prologue note packet 1 handout (blue)

Unit 0: Prologue The Nature of Science Note Packet #1

Name:____________________________ Period:_____ Date:_________

1. An observation is: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

When you observe, you use your ____________ to take in everything that is happening around you, paying close attention to detail.

Examples: i. The rock is smooth and round. ii. Our Classroom has only one blackboard. iii. Make an observation: ____________________________________________

2. An inference is ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

In other words, when you infer, you form a conclusion based on something you ____________________.

Examples:i. The round and smooth rocks must have been carried here by running water.ii. Since the dog is wagging his tail, he must be happy.iii. Make an inference: ______________________________________________

3. A prediction is:______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Examples:i. An angular rock will eventually become rounded if it stays in the stream. ii. Ms. Gill will wear something stylish tomorrow.

4. Classification: _________________________________________________We can organize or classify objects according to some pattern or trend or common characteristics.

5. Measurements: The purpose of this guide is to guide you through converting units in the metric system!

a. What are some measurable properties?

Page #___


__________________ __________________ ____________________________________ __________________ __________________

b. How do we make measurements?•Our senses are limited by how sensitive or by how accurate they are. To get more detailed information, we use instruments, such as rulers, thermometers, x-rays and telescopes

c. The Metric System & Unit Conversion: The fundamental units of the metric system are:

For Mass ______________________ For Length ______________________For Liquid Volume __________________

By changing the prefix used with each unit you can change the size of the unit. We will use the following prefixes. (There are others for both larger and smaller

units.)

_________ _________ _________ basic unit ________ ________ _________

You can remember this by the following sentence.

__________ ________ _________ _______ ________ ________ _________

To convert from any unit to any other unit count how many spaces are between them and move the decimal point that far in the same direction.

Let’s look at the meter stick! How many meters (m) are in a meter (m) stick?___

How many centimeters (cm) are in a meter (m)? ___________

How many millimeters (mm) are in a centimeter (cm) ?__________ Now if there

are 100 cm in a meter and 10 mm in a cm how many mm are in a m? __________

Decimals are used because they are easier to convert than fractions! In the metric system we use abbreviations! Let’s fill them in below!

Length Mass Liquid Volume meter__________ gram__________ liter__________ millimeter_______ milligram______ milliliter______ centimeter______ -------------- -------------kilometer_______

kilogram_______ kiloliter________

Page #___

Rounding Procedure:Step 1: Find the location of place that you are asked to round to. Lets call it:

Sparky. Step 2: Look at the number to the right of this place lets call it the Boss.

Step 3: If the boss is a 4 or lower, leave Sparky alone. If the Boss is 5 or higher, round the Sparky up one value.

Here is a rhyme to help you remember:“Four and below, let it go. Five and above give it a shove”

For Example: Round 7.289 to the nearest tenth: Answer: 7.3

Practice:Round to the nearest tenth:

1) 29.45: _______2) 711.319: ________3) 9.999: _________

Round to the nearest hundredth:4) 0.745: ________

5) 1.67234: _______6) 10.4637: _______

Round to the nearest ones:7) 30.19: __________8) 8,799.99: ________9) 2.94: __________


Let’s practice some unit conversions now! Convert the following!

1. 10 mm = ________________ cm 2. 1 km = ________________ m 3. 1000 ml = ________________ L 4. 12 g = ________________ kg

5. 3.9 kg = _________________ mg 6. 89.3 cm = _______________ mm

6. Rounding: The first step in rounding is figuring out what place to round to and where that place is located. You must remember these place values:

2 , 6 4 3 , 9 7 5 , 8 6 4 . 9 3 17. Mass :

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

•It is how much “stuff” the object is made of, the number of atoms in it.

a. How do we measure mass? Can we count the atoms one by one? Nope!!! Instead we use a triple beam balance that gives us a value usually in grams.

Page #___


b. Is Weight the same as Mass?

Weight is NOT the same as mass, but weight is used to measure the mass of an object on the Earth. Think about what would happen if you weighed your self on the moon. You would weight less because there is less gravity pulling you down onto the scale, even though your mass did not change.

To play with an interactive virtual triple beam balance like we did in class go to:http://www.touchspin.com/chem/DisplayTBB.html

To find out your weight on other planets and moons visit this site:http://www.exploratorium.edu/ronh/weight/

8. Inertia: __________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________

We will learn more about this concept when we learn about Sir Isaac Newton and his three laws!

