project in physics iv-thermodynamics
TRANSCRIPT
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THERMODYNAMICS
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THERMODYNAMICS
literally means “moving or evolving heat.” The science of thermodynamics is concerned
with heat and its transformation to mechanical
energy.
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SYSTEM - object or collection of objects under study. Everything else is referred to as surroundings
The system and the surroundings constitute the universe.
INTERNAL ENERGY- refers to the sum of the kinetics energies of the molecules of a body and the potential energy to intermolecular forces
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REVERSIBLE PROCESS – one in which the system and its surroundings can be returned to their initial state before the process occurs
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IRREVERSIBLE PROCESS - one in which the system and its surroundings cannot be returned to their initial state before the process occurs. Also known as the natural process.
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Laws of Thermodynamics
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ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
A
CB“If object A is in thermal equilibrium with object B and object A is in thermal equilibrium with a third object C, then object B must be in equilibrium with object C”
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Thermal Equilibrium- the main concern of the zeroth law, two bodies are said to be in thermal equilibrium if they have the same temperature.
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THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
“When heat is added to a system, some of it remains in the system increasing its internal energy, while the rest leaves the system as the system does work.”
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THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Three versions of the second law of
thermodynamics:
KELVIN-PLANCK STATEMENT – no heat engine can completely convert heat energy to work . In other words, there is no 100% efficient heat engine.
CLAUSIUS STATEMENT – heat flows naturally from hot to cold objects .
ENTROPY STATEMENT – when a reversible process occurs, the total entropy of the universe remains the same. When an irreversible process occurs, the total entropy of the universe increases.
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Entropy is an abstract or theoretical quantity. It is used to predict the direction of natural events and to predict whether a given chemical or physical process is possible. If the process is found to be impossible, additional data may tell scientist what can be done to make the process possible.
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THE THIRD LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
“The entropy of a perfect crystal of a substance at the absolute zero temperature is zero.”
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Heat Engines
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HEAT ENGINES
a device that converts heat energy to
mechanical work
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TYPES OF HEAT ENGINES
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE – burns the fuel inside the engine.
EXTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE - burns the fuel outside the engine.
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STEAM ENGINES
HERO OF ALEXANDRIA – invented the oldest heat engine since 200 B. C. called Aeolipile in which steam was conducted through pipes from a boiler.
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Aeolipile
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THOMAS SAVERY – developed the first commercial steam engine in 1968.
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Savery Engine
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THOMAS NEWCOMEN – came up with a modified engine using steam at atmospheric pressure in 1712.
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Newcomen Engine
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JAMES WATT – introduced a greatly improved steam engine with a separate condenser in 1769. This invention triggered the so called “Industrial Revolution” and stimulated the inventions of other types of engine.
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Watt Steam Engine
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The gasoline engine and diesel engine are internal combustion engines. These engines operate on four different stokes: intake, compression, power and exhaust.
GASOLINE AND DIESEL ENGINES
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Maximum efficiency is obtained if all processes undergone by the working substance of a heat engine are reversible. This statement is called Carnot principle, named after French engineer Sadi Carnot. The Carnot engine is a hypothetical heat engine undergoing all reversible process.
IDEAL HEAT ENGINE
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WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW:
• You should know that efficiency is a comparison of the useful work energy provided by a machine or system to the work energy applied to the machine or system.
• You should know that the formula for efficiency is: input workefficiency= x 100% output work
• You should know that the parts of a machine or system and how they are connected together will affect the machine's or system's efficiency.
• You should know that other forces such as friction will affect an object's movement.
• You should know that velocity ratio is a comparison of the distance a load moves to the distance travelled by the force needed to move it.
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CREATED BY :IV-1 BSU-ARASOF NASUGBU
ANA CONSTANCIA U. CALINGASANBLESSY FAITH CIPE
MICHELLE N. DIONESROZELYN T. MACUTAY
JOSE ANGELO E. BARAL