet Well is such that adequate detention time is available
during average and peak flow conditions. The effective liquid volume shall be provided
below the invert level of the incoming sewer after leaving provision for freeboard. Also
an additional depression shall be provided to ensure adequate submergence of Pumps.
Pumping Station shall have a Room adequate for installing Electrical Panels. Suitable
arrangement shall be provided for lifting of Pumps.
Suitable combination of Submersible Pumps shall be provided to cater the pumping
requirements at average and peak flow conditions. Based on incoming flow conditions,
adequate nos. of Pumps shall start / stop automatically to cater the pumping
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requirements. The pumped flow from the Pumping Station shall be taken to the
elevated head works, Inlet chamber of the plant from where Effluent will gravitate to
Fine Screen Channels.
FLOW MEASUREMENT
An ultrasonic Flow Measurement Device shall measure the flow in the common
discharge header of pumps. The flow computation shall be through the dedicated
digital display with integrator.
STILLING CHAMBER Raw Effluent shall be taken into a Stilling Chamber from where it shall be taken into
downstream Fine Screens. The function of the Receiving Chamber is to reduce the
incoming velocity.
FINE SCREENING CHANNELS Adequate Nos. of Mechanical along with Manual (standby) Fine Screens shall be
provided upstream of treatment units for fine screening of Effluent. The Fine Screens
shall screen out most of the floating and oversized material more than 6mm size such
as plastic debris, weeds, paper, cloth, rags etc which could foul the downstream
treatment units. The Fine Screens shall be inclined Bar Screen of stainless steel flats.
The screenings shall be dropped on a Conveyor provided above the top of the screen
channel. The screening material as collected will drop automatically into a wheelbarrow
for its disposal.
DE-GRITTING Screened Effluent will gravitate to Grit Separator Tank for removal of grit and small
inorganic particulate matter of specific gravity above 2.65 and particle size above 150
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microns. The Grit Separator Tank shall be of RCC construction complete with
mechanical internals and square in size. The grit separated shall be properly collected
and be transferred for disposal. The de-gritted Effluent shall flow through open
channels from the Grit Separators and confluence into a single channel of suitable
width.
SBR/CYCLIC ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
Primary treated Effluent shall be fed into the Cyclic Activated Sludge Process/SBR
Process Basins for biological treatment to remove BOD, COD and Suspended Solids. C
Tech is a CYCLIC ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT process. It provides highest
treatment efficiency possible in a single step biological process. The C Tech System is
operated in a batch reactor mode. This eliminates all the inefficiencies of the continuous
processes. A batch reactor is a perfect reactor, which ensures 100% treatment. Two
modules are provided to ensure continuous treatment. The complete process takes
place in a single reactor, within which all biological treatment steps take place
sequentially. No additional settling unit, Secondary Clarifier is required. The complete
biological operation is divided into cycles. Each cycle is of 3 – 5 hrs duration, during
which all treatment steps take place.
Explanation of Cyclic Operation:
A basic cycle comprises:
• Fill-Aeration (F/A)
• Settling (S)
• Decanting (D)
These phases in a sequence constitute a cycle, which is then repeated.
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A Typical Cycle During the period of a cycle, the liquid is filled in the C Tech basin up to a set operating
water level.Aeration Blowers are started for aeration of the effluent. After the aeration
cycle, the biomass settlesunder perfect settling conditions. Once settled the supernatant
is removed from the top using a DECANTER. Solids are wasted from the tanks during
the decanting phase.These phases in a sequence constitute a cycle, which is then
repeated.
Fig.5.1: Schematic Drawing of a C-Tech Basin
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CONTROL OF OIL POLLUTION
Oil pollution occurs in harbour basins when leaks from shore facilities for the supply of
diesel fuel to fishing vessels find their way into the harbour water; when vessels pump
out oily bilge water in port; when used engine oil is dumped overboard and when an
accident results in leakage of fuel oil. To mitigate oil pollution, the fishery harbour
incharge shall take necessary action to:
• Provide shore-based reception facilities for oily wastes (bilge water and spent oil)
from vessels
• Minimise leaks while bunkering.
• Assist those responsible for containment and clean-up operations if a major oil
spill occurs in the vicinity.
Oily wastes
Oily wastes discharged to reception facilities are usually mixtures of oil and water and in
some cases, solids. The composition ratio of these solids can differ considerably,
depending on the type of wastes given as below:
Bilge water consists mainly of water contaminated with oil, whereas Waste oil and fuel
residues consist mainly of oil contaminated with water.
The cross section of an artisanal oil separator for bilge water. typical oil-separation and
storage facility for fishing ports is shown in Figure-5.2. The bilge water separation facility
is shown in Figure-5.3.
