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8/21/2019 Project Report Rs

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A Project Report on

CONSTRUCTION OF MULTISTORIED BUILDINGS

Submitted to

AMITY UNIVERSITY

UTTAR PRADESH

AMITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY GUIDE SUBMITTED BY

Mrs. Madhuri Kumari Rahul Singh

Deptt. Of Civil Engg A2315811117

ASET B.Tech (civil)

Amity University, U.P 7th sem2011-15


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Acknowledgement

I consider it my privilege to express a few words of gratitude and respect to all those who

contributed and wished for successful completion of my summer internship. I express my deep

felt gratitude toJaypee Group and GM Mr. Mukesh Syal as well as other site management at

AMAN HOUSING SOCIETY, NOIDA for providing me with all facilities for making this endeavor

possible.

I hereby take this opportunity to thank Prof. Madhuri Kumari (Faculty Guide) for giving their

consent to undertake this summer internship report.


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Certificate

This is to certify that Mr Rahul Singh student in B.Tech Civil Engineering of Amity University Uttar

Pradesh, Noida (AUUP) has carried out the work presented in the project of the Industrial

Training entitled GENERAL CIVIL WORKS - JAYPEE AMAN as a part of fourth year

Programme of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering from Amity School Of Engineering

and Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh (Noida) under my supervision.

Madhuri Kumari

HOD

Civil Engg. Dept

Amity University


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Abstract

During my industrial training period of 8 weeks at JAYPEE Group, I recieved a lot of practical

exposure, on site experience and learnt about various practical accepts of civil engineering. This

report gives an insight to the various modern construction practices being used at Jaypee AMAN

Noida. During the short training period I gained lot of practical experience and came across the

various challenges faced in practical field and how to deal with effectively. This report focuses on

the integration of onsite practical experience with the theoretical knowledge to solve any given

problem. This report contains the practical experience gained by working at a construction site,

the general industry observation, the various practical skills and construction techniques used atthis Project.


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CONTENT

S.NO DESCRIPTION Page no.

1 INTRODUCTION 6

2 SPECTIAL FEATURES 6

3 SITE FAMILIARIZATION 6

4 SOIL PROFILE 7

5 EXCAVATION 7

6 MATERILS USED AT SITE 8

a CEMENT 8

b STEEL 9c AGGREGATE 10

d ADMIXTURES 11

7 CONCRETE 12

8 SHUTTERING / FORMWORK 13

9 SUB-STRUCTURE 17

10 TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS 17

11 MACHINERIES USED AT SITE 19

12 STRUCTURAL MEMBERS 21

a RETAINING WALL 22

b COLUMN 24

c BEAM 26

d SHEAR WALL 27

e SLAB 29

13 BRICK MASONRY 31

14 CURING 33

15 WATER PROOFING 35

16 CONCLUSION 37

17 REFERENCE 38


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INTRODUCTION

Jaypee Greens presents AMAN at sector 151, on the Noida Greater Noida expressway. The

project is spread over 65 acres with apartments flanked with numerous thematic gardens, Golf

Course. These include Social Club exclusively for the residents of the community with special

features like kids play area health club. There is Chip & Putt Golf Course for all the golf lovers.

There are also various Sports Facilities such as badminton and basketball courts etc. Besides

these it also have landscaped walkways, shopping complex as other recreation options.

SPECIAL FEATURES

1. 2 Bedroom and 3 Bedroom Apartments

2. Chip & putt golf course

3. Ample car park spaces with reserved parking and visitor parking4. Crche, nursery to senior secondary education facilities.

5. Power and water backup.

6. Connected through 45 meters with sector road from the expressway. Just 25 minutes driving

distance from South Delhi.

7. Close proximity to numerous SEZs & commercial centers.

SITE FAMILIARIZATION

1. AMANTotal area of construction site is 65 acre.

2. Whole area is divided into 3 blocks namely A, B & C Blocks.

3. There are total 26 towers in AMAN.

4. Jaypee Greens has dealt with 5 different contractors as given below.

5. M/s Nanu Ram Goyal & Co. constructing 7 towers.

(a) M/s Vikas and Associates. Constructing 4 towers.

(b) M/s Bucon Infratech (P) Ltd. constructing 6 towers.

(c) M/s Ascent Construction Pvt Ltd. construction 5 towers.

(d) M/s Sahyog Techno build Pvt Ltd. constructing 4 towers.

6. These companies have their own Batching Plant, Generator room, Offices, Quality Labs,

Labour Camps, and Canteen etc.

7. There are 3 gates which facilitate entry and exit.


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SOIL PROFILE

As per our observation, the soil is found to be clayey sand up to some depth and after that it is

observed completely sandy.

EXCAVATION

Excavation is done on the site up to the depth of 7.5 meters. The water table is attained at the

depth of 4.75M; here the water table is shallow because the river Yamuna is quite near to the

site.

Details of Excavation

S.NO. DESCRIPTION LEVEL (M)1 Lift Pit Excavation 187.5

2 Lift Pit PCC Top 187.6

3 Lift Pit Raft TOC 188.6

4 Raft Excavation 188.6

5 Raft PCC Top 188.7

6 Raft TOC 190.2

7 Non-Tower Area Footing and Retaining Wall Footing Excavation 189.1

8 Non-Tower Area Footing And Retaining Wall Footing PCC Top 189.2

9 Under Basement Floor TOC 194.15

10 Ground Floor Non-Tower Area TOC 197.9

11 Ground Floor Tower Area TOC 198.65

12 Above Ground Floor, Typical Each Floor Height 2.95


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MATERIALS USED AT SITE

CEMENT

In the most general sense of the word, cement is a binder, a substance that sets and hardens

independently, can bind other materials together.