9. Temperature: __________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________

There are 3 different systems to measure temperature:1) English Units: Fahrenheit Degrees (F°)2) Metric Units: Celsius Degrees (°C)3) Kelvin Units (K)

Fahrenheit Celsius KelvinWater FreezesWater Boils

Page #___

Typically the faster the molecules vibrate with in a sample of matter the hotter it is. Let’s model this with our hands!

http://www.exploratorium.edu/ronh/weight/

http://www.touchspin.com/chem/DisplayTBB.html


Absolute zero

See page 13 in your ESRT!!!

11. Area:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Formula for Area= L x WL: Length, the longer dimension of an 2 D object usually measured in meters, centimeters or millimeters.

W: Width, the shorter dimension of a 2D object.

Note that the units will always end up squared! Example: 4mm x 2mm = 8mm2

Page #___

10. States of matter

What variable determines the 3 states of Matter? ________________________

The three phases of Matter are:

_________________________________________________________

Lets practice finding the area! Always follow these Steps:

Step 1: Write the formula Example: Area = L x W

Step 2: List all the variables including the unknown, WITH UNITS. Example: L = 4mm W= 2mm A= ?

Step 3: Plug in the numbers,

A=4mm x

WITH UNITS.

Step 1:__________________

Step 2: _________________

Step 3: _________________

Step 4:__________________

Step 1:__________________

Step 2: _________________

Step 3: _________________

Step 4:__________________


12. Volume:

-The amount of _______ an object takes up! -For solid cubes and boxes Volume is equal to: ____________. Depending on the size of the object the units may be either cm3 or m3.-But for liquids, volume is measured in _________ using a beaker or graduated cylinder. There are rules to reading beaker or graduated cylinder:

Page #___

Fluid Displacement•It is easier to measure irregular shaped objects using fluid displacement.

In order to measure this irregularly shaped rock you would drop it in a beaker filled with water and measure the change in volume.

1. Read it at eye level 2. You must read the meniscus to obtain an accurate result. Due to cohesion (sticky) properties of fluids, the edges of the fluid touching the glass will slightly rise.

Meniscus: 73 mL

Factors that affect Volume:1) Temperature Heating a material will cause it to expand and take up more space because the molecules need more room to move around. Therefore increasing temperature will increase volume. _________________ Cooling a material will result in the opposite. So decreasing temperature will decrease volume. ____________________Think about how your rings fit in the winter… they seem to be bigger!2) Pressure:Increasing pressure will force molecules closer together there by decreasing volume. ______________________Decreasing pressure will allow molecules to spread out and take up more space thereby increasing volume. _________________Let’s model this with a sponge.

7 cm

7 cm

4 m

9 m


13. Density: __________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________

• It tells us how tightly packed the molecules are, or how close to each other they are. If they are packed tightly, the density is high.

So how do you solve a math problem in science class using a formula?

Step 1: Write the formulaExample: Density = Mass/Volume or D=M/V

Step 2: List all the variables including the unknown, WITH UNITS.Example: D=?

M = 38.0gV = 12.0cm3

Step 3: Plug in the numbers, WITH UNITS.Example: D=38.0g/12.0cm3

Step 4: Calculate WITH UNITS.Example: D=3.2g/cm3

Example: If an object has a mass of 13.4 grams and a volume 5.7 cm3 what is the density? Write out each step next to the corresponding number1. 3.

2. 4.

14. More on Density:

•Each pure substance has its own particular density and it can be used to help identify that material at room temperature.

•For example, liquid water has a density of 1g/cm³ because 1cm³ of water weighs 1 gram. One cm³ of water also occupies 1ml.

•Solid quartz has a density of 2.7 g/cm³ Mixtures do not have a precise density.

Page #___

•The unit for measuring density is grams per cubic centimeter, or g/cm³

•Density = Mass Volume


-Fluids tend to layer based on their density, with less dense fluid on top of more dense fluid. Can you think of any examples? ____________________________

Let’s check out this video: •http://www.eram.k12.ny.us/education/components/docmgr/default.php?

sectiondetailid=17500&fileitem=4738&catfilter=445

15. Density at Different Phases

•As a material is heated, it changes from solid to liquid.

• More heat changes the liquid to gas. The molecules move farther apart, so the volume increases, causing the density to decrease.

General Rule of Thumb: Solids are most dense, gases are least dense

Page #___

Why does density matter?If a warm gust of wind meets cold air, will the warm air go above or below the cold air? •Since hot air is less dense it will rise!•And Cold air sinks because it is denser than warm air•A similar process happens when you boil water

This rising and sinking of fluids due to density and temperature differences is called _________________________.We will touch upon this concept many times through out the year.

Factors that affect Density A. Temperature:•Cooling a material causes its molecules to move closer together, making its volume decrease and causing its density to increase.___________________•Heating a material causes its molecules to move apart making its volume increase and causing the density to decrease. ___________________•Note that Mass is staying the same!!!