Figure-5.2: Artisanal oil/water separator
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Figure 5.3: Separated bilge oil collection
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The oil collected by the separators may then be returned to a recycling plant by
authorised collectors. In Visakhapatnam, main port has a fixed installation of 100 m3
capacity to service cargo ships and an 8 m3 mobile tanker to collect oily bilge water from
some 100 fishing vessels ranging from 15 to 25 m in length. The mobile tanker is fitted
with a vacum pump and an oil-resistant hose to span four vessels moored abreast. In
Phuket, a much smaller mobile tanker (1 m3) was used for collecting oily bilge water.
Reception facilities for used engine oil inside harbours are intended as a temporary
storage only, whereas the reception facilities for bilge water need to separate the oil
from the considerably larger volume of water. The oil may then be transferred to the
used oil storage facilities for collection at a later date, and the treated water returned to
the sea. Waste or spent engine oil can be recycled 100% and it is now very common for
refineries to collect used oil from harbours, car repair shops and petrol stations. The
artisnal oil collection system is shown in Figure-5.4. A 5000 litre spent oil tank for a
small fishing port is shown in Figure-5.5.
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Figure 5.4: Artisanal spent oil collection system
Figure 5.5: A 5000 litre spent oil tank for a small fishing port
5.3.7 Control of Oil Spills
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When a oil spill occurs in the vicinity of the fishery harbour, the harbour incharge will
render assistance to the team responsible for combating the spill and for subsequent
clean-up operations. There are four main methods of combating an oil spill:
• mechanical recovery
• dispersant use
• in-situ burning
• allowing the oil to come ashore for clean-up later.
Mechanical containment and recovery of oil is the most desirable option. Booms are
used for containment, and skimmers are used to recover oil from the water surface.
Natural or induced agitation of water causes dispersion of oil into the water column.
Dispersants are mixtures of surfactants in one or more solvents, specifically formulated
to enhance the rate of this natural process and thereby reduce the amount of oil coming
ashore.
In-situ burning has the advantage that it rapidly removes large volumes. But it poses fire
hazards, and has limitations when the thickness of the oil slick is less than 2 mm.
Emulsions bum poorly, if at all.
The last option of letting the oil come ashore is chosen only when the shoreline can be
cleaned relatively easily or has low environmental, social or economic value.
Considering the size of the proposed fisheries harbour mechanical containment in the
form of booms is recommended. Booms prevent the spreading, and facilitate oil
recovery.
There are many kinds of booms. Their structure may differ, but basically they comprise
the following components:
• freeboard to prevent or reduce splashover;
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• subsurface skirt to prevent or reduce escape of oil under the boom;
• flotation by air or some buoyant material;
• longitudinal tension member (chain or wire) to withstand the effect of winds,
waves and currents.
The following waste water management measures may be followed during construction:
• Suitable drainage facilities including catch pits or sedimentation tanks shall
be provided for collection and treatment of wastewater prior to discharge.
• No water stagnation shall be allowed at the construction site.
• All wastewater discharges from the construction site shall comply with the
requirements of CRZ clearance and all other applicable environmental
regulations.
5.3.8 Solid Waste Management
The solid wastes so generated will contain Solid waste comprising all bulky rubbish, old
pieces of rope and netting, broken fish boxes etc. The total solid waste to be generated
would be of the order of 3 t/day. The solid waste disposal system proposed are as
follows:
Collection
Solid waste comprises of bulky rubbish, old pieces of rope and netting, broken fish
boxes etc. A typical collection point made of locally available stone and concrete (the
size of the waste centre depends on local requirements) shall be constructed.
Recycling
Metal items shall be collected and sold to scrap dealers. Tyres can be turned into
fenders, timber fish boxes can be sold as fuel wood. Styrofoam boxes should be
avoided because they break up easily and cannot be recycled safely ,as they give off
dangerous fumes when burnt.
Offal Collection
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Fish should be cleaned and gutted on the journey back to the landing centre. Offal
should never be dumped inside the fishing harbour basin or discarded in corners within
the fishing harbour area or village because, besides giving off offensive smells, it also
poses a health hazard by attracting pests. Plastic 100-litre drums with airtight lids should
be bought and used to collect offal from fish markets or moored boats.
Process Description: Step 1: MSW along the Fish waste (offal) collected from the Fishing harbour shall
be transferred to a Platform
Step 2: Waste from platform is transferred into the bio-mechanical composting
machine where the waste is shredded and mixed with Saw dust or paper
which acts as absorbent. Bacterial inoculum is also fed into the
composting machine. In a process time of 15 minutes, the waste will be
uniformly shredded and odour mixed with bacteria which can perform a
speedy digest of the organics. Raw compost is drawn as output from the
bio-mechanical composting machine. Batch size of the machine will be
125 Kg minimum. In 12 cycles the entire waste can be digested to form
raw compost.
Step 3: The raw compost is cured for 2 weeks to get a good quality compost
material.
Step 4: The final compost is ready to use for gardening.
Components of the Solid waste treatment system:
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1. One no. of composting machine
2. One shredder
3. Suitable curing system
4. Bagging arrangement.
The cost of the solid waste management system comes to Rs. 18 lakhs
(Inclusive of civil, electrical, mechanical components
A provision of Rs.3.7 million has been earmarked for the solid waste disposal. The
details are given in Table-5.3.