At AMAN

Portland Pozzolana Cement (Fly ash based) is used for concrete mortar, plain mortar.

TYPES OF PORTLAND POZZOLANA CEMENT

1. Portland Pozzolana Cement (fly ash based)

2. Portland Pozzolana Cement (calcined clay based)

PORTLAND POZZOLANA CEMENT (Fly Ash based)

Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) is manufactured by the inter-grinding of OPC clinker with 10

to 25% of pozzolanic material (as per the latest amendment, it is 15 to 35%). A pozzolanic

material is essentially a siliceous or aluminous material which while in itself possessing no

cementations properties, which will, in finely divided form and in the presence of water, react with

calcium hydroxide, liberated in the hydration process, at ordinary temperature, to form compound

possessing cementations properties. The pozzolanic materials used for manufacture of PPC are

calcined clay (IS 1489 part 2 of 1991) or fly ash (IS 1489 part 1 of 1991). Fly ash is a waste

material, generated in the thermal power station, when powdered coal is used as a fuel.

APPLICATION

Portland Pozzolana Cement can be used in all situations where OPC is used except where high

early strength is of special requirement. As PPC needs enough moisture for sustained pozzolanic

activity, a little longer curing is desirable. Use of PPC would be particularly suitable for the

following situations:

a) For hydraulic structures;

b) For mass concrete structures like dam, bridge piers and thick foundation;

c) For marine structures

d) For sewers and sewage disposal works etc.


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STEEL

Steel is an alloy that consists mostly of iron and has carbon content between 0.2% and 2.1% by

weight, depending on the grade. Carbon is the most common alloying material for iron, but

various other alloying elements are used, such as manganese, chromium, vanadium, and

tungsten. Carbon and other elements act as a hardening agent, preventing dislocations in the iron

atom crystal lattice from sliding past one another. Varying the amount of alloying elements and

the form of their presence in the steel (solute elements, precipitated phase) controls qualities

such as the hardness, ductility, and tensile strength of the resulting steel. Steel with increased

carbon content can be made harder and stronger than iron, but such steel is also less ductile than

iron.

GRADES OF STEEL

a) Fe 415, 415 Db) Fe 500, 500 D

c) Fe 550, 550 D

d) Fe 600

NOMINAL SIZES

The nominal sizes of the bars are as follows:

4mm, 5mm, 6mm, 8mm, 10mm, 12mm, 16mm, 20mm, 25mm, 28mm, 32mm, 36mm, 40mm.

Mass per kg of bar = d / (162.2) kg/m, Where d = diameter of bar

Density of steel 7850 kg / m

AT AMAN

Fe 500 TMT (Thermo Mechanically Treated) steel bars are used for reinforcement. 8mm to 32mm

dia bars are used at site.


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AGGREGATE

Materials used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, or recycled crushed

concrete. There are generally two types of aggregates used:

1. Fine Aggregates

2. Coarse Aggregates

Fine Aggregate:Aggregate most of which passes 4.75mm IS Sieve and contains only so much

coarser material.

Natural Sand: Fine aggregate resulting from the natural disintegration of rock and which has

been deposited by streams or glacial agencies.

Crushed Stone Sand: Fine aggregate produced by crushing hard stone.

Crushed Gravel Sand: Fine aggregate produced by crushing.

Coarse Aggregate: Aggregate most of which is retained on 4.75mm IS Sieve and containing

only so much finer material.

Coarse aggregate may be described as:

a) Uncrushed gravel or stone which results from natural disintegration of rock.

b) Crushed gravel or stone when it results from crushing of gravel or hard stone, and

c) Partially crushed gravel or stone when it is a product of the blending of (a) and (b).

AT AMAN

a) Angular aggregates are used as coarse aggregates of sizes 10mm and 20mm.

b) Source of coarse aggregatesPALI (Ferozpur Zirka)

c) Natural River Sand (Zone II) and Badarpur are used as fine aggregate.


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ADMIXTURES

Admixture is defined as a material, other than cement, water and aggregate, that is used as an

ingredient of concrete and is added to the batch immediately before or during mixing. A proper

use of admixtures offers certain beneficial effects to concrete, including improved quality,

acceleration, or retardation of setting time, enhanced frost, and sulfate resistance, control of

strength development, improved workability, and enhanced finish ability. The following admixtures

are as follows:

Plasticizers

Super plasticizers

Retarders and Retarding Plasticizers

Accelerators and Accelerating Plasticizers

Air-entraining Plasticizers Damp-proofing and Water proofing Admixtures

Gas forming Admixtures

Alkali aggregate Expansion Inhibiting Admixtures

Workability Admixtures

Grouting Admixtures

Corrosion Inhibiting Admixtures

Bonding Admixtures

Coloring Admixtures

SUPERPLASTICIZER

Super plasticizers, also known as high range water reducers, are chemicals used as admixtures

where well-dispersed particle suspensions are required. These polymers are used as dispersants

to avoid particle aggregation, and to improve the flow characteristics of suspensions such as in

concrete applications. Their addition to concrete or mortar allows the reduction of the water to

cement ratio, not affecting the workability of the mixture, and enables the production of self-

consolidating concrete and high performance concrete. This effect drastically improves the

performance of the hardening fresh paste. Indeed the strength of concrete increase whenever the

amount of water used for the mix decrease.