B. Pressure:•Increasing the pressure (squeeze) on a material causes its molecules to get pushed closer together, decreasing the volume, making the density increase. __________________•Decreasing the pressure causes the opposite effect, since molecules move further apart, it becomes less dense.•Again, note mass remains the same!______________________________________________

The ONLY exception to this rule is water!!!•As water cools, its volume decreases until it reaches 4° C.

• As it cools from 4° C to 0° C, its volume actually increases, so it becomes less dense again.

•Water is most dense at 4°C, but is still a liquid.

•This is due to my buddy Mr. Hydrogen Bond, you will meet him in Chemistry

•Water at 0°C is solid ice, but is less dense than water, so ice floats!!

•Water is the only material whose solid form will float in its liquid form. •This is why the top of a puddle, or a lake freezes first.

16. Does size affect density of an object? •You can NEVER change the density of a material by cutting it into pieces. •Since change both volume and mass, the ratio will remain the same, therefore each small piece will have the same density as the original large one.


18. Graphing:

Page #___

17. Let review some crucial relationships!!!

•Temp. Volume Density l •Pressure Volume Density l

l•Temp. Volume Density l •Pressure Volume Density

You must understand and know these by heart!!!


Error: Reference source not found

19. More on charts and Graphs:

Page #___


20. Percent Deviation:This tells us how much error is in some measurements when it is compared to the true measurement. We find the amount of error using the formula:

Percent Deviation = ----------------------------------------------------------------

This formula is on the front page of the ESRT.

Page #___

Example #1 A student determines a room to be 17 ft long, but the blue print for the room is 15 ft long. Find the % Deviation.

17-15ft /15 ft X 100% = ____________

Example #2•A student weighs himself on his bathroom scales at home where he is 125 lbs. At the Dr.’s office he actually weighs 135 lbs. What is the % D. of the bathroom scales? Show your work:


21. Change:•When something observed is different from when it was last observed

21. Interfaces:•Changes cannot take place unless there is a flow of energy from one location, which loses its energy, to another location, which gains the energy.•The energy flows across a boundary where the two materials or systems meet.•This boundary is known as the INTERFACE

22. Dynamic Equilibrium:•Sometimes many changes take place, but often they “even” out. It is like your science test grades: some high, some low, but they even out.

Page #___

Example #2•A student weighs himself on his bathroom scales at home where he is 125 lbs. At the Dr.’s office he actually weighs 135 lbs. What is the % D. of the bathroom scales? Show your work:

Example #3•A student calculates that the density of galena is 7.0 g/cm3. Use the back of your reference table to calculate the % deviation. Show your work:

Frames of reference to study change:

•What has caused the change?•Time and Space.•An example is: The Earth’s moon changes because we observe it in different locations in the sky and in different phases at different times during a month.

Cyclic Change

•Changes that repeat over and over in a known period of time.•Examples are: seasons, sun motions, moon and tides•Most changes are cyclic and they are very good to use when we are trying to make predictions

Rate of Change:

•How fast did the change happen?

How much a measurable aspect of the environment, called a field, is altered over a given amount of time – years, hours, or seconds.

Formula: Rate of = ________________ Change

•Formula is on p. 1 in ESRT“Change in Field Value” is the difference in what you are measuring.

Non-cyclic Changes:

•Changes that do not repeat at all or do not repeat in a known period of time.

•Some examples are: Earthquakes and Hurricanes.

Sharp Interface:•These interfaces are very easy to locate. •An example of an sharp interface is the line where a wall meets the floor.

Diffuse Interface:•Some interfaces are not easy to see.

•An example is the boundary between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.


•This is called DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM

•Our natural environment is normally in a state of dynamic equilibrium, but this balance can be upset. It is easy to temporarily upset this balance, especially on a small, local scale as can happen just in the town of Long Beach.

Unfortunately, human activities tend to cause permanent disruptions, especially when we pollute …

Page #___

Cyclic Change

•Changes that repeat over and over in a known period of time.•Examples are: seasons, sun motions, moon and tides•Most changes are cyclic and they are very good to use when we are trying to make predictions

Non-cyclic Changes:

•Changes that do not repeat at all or do not repeat in a known period of time.

•Some examples are: Earthquakes and Hurricanes.

Pollution:•When the amount of ANY substance, found ANYWHERE, becomes high enough to affect people, their properties, or plant or animal life.

prologue note packet 1 handout (blue)

Documents

unit count

basic unit

unit conversions

metric system unit conversion

location of place

wherethat place

place values

nature of science note