prolegomena to the veda-padapatha_abhyankar

7/28/2019 Prolegomena to the Veda-Padapatha_Abhyankar

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Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute

PROLEGOMENA TO THE VEDA-PADAPHAAuthor(s): K. V. AbhyankarSource: Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol. 54, No. 1/4 (1973), pp. 9-44Published by: Bhandarkar Oriental Research InstituteStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41692186 .

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PROLEGOMENA TO THE VEDA-PADAP5THAByK. V. Abhyankar

The Pada-recital of the Veda texts, prepared byaunaka, Atreya and otherslong before he time of Yskaand Panini, shows quite a large numberof apparent irregul-arities if it is strictlytested by applying therules of Panini'sgrammarto it. Patajali, the balanced brilliantcommentatoron Pnini's rules ofgrammar, has even gone to the lengthofstating that the Padakras ought to have followed strictlythe rules of grammar and accordingly the Padaptha has tobe corrected t places where it has gone against the rules ofgrammar. He has stated three cases1 where, accordingtohim,the Padaptha has to be corrected.Patajali's statementis, in a way, an instance of historical anachronism f it refersto Pnini's grammar, s the Padapthas were composed longbefore he grammarof Panini. The statement should only beunderstoodas a compliment to Pnini's grammarfor ts per-fection f treatment. From the way in which the Samhittext has been split up into its constituent padas and thepadas into their constituentparts, it is obvious that therewere authoritative grammar treatises before the time ofPanini, which the Padakras must have followed.An attemptis made here to sum up brieflya few grammaticalregula-tions and conventionsexisting at the time,of the Pada-pthaespecially those about the meaningof the wordpada , as alsoabout the splitting of padas into theircomponentparts.

1 cf. i i ... srrtSTTTTf VTRTCT I IIl MahbhsyaIII. 1. 109,V.2 . Cf. lso 3Tlf^fcF^ I 3TI^fcq- srfa: I :RTJTfcTT ( MahbhsyaVI. 1.207 V. 1 . Cf.alsoT (MahbhsyaIII. 2.16,V. 5 . Theauthorof heMahbhsyameansto say brieflyhat in thePadapthashouldbe recited s aTTSsrsq-,TTf^T s 31TS3TT%er,ndas srTS^c:2 [ AnnalsB. O.R.I. ]

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10 Annals of theBhandarhar Oriental Research InstituteSection I

( Dissertation on Pada )STOW )3Th 7^. IThis is quoted as a stra from theAindra Grammarby commentators.1 It occurs as a stra definingthe termpada in the Vjasaneyi Prtilchya ( III. 2 ). The defi-nitionofthe termpada as a wording capable of possessingan independent ense, is practically a backbone of the gram-mar of the Padakras, showinga way to explain and removethe so-called grammatical irregularities of the Padakras.The stra means that a word, as also its part, is called apada , if t possesses a sense which s distinctlyconveyed by it-Accordingly, compoundword,possessing a compoundsenseis a pada . So also, the members of a compound word areseparate padas carryingtheir ndependent senses. Similarly,Taddhita words are padas and the Taddhita affixestherein,are also padas , providedtheyare distinctlynoticed as unitsseparate from heirbases. Case-affixes lso are separate padasiftheycan be noticed as distinctly separate from heirbase.1*

The fourkinds of padas, given by ancient grammariansare : nouns, verbs, prepositions and indeclinables. In thesystemof Panini thereare only two parts of speech : Subantaand Tinanta .4 Prepositions and indeclinables are included inthe Subanta category.i Cf. ari ^ of on )2 Cf. I * Iref ^ I I ^ iHT I (P. I. 4. 14-20). Words ndingn case-affixesnd conjugationalffixesre designated adas so also basesendingn ^ before ^=^ and affixess also before ffixesmarkedwith hemuteetter and beforease affixesxceptingheNom. ing,affixand affixeseginning ith vowel r the consonant AstheTaddhita ffixesre applied o nouns ndingncase affixes,aturallythosenounsare called pada beforen affixnot beginning ithanyvowelor consonant The purpose fthedesignation to noun-bases s to observe pause fterhemnthePadaptha.3 Cf. TTFTTMTR


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Prolegomena to the Veda-Padapatha 113. cnfr stfNifr snrenfir ^ iEach of these categoriesis again two-fold Single andCompounded. Single words are srmn 5 *** an(*the like. The word means connectedtogether nd havingone acute accent.y. and others are nouns. Nouns includepronouns. The word noun stands forall declinables.sngmeans a root like s^andthe like. In ancient dictionaries like the Nighantu, lists ofverbs such as OTirarT^Tir, and othersare given andnot those ofroots like and others. The words ^^15: stand for q;grng:meaning that the activity itself,i. e. the exponentofthe activity, is the dhtu or the root.fonftretaifasr iWords showing the specific features of the activityex-pressed by a root are given the name ^qiTor preposition.2These prepositions generally precedeimmediatelythe verb orthe noun derived from root,qualifyingthe activity express-ed by them;but in Yedic usage, they are sometimes seen inthe same sentence, but intervened by one or morewords. Ifthey immediately precede a verb which has retained itsaccents they form compoundwith the verb.v. Errantsriw^r faqwi: iNiptas have various senses ; but, they are shown bythose nipatas when they are used along with other words1 cf. c& mspraf11tl t if r.1. 1 ).a Cf. 3WT: fTrftP. I. 4.59 .



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i 2 Annals of theBhandarkar Oriental Research Institutsuch as nouns or verbs in a sentence. Some ofthemare some-timesused without any specific sense when they are calledpadapranas or expletives.1 Both prepositionsand niptashave got no case-affixor feminineaffix applied to them andhence,theyare not declinable. In Panini's grammar,however,case-affixes s also feminine ffixesare applied to them,buttheyare deleted. By virtueofthe application of case affixestheyare included in the Subanta category.2

Prtipadika or noun-base is that wordwhich s noticedin all thedifferent orms f that word prepared by the addi-tion ofthe several vibhakti affixesas also by the feminineaffix,whenand ifapplied. For example,see the words snfr,frSfc TO tc.or root is the original form ofthe several verbsand verbal derivativeswhich is noticedas common after the

removalof the conjugational, verb-makingand noun-makingaffixes pplied forthe formationofverbs,secondaryroots andverbal derivaties. See for example and appearingcommon n rafr, frjf , etc. and in_ respectively.HMlt TTTrR,7^5irpftRNouns ending in nouns 3rj%r, and others, as also

tn^, and othershave got two noun-bases,3 for exampleSTT^T^T^T^etc.havearfciT,WT etc. as additional noun bases.Similarly, an%ras aw5!, ^as 5^,


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Prolegomena to the Veda-Padapatha 13base whichis noticed n and otherforms f that kind.1So also is the root in srstfir,rs?,rswR, Tg a&d the like,while as an additional root-base is noticed in f3*n,etc.2

Section II(Dissertation on Vrtti )

fenq-: prg: ( )'R. ^rfvT^R ffrT: I3

Compact expression or vrtti is the denotation of a sensewhich is somewhat differentfromthe literal sense of thecomponentwords. Brevity of speechis thepurpose ofsuch abrief xpression.