AT AMAN

Fosrok SP 430-Superplasticizer is used.


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CONCRETE

Concrete is defined as homogenous mixture of cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate,

potable water which should be free from injurious amount of oils, acids, alkalis, salts, sugar etc.

(pH value should lie between 6 to 8)

REQUIREMENTS OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

The requirement which form the basis of selection and proportioning of mix ingredients are:

a) The adequate workability necessary for full compaction with the compacting equipment The

minimum compressive strength required from structural consideration.

b) available.

c) Maximum water-cement ratio and / or maximum cement content to give adequate durabilityfor the particular site conditions.

d) Maximum cement content to avoid shrinkage cracking due to temperature cycle in mass

concrete.

VARIABLES IN PROPORTIONING

With the given materials, the four variables factors to be considered in connections with

specifying a concrete mix are:

a) Water-Cement Ratio

b) Cement content or Cement-aggregate Ratio

c) Gradation of the aggregates

d) Consistency


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SHUTTERING / FORMWORK

Shuttering or form work is the term used for temporary timber, plywood, metal or other material

used to provide support to wet concrete mix till it gets strength for self support. It provides

supports to horizontal, vertical, and inclined surfaces or also provides support to cast concrete

according to required shape and size. The form work also produces desired finish concrete

surface.

Shuttering or form work should be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete mix and

the pressure for placing and compacting concrete inside or on the top of form work / shuttering. It

should be rigid to prevent any deflection in surface after lying cement concrete and be also

sufficient tight to prevent loss of water and mortar form cement concrete. Shuttering should be

easy in handling; erection at site is easy to remove when cement concrete is sufficient hard.

TYPES OF SHUTTERING

Generally there are three types of shuttering.a) Steel Shuttering

b) Wooden Planks Shuttering

c) Temporary Brick Masonry Shuttering

STEEL SHUTTERING

Steel shuttering plate is the best type of shuttering because this is water tight shuttering which

can bear the load of cement concrete place on it. This shuttering can be used for horizontal,

vertical or any other shape required for the work. It gives leveled surface which has good

appearance. This shuttering gives good appearance and pattern work according to architectural

drawings. If the plaster is required, the thickness of plaster will be less. Being water tight

shuttering, the strength of concrete with steel shuttering is comparatively higher.

As this is water tight shuttering, it is considered the best shuttering. This consists of panels

fabricated out of thin steel plates stiffened along the edges by small steel angles. The panel units

can be held together through the use of suitable clamps or bolts and nuts. The panels can be

fabricated in large number in any desired modular shape or size. Steel forms are largely used in

large projects or in situation where large number reuses of the shuttering is possible.


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WOODEN PLANK SHUTTERING

Generally wooden planks shuttering is used by contractors because this shuttering is cheap and

easily available. This type of formwork is made of timber and plywood or moisture-resistant

particleboard. It is easy to produce but time-consuming for larger structures, and the plywood

facing has a relatively short lifespan. But this type of shuttering affects the strength of concrete.


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CONSTRUCTION OF FORMWORK:

This normally involves the following operations:

1. Propping

2. Shuttering

3. Provision of gradual slope

4. Cleaning is surface treatment

First of all propping is done, here in our case it is done with the help of metal prop which can be

adjusted to variable heights and after that shuttering is done, the required slope is provided if

needed. And then greasing or oiling is done on shuttering.

It is done by marking on the column bars which include the thickness of slab plus 500mm and the

thread is tied between two marked columns. Now a staff or any vertical rod marked with the same

height is checked by placing the staff along the thread.

This leveling can also be checked with the help of water tube with the precaution that no water

bubble is present in it.

After that bar binding is done and again leveling is checked and adjusted if anywhere it goes

wrong.

And at last before casting, shuttering is washed with water so that no dirt or mud is left on it.


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AT AMAN

The type of shuttering used on our site is of mainly steel plates and in some places like insides of

the beams, slabs, etc. Wooden-plank types are used. In shear wall wooden plank as well as steel

plate shuttering is used.

ORDER AND METHOD OF REMOVING FORMWORK:

The sequence of orders and method of removal of formwork are as follows:

1. Shuttering forming the vertical faces of walls, beam and column sides should be removed first

as they bear no load but only retain the concrete.

2. Shuttering forming soffit of slabs should be removed next.

3. Shuttering forming soffit of beams, girders or other heavily loaded shuttering should be

removed in the end.

RECOMMENDED PERIOD FOR REMOVAL OF SHUTTERING

S.No Types of formwork Minimum period before striking formwork

1 Vertical formwork to column, walls,

beams.

16-24 hrs

2 Soffit formwork to slabs 3 days

3 Soffits formwork to beams. 7 days

4 Props to slabs:

a) Spanning up to 4.5m

b) Spanning over 4.5m

7 days

14 days

5 Props to beam is arches:

a) Spanning up to 6m

b) Spanning over 6m

14 days

21 days


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SUB-STRUCTURE

The sub-structure of our site consists of dual Basement which will be used for parking facilities.