TABLE-5.3 Cost estimates for solid waste management
S. No.
Item Cost (Rs. million)
1. One covered tempo for conveyance of solid waste to the landfill
1.0
2. Manpower cost for 4 persons @ Rs.5000/month for 2 years including 10% escalation/year
0.4
3. Preparation of landfill site including surveying, levelling, excavation, lining, etc.
0.4
4. Cost for solid waste management system 1.8
Total 3.7
5.3.9 Air Environment
Control of Emissions
Minor air quality impacts will be caused by emissions from construction vehicles,
equipment and DG sets, and emissions from transportation traffic. Frequent truck trips
will be required during the construction period for removal of excavated material and
delivery of select concrete and other equipment and materials.
The following measures are recommended to control air pollution:
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• Contractor will be responsible for maintaining properly functioning construction
equipment to minimize exhaust.
• Construction equipment and vehicles will be turned off when not used for
extended periods of time.
• Unnecessary idling of construction vehicles to be prohibited.
• Effective traffic management to be undertaken to avoid significant delays in and
around the project area.
• Road damage caused by sub-project activities will be promptly attended to with
proper road repair and maintenance work. An amount of Rs. 2.0 million has been
earmarked for this purpose.
Air Pollution control due to DG sets
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has issued emission limits for generators
upto 800 kW. The same are outlined in Table-5.4 which shall be followed.
TABLE-5.4 Emission limits for DG sets prescribed by CPCB
Parameter Emission limits (gm/kwhr)
NOx 9.2
HC 1.3
CO 2.5
PM 0.3
Smoke limit* 0.7
Note : * Light absorption coefficient at full load (m-1)
Control of Pollution due to increased vehicles
The major source of air pollution in the proposed project is the increased vehicular
movement in the project construction and operation phases. The movement of other
vehicles is likely to increase, as the commissioning of the project would lead to
significant development in the area. Thus, as a control measure, vehicles emitting
pollutants above the standards should not be allowed to ply either in the project
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construction or in the operation phases. Vehicles and construction equipment should be
fitted with internal devices i.e. catalytic converters to reduce CO and HC emissions.
All the roads in the vicinity of the project site and the roads connecting the construction
site should be paved or black topped to minimize the entrainment of fugitive emissions.
If any of the roads stretches cannot be black topped or paved due to some reason or
the other, then adequate arrangements must be made to spray water on such stretches
of the road.
5.3.10 Control of Noise
The contractors will be required to maintain properly functioning equipment and comply
with occupational safety and health standards. The construction equipment will be
required to use available noise suppression devices and properly maintained mufflers.
• vehicles to be equipped with mufflers recommended by the vehicle
manufacturer.
• staging of construction equipment and unnecessary idling of equipment
within noise sensitive areas to be avoided whenever possible.
• use of temporary sound fences or barriers to be evaluated.
• notification will be given to residents within 300 feet (about 90 to 100 m) of
major noise generating activities. The notification will describe the noise
abatement measures that will be implemented.
• monitoring of noise levels will be conducted during the construction phase
of the project. In case of exceeding of pre-determined acceptable noise
levels by the machinery will require the contractor(s) to stop work and
remedy the situation prior to continuing construction.
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The following Noise Standards for DG sets are recommended for the running of DG
sets during the construction:
• The maximum permissible sound pressure level for new diesel generator sets
with rated capacity upto 1000 KVA shall be 75 dB(A) at s distance of 1 m from
the enclosure surface.
• Noise from the DG set should be controlled by providing an acoustic enclosure or
by treating the enclosure acoustically.
• The Acoustic Enclosure should be made of CRCA sheets of appropriate
thickness and structural/ sheet metal base. The walls of the enclosure should be
insulated with fire retardant foam so as to comply with the 75 dB(A) at 1m sound
levels specified by CPCB, Ministry of Environment & Forests.
• The acoustic enclosure/acoustic treatment of the room should be designed for
minimum 25 dB(A) Insertion Loss or for meeting the ambient noise standards,
whichever is on the higher side.
• The DG set should also be provided with proper exhaust muffler to attenuate
noise level by atleast 25 dB(A).
• Efforts will be made to bring down the noise levels due to the DG set, outside its
premises, within the ambient noise requirements by proper siting and control
measures.
A proper routine and preventive maintenance procedure for the DG set should be set
and followed in consultation with the DG set manufacturer which would help prevent
noise levels of the DG set from deteriorating with use.
It is known that continuous exposure to noise levels above 90 dB(A) affects the hearing
of the workers/operators and hence has to be avoided. Other physiological and
psychological effects have also been reported in literature, but the effect on hearing
acuity has been specially stressed. To prevent these effects, it has been recommended
by international specialist organizations that the exposure period of affected persons
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be limited as specified by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in
Table-5.5.