There are eight kinds of vrttis or short expressions : krtor verbal derivatives,taddhita ornoun-derivatives, ompound-ed words, remnantofa compoundedword, affix-ending oots,doubled words, compoundwith a verb, and lastly linkingupof a word with another. The firstfive of these are men-tioned by Bhattoji Dxksita. The word is used byBhttoj instead ofSR^qrersng.3 andhave got the same features as the generally mentioned fivevrttishave, and hence,theycan be looked upon as vrttis

Krdvrtti is the formation f a noun or indeclinablefroma root by the application ofan affix.The affix pplied, is call-ed as it is joined to a root to form noun from t. InPanini's grammar,the name maker ofa noun ) is given tothe affixes ike sr,fgr, etc. Ancient grammarians gavethe name


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14 Annals of theBhandarJcar Oriental Research nstitutseparately by a pause or avagraha , possibly because the rootor dhtu thereincould not be shown as possessing a fixedform.Only in the case ofperfectparticiple,a pause is observ-ed betweenthe reduplicatedform fa rootand the affixTTr dfd^frJ I^r*r3IT%s the formation f a noun from nothernoun insomespecific senses such as beneficial to ( ^ ), oftspring,possessed of,student of,born in,nature of, and a number ofsimilarones by applying a stated or specific ffix. This affix,ifbeginningwith a consonant except is detachable fromthebase in the Padaptha. In some cases a taddhita affix ike3NTtc. is applied to a word which itself is formedwith ataddhita affix. Such taddhita words are termed taddhitawords with two joints ( ).x

TO13Tr compoundis the combinationof two words in ajoint sense.2 These compounds have four subdivisions withprominence fsense as criterion.3 The compoundcalled gripft-vricTas thefirstwordpredominante.g. thecompoundcalled has the sense of the second member as predo-minant. It has got threemain subdivisions and%*n%3rr3^r,he last having subdivisions such asand so 011. Tatpurusa compounds with a verbalderivativeas the second member,are in general calledwith three subdivisions: an(*OTW"In a Tatpurusa compound the accent is on the finalvowel as a generalrule.5 n the Krdant Tatpurusa, the secondsyllable retains its accent.6 In the Na-Tatpurusa, the accentremainson the vowel a or an which s substitutedfor na 7 Insome cases the accent remainson the first yllable when it hasgot special importancewhich has to be shown by an emphasisupon it. In rare cases of words such as and

( Nir' IL 2 >2 Fordetails ee MahbhsyaI. 1.1,Vart, .3 Fordetails eeMahabhasyaI. 1.6.4=For details ee and ( P. II. 2. 18,19 andtheMahbhsyahereon. See Wt&KQ P.VI. 1.223 .6 See ( P-VI. 2. 139 .t See TcJf^T ( P. VI. 2.2 )andtheVrttika thereonP.VI. 2.2,Vrt. ).



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Prolegomena to the Veda-Padaptha 15others,both thewords retaintheiraccent.1 The compoundhas the sense ofboth words as predominant.Thereare Dvandvacompounds of two words in Vedic Literature where theaccent is foundgenerally on the last syllable. In the Devatdvandva compounds,both thewordsretain theiraccent.2 TheBahuvrlhi compoundhas the sense ofboth the words subordi-nated to the sense of a thirdword connected in sense by therelation of possession with the two or more membersofthecompound. The accent falls on the firstmember xcept incases wherethe second memberhas some special importanceof its sense.3

VPTPlS&T IWhen the sense ofa Dvandva compound of two words inthe dual number is possible to be known by the use ofone ofthe two words on the strengthof the dual number ofthe affix laced after t, one of the two words is dropped andthe remainingwordin thedual number s termed s Ekaesa.4The originofthis Ekaesa vrtti can be traced to the VedicDvandva compounds oftwo words such as frrcrtft,nTT!rt>TTfTgWTThere,on occasions, one of the two words is seenused to denote the sense ofboththewords,e. g. snsfTn Rgveda1.61.10,64.1, 113.9 etc. in I. 63.1, 141.1, in *1.20.4,110.8, 159.2 etc., in 121.5, 161.10, X. 85.14 etc. The ques-tion as to how one single word could denote the sense of twowords was technicallysolved by thetheoryofeach one ofthetwo words in a Dvandva compound, closely related in sensebeing capable ofdenotingthe sense ofboth, advocated by theYrttikakra on the stras ofPanini, under the name^OT^^T.5 sR!R?iTr nt: snrtm

The formation f a root from noun or from root bythe application of an affix s called The sensei See ^ 3*^ (p-VL 2-140 2 See ^cTTIT?!; (VI. 2. 141 .3 See srpitlT Tf^lT ( P. VI. 2.1 as also Stras VI.

2.106-119.4 For details ee Panini tras . 2.64to73.5 The theory f propoundedy the Vartti-kakra is examinedn detail bythe author ftheMahbhsyandfinally isapprovedn thewords ^PftTTFTTI Prdetails eeMahbh&yoon I. 2. 29Vrttikas to15,



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16 Annals of theBhandarkar Oriental Research Instituteof a noun and a root, or the sense oftwo roots is conveyedbythis secondary root which ends with an affix. Several kindsof such roots by the.application of different ffixes uch as^ and others, are givenby Panini,1 almost all ofwhich are found n Yedic Literature.

q wi ^ irqTaddhita, Samsa, Ekaesa and Pratyayntadhtu;2 still, asthe repetition of a word has the same main features as avrtti viz. possession of one combined sense and one acuteaccent, repetitionof a word can also be called vrtti ThePadakras show the two components of the Dvirvacana-vrttiby the sign ofavagraha betweenthem;and in therecital,theyare shown separately by a short pause betweenthem.3*o. rrar iThe use of a noun in the vocative case with another nounclosely connected n sense with it, used immediately before tor after t,with one acute accent in both the words together,is named This compact expression is said to beof two kinds : and The Padakras reciteboth the words as distinct words but very closely connected,and do not observe a short pause or avagraha betweenthem.4Rl. srrernwifcr rorer iNouns are compounded with nouns which are verbalderivatives,but theyare nevercompoundedwithverbs. When,however, prefix ra nounclosely connectedwitha verb formsa compositeexpressionwith it, conveying a composite sens,1 See Panini tras II 1.7 to 28.2 Seenote3onp.13.s cf. (?r.iJ2.2), Tprs;^ ( ? v. 1.1.3,7 ,3TffT^.BV-X.163. ) andgoodmany thers.4 For details ee Mahbhsyanand =5^^T% II. 1. 2, Vrtt.6). For instances ee( Padaptha|p: q?r; jjprWf; Padaptha I ) andthe ike.