After doing desired excavation up to a depth of 7.5m, PCC (Plain Cement Concrete) is provided

which is 100mm thick using concrete having the proportion of 1:4:8. After the PCC is laid then raft

of 1 meter is provided in the tower area of G+13 and of 1.5 meter raft is provided for tower

greater than G+13 M25 grade of concrete is used for raft casting.

Stitching slab, which connects the isolated footings of Non-Tower area to the Raft, is provided

which are 200mm thick and 300mm thick (under D.G area i.e. Between tower no. 7 and 8).

Stitching slab is also casted with M25 grade of concrete. Then after that soil will be filled up to a

level of 600mm from the top of the 1.5m raft and will be compacted up to the 95% of the proctor

density at site. Then again PCC (1:5:10) of 100mm thick is provided after which the floor finish

will be done.

TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS

A foundation (also called a groundsill) is a structure that transfers loads to the earth. Foundations

are generally broken into two categories:

1. Shallow foundations and ,

2. Deep foundations

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS:

A shallow foundation is a type of foundation which transfer building loads to the earth very near

the surface, rather than to a subsurface layer or a range of depths as does a deep foundation.

Shallow foundations include spread footing foundations, pad foundations, rubble trench

foundations, and earth bag foundations.

DEEP FOUNDATION:

A deep foundation is a type of foundation distinguished from shallow foundations by the depth

they are embedded into the ground. There are different terms used to describe different types of

deep foundations including the pile (which is analogous to a pole), the pier (which is analogous to

a column), drilled shafts, and caissons.


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AT AMAN

Spread footings at AMAN are constructed in Non-Tower Area.

Spread footing foundations consists of strips or pads of concrete (or other materials) which

transfer the loads from walls and columns to the soil or bedrock. Embedment of spread footings is

controlled by several factors, including development of lateral capacity, penetration of soft near-

surface layers, and penetration through near-surface layers likely to change volume due to frost

heave or shrink-swell. These foundations are common in residential construction that includes a

basement, and in many commercial structures. But for high rise building it is not sufficient.

Raft foundation at AMAN is constructed for Tower Area. The depth of the Raft at AMAN is 1m

and 1.5m according to the design.

Raft Foundations consist of a raft of reinforced concrete under the whole of the building

designated to transmit the load of the building to the subsoil below the raft. Raft foundations are

used for buildings on compressible ground such as very soft clays, alluvial deposits, and

compressible fill material where strip foundations would not provide a stable foundation. A typical

raft foundation comprises of beam column system along with huge slab below ground.


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MACHINERIES USED AT SITE

BAR BENDING MACHINE

Bar Bending Machine is a semi automatic, durable fast and cost effective machine, used for

bending reinforcement bars and various forms of round bars.

BAR CUTTING MACHINE

Bar Cutting Machine is used to cut the bars of required length. This machine can cut a piece of

bar and the bars in bundle. The bars are cut on the action of shear.

BAR THREADING MACHINE

Bar Threading Machine, which is widely used in industries for the purpose of cutting external

thread on bar.

CONCRETE VIBRATOR

In Beams, columns, Slabs, bars network is so dense that the concrete doesnt fill into it properly

for filling the voids and for providing better compaction a vibrator is used.


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BULLDOZERS

Bulldozers are large and powerful tracked heavy equipment. The tracks give them excellent

ground hold and mobility through very rough terrain. They are generally used to excavate or filling

the ground or to lift and transfer the large amount of soil, mud, bricks, cement bags, sand and

aggregates etc in short duration.

CRANE

A crane , can also be known as a bridge crane, overhead crane is a type of machine used for

lifting, generally equipped with a hoist (device) or winder (also called a wire rope drum), wire

ropes or chains and sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them

horizontally. It uses one or more simple machines like a hoist to create mechanical advantage

and thus move loads beyond the normal capability of a human.

EXCAVATORExcavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, bucket and cab on a rotating

platform (known as the house). The house sits atop an undercarriage with tracks or wheels. All

movement and functions of the excavator are accomplished through the use of hydraulic fluid, be

it with rams or motors. Their design is a natural progression from the steam shovel.

DUMP TRUCK

A dump truck is a truck used for transporting loose material (such as sand, gravel, or dirt) for

construction. A typical dump truck is equipped with a hydraulically operated open-box bed hinged

at the rear, the front of which can be lifted up to allow the contents to be deposited on the ground

behind the truck at the site of delivery.

CONCRETE PUMP

A concrete pump is a tool used for transferring liquid concrete by pumping. There are two types of

concrete pumps.

The first type of concrete pump is attached to a truck. It is known as a trailer-mounted boom

concrete pump because it uses a remote-controlled articulating robotic arm (called a boom) to

place concrete with pinpoint accuracy. Boom pumps are used on most of the large construction

projects as they are capable of pumping at very high volumes and because of the labours saving

nature of the placing boom. They are a revolutionary alternative to truck-mounted concrete

pumps.

The second main type of concrete pump is either mounted on a truck and known as a truck-

mounted concrete pump or placed on a trailer.


