prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
DESCRIPTION
Slide show on the differences of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Provides details of each.TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 4: PROKARYOTIC &
EUKARYOTIC CELLSMicrobiologyAugust 12, 2013
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COMPARING PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES oThey are chemically similar
oNucleic acidsoProteinsoLipidsoCarbohydrates
oBut there are many differences between the 2 types of cells
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DIFFERENCES (PAGE 100, TABLE 4.2)ProkaryotesoDNA is circular and not enclosed
oNo special proteins associated with DNA
oLack membrane-bound organelles and nucleus
oCell walls contain peptidoglycan (sugar)
oCell division by binary fission
Eukaryotes
oDNA is in the cell’s nucleus
oDNA is compacted into chromosomes
oSeveral membrane-bound organelles
oCell walls (if present) are chemically simple
oCell division is by mitosis
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PROKARYOTESoArchaea and BacteriaoMostly identified by shape, chemical make-up, nutritional requirementsoThree different shapesoCoccusoBacillusoSpiral
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SHAPES OF BACTERIAL CELLS
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COCCI SHAPE
Streptococcus pyogenes
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BACILLI SHAPE
Bacillus cereus
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EXTERNAL STRUCTURES TO CELL WALL (PG 80)oGlycocalyx = a sugar coat that surrounds cells for protectionoCapsule or slime layer
oFlagella = a long filamentous appendage used for locomotion
oPilus = used to join cells together to transfer bacterial DNA through conjugation
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TYPES OF FLAGELLA
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CELL WALL
oProvides shape of cell
oAlmost all prokaryotes have cell wallsoArchaea may lack cell walls or lack cell walls composed of peptioglycan
oComposed of a complex sugar called peptidoglycan
oMain function = “prevent bacterial cells from rupturing when the water pressure inside the cell is greater than that outside the cell” (page 85)
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CELL WALLS OF PROKARYOTESGram Positive (+)
±Many layers of peptidoglycan
±Stains purple because dye is trapped
±Cell well is (+) charged
Gram Negative (-)
±Thin layer of peptidoglycan
±Stains pink because stain is released
±Cell well is (-) charged
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INTERNAL STRUCTURES OF CELL WALLSoPlasma membrane = think structure lying inside the cell walloPhospholipid bilayer
oCytoplasm = substance inside the lipid bilayer that is composed for 80% water, gelatinous
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oNucleoid = the nuclear area of the bacterial cell which contains a single continuous, circular, double strand of DNA
oRibosomes = the site of protein synthesis
oEndospores = a specialized resting cell that is highly durable in extreme environmentsoFormed inside the cell membrane
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MOVEMENT ACROSS MEMBRANESoSimple diffusion = the net movement of ions from high concentration to low concentration
oFacilitated diffusion = the movement of ions from high to low concentration by the action of transporters
oOsmosis = the net movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high to low concentrationoIsotonic solutionoHypotonic solutionoHypertonic solution
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oActive transport = the cell must use ATP to move substances across the plasma membrane
ohttp://youtu.be/yz7EHJFDEJs
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PART 2: EUKARYOTES Continuation of Chapter 4 notes
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EUKARYOTES
oEukaryotes include:oAlgaeoProtozoaoFungioPlantsoAnimals
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EXTERNAL STRUCTURESoFlagella = external structures used for locomotion and are long filaments, few in numberoCilia = external structures used for locomotion and are numerous and short projections
http://youtu.be/sZlDAAu2oZ0
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CELL WALL
oNot all eukaryotes have cell walls, some have a pellicle or plasma membraneoOther cell walls are made of chitin or celluloseoNO PEPTIDOGLYCAN
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INTERNAL STRUCTURES
oCytoplasm = the substance inside the cell membrane and outside the nucleusoCytoskeleton = structures that provide support for the eukaryotic cell. It include microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.oRibosomes = the site of protein synthesis
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oOrganelles are structures with specific shapes and specialized functions
oNucleusoEndoplasmic ReticulumoGolgi ComplexoLysosomesoVacuolesoMitochondria “the powerhouse of the cell”oChloroplastsoCentrosome
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EVOLUTION OF THE EUKARYOTIC CELL
oEndosymbiosis theory was proposed by Lynn MargulisoStates that larger bacterial cells lost their cell walls and engulfed smaller bacterial cellso“Eukaryotes come from prokaryotes”oSymbiosis means “living together”