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Prolegomena to the Veda-Padaptha 17the noun or the prefix nd the verbtogether, re called qnWT"^TcTfT%. The Padakras appear to have looked upon thisuse ofthe noun and verb together, s forming kind of com-pound, and theyrecite these words in thepada recitalwith ashortpause or avagraha between the two. Pnini's rules,if strictly followed, prohibit any compound with a verbalform.1 The Padakras, however, appear to have recognisedBuch a compoundas indicated by the use ofavagraha betweena preposition and the verb following it, which retains itsaccent. Patajali has givenhis approval forcompounds withverbs.2

Vigraha or dissolution of a vrtti or compact expressionis the distinct mentionof ts constituentparts by the removalof the euphonic combinations or changes which have takenplace in the samhit recital.3 This vigraha is shownby recit-ing the crude base ofthe firstword and after a shortpause byrecitingthe next word along with the case affixwhich is putafter t, as for nstance rejTSqitr tc.

This dissolution is of two kinds ( 1 ) dissolution shownby the constituent words and (2) dissolution shown by otherwords. The Padakras recognise only the firstkind. Thisdissolution is shown when the constituentparts are possibleto be shown as distinctly apart and capable of denotingdistinctly their individual separate senses. Hence, therecan be no vigraha in compounds which are used as propernouns such as Yivmitra, Brhaspati and others. No vigrahais evidentlypossible in the Ekaesa vrtti, as, out of the twowords joined together n sense,one is actually omitted. Theproblemofone word carryinga combined sense of two wordsis solved by followingthe doctrine of or thesimultaneous denotationoftwo senses oftwo words by one ofthe two words.4 This dissolution is shownby the Padakras1 Pnini'ssura ( II. 2. 19 prohibitsn clearterms

any ompoundith verbal orm.2 See ^TI^TT TT tfRri TTRtT SRsR;STgSTtfifo^. MahbhsyadP. II. 2. 18,Vrfctika.S Seenote onp. 13. 4 See note onp.15,3 [ AnnalsB. 0. R. . ]



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18 Annals of theBhandarkar Oriental Research Instituteby means ofobservinga shortpause in the recital inthecaseofthe Samsa, the Akhytasamsa and the Dvirvacana vrttiswhere two padas constitutethe vrtti. In other cases such asKrt, Taddhita and Pratyayntadhtu, vrttis which have anaffix r pratyaya as one of the constituents, the dissolutionis shown in such cases only,wherethe affix r the base beforeit, has got no change or has such changes as are due to merejuxtaposition or considerationofmetreor rhythm. No sepa-ration is shownwhenthe change is a drastic one,such as theomissionofa letteror more, or the substitutionof one letterfor another such as ^ for or ^ forvisarga and similar ones.

cHbfs the name given to the break or the division ofthe constituent parts of a vrtti possessing a unit of theconstituent sense. Generally in a vrtti, as there are twoconstituentparts, thereis one break or parvan . But, in a fewcases thereare threeconstituent parts,made up of one baseand two affixessuch as and others, or twobasic words and one affix such asand others.

The Krdvrtti, the Samsavrtti and the Taddhitavrttiare capable of having one break or in few cases two breaks orinveryrarecases eventhreeormorebreaks as in >wnlfiwn


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Prolegomena to the Veda-Padaptha 10versa or forconveyinga related sense, or for showing rela-tionshipwith other words.

The affixes re of fourkinds : Affixes pplied to rootsfor the formationof nouns are called affixes.Thenouns so formed are named nouns. Those applied tonouns for the formation of other nouns, in the sense ofoffspring, uality, residence, possession and the like, arecalled taddhita affixes. Affixes pplied to nouns, as also toroots, n the sense of some specificdifferent ctivities or thesame activities in differentkinds, are named dhtukaranapratyayas. Affixesapplied to nouns as also to roots to showtheirrelationshipwith othernouns or verbs in the sentence,are called vibhalctipratyayas.1 Affixes pplied generally tonouns, simple as well as compounded,without any specificsense, are called svrthilcapratyayas. For technical purposestheyare said to express the same sense as the base to whichthey are applied.2ftrRSKWMMl! TTmr^cTH

^ sratiT:Nouns, includingprefixesand indeclinables,as also rootsincluding secondaryroots are always to be used with suitablevibhalctipratyayas3 Prefixessuch as $r,RT nd indeclinablessuch as w[, fer, and others have, in fact, no vibhakti

pratyaya applied to them hence, they are given the nameavyaya meaning not allowing any loss or addition for expre-ssing the idea of gender or syntactical relation.4 Fortechnical purposes, however,according to Panini's grammar,the affixes hat are necessary, are placed afterthem,but theyare elided.1 Cf. ( p. I. 4. 103 whichdefineshe term aSapplicable o case affixess also to coDjugationalffixes.2 Cf. Rmi": Stiemt ( Vydiparibhptha4).3 Cf. 5Ttf53TTT STSW Mahbhsya. 2.64Vrt. ).4 Cf. fs rerg=5TVTI%3r^%5xf ?(5fq# ( K&ik nP. I. 1.37 .



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Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research InstituteSection III

( Dissertation on pause ))R%. IA small stop in the recital ofthe Padaptha at the end ofa break orparvan is called avagraha.1 This avagraha in thepld handwrittenworks, and now in printed editions of thePadaptha is marked ( s ) just like the avagraha mark ( s ) inthe texts of classical works at places where the vowel e or qcombineswith the followingvowel sr, lthough it has nothingto do with that coalescence stated in Pnini's rule is?:


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Prolegomena to the Veda-Padaptha 21added to a compound word, the avagraha is given at the endof two components. Similarly, if a detachable case affix isadded to a compoundword or a taddhita word, the avagrahais given before he detachable case-affix fira; r g.1

There is no avrgraha given between the two parts ofKrdanta words or verbal derivatives,as the sense of the twoparts cannot be separately distinguished. For example, inzrisf: 3TT5T,i*d others the activity is shown as vestedin the agent or in the instrument r in the abode ; the agentsor the instrumentsor the abodes of activities are not shownas separate from the activities.

The krt affix ^ ) is looked upon as possessorof an activity, shown separately by the precedingredupli-cated root form and if the root ends in a short vowel,and the affix rj has not undergone any mutilation, theaffix s shown as separated from he root formby avagraha 2as for example, g%s-snr..fjSrra;, butnot iu etc.