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STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

STRUCTURAL MEMBERS USED AT SITE ARE AS FOLLOWS

Foundation,

Retaining walls,

Columns,

Beams,

Shear walls,

Slabs,

Table 1: Development Length Schedule Used At Site (All the Dimensions are in mm)

Development length for corresponding dia

Dia of bars M20(56.6D) M25(48.5D) M30(45.3D) M35(40D) M50/45/40(35.8D)

32 1813 1554 1450 1279 1145

28 1586 1359 1269 1119 1002

25 1416 1214 1133 1000 894

20 1133 971 906 800 715

16 906 777 725 640 572

12 680 583 544 480 429

10 566 485 453 400 358

8 453 388 363 320 286


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RETAINING WALL

Retaining walls are basically the structures used retain earth or other loose materials which would

not be able to stand vertical by itself. There are six different types of retaining walls as follows:

1. Cantilever wall

2. Counter fort wall

3. Buttress wall

4. Bridge abutment

5. Box culvert

6. Gravity wall

FORCES ON RETAINING WALL

The main force that acts on the retaining wall is the pressure due to retained material. This earth

pressure will always tent to overturn and slide a retaining wall.

AT AMAN

The retaining wall which has been used under construction on site is Bridge Abutment. This is

most commonly used retaining wall it consist of three components.

a) Vertical wall

b) Heel slab

c) Toe slab

Each components act as a cantilever beam. Stability is provided by weight of the earth on the

base slab and the weight of retaining wall.

DIMENSIONS OF THE RETAINING WALL (AS PER DRAWING)

Heel Slab:

Width: 600 mm

Depth: 450 mm

Toe Slab:

Width: 450 mm

Depth: 450 mm

Vertical wall:

Width: 350mm (up to the beam of upper basement)

Then after it is 230 mm (up to the ground floor).

The thickness is reduced on the inner side.


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REINFORCEMENT DETAILS

The TMT bars of Fe 500 are used whose tensile strength should not be less than 500 N/mm.

The dia of bars used are in the range of 8-10mm.

Minimum lap length provided in the retaining wall is 485mm and 388mm for 10 and 8mm bars

respectively.

Distribution steel: Bars used are of 8mm

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

Layout:First of all layout of the retaining wall is done with the help of a reference point, which

has been given by the surveyor.

Bar binding:The second step in the construction of retaining wall is bar binding as per drawing

specifications.Formwork: The form work is usually consists of wooden planks or steel plates which rest in

vertical position on either side of the wall at required width. Angle sections, clampers, and rods

are used to hold the form work in position. Then after that alignment of the form work is tested by

the engineers. In this procedure they used to hang plumb bob using the thread at certain distance

suitably. After that they measure the distance of board from thread at the top and bottom if they

are same then it means that the wooden board is vertical.

To check whether the form work is straight or not a horizontal thread is tied at certain distance

from the form work. The distance of each joint is taken from the thread if all are same then the

form work is said to be aligned.

Contraction and expansion joint:They are providing an expansion and contraction joint after a

distance of 38-40m. The joint is of about 30mm and it is filled by three things; PVC water bar,

armors board and a water proofing compound namely Poly-sulphide sealant.

Concrete filling:Concrete filing into the form work is being done with the help of M. S. Steel pipe

and compacted with the help of vibratos. They are using M25 concrete mix for the retaining wall.

A cover block of 25mm is provided in the retaining wall.

Stripping time:Forms shall not be released until the concrete has achieved a strength of at least

twice the stress to which the concrete may be subjected at the time of removal of form work.

S.No Minimum period before striking formwork At sight

1. 16-24 hr 24 hr


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COLUMN

A column may be defined as an element used primarily to support axial compressive loads and

with a height of at least three times its least lateral dimension. A compression member subjected

to pure axial load rarely occurs in practice all columns are subjected to some moment which may

be due to accidental eccentricity or due to end restraint imposed by monolithically placed beams

or slabs. A column may be classified on the basis of different criteria such as:

Shape of cross-section,

Slenderness ratio

Type of loading, and

Pattern of lateral reinforcement

CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF CROSS-SECTION

Rectangular column,

Circular column,Square column,

CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF SLENDERNESS RATIO

A column may be classified as short_or_long column depending on its slenderness ratio. The

ratio of effective column length to least lateral dimension is referred to as effective slenderness

ratio.

For short column slenderness ratio is 12.

For long column slenderness ratio is >12. However maximum slenderness ratio should not

exceed 60.

CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF TYPE OF LOADING

Axially loaded column,

A column subjected to axial load and uni-axial bending, and

A column subjected to axial load and bi-axial bending.

CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF PATTERN OF LATERAL REINFORCEMENT

Tied column, and

Spiral column

EFFECTIVE HEIGHT OF A COLUMN

The effective height of the column is defined as the height b/w the points of contra flexure of

buckled column.


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END CONDITION AT TOP End condition at the bottom

Fixed Hinged Roller

Fixed 0.65L 0.8L 1.2L

Hinged 0.8L L 2L


Layout: First of all layout of the retaining wall is done with the help of a reference point, which


Bar binding: The second step in the construction of column is bar binding as per drawing

specifications.

Formwork: The form work is usually consists of wooden planks or steel plates which rest in

vertical position on sides of the column of required dimension. To check the alignment of the form

work, hang the plumb bob using the thread at certain distance suitably. After that measure the

distance of board from thread at the top and bottom if they are same then it means that the form

work is vertical.