TABLE-5.5 Maximum Exposure Periods specified by OSHA
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Maximum equivalent continuous Unprotected exposure noise level dB(A) period per day for 8
hrs/day and 5 days/week ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 90 8 95 4 100 2 105 1 110 1/2 115 1/4 120 No exposure permitted at or above this level
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5.4 EMP MEASURES DURING OPERATION PHASE
5.4.1 Marine Water Quality
• Regular monitoring of surface marine water quality shall be carried out for
the parameters viz. temperature, pH, DO, BOD/COD, salinity, turbidity, TSS,
Nitrite-Nitrogen (NO2-N), Nitrate-Nitrogen (NO3-N), Ammonia-Nitrogen
(NH3-N), Phosphate-Phosphorus (PO4-P), Silicate-Silicon (Si04-Si),
Chlorophyll a, oil and grease, heavy metals (viz. iron, lead, zinc, mercury),
total coliform / faecal coli form, etc, and the impacts of the project operations
shall be assessed on water enviornment.
• Adequate safeguard measures should be taken to deal with oil spills by the
fishing boats that may lead to water pollution in and around the area.
• Spillage of oil from various handling areas should be prevented and the
spillage shall be treated with measures such as provision of impervious
bases at all the relevant spaces, oil separators, etc. Shall be provided
before discharge into the environment.
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5.4.2 Sediment Quality
Regular monitoring of sediment quality shall be carried out for the parameters viz
Texture, pH, Sodium, Potassium, Phosphate, Chlorides, Sulphates, Benthic Meio-fauna,
Benthic Macro-fauna etc, and the impacts on project operations shall be assessed on
water environment.
5.4.3 Control of Noise
The operation phase is likely to increase the vehicular traffic in the area, which can lead
to increase in the ambient noise levels mainly along the road alignment. It is proposed to
develop a greenbelt along the road stretches near to the habitation sites. Three rows of
trees will be planted. The details of the same are given in Section 5.4.4..
5.4.4 Greenbelt Development
It is proposed to develop greenbelt around various project appurtenances, which will go
a long way to achieve environmental protection and mitigation of pollution levels in the
area.
Depending upon the topo-climatological conditions and regional ecological status,
selection of the appropriate plant species has been made.
Various criteria adopted for selecting the species for greenbelt development are:
- plant should be fast growing; - preferably perennial and evergreen; - indigenous; - resistant to SPM pollution, and - should maintain the ecological and hydrological balance of the region.
The general consideration involved while developing the greenbelt are:
- Trees growing upto 10 m or above in height with perennial foliage should be planted around the perimeter of the proposed project area.
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- Trees should also be planted along the road side in such a way that there is dust control.
- Generally fast growing trees should be planted. - Since, the tree trunk area is normally devoid of foliage upto a height of 3 m, it
may be useful to have shrubbery in front of the trees so as to give coverage to this portion.
Taking into consideration the above parameters, the greenbelt development plan has
been evolved for the proposed alternatives to reduce the pollution levels to the
maximum possible extent. The plantation will be at a spacing of 2.5 x 2.5 m. The width
of the greenbelt will be 30 m. About 1,600 trees per hectare will be planted. The
maintenance of the plantation area will also be done by the project proponents. The
cost of plantation per hectare is estimated at Rs.50,000. About 2 ha of land is proposed
to be afforested as a part of Greenbelt Development Plan. The total cost of afforestation
works out to Rs.0.12 million.
The species recommended for greenbelt development are listed in Table-5.6.
TABLE-5.6 Recommended species for greenbelt development
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Common Name Botanical Name --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Neem Azadirachta indica Mango Mangifera indica Salvadora Salvadora persica Bangan Ficus bengalensis Cassia Cassia siamea Terminalia Terminalia catappa Karaunda Corissa carandas --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5.4.5 Summary of Environmental Monitoring During Operation Phase The summary of Environmental Monitoring during operation phase is given in
Table – 5.7.
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TABLE – 5.7 Details of Environmental Monitoring Cost during Operation Phase
S. No.
Aspects Parameters to be monitored
Frequency of monitoring
Location
1. Marine water
Physico-chemical parameters
pH, Salinity, EC, TDS, Turbidity, Phosphates, Nitrates, Sulphates, Chlorides.
Once in three months
3 sites
Biological parameters
Light penetration, Chlorophyll, Primary Productivity, Phytoplanktons, Zooplanktons
Once a year
3 sites
2. Sediments
Physico-chemical parameters
Texture, pH, Sodium, Potassium, Phosphate, Chlorides, Sulphates
Once in three months
3 sites
Biological parameters
Benthic Meio-fauna, Benthic Macro-fauna
Once in a year 3 sites
3. Greenbelt Develoment
Growth of various species, need for any additional inputs in the form of agro-chemicals, irrigation, protection etc.
Once in three months
Greenbelt sites
The cost required for implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programme during
operation phase shall be Rs. 0.75 million/year. The details are given in
Table – 5.8.