3. aiRnf^4 ar ?r srjptsi^ iIn a Taddhitavrtti,the base and the affixare shown asseparate units in wordingas well as in sense,and the affix sshown separate by avagraha in the Pada-recital. However,ifthe noun-base ends in the consonant or and the affix sin the sense of possession such as or the like, theavagraha should not be observed so also if the tad. affixbeginswith a vowel or with the consonant the avagrahais not observed as the noun-base before such affixes isgenerally mutilated.

i cf. f ^rrt i ^n% i ( Vi>''Prt. V. 13,14 .2 Of. 3TOT ( Vj.Prt.V. XI explainedby Uvataas



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2 Annals of theBhandarkar Oriental Research InstituteV*. q^hh^s^i iIn the recital ofthe Padaptha, the two members of thecompoundare shown separate by an avagraha. If the finalletter of the first member or the initial letterof the firstmember is affectedby rules of euphonic combination, theoriginalform s to be cited in the Padaptha. If the base ofthe first member ending in the consonant has gotdropped in the compound form,then before the avagraha ,the base has to be recited without the letter If the firstmember nding in ^ has got the letter changed into visarga

or into the vowel art, the visarga is to be shown beforethe avagraha .

In the case ofthe negative Tatpurusa and negative Bahu-vrlhicompoundsthere s no avagraha givenin the Pada recitalafterthe firstmember,1. g. srer: I. 58.2 ), V-15.2 ),snSpm II. 27. 11 ), 3j5?arT^ ( VII. 104. 17 ), ( HI.54. 18 ). The likely reason fornot giving the avagraha is thatin compounds with the negative particle sr, no separatesenses of negationand the object negated are available there,but one single sense of ' an object otherthan thenegated one'is available from he compound. The particle ^ in compoundshas the sense of paryudsa and not that of pratisedha. Theform fnatbesides, s not preserved n the compound,na beingchanged into a or an ; but even though the formof na ispreserved in the compound words rerr:5TT*R3rT> andothers,still there s no avagraha given in theirrecital.'s. Adiara. dV ^ iThe avagraha is not given in the recital of the Pada-ptha afterthe firstmemberwhenthe words denoting deitiesare put together n a Dvandva compound, e. g. fsgrrfr,r^rf-So also there is no avagraha given after the firstmember n compoundswhichare proper nouns or which havegot the restricted ense of designation ( ). In Dvandva

1 cf. srra^ s sw l stto-*i ( Vj.Prt. y. 24-25.2 ThewordTT% asusedbyancient rammariausnthe ense fli and Cf. I fof tWtT%(MahbhsyaI. 4. 54,Vart. 1 .



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Prolegomena to the Veda-Padaptha 23compounds ofdeities, thereis no individually separate senseconveyed by each of the two words, the two deities beinglooked upon as a compoundeddeity.1 In cases of compounddenoting a designation, there are no two separate sensesconveyedby the two words but the sense ofthe compoundisone single individual. For example in fir^Tfirerhere is noindividually separate sense given by fgpgrr

Thereis no avagraha given in such Dvandva compoundsas denote a group sense e. g. ( X. 90. 10 ), ffif(VII. 49.3).The vibhakti affixes pplied to noun-bases are lookedupon as conveyinga separate sense and theyare hence lookedupon as forminga kind of vrtti giving room for avagrahaafter the base. The avagraha is given only when the affixesand the base are clearly distinguishable, the affixhaving aconsonantwithout^ at the beginning, nd the base endingina consonantor a shortvowel (srff: PcTTI TOT 1% =3 laW STfTf^IlfTiqi: ). Shortvowels ar,g-, * and ^ were termed by ancient gram-marians2 and naturally there resulted a veryshortstop aftertheirutterance n the articulate speech,e. g. srgrsfir, reiisfT:fsjjsfa: . srfsw, srfgisfir:,Trasfa: nr^sfa: ,wfgsfa: rnjsf: , ssracsfa: w^sftr.- Ffczir^sfir:uhsfa:,1 etc. But there is no avagraha given in thePadaptha ofwren?: , tenftrSTT^rnffr: ,Snf:, fir , iftfr: an etc. but not in jng,

STS^ri^,^, ntrj, aiWtfrg nd others.o. ITTTT^ ^ IAvagraha is not given in the Padaptha in the case ofcompounds with verbal nouns from he roots and1 cf. SFTTjTWnTTf ( Vj.Prt.V.28 .2 Bhartrharin his Mahbhsydipi has quoted the axiom^f?rTT:rom ome ancientwork. The vowel Ts said to beHfjTas used n thespoken anguage.See 3T T ( P. VIII. 4. 68) andth4 ahbhsya hereon.3 Cf, f#T Vj.Prt.V.30 .



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24 Annals of the Bhandarhar Oriental Research Institutewith the affix added to themas also in the case of com-pounds like ntaj. In the case ofthesewords, the compoundsare not dissolved at all in the Padaptha; the words beingrecited just as in the Samhitptha, e.g. I srart rfls - -^eiT^T i ar^nsr. i Qvvw ' 1 ntoifcr srn:I also ( VII. 91.2 ), ijqv ( I. 22.18 ) firqfa:wmTOT3TT^FHf:?T3fcH.^ 18^kely that these words werelooked upon as rdha, words or propernouns allowing noderivation. Mark however, that the words srer^TfrTRRRIand the like are dissolved in the Padaptha although theyare proper names. ^^sWiTT I 1srrasi^:

rflwrpATfem T nsgHv IIn the Ekaesavrtti although there s a mentionof twoseparate objects as in the Dvandva compound,still,as there sonlyone unit inwording no divisionis possible and evidentlythe question of avagraha does not occur, e. g. snsri, n*TT>*t, w ( X. 115.1 ) and others. Sometimesboththewords,out of which one is used to denoteboth,are found usedforming compoundlike the Devatdvandva, e. g. frrcfaftfOTlhjft,TTTrnf^RTIV. 6.7 ). Here no avagraha is observedbetween the two words which preserve their own accent.In several places quite a differentword is noticedbetweenthetwo,e. g. 5T JTT5TT ( I. 143.2 ) or g trot*ir:^5J^ (1- 159.1 ) or sngrj er ratet ( I- 185.2-8 ). It is to be noted that these passages are not quoted bycommentatorsas instances of otT3'3,9?3T ust as( v. 2.7 ),


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Prolegomena to the Veda-Padapatha, 25nouns by the addition of the rootmaking affixes

an^ others. When the nmakaranaaffix - r sr;1s added to a denominativerootending in q-,andwhen the noun before the affixq- has not undergone anymutilation, herearises a possibilityofmakingtwo clear divi-sions of such nouns ending n 3-or and observinga pause(wrcr*) between them,e. g. , wsg V Sisarse sketch,} Piiini has given the taddhita sj to be placed afterthe nouns an(^ frthe formation fthe words ST53: ndS**3:*3 These words are, however, formed y the addition ofthe affix to the denominative roots and girsr. iUtterance of a word twice in juxtaposition occurs toconvey the senses of frequency, emphasis and the like4 andas the two words formone expression with one acute accent,theycan be said to form vrtti. In fact, they are treated soby the Padakras and avagraha is observedbetween them inthe Padaptha ; e. g. f^s^ir, ( RV. I. 1.3,7, I. 31.7, I. 34.7etc.). (RV. X. 1.5), ( RV X. 1.5,X. 136.4 ).a. 11