Concrete filling:Concrete filing into the form work is being done with the help of M. S. Steel Pipe

and compacted with the help of vibratos. They are using M40-M50 concrete mix for the casting of

column. A cover block of 50mm is provided in the column.

Couplers are being provided instead of lap length for diameter greater than 16mm.

Couplers are very efficient in saving the steel and also they can effectively transfer the load to the

next bar without any slippage.

For 32mm, 25mm, 20mm dia bars, length of the couplers is 100mm, 80mm, 60mm respectively.

Reducers are similar to the couplers, but they are having two different dia with in the same length.

Curing is being done for 14-21 days after the stripping of shuttering. Curing is done by spraying

as well as by wet covering (wet gunny bags)

Stripping time:As per IS 456:2000 forms shall not be released until the concrete has achieved a

strength of at least twice the stress to which the concrete may be subjected at the time of removal

of form work.

S.No. Minimum period before striking formwork At sight

1 16-24 hr 24 hr


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BEAM

Beam is a reinforced concrete flexural member which is able to resist tensile, compressive and

shear stresses induced in it by the loads acting on it.

Concrete is fairly strong in compression but very weak in tension. Thus, the tensile weakness of

concrete is overcome by the provision of steel in the tension zone round the concrete to make a

reinforced concrete member.

TYPES OF BEAMS

Singly reinforced beams,

Doubly reinforced beams, and

Singly or doubly reinforced flanged beams.

AT AMAN

Beams which are under construction on site are basically the doubly reinforced flanged beams.Flanged beams are those which are casted monolithically with the concrete slabs. Thus, beams

form part of floor system together with the slab.


First of all the columns are identified, between whom the beam rests.

Formwork: The form work is usually consists of wooden planks or steel plates which rest in

horizontal direction. During framing first of all beam bottoms, of required width, are erected with

the help of vertical props. The after sides of the beams are attached.

Reinforcement details: 16mm -32mm dia bars are used in the beams for the tensile

reinforcement and 8mm-10mm dia bars has been used for the shear stirrups. Small bars of

25mm dia, at an interval of 1500mm, are placed to separate to different dia bars.

Concrete filling: Concrete filing into the form work is done with the help of vibrators. M25 concrete

mix has been used for the beams. A cover block of 25mm is provided in the beams with the help

of PVC or concrete cover blocks. The beams are casted monolithically with the slabs.



S.NO Minimum period before striking formwork At sight

1 Beams spanning up to 6m 14 days 14-21 days

2 Beams spanning over 6m 21 days 14-21 days


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Page 27

SHEAR WALL

Reinforced concrete walls in the buildings are required to carry vertical as well as lateral loads.

The lateral loads due to the wind or earthquake may be acting normal to the width or thickness of

the wall. If the lateral loads are acting normal to the smaller dimensions of the wall in plane it is

referred to as shear wall. It behaves in a manner similar to that of column. A wall should have a

minimum thickness of 100mm (at site all the walls are 250mm thick)

TYPES OF SHEAR WALL

Separate shear wall

Elevator shaft as shear wall

Coupled shear wall

AT AMANSeparate shear wall

Elevator shaft as shear wall

REINFORCEMENT DETAIL

Bars of 16-32mm dia have been used for the longitudinal reinforcement 8-10mm dia bars have

been used for the lateral ties.


Lay out:First of all layout of the retaining wall is done with the help of a reference point, which


Bar binding: The second step in the construction of shear wall is bar binding as per drawing

specifications.

Formwork: The form work is usually consists of wooden boards or steel boards which rest in

vertical position on sides of the shear wall of required dimension. To check the alignment of the

form work, hang plumb bob using the thread at certain distance suitably. After that measure the

distance of board from thread at the top and bottom if they are same then it means that the form

work is vertical.

Concrete filling: Concrete filing into the form work is done with the help of vibrators. M40

concrete mix has been used for the columns. A cover block of 50mm is provided in the shear wall

with the help of PVC or concrete cover blocks.


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Page 28

Coupler has been provided instead of lap length for dia greater than 16mm.

Couplers are very efficient in saving the steel and also they can effectively transfer the load to the

next bar without any slippage.

For 32mm, 25mm, 20mm dia bars length of the couplers is 100mm, 80mm, 60mm respectively.

Curing is done for 14-21 days after the stripping of shuttering. Curing is done by spraying as well

as by we covering (wet gunny bags)



S.No. Minimum period before striking formwork At sight

1 16-24 hr 24 hr


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Page 29

SLABS

Slabs are plate elements forming floors and roofs of buildings and carrying distributed loads

primarily by flexure. Inclined slabs may be used as ramps for multistory car parks. A staircase can

be considered to be an inclined slab. A slab may be supported by beams or walls. Moreover, a

slab may be simply supported or continuous over one or more supports and is classified

according to the manner of support:

One-way slabs spanning in one direction,

Two way slabs spanning in both directions,

Circular slabs,

Flat slabs resting directly on columns with no beams. And

Grid floor and ribbed slabs.

ONE WAY SLABOne way slab are those in which the length is more than twice the breadth. A one way slab can

be simply supported or continuous. Main reinforcement is provided along the shorter span and

the distribution steel is provided along the longer span of the slab.