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5.4. COST ESTIMATE
The cost estimates for implementing EMP shall be Rs.27.0 million. The details are given
in Table-5.8.
TABLE-5.8 Summary of cost estimate for implementing Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
S. No.
Parameter Cost (Rs. million)
1. Solid Waste Management 3.70
2. Waste Water Treatment 20.00
2. Sanitary facilities at labour camps 0.80
3. Treatment of effluent from workshops 0.50
4. Greenbelt development 0.12
5. Purchase of noise meter 0.05
6. Implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programme during construction phase
1.60
Total 26.67 say Rs. 27.0 million
The cost required for implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programe during
construction phase is Rs.1.60 million. The cost required for implementation of
Environmental Monitoring Programe during operation phase is Rs.0.75 million/year
5.5 SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
The summary of Environmental Management Plan is given in Table – 5.9
TABLE - 5.9
Summary of Environmental Management Plan
S. No.
Issues / Impacts
Mitigation Measures Responsibility
Pre-construction Stage
1 Clearances and Approvals
(i) Secure regulatory clearances such as CRZ Clearance of CRZ rules , GoI
Fisheries Department
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S. No.
Issues / Impacts
Mitigation Measures Responsibility
(ii) Obtain planning permissions from relevant local planning authority and the local administration (iii) Ensure transfer of land from revenue authorities for approach road and dumping site of the project
2 Site clearance Site clearance shall be carried out to in such a way that the clearance and grubbing waste is disposed immediately in the designated dumping site identified for the project. In no case the waste material shall not be disposed in the sea or river or any other sensitive environment components.
Contractor
During Construction Stage
1 Infrastructure provisions at construction camps
The Contractor during the progress of work will provide, erect and maintain necessary living accommodation and ancillary facilities for labour as per the requirements of applicable labour regulations of Government of India. All the work sites and camp sites shall also be provided with basic sanitation and infrastructure as per the requirements of Building and other Construction Workers (regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996.
Contractor
2 Transportation of construction materials
The contractor should bring construction material only from approved quarries. Heavy vehicles shall be covered with Tarpaulin sheets to minimize fugitive dust during transportation
Contractor
3 Ambient Air quality
All the vehicles must have valid PUC certificates at all the time during construction phase of the project, Water sprinkling shall be done to suppress the dust emissions from the site. All the DG sets used for construction shall have valid consents from TNPCB and shall have built-in stacks to reduce the air emission impacts.
Contractor
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S. No.
Issues / Impacts
Mitigation Measures Responsibility
4 Noise The construction materials shall be properly maintained and barricades shall be provided around the site for reducing the noise levels. All the workers will be provided with personal protective equipment including ear plugs and other necessary provisions by the contractor.
Contractor
5 Water The quality of water (marine, river and wastewater discharged from the camps) shall be analysed once in three months during construction, for its compliance to the disposal standards of pollution control authority.
Contractor
6 Emergency Management
First aid kits and emergency treatment facilities shall be provided by the contractor at the work sites, camp sites and all other ancillary facilities.
Contractor
7 Greenbelt development
Green belt with adequate number of trees shall be developed and shall be maintained to ensure at 80% survival rate.
Contractor and Fisheries Department
8 Marine Environment
• To assess the impacts on marine environment marine water and benthal samples shall be analysed on a quarterly basis during construction phase and necessary mitigation measures shall be implemented, as directed by the engineer in charge
• Total Suspended Solids (TSS) in sea water to be monitored at various locations in and around the construction work areas in order to assess the sediment transport and the resultant impacts
Contractor
Operation Stage
1 Monitoring Operational Performance
The PIU and Fishing harbour management shall monitor the operational performance of the various mitigation measures implemented in the project. This shall include overall hygiene practices of the
Fisheries Department and Fishing harbour management,
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S. No.
Issues / Impacts
Mitigation Measures Responsibility
Fishing harbour, performance of wastewater treatment plant, impacts due to material dump site, survival rate of trees, quality of river water, marine water and sediment quality
2 Water & Waste water
Surface water, ground water, marine water and treated / untreated wastewater quality shall be analysed by on a quarterly basis
Fisheries Department and Fishing harbour management,
3. Air Environment Ambient air quality and DG stack monitoring shall be done once in a quarter. Water sprinkling for dust suppression and Greenbelt development shall be carried out in the premises. Proper maintenance of boats shall be ensured to reduce the emissions.
Fisheries Department and Fishing harbour management,
4. Noise DG sets with acoustic enclosures shall be deployed.
Fisheries Department and Fishing harbour management,
5. Solid Waste Solid waste from the site should be source segregated and collected into biodegradable & non-biodegradable waste. The biodegradable waste will be treated in organic waste converter (OWC) and used as manure, whereas the non biodegradable waste shall be sent to authorised recyclers.
Fisheries Department and Fishing harbour management,
6 Emergency Management
First aid kits and emergency treatment facilities shall be maintained by the Fishing harbour operating agency. Adequate fire extinguishers shall be provided in the premises with clear fire exit signals and sign boards are displayed for evacuation.