A pair of words, which is formed by a noun in thevocative case, and another one, preceding or following it1 Theaffixmisapplied o denominativeootsending n ( *T

in VedieLiterature y the rule ( P. 1H. 2. 170.standsforthepresent articipleffix ofPanini.2 cf. jm:qgTT and =3 ( Vj. Prt. V. 20,21Thesetwo tras avequoted xamplesromheuleayajurvedasamhitwhichre imilarothe xamplesitedhere.3 Cf. ( P. V- 2140 , SnffaT ( V. 2. 123 and( v- 2- 138 Tbe mute efcter affixedc0 heTaddhita termination shows that the base beforethe affix3, statedbythese ules,hasgotthedesignation bythe rule %T?f( P. I. 4. 16 , andhence vagraha anbe observedfter hebase.4 This dvirvacanas seenprescribedn Pacini's rules andonwardsP.VIII. 1.1 to15 .

4 [ Annals. O. R. 1.J



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26 Annals of theBkandarkar Oriental Research Institutebeingclosely connected with it1 can be termed vrtti by thepresenceofone acute accent in the two words, ust as in thecase of No avagraha , however, s observedbetweenthe two words, as the two units are looked upon as separatewords with two separate senses,e. g. tj^r I ( RV. I. 40.2,III. 14.4 etc. ) to I (RV. I. 18.1, I. 40. 1 etc.').

According to the grammar of Panini, a verb is nevercompoundedwith a noun. The Padakras, however, lookupon those verbs,whichretain their accent on account ofthepresence of the conditional particles sjf, or that of theforms of the relative pronoun as compounded withthe prepositions preceding them, and observe avagrahabetweentheme. g. 1 wSFCfr2Re-

section IV( Dissertation on accents )

)^Rn^ir^rxisRPTT; iIn very ancient times when Sanskrit was a spokenlanguage, exceptingwords ofrelativelyvery small importancewhich were left unaccented, every word in a sentence wasutteredwith an accent of the type of a stress on one syllablein it, in conversations, addresses and dialogues. This stress1 This ^w0kinds ( 1 andThe is prescribedygTTNct ( P. II. 1.2 ) whilethe is prescribedytheVrttika ( Vrt.6 onP. II. 1.2 ). The instances iven n theMahbhsyaor he ormerre*ft^FftenTRj and Others, hile those for thelatter are TT T Ttrw ( RV. i. 33.1 , ffcTff( 87. VII. 81.3 ).2 The compound itha verb s categoricallyrohibitedy therule ^qc^Trirr^P. II. 2. 19 . Instances re,however,oundn a largenumber n Vedic Literaturewherethe Padaptba has shownprepositioneparated rom he following erbalform y meansof apause ( avagraha. The author f the Mahbhsya as shownhisapprovalforsuchcompounds. f.


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Prolegomena to the Veda-Padaptha 2faccentwas termed udtta or acute. Its definition s givenalike as in the ancient Prtikhya works, whichPuini has picked up. The terms and arjjfiTTreexplained in the Taittirvya Prtiskhya as " stronfii arrant irfr sfr;ST- ). The author of the Mahbhsyahas quoted these lines and explained the words arrow,and others. The explanation of the terms sttoT?and srajcTT ) given by the author of the Mahbhsya wellapplies to the stress accent and confirms he statementmadeabove, that in ancient times when Sanskrit was the univer-sally spoken language and the hymns of the Rgveda werecomposed, the stress accent prevailed. Later on, whenSanskrit came to be spoken without any scrupulous care ofthe stress accentuation, an additional accent was g*vento the vowel succeeding the udtta vowel with a view topreserving intact the textof the Veda. The Veda Samhitscame to be recited n three accents,1 and rules of euphoniccombinationswere strictlyobserved as a furthermeasure forthe preservation. Later on, the Pada texts and thereafterthe Krama texts wereprepared, n which the accents of theSamhit texts were kept intact. Strictly speaking, therewere three accents1 only, in which the Veda texts cameto be recited still, as in a single word, as also in acompound word only one vowel was accented as udtta ,the vowel following that udtta as svarita , and the restanudtta , the anudtta vowels after svarita came to berecited in a slightly different one which was given thename pracaya.

a. frrercr iThe four accents with which the Samhit text is recited,remainunchanged in the Pada text,or the recital of separate

1 In the Prtikhya orks varaor accent s describedo beofthreekinds.Cf. I ( * Prt. III. 1 ).The VjasaneyiPrtihhyalso givesthree kindsas stated n theStra ( I. 128 which s commentedpon by Uvata as^t^^TRTI' I The Svara Laksana ivestheand as the principalODes nd looksupon varita s subordi-nate.Cf. I 'TR'tT ^H SvaraLab. . 1 ).



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28 Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institutepadas . In joining and reciting several independent wordstogether,some changes occurred n the last letter of a wordand the first etter ofthe next word,and the accentswerealsochanged but, in the Pada recital, the separate padas wererecited with their natural wording and accents e. g. theSamhit text was recited n the Padapthaas I I .

qsreiT friera lfclT: I^TT STg^RfTiThere is only one out of the several vowels in a pada orvrtti that is recitedas udtta, one following the udtta as8varitafand the rest anudtta, e.g.1 srf: , srf^n, srpf,

In the Dvandva samsa of two words denoting deitiesused in any case except the vocative,as also in compoundslike each word retains its own udtta accent,2If the compoundword is in the vocative case, thenthe initialvowel alone is udtta,s e.g. firsT^lT, srfTr:- orvocative forms see fira't^TT- f?T5rsed as they are after another word, theyare recitedin thePadaptha as theyare recited n the Samhitptha. The1 Cf. 3T3r ( P-VI. 1.158 and( P. VIIL i. 66 j also Cf. ^Txl'J=r Prt.III. 4 ; also Cf. ^TTraTR ifT'i. Vj.Prt. V. 137as alsosubse-quentrulesupto V. 143 .2 Cf. ^TT3i% ^ ( P. VI. 2. 141 and ^ 1. ( P.VI. 2. 140 . Cf. also qcTT^rf"RT^rfMcrTft"Vj Prt. II. 48 ).In theword therere three owelswith he udtta ccent.3 A nounin thevocative ase has the firstyllableudtta P.VI. 1.198. Butwhenhatnounn thevocativedoes notstand t thebeginningfa sentence,rat thebeginningf a footof verse,t isi*Ofthas gotall its yllables nudtta



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Prolegomena to the Veda-Poaptha 29original accents of those words are not restored in thePadaptha, e. g. has If I as thePadaptha. So also or ^ I 1

. q^qr ^TT3T5^tt:In the Padaptha, when a compoundword is shown splitup into two parts by avagraha betweenthem, ll the syllablesprecedingthe udtta syllable, are recited as anudtta e. g.