TWO WAY SLAB

When slabs are supported on four sides, two ways spanning action occurs. Such slabs may be

simply supported or continuous on any or all sides. The deflections and bending moment are

considerably reduced as compared to those in a one way slab. Thus, a thinner slab can carry the

same load when supported on all the four edges. In two way slab the length is less than twice the

breadth of the slab. A two way slab may be considered to consist of a series of interconnected

beam. These beams of unit width will transfer the load to the respective supports.

CIRCULAR SLAB

Circular slabs are most commonly used in the design of circular water tank containers with flat

bottom and circular raft foundations. Under uniformly distributed loads, these slabs deflect in the

form of a saucer and develop radial and circumferential stresses.

AT AMAN

At site one-way as well as two-way slabs are under construction.


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Page 30


Formwork:form work is usually consists of steel boards which rest in horizontal direction. The

form work of the slabs is done after the beams and is simply placed between the form works of

beams.

Reinforcement details:8mm-10mm dia bars has been used in the slabs.

Concrete filling: Concrete filing into the form work is done with the help of vibrators. M25 concrete

mix has been used for the slabs. A cover block of 25mm is provided in the beams with the help of

PVC or concrete cover blocks.

Stripping time:forms shall not be released until the concrete has achieved a strength of a least


S.NO Minimum period before striking formwork as per

IS 456:2000

At Sight

1 Slabs spanning up to

4.5m

7 Days 14-21 Days

2 Slabs Spanning over

4.5m

14 Days 14-21 Days


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Page 31

BRICK MASONRY

Brick masonry is made up of brick units bonded together with mortar.

Two essential components of brick masonry are therefore:

Brick and Mortar

TYPES OF BRICKS

Traditional Bricks: Traditional bricks are those which have not standardized in size. The

dimensions of traditional brick is (9 X 4.5 X 3)

Modular Bricks: The size of modular bricks has been standardized by Indian Standard Institution,

India. The nominal size of modular brick is 20cm X 10xm X 10cm.

CLASSES OF BRICKS

First class bricks: First class bricks are those which strictly conform to the standard size ofmodular bricks, i.e. 20cm*10cm*10cm. When immersed in water for one hour, they do not absorb

water more than one-sixth of their weight.

Second class bricks: Second class bricks also conform to the standard size, but they are slightly,

irregular in shape and color. When immersed in water for one hour, they do not absorb water

more than one-fourth of their weight.

MORTAR

Mortar is a homogenous mixture produced by mixing of a binder (such as cement or lime) with

inert material (such as sand) and water to make a paste of required consistency.

S.No Mix proportion by volume Compressive strength at 28 days

Cement Sand Kg / cm

1 1 3 50 and above

2 1 4 50 and above

3 1 5 50 and above

4 1 6 30-50

TYPES OF BONDS

Header Bond, Stretcher Bond, English Bond, Single Flemish Bond, Double Flemish Bond,

English Cross Bond, Dutch Bond, Facing Bond, Garden Wall Bond.


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Page 32

AT AMAN

Types of bricks used: Traditional bricks (First Class) have been used at the construction site.

Types of mortar used: A mortar of 1:4 is used to cast 4 inches walls. A mortar of 1:6 is used to

cast 9 inches walls.

Types of wall: There are mainly two types wall

1. Single brick wall is of 4 inches.

2. Double brick wall is of 9 inches.

Types of bond used: Pattern of English bond is being used at the site i.e., one stretcher layer

and one header layer but it is not used accurately as mentioned in books because of the problem

of the size of bricks, all the bricks are not of the same size.

In single brick wall, Mild steel strips of mild steel, 3mm thick and 25mm wide, are being used after

every fourth layer of the bricks.

The compressive strength of a first class brick is about 105 kg/cm


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Page 33

CURING

Curing is the process of controlling the rate and extent of moisture loss from concrete during

cement hydration. It may be either after it has been placed in position (or during the manufacture

of concrete products), thereby providing time for the hydration of the cement to occur. Since the

hydration of cement does take timedays, and even weeks rather than hourscuring must be

undertaken for a reasonable period of time if the concrete is to achieve its potential strength and

durability. Curing may also encompass the control of temperature since this affects the rate at

which cement hydrates.

METHODS OF CURING

Concrete curing methods may be divided broadly into four categories:

Water Curing

Membrane Curing

WATER CURING: This is by far the best method of curing as it satisfies all the requirements of

curing, namely, promotion of hydration, elimination of shrinkage and absorption of the heat of

hydration. It is pointed out that even if the membrane method is adopted, it is desirable that a

certain extent of water curing is done before the concrete is covered with membranes. Water

curing can be done in the following ways:

Immersion, Ponding, Spraying or Fogging & Wet Covering

The precast concrete items are normally immersed in curing tanks for certain duration. Pavement

slabs, roof slab etc. are covered under water by making small ponds. Vertical retaining wall or

plastered surfaces or concrete columns etc. are cured by spraying water. In some cases, wet

coverings such as wet gunny bags, hessian cloth, jute matting, straw etc. are wrapped to vertical

surface for keeping the concrete wet. For horizontal surfaces saw dust, earth or sand are used as

wet covering to keep the concrete in wet condition for a longer time so that the concrete is not

unduly dried to prevent hydration.