Fisheries Department and Fishing harbour management,
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CHAPTER-6
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME
6.1 THE NEED
Monitoring is an essential component for sustainability of any developmental project.
It is an integral part of any environmental assessment process. Any development
project introduces complex inter-relationships in the project area between people,
various natural resources, biota and the many developing forces. Thus, a new
environment is created. It is very difficult to predict with complete certainty the exact
post-project environmental scenario. Hence, monitoring of critical parameters is
essential in the post-project phase.
Monitoring of environmental indicators signal potential problems and facilitate timely
prompt implementation of effective remedial measures. It will also allow for validation
ofthe assumptions and assessments made in the present study.
Monitoring becomes essential to ensure that the mitigation measures planned for
environmental protection function effectively during the entire period of project
operation. The data so generated also serves as a data bank for prediction of post-
project scenarios in similar projects.
6.2 AREAS OF CONCERN
From the monitoring point of view, the important parameters are resettlement and
rehabilitation of project-affected persons, marine water quality, ambient air quality,
noise, etc. An attempt is made to establish early warning system which indicate the
stress on the environment. Suggested monitoring parameters and programmes are
described in the subsequent sections.
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6.3 MARINE WATER & SEDIMENT QUALITY
Construction phase
The chemical characteristics of marine water quality should be monitored once in
three months and biological parameters once a year during project construction
phase, close to the major construction sites. Both surface and bottom waters should
be sampled and analysed. The parameters to be monitored are as follows:
Marine Water
Physico-chemical parameters
- pH - Salinity - Conductivity - TDS - Turbidity - D.O. - BOD - Phosphates - Nitrates - Sulphates - Chlorides
Biological parameters
- Light penetration - Chlorophyll - Primary Productivity - Phytoplanktons (No. of species and their density) - Zooplanktons (No. of species and their density)
Sediments
Physio-chemical parameters
- Texture - pH
- Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen - COD
- Sodium - Potassium - Phosphates - Chlorides - Sulphates
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Biological Parameters
- Benthic Meio-fauna - Benthic Macro-fauna
The marine water and sediment sampling and analysis be conducted by an external
agency. A provision of Rs.0.6 million/year has been earmarked for this purpose.
Assuming construction phase is to last for 2 years and considering as escalation of
10%, an amount of Rs. 1.26 million can be earmarked.
Operation Phase
The chemical characteristics of marine water quality should be monitored once in
three months and biological parameters once a year during project operation phase.
Both surface and bottom waters should be sampled and analysed. The parameters
to be monitored are as follows:
Marine Water
Physico-chemical parameters
- pH - Salinity - Conductivity - TDS - Turbidity - D.O. - BOD - Phosphates - Nitrates - Sulphates - Chlorides
Biological parameters
- Light penetration - Chlorophyll - Primary Productivity - Phytoplanktons (No. of species and their density) - Zooplanktons (No. of species and their density)
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Sediments
Physio-chemical parameters
- Texture - pH
- Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen - COD
- Sodium - Potassium - Phosphates - Chlorides - Sulphates
Biological Parameters
- Benthic Meio-fauna - Benthic Macro-fauna
The marine water and sediment sampling and analysis be conducted by an external
agency. A provision of Rs.0.6 million/year has been earmarked for this purpose.
6.4 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
Construction Phase
Ambient air quality monitoring is recommended to be monitored at three stations
close to the construction sites. The monitoring can be conducted for three seasons.
For each season monitoring can be conducted twice a week for 4 consecutive
weeks. The parameters to be monitored are SPM, RPM, SO2 and NOx. An amount
of Rs. 0.144 million/year would be required. Considering, construction phase of two
years and escalation of 10%, an amount of Rs. 0.302 million/year can be earmarked
for this purpose. The ambient air quality monitoring during project operation phase
can be conducted by an agency approved by Puduchery Pollution Control
Committee.
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Operation phase
The ambient air quality monitoring will have to be conducted at three locations. Air
quality could be monitored for three seasons in a year. High volume samplers can be
used for this purpose. The frequency of monitoring shall be twice a week for 24
hours for four consecutive weeks. The parameters to be monitored are SPM, RPM,
SO2 and NOx. The ambient air quality monitoring during project operation phase can
be conducted by an agency approved by Puduchery Pollution Control Committee. An
amount of Rs. 0.15 million/year can be earmarked for this purpose.
6.5 NOISE
Personnel involved in work areas, where high noise levels are likely to be observed
during project construction and operation phases. For such in-plant personnel,
audiometric examination should be arranged at least once a year.
The noise level monitoring during construction and operation phases will be carried
out by the project staff and a noise meter can be purchased. An amount of Rs.0.05
million has been earmarked for this purpose.
Neighbourhood (upto radius of 1 km)
It is recommended that during project operation phase, monitoring of sensitive areas
like schools and medicare centres be conducted within a distance of 1 km radius of
the jetty to ascertain noise levels at receptors, taking note of any excessive build-up
in any particular direction.