( II- 10.4 ) fssffcrg^: i ss^ssrr: i as4sqra[.( X. 90-1

In the Padaptha, when a compoundword is split up in-to its two constituentparts with avagraha observed betweenthem,the syllable afterthe udtta vowel is recited as svaritaand all the vowels thereafter n one tone, called SRq*,e. g.( I. 3 ; 7 etc. ) ( X. 91.2 ).Section V

(Dissertation on Coalescence )q^R: Jpi: )


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30 Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research instituteofthe vowel arof the affix So also in words like %fr:,SR- , instead ofthe pararupasandhi there is the elisionofthe vowel srat the end of^sr, nr nd $r.^JRT 37Fmr: Jjfe?r IWhen


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Prolegomena to the Veda-Padaptha 31the Padaptha, e. g. 3; dr v % wrt^is changed into Padaptha as art I g I sp _fP3"I i:sg ( I. 7.7 ),( VIII. 58. 3 ), and the like re-changed nto JTvt->m%3Tlinrq^ ^ WCFT ISimilarly the letter ^ occurring in the reduplicatedsyllable becomeschanged intotheoriginal^ in the Padaptha,e-g-S3S: ( VI1- 18.14) into ^3:, gipn, (I. 137.1 ) into gg?r>(X. 3.1) into (V. 54.7) into( IX. 101.11 ) into It has to be, however,O ^noted that in the examples quoted here, there is, in a way,little defencefor the restorationof ^ into q, as the cause forthe change of into ^ remains intact in the same pada ;it does not become removed apart even by an avagraha.Perhaps after the reduplicationof the root ^ or thelike, both the units of the root were looked upon asindependent roots and the second syllable as a root wasrestoredto its original form nspite of the absence of separa-tion by an avagraha .

The letter^standing at the end of a noun-base (snfr-qf^) formingthe firstmember fa compound or precedinga case affixsuch as fir: jg or the like, whichis elided in thecompound word, is not restored in the Padaptha, e. g.STOWET:X. 121.2 ), rsfsgTTH- 27.7 ). TOrsrifflt 161>1( I. 23. 8 ) rsfa: ( I. 20. 5 etc. mfew ( III. 36. 1 ),sRsg ( VIII. 38. 1V It is to be notedhoweverthatbefore he1 Accordingo Panini, isdroppedhere as it s attheend fnoun-base y the rule ^T^T


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32 Annals of the BhandarJcarOriental Research Institutetaddhita affix ^ is not droppedand the avagraha is givenin the Padaptha afterpliable to be changed to ojîfrequirede. g. ( I. 164.16 ).*

Vt indimi IIn the case ofthe root ^ there s recited n the Samhitptha, the letter5-forîn forms ike qfgi, *Jand thers. Theoriginal letter'îs, however, restored in the Padaptha, e. g.3H^T ( I- 141.8 ) is split up in the Padaptha* âs I I I|*nrM: 5r. Similarlysn%> an(iothers are many times used.^3. 3^4HimV4HH ^ 8T*T*^f reactuallynoticedn use, Paninihas prefixed to the affixbytherule 3nt ^ witha view o having he ubstitutionf ^for wherepossible,whichwouldhave beenprevented y therulead been affixedo bases like TSJ.He has avoided hesubstitutionf for in thisway,but,hehas createdn occasionfor anotherdifficultyiz. to have the break or pause )after he base ending n 3TagainstVedic use. The authorof theMahbhsyain fact, s in favourfsuch pauso after ( See note1onp.9 ).2 The recitalof for in theSamhitpthaappears o be asimplemannerismndtherestoratiopf heconsopant butnatural.



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Prolegomena to the Veda-Padaptha 33generally are g, 5, 5, sr, itj, srs, and others while,the verbs lengthened are ffj, and others.1 Theword also is sometimes recited in the Samhit-ptha as I e.g. arm ( X. 90.5 ), arat3?TWT( X. 90.3 ).

Section VII( Dissertation on the peculiar featuresofthe Padaptha )

TTT IT: ( )Vfcwr sm^Ri nw: I 34^lRdrf%

Samaya or conventionalomissionis the non-recital ofthree or more words in the Padaptha after they haveoccurredthrice n the same order as a group in the Sariihitrecital,e.g. gl?T: ( RV. II. 28.11 etc. ornrfinnF. VIII. 35. 14-15). The words omitted n thePada*ptha to avoid further repetitionafter they have occurredthrice in the same order,are called ?r%r r evenThey are not recited n the Padaptha.2 This feature, lthough

1 For the sake ofmetre nd rhythm,he final vowel of someindeclinablesnd verbalformsnding enerallyn3T, s many imeslengthenedn the Bgveda hymns.Cf. ,^ and 3T?ipfT*Tft (P. VI. 3. 133, 35,136,137 . In the Padaptha, heoriginalhort owels restored.Cf. lsoVjasaneyi rtikhyastras II. 96 to 129. In sutra 129 a longlist of verbswith heirfinal owelengthenedsgiven. It isinterestingto notethatverbs such as 3T%RI> an(* a *0Wmorehave their nitial3T engthened erily or the sake ofmetreandrhythmtheseverbalformswith he initialvowel3T lengthenedare,however,ookedupon s unjustifiednd theyare passedover ntheKramarecital. See Upalekhastra arga . A list of such erbsis also given in the Bk PrtikhyaII. 40-42). Note that thislengthenings called or intheBk Prtikhya here uchwordsare 9nlisted t lengthn Pataias7,8 and9.2 The term is an old one which s mentionedn theBkPrtikhyaX. 12 where t is definedythe ommentatorvataasTTTP5 ^srraTT qreflTfa'TfctT'r( Continued on the nextpage )5 [ AnnalsB.O.R.J.



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34 Annals of theBhandarkar Oriental Research Instituteobservedby thetraditional recitersofthePadaptlia and notic^ed in the manuscript copies ofthe Padptha, is not noticedby moderneditorsofthe Padaptlia.

is the name given to the rarely occurringfaulty portionofthe Samhit text wherequite another word,generallyan indeclinable, s insertedbetweenthe two membersof a compound word, which may or may not be capable of adivision. Three instances ofthis are given in theRk Prtiskhya.1 The text ( V. 2. 7 ) issplit into the Padaptha as ISimilarly, the text tt rt X. 64. 3 ) is recitedas ttov 5J I snisra;; o also, srt rgt ^ r#( IX. 86. 42 ) is split up as rrilr^^ I 15 1 53$ I Onecompletepada after anothercompleteone, and, not a pada in-to the middle of another one, is the order ) oftheSamhit; when it is broken, the Samhit text is called

Sometimesquite another word is inserted betweenthe two parts of such a Dvandva compound in the dualnumber, s has both theparts showing the sense ofthe wholecompoundword ; e. g. snsr'r ^rI ( I- 61-14 ) recit-ed in the Padaptha as ' ^ I I srg*: g ^T% So also( Continued from the previous page )cR" The term amayathus,meaosomissions also omitted ords.Generallyhree rmorewords epeatedthrice renotrepeated fourthndfurtherimes. f.( Vj. Prt. IV. 168. Theword does not mean omission romitted ords. t meansleapingor jumping ver' which mpliesomission.Uvata remarksnhiscommentn siitra 68 s TW^ST^^-TT"TTl% TT^TlTrnR A*=1flf I andfurtherd stra170adds 5T%TJI 3*R5T ^ > For details,seeonVj Prt IV. 168-177.Also eeMadhusdaniiks stanza23andthe ommenthereon.