MEMBRANE CURING: Sometimes, concrete works are carried out in places where there is

acute shortage of water. The lavish application of water for water curing is not possible for

reasons of economy. Curing does not mean only application of water; it means also creation of

conditions for promotion of uninterrupted and progressive hydration. It is also pointed out that the

quantity of water, normally mixed for making concrete is more than sufficient to hydrate the

cement, provided this water is not allowed to go out from the body of concrete. For this reason,

concrete could be covered with membrane which will effectively seal off the evaporation of water

from concrete.


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Page 34

AT AMAN

Since there is lot of water at site because the water table is just 4.75m below the natural ground

level, water curing is done at the site.

Curing of vertical members (retaining wall, columns, and shear walls): vertical member are cured

by spraying water. In some cases, we coverings such as wet gunny bags are wrapped to vertical

surface for keeping the concrete wet.

Curing of horizontal surfaces (slabs): Pavement slabs, roof slab etc. are covered under water by

making small ponds.

WHEN TO START CURING AND HOW LONG TO CURE?

The answer is that first of all, concrete should not be allowed to dry fast in any situation. Concrete

that are liable to quick drying is required to be covered with wet gunny bag or wet hessian cloth

properly squeezed, so that the water does not drip and at the same time, does not allow the

concrete to dry. Pozzolanic cement or concrete admixed with pozzolanic material is required to

be cured for longer duration. Mass concrete, heavy footings, columns, slabs should be cured for

at least 2 weeks.


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Page 35

WATER PROOFING

A building or structure is waterproofed with the use of membranes and coatings to protect

contents as well as the structure. Waterproofing is a fundamental aspect of creating a building

envelope which is a controlled environment.

MATERIAL USED FOR WATER PROOFING

TAPECRETE (ACRYLIC POLYMER) is used in the sunken area.

SUPER CICO (liquid) is used for plastering the outer face of wall.

XYPEX

XYPEX:- Xypex is a non-toxic, chemical treatment for the waterproofing, durability enhancement,

repair and protection of concrete from a range of aggressive mediums. Xypex has ability to

generate a non-soluble crystalline formation deep within the pores and capillary tracts of concrete

and permanently seals the concrete against the penetration of water and other liquids from anydirection. Because Xypex is not dependent on surface adhesion to achieve its waterproofing

effect, it is resistant to extreme hydrostatic pressure. It will seal hairline cracks up to 0.4mm.

XYPEX CRYSTALLINE WATERPROOFING TECHNOLOGY IS AVAILABLE IN THE FORMS:

As a coatingfor new or existing structures

As an admixtureincluded in the concrete mix at the time of batching

The crystalline nature of the Xypex waterproofing system provides many application advantages

over traditional barrier products.

Xypex does not require a dry surface, in fact, a wet surface is necessary.

Xypex does not require dry weather to be applied.

It cannot puncture, tear, or come apart at the joints.

It does not require protection during backfilling.

Xypex does not require sealing, lapping, and finishing of joints at corners, edges or between

membranes.

It is less costly to apply than most other methods.

WATER PROOFING ON RAFT AND FOOTING

RCC concrete along with the Xypex admix C2000 NF@ 1% by weight of cement in the 300mm

lower section shall be poured.

Whereas in the periphery, the concrete shall be treated with the Xypex coating.Treatment of all

the construction joints are done with the help of mortar mixed with the Xypex coating.


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WATER PROOFING IN RETAINING WALL / VERTICAL SURFACE OF THE FOOTING

RCC concrete along with the Xypex admix C2000 NF@ 1% by weight of cement in the 300mm

lower section shall be poured whereas in the periphery, the thickness of concrete shall be treated

with the xypex coating and this is same as the above.

Shall be treated between RCC raft and joints of retaining wall and between vertical joints of

retaining wall to retaining wall i.e. treatment of the construction joints.

Treatment of Honeycomb on retaining wall is done in the following way:

Removing unsound concrete up to the sound concrete in u shape cavity around honeycomb.

Filling the u-cavity up to surface with Xypex modified mortar (1 Part Xypex: 5 Part cement: 15

Part fine aggregate) after application of the crystalline slurry in to the cavity.

TREATMENT OF TIE HOLES IN THE RETAINING WALL

Cutting U shape cavity around tie hole. Filling U cavity up to surface with Xypex modified mortar

after application of Xypex slurry.


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Page 37

Conclusion

Working as an Intern for almost two months with JAYPEE Group has given me an insight into thereal world of civil engineering and the construction industry.

This training was a step for the integration of my theoretical knowledge with the actual industry.

During the training I learnt how to apply my theoretical knowledge into my work along with simple

common sense in the practical field. In these eight weeks I have learnt the difference between the

theoretical knowledge and practical knowledge.

Being able to supervise and inspect the work at site and being working under various

experienced engineers, improved my practical knowledge along with work management and man

power handling which also helped me improve my management skills. Learning how to plan a

project and also being able to execute the same work gives me immense joy and pleasure.

During this period I worked with staff from various parts of India. I learnt how to work in an

organization and to maintain co-ordination during the work. I came to know about the role and

responsibilities of each staff member

These eight weeks have been the most important part of my degree where I came across the real

and practical world of civil engineering and be an integral part of the construction industry. I am

really thankful to those who supported me throughout the training period and also JAYPEE Group

for providing me this golden opportunity.


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Reference

IS 456:2000

Websites:

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaypee_Group

2. http://irep.iium.edu.my/2298/1/StudyofQualityManagementinConstructionProjects[1].pdf

3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterproofing

4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curing

project report rs

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