6.6 GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT
Sites of greenbelt development should be monitored once in every month during
project operation phase to study the growth of various species and to identify the
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needs if any, such as for irrigation, fertilizer dosing, pesticides, etc. The monitoring
can be conducted by project staff.
6.7 SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME
The summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme for implementation during
project construction and operation phases is given in Tables-6.1 and 6.2
respectively.
TABLE-6.1 Summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme for implementation during
project construction phase S. No.
Aspects Parameters to be monitored
Frequency of monitoring
Location
1. Marine water
Physico-chemical parameters
pH, Salinity, EC, TDS, Turbidity, Phosphates, Nitrates, Sulphates, Chlorides.
Grab, Once in quarter.
4 sites (site, u/s site, d/s site and waste water from camp site
Biological parameters Light penetration, Chlorophyll, Primary Productivity, Phytoplanktons, Zooplanktons
Grab, Once in quarter.
4 sites (site, u/s site, d/s site) and drinking water from camp site
2. Sediments
Physico-chemical parameters
Texture, pH, Sodium, Potassium, Phosphate, Chlorides, Sulphates
Once in quarter.
3 sites
Biological parameters Benthic Meio-fauna, Benthic Macro-fauna
Once in quarter. 3 sites
3. Ambient air quality SPM, RPM, SO2 and NOx
- Summer, Post-monsoon and Winter seasons.
- Twice a week for four consecutive weeks per season.
Close to construction site(s)
4. Noise Equivalent Noise Level
During peak construction activities
Construction Site(s)
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TABLE-6.2
Summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme for implementation during
project operation phase
S. No.
Aspects Parameters to be monitored
Frequency of monitoring
Location
1. Marine water
Physico-chemical parameters
pH, Salinity, EC, TDS, Turbidity, Phosphates, Nitrates, Sulphates, Chlorides.
Once in three months
3 to 4 sites
Biological parameters
Light penetration, Chlorophyll, Primary Productivity, Phytoplanktons, Zooplanktons
Once a year
3 to 4 sites
2. Sediments
Physico-chemical parameters
Texture, pH, Sodium, Potassium, Phosphate, Chlorides, Sulphates
Once in three months
3 to 4 sites
Biological parameters
Benthic Meio-fauna, Benthic Macro-fauna
Once in a year 3 to 4 sites
3. Ambient air quality SPM, RPM, SO2 & NOx
- Summer, Post-monsoon & Winter seasons.
- Twice a week
for four consecutive weeks per season.
Villages
4. Noise Equivalent Noise Level
Once per month Project area and sites within 1 km of the project area
5. Greenbelt Development
Rate of survival and growth of various species
Once per month Various plantation sites.
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6.8 COST ESTIMATES The cost required for implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programe during
construction phase is Rs.1.60 million. The details are given in Table-6.3.
TABLE-6.3 Summary of cost estimates required for implementation during
project construction phase
S. No. Parameter Cost (Rs. million)
1. Marine Ecology 1.26
2. Ambient air quality 0.302
Total 1.5602 say Rs. 1.60 million
The cost required for implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programe during
operation phase is Rs.0.75 million/year. The details are given in Table-6.4.
TABLE-6.4
Summary of cost estimate for implementing Environmental Monitoring
Programme during operation phase
S. No. Parameter Cost (Rs. million/year)
1. Marine water quality 0.60
2. Ambient air quality monitoring 0.15
Total 0.75
ANNEXURE-I
National Ambient Air quality Standards (NAAQS)
S. No.
POLLUTANTS Time Weighted Average
Concentration of Ambient Air
Industrial, Residential Rural and other area
Ecologically Sensitive
area (notified by
Central Government)
Method of Measurement
1 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) , µg/m3
Annual* 24 hours **
50
80
20
80
-Improved west and Gacke
-Ultraviolet fluorescence
2 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) , µg/m3
Annual*
24 hours **
40
80
30
80
- Modified Jacab & Hochheister (Na-Arsentire) -Chemiluminescene
3 Particulate Matter (Size less than 10, µm) or PM10 , µg/m3
Annual*
24 hours **
60
100
60
100
-Gravimetric -TOEM -Beta attenuation
4 Particulate Matter (Size less than 2.5 , µm) or PM2.5, µg/m3
Annual*
24 hours **
40
60
40
60
-Gravimetric -TOEM -Beta attenuation
5 Ozone (O3), µg/m3
8 hours** 1 hour **
100
180
100
180
-UV photometric -Chemiluminescene -Chemial Method
6 Lead (Pb), µg/m3
Annual* 24 hours **
0.50
1.0
0.50
1.0
-AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper. - ED-XRF using Teflon filter.