1 Cf. ftrfef, O T TTJ^T1TO ^ t"s; TTRT3"


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Prolegomena to the Veda-Padapth 5rrai ( I. 143. 2 ) as 311315H%: ^f^fV ^ lI So also snan grSNt Htw=^R[( I- 185. 2-8 ) as sn^it

3*i ff P I swig; I In these instances sngi and ftare not joined together as siFNSfMtby removingthe wordsand from their midst, because sn^TT is notlooked upon as a single compound word, but as two distinctwords, ?rjiTnd


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30 Annals of theBhandarhar Oriental Research Institutedfinition iven in the Prtikhya works is q^5Tf:ffrTT*The compoundq^sr^: can be dissolved as q^Tfir *Timplying hat theoriginaltext was metricallyverysound,witheach quarter ofthe stanza consistingof 8, 11 or 12 syllables,although rules of coalescence were sometimes ignored. Thecompoundcan also be dissolved as q^R 5T implyingthattheoriginal text was one fromwhichthepresent Pada text waspreparedby reciting each word separately.1

V*.. 5RI flrCTTT;In vocal utterance,a full stop is observed at the end ofhalf-the-stanza . e. two quarters ( pdas ) where the sentencealso is generallycomplete.2 The final etter of the last wordof the second quarter is never combined with the initialletterofthe thirdquarter by rules of coalescence.

( Continued from the previous page )termfartqfiw is used forthe wholerepeatedword,withusedbetween he twoparts. For exampleee jfilflMTcThewhole hrasescalled asalsoTCWPrr^ffl"-hefirstartwithat the end s called3TTl%rT>hile the latter which s without,ffct s calledf^T. If the atterpart is a i. e. a compoundedwordor a wordmadeofa baseand affixwith the affixiable to beshowns separate,henheword s shown s split pwith T3"nTbservedbetweenhetwoparts.Cf.Prt. IV. 190 .1 The word is definedn the Vjasaneyi-Prtikhyastnfawsrmta:HVJTVj. Prt. , 158 . The rulemeaningtheformer ord joined withthe latter ne withrulesofcoalescence bservedwhen applicable, s called 3%?t'efines heKramasamhit.f. I ( Vj. Prt I. 155,156). Paninidefines as q sf^TT (P. I. 4. 109 .2 In Bgveda he Gyatr erses onsistof three uarterswhere,forthe ake of fullstop,the firstwopdas can be takenas fFpfand thethird ne also islooked pon s SRpf. here rea few erseswhere hefirst da} made pof8, 11or 12 syllables,s independentin sense.Sometimes verseor a stanza onsists f5 ormorepdasWhatexaotlys to be understoody for thepurpose f full-stop, smadetraditionallylear n theKramarecitalwhere he lastword of is enclosedby ffcTnd repeated.For details,seeVj. Prt ( IV. 196-197, also UpalekhastrabUyya ^( UpalehhasutraII. 10).



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Prolegomena to the Veda-Padaptka 37'so. sRTOr

, ?r ^Ttr i qi^nri iSlight stop is observed at the end of a svarita vowel orpraeaya vowel as also at the end of a foot,but never in themiddleofa word. Traditional reciters,however,go on withoutany small stop rightup to the end of half the verse, e. g. theline %f%^f 5T ^^5?rîs recited without a stop.The versemay be recited with the following divisions-W frrif i*n a ^ ; srra;The traditionalreciters, especially the followersof theRgveda recitethe svarita vowel as slightly prolonged. Thisprolongationresults sometimes into the utteranceof a shortvowel as that of a long vowel, e. g. snffofte where în is heard like a pluta vowel and % in i^nâs long Theelongatedutteranceofa long vowel sometimes results into asmall pause after it, detaching the part ending with the

svarita fromthe following part of the word, e. g. ^starnsnfrc* wims i ite is heard as quitarratefr' Wrfrt i grate which goes to thelengthof making the perspicuous sense of the stanza veryobscure,even to an intelligent listener.When anu8vra is followedby the consonant orgr nunsilca ( nasal sound ) is heard instead of the anusvrain the vocal recitals of the followersof the Yajurveda,1 e. g.( x- 90.2 ) srat ( X. 90.3 ).

tf*. IIn Vedic usage, the indeclinable ^ is taken as com-pounded with the previous word which retains its case affix.The followersof the Taittirxyakhlook upon the indeclin-able ^sr and its preceding word as separate padas,2 e. g.1 For details see and the following tras

( Vj Prt. V. 4 to 11 .2 The followersf do notobaerve he compound ithHenceit is, that the word as found n the Vrttikais omittedn some opies.As is ^Rg^CTrTithere s noquestion f ts accent ffectingheaccents f headjacentwords.



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'8 Annals of theBhandarlcar Oriental Research InstitutejMt? ) is split, up into Padaptha asIff I *3^: I I The factthat theindeclinable^is may be at the rootofthe convention that it is com-pounded with the previous wordwhichhas retained ts case-affix. he case ofa compoundwith is similar to the case of aprepositionor upasarga which is and looked upon ascompoundedwith the following verb in case the latter hasretained ts accent, e. g. srfgfsrefr fftT*isr. H) issplit up into Padaptha as See alsorgster. tfy. ^ strepi qt ?r^ iSimilarly, in the Rgveda recital the consonants ^ and ^are recitedas sg. nd provided they are not immediatelyfollowed by a consonant.1 e. g.rfel VII. 56.23 ), as also f&i--others.i*. f^RT iCompoundwords are recited as split up withan avagrahabetweenthem n thePadaptha e. g. sfrati #> TsfcrfrehU I I See similarly I gsr: I^r^Tbr-Srfr:The reciters of the Yajurveda use the wordafter compoundword and then show the separate parts ofit with avagraha between them. This theypractiseeven n thecase ofhymns taken from the Rgveda For example, theyreciterf'aitfysf'ern,or f^sta^mnaf fcgrafasair.