7 Carbon Monoxide (CO) , µg/m3
8 hours** 1 hour **
02
04
02
04
-Non disbersive infrared spectroscopy
8 Ammonia Annual* 100 100 -
S. No.
POLLUTANTS Time Weighted Average
Concentration of Ambient Air
Industrial, Residential Rural and other area
Ecologically Sensitive
area (notified by
Central Government)
Method of Measurement
(NH3), µg/m3 24 hours **
400
400
Chemiluminescene -Indophenol blue method
9 Benzene (C6H6), µg/m3
Annual* 05 05 -Gas chromatography based continuous analyser. -Adsorption and Desorption followed by GC analysis.
10 Benzo (a) Pyrene(BaP)- particulate phase only, ng/m3
Annual* 01 01 -Solvent extraction followed by HPLC/GC analysis
11 Arsenic (As), ng/m3
Annual* 06 06 -AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper
12 Nickel (Ni), ng/m3
Annual* 20 20 -AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper
* Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurement in a year at a particular site taken twice a week 24 hourly at a uniform intervals. ** 24 hourly or 08 hourly or 01 hourly monitored values, as applicable, shall be complied with 98% of the time in a year. 2% of the time, they may exceeded the limits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring.
ANNEXURE-II
Ambient Noise Standards ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Area Category Limits in dB(A)Leq Code of Area --------------------------------------------- Day time Night time ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ A. Industrial Area 75 70 B. Commercial Area 65 55 C. Residential Area 55 45 D. Silence Zone 50 40 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Note : 1. Day time 6 A.M. and 9 P.M.
2. Night time is 9 P.M. and 6 A.M. 3. Silence zone is defined as areas upto 100 meters around such
premises as hospitals, educational institutions and courts. The silence zones are to be declared by competent authority. Use of vehicular horns, loudspeakers and bursting of crackers shall be banned in these zones.
4. Environment (Protection) Third Amendment Rules, 2000 Gazette notification, Government of India, date 14.2.2000.
ANNEXURE-III
ABUNDANCE OF PHYTOPLANKTON DENSITY (cells/litre)
S.NO SPECIES S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
1 Coscinodiscus marginatus
700 675 600 1060 800
2 Bacteriastrum cosmasum
- - - 400 350
3 Basillaria paradoxa
650 275 610 - 600
4 Chaetocerous decipieus
700 - - 275 -
5 Coscinodiscus excentricus
650 - 740 - -
6 Coscinodiscus diversus
- - - - 250
7 Navicula salinarum
750 - - 400 -
8 Coscinodiscus centralis
- 360 - - 400
9 Ditylum brightwelli
650 - - - -
10 Nitchia serchia
550 - - - -
11 Nitchia acuta - - 275 - 600
12 Pleurosigma angulatum
600 - - - -
13 Rhizosolenia alata
550 - - 275 -
14 Skeletonima costatum
650 - - - 475
15 Thalassiothrix longissima
- 275 300 - -
16 Ceratium tripos
- - 400 - 500
17 Ceratium breve
125 - - 300 600
18 Chaetocerous affinis
100 150 125 - -
Total 6675 1735 3050 2710 4575
ANNEXURE-IV
ABUNDANCE OF ZOOPLANKTON DENSITY (No/litre)
S.NO SPECIES S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
1 Tellina crassa
150 425 - 100 750
2 Centropagus typicas
- - 550 - -
3 Modiolus mochiolus mochiolus-
125 - - 425 600
4 Leptomysis gracilis
- 275 430 - 425
5 Fish larvae 160 - - 100 -
6 Siriella armata
- - 300 - 300
7 Candacia armata
- 250 - 400 -
8 Lucifer protozoea
- - 150 - -
9 Potellid nauplius
- - - - 450
10 Paramysis srenosa
- 550 - 350 -
11 Sagitta enflata
- - - - 600
12 Heteropod - - - 345 -
13 Temora longicornis
- - - - 750
Total 435 1500 1430 1720 3875
ANNEXURE-V BENTHOS MACRO FAUNA (No/m2)
S.NO SPECIES/GROUP S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
1 Crassostrea madrasensis
10 3 - - -
2 Murex trapa 4 - 3 5 2
3 Chicrous ramosus 2 - 1 1 -
4 Chicoreous vigineus
3 2 2 - 1
5 Anadora granosa 1 1 3 - -
Arca granosa 4 2 2 - -
6 Turritella terebra 2 1 1 - -
7 Nerita sp 1 2 4 - -
8 Turbo intercostalis 1 1 5 - -
9 Cerithiacea cingulata
25 10 20 - -
Total 68 29 26 16 69
ANNEXURE-VI BENTHOS MEIO FAUNA (No/10cm2)
S.NO SPECIES/GROUPS S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
1 Nematodes 25 10 14 13 10
2 Textularia sagittula 15 5 5 - 20
3 Turbellarians 10 5 - - 15
4 Globigerina bulloides
5 - 3 2 5
5 Orbulina universa - 6 - - -
6 Lagene larvis 4 - 4 1 9
7 Textularia stricta 9 3 - - 10
Total 53 22 41 6 3