In thecase ofcompoundwords whichare Pragrhya andhencehave got the word used afterthem n the Padaptha,theyare shown split up afterthe word ^fgrnd an avagrahais shown between the two parts if they are eligibleto be split up2 e. g. tariff $f^ssnft otfHt i n%gr1 Cf. ^


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Prolegomena to the Veda-Padaptha 39TS^g: s I But see g# I ^^j(w?raw-Tft I rs^rcft[f nd others where the compound wordsare not eligible to be split up.

w. iw^R w:: g 1As a provincial mannerism, r is substituted for ^ byreciters of the ulclayajurveda, provided it stands at thebeginningofa pada. Similarly,at a fewplaces ^ is recitedin the place of q- e. g. iqW t^T: IafariM-fl-MI RTO'tTfw WR"nT^rcgWTTTTTTR fg^j ^ I

In some places in SouthernIndia recitersof theTaittiriyaBranchofthe Krsnayajurveda pronounceînstead of e. g.qijTT: or qrcTf:ttjt or sto and so on.1 Sometimestheyrecitedouble înstead ofthe single one,at the end ofthe foot of averse,e. g. ^ vffft rrsrerSimilarly,the vowel srfollowingan anunsika letter s pronouncedwith ^ prefixed o it, e. g.ar ( TîTR^ ).

rnwrftivr iThe words 5T*T5T*Tnd others should be understood astheyare actually foundrecited n the Padaptha. Sometimeswords which are well known as derived, re not foundsplitupin thePadaptha, e.g.srarr, dfffTfL*Tta> and the like. Possibly, theywere looked upon asunderivedwords in specificsenseswhichwere not their iteralsenses. On the otherhand, the words and swr^foarefoundsplit up as and Some Dvandva com-pounds are not shown split up although they are not Devat-dvandva compounds,e. g. sanefa: ,( X. 90. 10 ), ( X. 90.4 ). Possibly they are taken ina group sense,which,being restricted,is not the literal one.There are peculiar compounds like withverbalor indeclinable forms nside. Possibly theywere pickedup from the thenspoken languages as theyoccurred therein

1 Bhartrharibserves n his Mahbhsyadipikhat on someoccasionshefollowersf heTaittiriyachool ronounceTjTUforarfT,



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40 Annals of theBhandarkar Oriental Research Institutee.g. ( Come here , qjw ( Don't go ) were used together.So also ( here,here , (respected mothers wereusedtogether. There are certainwords which go against Painni'sgrammarwherein they are specificallymentioned s derivedin a particularway whichgoes against the Padaptha, e. g.*r^, and the like.Panini derives and by the application of the krtaffix (^) to the roots and by the rule( HI* 2.172 ). should be derived in thesame way, adds the Vrttikakra. The forms found inVeda are


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Prolegomena to the Veda-Padaptha 41fightdevelopments of the Padaptha and the Kramaptha1viz. ssrsr, w and gq-. Krama is definedas- 5T^rr^ihTTf^rV:u ( X. i )3CT is the recital of two consecutive padas in the rightorder, then,taking the second only,and joining it with thethird, then taking the third and joining it with the fourthand so on,upto the end ofhalf the stanza. If the consecutivepadas sHto;, are taken asab e de /, thenthe Krama is abjjc^cd, c)t de,ef / ) etc. gusfrfts# gitili J 11 1 The pairs are to be recited asseparate units, a compoundword is to be shown as dissolvedimmediately fter that pair in which it stands first and is nolongerto be repeated,and at the end of the last pair, the lastword is recited as enclosed with and thenrecitedagainas the end. Jat is definedby Hayagrlva as-

3T*wr


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42 Annals of theBhandarkar Oriental Research Instituteorderas : ab ba ab be obbe cd de cd de ed de ef fe ef, andso on. The rest is to be done as in the Krama.JTrerr sEfWrens defined s :

^TTTf"flr^TTI S* )If a, 6, c, c, and / are thepadas of the hymngitici 3T5FFTPfrsn nd () is the signof the vestana, theKramaml can be describedas : ab (/), c, fe ccZ, d, (c),c, de c6, e/, (c), (/), 6a.ikha is defined s :f^rirgr rawFfr i ( ff rre# )ikha is but an extensionof stct. t can be illustratedipthe case of the hymn3TSTfafts abbaabc beebbed cddccdet(c), deeddef effeef /).Lekh or Rekh is definedas :

^Tmf: 13*: ^ )This veriety is difficultto recite and illustrate, asthe examples of fsp, and are to be chosenand arranged therein.is definedas :SJJTRR: i^r m vz *r brt: )This varietyis also difficult o recite and illustrate, sit requires the Krama recital from hebeginningof a hymn

mixedwith the same, commencing rom he end.is defined s :wrgwn g*rar i.nHr^praNr ^ )This recital also is difficult orrecital and illustration.

m is defined as :qrofrWtftnqrmn&tj i ( ** )As two hymnsofequal numberofpadas are to be chosenand recitedtogether, this varietyalso is difficultfor llustra-tion and citation.^ is defined s:

firargwnfosfor wTsrera*: sites- ff%; u %rapn )



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Prolegomenao the Veda-Padaptqa 43This Ghana variety s difficult o recite and illustrate too;

but, it is in the traditional practice. The recital is rathergrave,but at the same time it is sonorous and charming. Ifrffcft is Put as a &c d 6/ as far as thepadas are concerned,the Ghana recital is : ab ba, abc chaabc bccbbcd eb bed, cd, de, ede, ede, ede, (e), de, ed,def, fed,def, fe ef(f). In the Ghana variety, f halfthe stanza whichis to be taken as a unit for Ghana, as forexample,sdfr the word arfim ccurs five times,occurs ten times, gititi occurs thirteen times, alsothirteentimes, then in a descending order occurs tentimesand five times, and then at the end, the lastword *s roundedup by ^1%. In the middle, the com-pound word e) is rounded up and dissolved after thas been recited for the last time. The Ghana recital ofafiraiSfsreirr is as follows - HsnfrfrrteTrrsnf pernis tmt i tfitf I

starrerpraiim arfrimiterai gtvrtwifafimfffiretifftu.lThe Ghanarecital of stratf SpnafShm tatvnaimu ( Rgveda L 1 1 ) given by Madhusudanamuni inhis A stamkrtlakmna is as follows :- aiffts sftftaffafrafjfta i

gi^ KTsT^ itftrifts 1gdf|lrsdft ^q, i ^ gdf| 5^-ftaffr*:s%?r^1qw 11 ijfrei ^nzfnr 1 ^ari o erorar *?srn?rtr ftatfft?lT TR ttTOTOr I tflTOTOlftitrTS-w?wn H^ is definedby Vydi as :

rors 1anfr rsp snwf ( ff ira# )



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44 Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research InstituteThis Ghana recital is illustrated by means of the verse

st"A frng%oiwqi^ HTR U IIsTOFrajfararrig*TTTTr??^iT>TWfTOSi-WOTI^ Il ^ IIrafr %^r ?riTftjre&rc#^ IIfT&RWTm I55W n

prolegomena to the veda-padapatha_abhyankar

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